Intro to Biomedical Engineering

MTS-3XX Elective
Dr Mohsin Tiwana
 Lecture 1 - Introduction

2
Course Architecture
Subject Intro to Biomedical Engineering

Credit hours 3-0

Contact hours 3 hrs Lec week

Instructor Dr Mohsin Tiwana

Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
S.No Outcomes Level of PLO
Learning
1 Understand, the basics of biomechanics, C3 3
bioinstrumentation, biomaterials, artificial organs,
medical imaging, clinical engineering, modelling of
biological systems, and apply these concepts in order to
solve elementary problems in the field of biomedical
engineering.

2 Development of framework for biocompatibility of C4 3

biomedical devices.

3 Investigate the origin of physiological signals in the C4 4

human body.

4 Understanding the biomedical product life cycle of C2 7

biomedical devices in context of environmental
sustainability.
Course Outline
Week Contents
Week 1 Introduction to main branches of biomedical engineering including
Bioinstrumentation, Biomaterials, Biomechanics, Medical Imaging,
Medical Signal Processing, Rehabilitation Engineering and
Bioinformatics.
Week 2 Introduction to mechanical, neuromuscular, and anatomical bases of
human movement. Explanation of the anatomy and physiology of the
Human Body in terms of different applications of the biomedical
engineering.
Week 3-4 Introduction to biomechanics and application of proper anatomical and
biomechanical terminology associated with body structures.
Week 5 Basics of biomaterials and biocompatibility
Week 6 Introduction to bioelectricity and biopotentials in terms of a human
body
system
Week 7 Basics of biosensors and bioinstrumentation with an overview of
instrumentation systems used in clinical medicine and biomedical
research
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Course Outline
Week Contents
Week 8-9 Introduction to Biomedical Signals, providing biomedical signal processing
background on technical aspects and presenting the
relationships among different theoretical measures of biomedical signals
Week 10 Basics of medical imaging, image formation and reconstruction,
processing, analysis and interpretation.
Week 11-12 Introduction to biomedical devices (diagnostic and therapeutic) with an
insight into working of the biomedical devices by integration of knowledge from
previously taught topics.
Week 13-14 Basics of rehabilitation with an introduction to engineering principles
underlying the design, fabrication and utilization of devices for persons with
disabilities.
Week 15 Case study on application of biomechanics, biopotentials,
bioinstrumentation in Biomedical engineering
Week 16 Understanding the basics of professional and ethical conduct in Biomedical
Engineering with an insight into major “problem areas” that are widely debated in
these fields including the ethics of medical research
and regulatory processes.

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Books
 1. Enderle, John. “Introduction to Biomedical
Engineering.” Academic press, Latest Edition (Text Book)

 2. Saltzman, W. Mark, “Biomedical Engineering.

Bridging Medicine and Technology”. Cambridge University
Press, Latest Edition (Reference Book)

 3. Joseph D. Bronzino “Introduction to Biomedical

Engineering, (Reference Book)

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Class Ethics

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What is biomendical engineering
 It is a cross-disciplinary field that incorporates
 Engineering
 Biology
 Chemistry
 Medicine

10 Biomedical instrumentation
Definition of Biomedical Engineering

the application of engineering techniques and

analyses to problem-solving in medicine and the
biomedical sciences

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Human body contains various types of systems:

Vision ELECTRICAL Identification

Hearing MECHANICAL Speech
Smell ACOUSTIC Behavior
Taste THERMAL Appearance
Inspired air CHEMICAL Expired air
Sensation HYDRAULIC Liquid waste
Liquid intake PNEUMATIC Food waste
Food intake OPTICAL
COMPUTER
COMMUNICATION
CONTROL
Diversity in the terminology
 (bio)medical engineering,
 bioengineering, biotechnology
 clinical (medical) engineering
 medical technology.
 health care technology

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Medical engineering (medical engineer)
 uses engineering concepts and technology for development
of
 instrumentation,
 diagnostic and therapeutic devices,
 artificial organs, and
 other medical devices needed in health care and in hospitals
 role:
 examine some portion of biology and medicine to identify areas
in which advanced technology might be advantageous

