REAL TIME PROJECT REPORT

SHADOW SENSOR USING IC741

A real time project report submitted in partial fulfilment of required for the award of degree
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRONICS &COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
By
PASULA SRI GANESH
22J41A04B0
Under the guidance of
Mr. G. CHAITANYA REDDY
Assitant.Professor, Department of ECE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(An Autonomous Institution)

Maisammaguda, Secunderabad, Telangana, India 500100

May – 2024
 MALLA REDDY ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Maisammaguda, Secunderabad, Telangana, India 500100

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the “Real Time Project Report” submitted by PASULA SRI

GANESH (22J41A04BO) is work done by him and submitted during 2023-2024

academic year, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award ofthe degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND

COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING, at MREC COLLEGE, HYDERABAD.

SIGNATURE

Dr. M. Jagadeesh Chandra Prasad

HOD

Department of ECE
Malla Reddy Engineering College
Secunderabad, 500 100

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is indeed with a great sense of pleasure and immense sense of gratitude

that I acknowledge the help of these individuals. I would like to thank
Mr.G.Chaitanya Reddy, Department Real Time Project coordinator for her
support and advices to get and complete real time project in above said
organization.

I would like to thank my Head of the Department, Dr.N.Manikanda

Devarajan for his constructive criticism throughout my real time project.

I am highly indebted to Principal Dr.A.Ramaswami Reddy, for the facilities

provided to accomplish this real time project.

It is great pleasure for me to express my gratitude to our honorable President

Sri Ch. Malla

Reddy, for giving the opportunity and platform with facilities in

accomplishing the projectbased laboratory report.

I am extremely great full to my department staff members and friends who

helped me in successful completion of this project.

PASULA SRI GANESH

22J41A04B0

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 ABSTRACT

The development of advanced sensing technologies has led to the

innovative concept of the shadow sensor, a novel device capable of
detecting and quantifying shadow movements and intensities. Unlike
traditional light sensors that measure direct light, the shadow sensor focuses
on the absence or reduction of light, offering unique advantages in various
applications such as security systems, environmental monitoring, and
interactive installations. This paper explores the design and functionality of
the shadow sensor, including its underlying principles, sensor architecture,
and integration with digital signal processing techniques. Experimental
results demonstrate the sensor's high sensitivity and accuracy in detecting
subtle shadow variations, highlighting its potential for enhancing object
tracking and movement detection in low-light environments. The shadow
sensor represents a significant advancement in optical sensing technology,
providing a new dimension of data collection and analysis in both scientific
and commercial fields.

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 Table of Contents

S.No Contents Page No

1 CERTIFICATE
2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I
3 ABSTRACT II
4 1.INTRODUCTION 1
5 2.HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 2
6 3.CIRCUIT/ BLOCK DIAGRAM 3-4
7 4.HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 5-6
8 6.RESULTS 7
9 7.CONCLUSION 8
10 8.REFERENCE 9
 Figure numbers

Fig.no List of Figures Page no

1. Bread Board 2

2. Led 2

3. connecting wires 3

4. Ldr 3

6. IC 741 4

7. Resistors 4

9. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5

10. Before Output 8

11. After Output 8

 INTRODUCTION:

Optical sensing technologies have traditionally focused on the detection and

measurement of light. These technologies underpin a wide range of applications,
from digital imaging to complex industrial systems. However, the exploration of
shadows—areas where light is partially or fully obstructed—presents an untapped
frontier with significant potential for innovation. The shadow sensor is a
groundbreaking device that shifts the focus from light detection to shadow
detection. By analyzing the variations in light intensity caused by shadows, this
sensor can provide unique insights and capabilities not achievable with
conventional light sensors. This novel approach offers distinct advantages in
several domains, including security systems, where shadow sensors can detect
movements in low-light environments; environmental monitoring, where they can
track natural light variations; and interactive technologies, where they can
enhance user experiences by responding to shadow movements. Unlike traditional
sensors that rely on direct light measurements, shadow sensors operate on the
principle of detecting the absence or reduction of light. This allows them to be
highly sensitive to subtle changes in their environment, making them ideal for
applications requiring precise detection of movement or alterations in lighting
conditions. The shadow sensor's ability to detect even slight variations in light
intensity offers new possibilities for tracking and monitoring in various settings.
In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of shadow sensor technology.
We examine the theoretical foundation and design principles that enable these
sensors to function effectively. Furthermore, we explore the integration of digital
signal processing techniques that enhance the sensor's accuracy and
responsiveness. Through experimental validation, we demonstrate the practical
applications and benefits of shadow sensors in diverse scenarios. The
development of shadow sensor technology represents a significant advancement
in optical sensing. By capturing the dynamic interplay of light and shadow, these
sensors open up new avenues for research and application, providing innovative
solutions for challenges in security, environmental monitoring, and beyond.

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 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS :

Bread board - 1
9 VOLT battery & connector -1
Ic741 -1
Led -1
Resistor (10k ohms) -2
Resistor (1k ohms) -1
Jumper wires
Ldr -2
Bread board:

Fig 1:bread board

Breadboards are one of the most fundamental pieces when learning how to build circuits. In
this tutorial, you will learn a little bit about what breadboards are, why they are called
breadboards, and how to use one. Once you are done you should have a basic understanding
of how breadboards work and be able to build a basic circuit on a breadboard.

Jumper Wires:

Fig 2:jumping wires

Jumper wires allows an electrical current to travel from one point on a circuit to another,
because electricity needs a medium through which to move. wires are embedded into circuit
boards, carrying pulses of electricity that are interpreted as binary signals of zeros and ones
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ldr:

Fig 3:ldr
The Arduino USB Cable for UNO and Mega is a type of USB cable designed specifically for the
Arduino UNO and Mega microcontroller boards. It has a standard USB connector on one end
and a type B USB connector on the other, allowing it to be connected to a computer or other
USB device.
Ic741:

Fig: 4 Ic741
The IC 741 is a widely used operational amplifier (op-amp) integrated circuit, known
for its reliability and versatility in analog electronics. It features a monolithic design and
was first introduced by Fairchild Semiconductor in the 1960s. The 741 op-amp typically
comes in an 8-pin dual in-line package (DIP), with key connections for offset null,
inverting and non-inverting inputs, power supply, and output.

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Led:

Fig:4 led

light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when current
flows through it. Electrons in the semiconductor recombine with electron holes,
releasing energy in the form of photons. The Colour of the light (corresponding to the
energy of the photons) is determined by the energy required for electrons to cross the
band gap of the semiconductor.

Resistor:

Fig5: resistor

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical

resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current
flow, adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate
transmission lines, among other uses.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

fig 6:circuit diagram

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HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION:

Generation of electricity using a shadow sensor. These include

other end of the LED or relay circuit is connected to the ground.

Using the components you listed, we can implement a shadow sensor with the IC 741 op-amp.
Here's how to connect the components on a breadboard:

Components Needed:
- Breadboard: 1
- 9V battery & connector: 1
- IC 741: 1
- LED: 1
- Resistor (10kΩ): 2
- Resistor (1kΩ): 1
- Jumper wires
- LDR: 2

Circuit Design:
The idea is to create a voltage divider using LDRs and resistors and then use the IC 741 as a
comparator to detect changes in light intensity (shadows).

Steps:

1. Power Supply Connections:

- Connect the positive terminal of the 9V battery to the power rail on the breadboard.
- Connect the negative terminal of the 9V battery to the ground rail on the breadboard.
- Connect pin 7 (V+) of the IC 741 to the positive power rail (+9V).
- Connect pin 4 (V-) of the IC 741 to the ground rail (0V).

2. Voltage Divider with LDRs and Resistors:

- Connect one end of the first LDR (LDR1) to the positive power rail.
- Connect the other end of LDR1 to one end of a 10kΩ resistor (R1).
- Connect the junction of LDR1 and R1 to the non-inverting input (pin 3) of the IC 741.
- Connect the other end of R1 to the ground rail.