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Clinical engineering (clinical engineer)
 uses engineering, management concept, and technology
 to improve health care in hospitals
 better patient care at minimum costs thought the application of
technology
 role is to provide services directly
 related to patient care together with other health care
professionals
 problems originated from clinical environment

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Clinical engineering
 responsible for
 equipment effectiveness and
 electrical safety in medical instrumentation
 systems and power supply
 constrained by regulations
 medical, federal, state, local, governmental, hospital

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 Bioengineering (bioengineer)
 basic research-oriented activity closely related to
 biotechnology and
 genetic engineering
 modification of animal or plant cells to improve plants or animals to
develop new micro-organisms
 Bioengineering integrates
 physical,
 chemical,
 mathematical, and
 computational sciences and
 engineering principles
to study biology, medicine, behavior, and health.
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Bioengineering
 It advances fundamental concepts;
 creates knowledge from the molecular to the organ systems
levels;
 develops innovative biologics, materials, processes, implants,
devices, and informatics approaches
for the
 prevention,
 diagnosis, and
 treatment of disease,
for patient rehabilitation, and for improving health

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Biomedical Engineering (BME)
 a growing and expanding interdisciplinary profession
 concerned with the application of
 engineering,
 mathematics,
 computing, and
 science methodologies
to the analysis of biological and physiological problems
 produce technological advances in health care

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Biomedical Engineering (BME)
 Definition 1:
 “Biomedical engineering is a discipline that
 advances knowledge in engineering, biology and medicine,
and improves human health through cross-disciplinary
activities that integrate the engineering sciences with the
biomedical sciences and clinical practice.”
 It includes:
 The acquisition of new knowledge and understanding of living
systems through the innovative and substantive application of
experimental and analytical techniques based on the
engineering sciences.
 The development of new devices, algorithms, processes and
systems that advance biology and medicine and improve
medical practice and health care deliver
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Biomedical engineers
 apply different engineering principles
 electrical and electronics
 instrumentation, bioamplifiers
 mechanical,
 artificial limbs, prostheses
 physical
 diagnostic imaging and therapeutic devices
 chemical,
 biosensors, chemical analysers
 optical,
 fiber optics, optical measurements
 computer science
 computational medicine, signal and image analysis, information systems
 material science
 implanted devices, artificial tissues
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Biomedical Engineering (BME)
Biomedical engineers
 design and manufacture products that can
 monitor physiologic functions or
 display anatomic detail
 Detection, measurement, and monitoring of physiologic signals
 biosensors
 biomedical instrumentation
 Medical imaging
 assist in the diagnosis and treatment of patients
 Computer analysis of patient-related data
 clinical decision making
 medical informatics
 artificial intelligence
 supervise biomedical equipment maintenance technicians,
 investigate medical equipment failure,
 advise hospitals about purchasing and installing new equipment
 Important milestones in the development of medical
instruments…
 Thermometer • Radioactivity
 1603, Galileo – 1896, Curie
 1625, body temperature measurement
– 1903, in therapy
 Optical lens
 1666, Newton • Electrocardiograph ECG
 1850-, ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz – 1887, Waller, capillary meter
 Stethoscope – 1903, Einthoven,
 1819, hollow tube – galvanometer 1928, vacuum
 1851, binaural stethoscope tube
 Hypodermic syringe • Electroencephalograph EEG
 1853, Wood – 1924, Berger
 X-ray • pH electrode
 1895, Roentgen
 1896, in diagnosis and therapy – 1906, Cremer

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 …Important milestones in the development of medical
instruments

 Cyclotron, artificial • Computed tomography (CT)

radionuclides – 1969, Cormack, Hounsfield
 1936, Lawrence • Electrical heart defibrillator
 Assisting ventilator – 1956, Zoll
 1928, "iron lung" – 1980, implanted
 1945, positive pressure • Implanted electrical heart
 Ultrasonic imaging pacemaker
 pulse-echo, 1947 – 1960, Greatbatch
 Doppler, 1950s • Heart valves, 1975
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Cardiac catheter, 1975
(MRI) • Artificial kidney (dialysis), 1960
 NRM, Bloch, Purcell, 1946 • Artificial heart, 1984
 MRI, 1982
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Some Branches of BME…
 Biomechanics
 application of classical mechanics to biological or medical problems
 study of movement of biologic solids, fluids and viscoelastic materials,
muscle forces
 design of artificial limbs
 Biomaterials:
 study of both living tissue and artificial synthetic biomaterials (polymers,
metals, ceramics, composites) used to replace part of a living system or
to function in intimate contact with living tissue (implants)
 biomaterials:
 nontoxic,
 non-carcinogenic
 chemically inert
 stable
 mechanically strong

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…Some Branches of BME…
 Biomedical sensors
 physical measurements, biopotential electrodes,
electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, bioanalytic sensors
 Bioelectric phenomena:
 origin in nerve and muscle cells
 generation in nerves, brain, heart, skeletal muscles
 analysis,
 modelling,
 recording and
 diagnosis

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…Some Branches of BME…
 Biomedical signal processing and analysis
 collection and analysis of data from patients
 bioelectric, physical, chemical signals
 online (embedded) and off-line processing and analysis
 Medical imaging and image processing:
 provision of graphic display of anatomic detail and
physiological functions of the body
 medical imaging methods and devices
 physical phenomena + detectors + electronic data processing+ graphic
display = image
 x-ray, gamma photons, MRI, Ultrasound

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…Some Branches of BME…
 Medical instruments and devices:
 design of medical instruments and devices to monitor and
measure biological functions
 application of electronics and measurement techniques to
develop devices used in diagnosis and treatment of disease
 biopotential amplifiers
 patient monitors
 electrosurgical devices
 Biotechnology
 technology at cellular level

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…Some Branches of BME…
 Cell and tissue engineering:
 utilization of anatomy, biochemistry and mechanics of cellular
and subcellular structures to understand disease processes and
to be able to intervene at very specific sites.
 design, construction, modification, growth and maintenance of
living tissue (bioartificial tissue and alteration of cell growth
and function)
 Rehabilitation engineering:
 application of science and technology to improve the quality of
life for individuals with physical and cognitive impairments
(handicaps)

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 …Some Branches of BME…
 Prostheses and artificial organs
 design and development of devices for replacement of damaged
body parts
 artificial heart,
 circulatory assist devices,
 cardiac valve prostheses,
 artificial lung and blood-gas exchange devices,
 artificial kidney, pancreas
 Clinical engineering:
 medical engineering in hospitals, management and assessment
of medical technology, safety and management of medical
equipment, product development

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…Some Branches of BME
 Physiologic modelling, simulation and control
 use of computer simulation to help understand physiological
relationships and organ function, to predict the behavior of a system of
interests (human body, particular organs or organ systems and medical
devices)
 developing of theoretical (computational, analytical, conceptual etc)
models
 Medical informatics:
 hospital information systems, computer-based patient records,
computer networks in hospitals, artificial knowledge-based medical
decision making
 Bioinformatics
 The application of information technology to problem areas in
healthcare systems, as well as genomics, proteomics, and mathematical
modelling.

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Medical devices
 Medical devices can be grouped according to the three
areas of medicine:
 Diagnosis
 diagnostic devices
 Therapy
 therapeutic devices
 application of energy
 Rehabilitation
 Application of Assisting orthotic-prosthetic devices

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Diagnostic devices
 Types of diagnostic devices
 recording and monitoring devices
 measurement and analysis devices
 imaging devices
 importance of diagnostic devices
 enhance and extend the five human senses to improve to
collect data from the patient for diagnosis
 the perception of the physician can be improved by
diagnostic instrumentation in many ways:
 amplify human senses
 place the observer's senses in inaccessible environments
 provide new senses
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Therapeutic devices
 Objective of therapeutic devices:
 deliver physical substances to the body to treat disease
 Physical substances:
 Voltage, current
 Pressure
 Flow
 Force
 Ultrasound
 Electromagnetic radiation
 Heat
 Therapeutic device categories:
 devices used to treat disorders
 devices to assist or control the physiological functions