- Connect one end of the second LDR (LDR2) to the positive power rail.
- Connect the other end of LDR2 to one end of a 10kΩ resistor (R2).
- Connect the junction of LDR2 and R2 to the inverting input (pin 2) of the IC 741.
- Connect the other end of R2 to the ground rail.

3. **Output and LED**:

- Connect the anode (long leg) of the LED to the output (pin 6) of the IC 741.
- Connect a 1kΩ resistor (R3) to the cathode (short leg) of the LED.
- Connect the other end of the 1kΩ resistor to the ground rail.

4. Optional Decoupling Capacitors:

- While not listed in the components, it is a good practice to place a small capacitor (e.g., 0.1
µF) between the power supply pins (V+ and V-) and ground for stability.

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1. IC 741 Connections:
- Pin 7 (V+): +9V
- Pin 4 (V-): GND
- Pin 3: Junction of LDR1 and R1
- Pin 2: Junction of LDR2 and R2
- Pin 6: Output to LED

2. LED Connections
- Pin 6 (Output) to the anode of the LED.
- Cathode of the LED to one end of the 1kΩ resistor.
- Other end of the 1kΩ resistor to GND.

Circuit Operation:
- When light falls on the LDRs, their resistance changes, creating a voltage difference at the
inputs of the IC 741.
- When a shadow falls on one of the LDRs, the voltage at the corresponding input changes,
causing the output of the IC 741 to switch.
- If the voltage at pin 3 (non-inverting) is higher than the voltage at pin 2 (inverting), the output
goes high, lighting up the LED.

By following these steps, you can create a shadow sensor using the IC 741

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RESULT:

Fig 7: before output

Fig 8:after output

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CONCLUSION :

The hardware implementation of a shadow sensor using the IC 741 operational

amplifier has demonstrated the effective use of basic electronic components to detect
changes in light intensity and trigger a response. This project integrated the concepts
of voltage dividers, op-amp comparators, and practical circuit assembly on a
breadboard.

The IC 741 op-amp, configured as a comparator, successfully compared the voltage

levels from the two LDR-based voltage dividers. This configuration allowed the op-
amp to switch its output state in response to variations in light intensity, thereby
controlling the LED indicator.

The voltage dividers, formed using LDRs and resistors, were crucial for the circuit’s
functionality. The LDRs’ variable resistance, influenced by the ambient light, produced
varying voltage levels that were fed into the op-amp’s inputs. This setup enabled the
circuit to translate changes in light into a detectable voltage difference, which the op-
amp could compare.

Constructing the circuit on a breadboard provided practical experience in component

placement and wiring. This hands-on approach facilitated a deeper understanding of
circuit design and assembly, highlighting the importance of correct connections and
component orientation.

Choosing appropriate resistor values (10kΩ for the voltage dividers and 1kΩ for the
current-limiting resistor) ensured the circuit’s sensitivity and stability. These values
can be adjusted to fine-tune the circuit’s response to changes in light intensity.

The shadow sensor demonstrated a simple yet effective application of electronic

principles, showing how op-amps can be used in practical sensing applications. This
project serves as a foundational exercise in electronics, providing insights into the
real-world applications of light-sensitive circuits.

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REFERENCE:
1.Bread board: https://images.app.goo.gl/eFpK1ZDAK1b8L9nd7

2.ic741: https://images.app.goo.gl/BxivPpmNBLYsTRHj9

3.Jumper wires: https://images.app.goo.gl/HDAty6hPFCe2DLtB8

4.ldr: https://images.app.goo.gl/E32FjecurWWgU1Hq5

5.9 volts battery: https://images.app.goo.gl/qjqueUktHCM9m79N6

6.Led: https://images.app.goo.gl/6peTiAqzGGfcnHLW7

7.Resistor: https://images.app.goo.gl/J5wQigiGZa4EirEF6

8.Circuit Implementition:
https://youtu.be/50iuahD02dY?si=Lhs_BHFdjE3Nzilb

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