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Assistive or rehabilitative devices
 Objective of rehabilitative devices
 to assist individuals with a disability
 The disability can be connected to the troubles to
 perform activities of daily living
 limitations in mobility
 communications disorders and
 sensory disabilities
 Types of rehabilitative devices
 Orthopedic devices
 An orthopedic device is an appliance that aids an existing function
 Prosthetic devices
 A prosthesis provides a substitute

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Some characteristics of BME
 methods and devices are used to solve medical problems
 problems are difficult, diverse, and complex
 solution alternatives are limited and specific to a certain
problem
 Therefore we must know
 what we are measuring or studying
 what we are treating
 which methodologies are available and applicable

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Some characteristics of BME
 deals with biological tissues, organs and organ systems and
their properties and functions
 bio-phenomena:
 bioelectricity, biochemistry, biomechanics, biophysics
 requires their deep understanding and analysis
 Accessibility of data is limited,
 Interface between tissue and instrumentation is needed
 Procedures:
 non-invasive
 minimally invasive
 invasive

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Physiological measurements
 important application of medical devices
 physiological measurements and recordings
 important for biomedical engineer
 to understand the technology used in these recordings but also
 the basic principles and methods of the physiological recordings
 medical fields where physiological recordings play an
important role
 clinical physiology
 clinical neurophysiology
 cardiology
 intensive care, surgery

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Important physiological parameters recorded
 parameters related to cardiovascular dynamics:
 blood pressure
 blood flow
 blood volumes, cardiac output
 biopotentials:
 electrocardiogram (ECG),
 electroencephalogram (EEG),
 electromyogram (EMG)
 respiratory parameters:
 lung volumes and capacities,
 air flow
 blood gases:
 pressures of blood gases
 oxygen saturation
 pH and other ions
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Medical Terminology
 Importance of common language
 essential for a meaningful communication,
 especially between people representing different disciplines, like
medicine and engineering.
 Physicians language is often regarded as obscure
 Medical terms are international, derived from the
Greek and Latin!
 construction of the medical terms:
 root (word base)
 prefixes
 suffixes
 linking or combining vowels
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Examples
 “Pericarditis“
 prefix: peri- = “surrounding”
 root: cardi = “heart”
 suffix: -itis = “inflammation”
 = an inflammation of the area surrounding the heart, or an
inflammation of the outer layer of the heart, anatomically known as
the pericardium
 “Phonocardiography“
 phono = sound;
 cardi = heart;
 graph = write
 = graphic recording of heart sounds

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Some common prefixes
 a(n)- without, not anemia, anesthesia
 anti- against antibiotic
 bi-,di- double,two bipolar, dipolar
 dys- bad, faulty dysfunction
 endo- within, inward endoscope, endocardium
 epi- outside epicardium
 extra- outside extrasystole
 hemi- half hemisphere
 hyper- abnormally high hypertrophy, hypertension
 hypo- abnormally low hypothermia, hypoxia

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Some common prefixes
 inter- between intercellular, intercostal
 intra- within intracellular, intravascular
 para- beside, faulty paralysis
 patho- disease pathology
 per- through peroral, percutaneous
 peri- around pericardium, peritoneum
 poly- many polyarthritis
 retro- backward retrograde
 sub- under subcutaneous, subacute

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Some common suffixes
 -esthesia feeling anesthesia
 -genesis origination neurogenetic
 -ia abnormal state claustrophobia
 -pathy disease myopathy
 -plegia paralysis hemiplegia
 -scope viewing microscope,
endoscope
 -trophy development hypertrophy

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Terms for indicating location, direction
 Superior - inferior
 Distal - proximal
 medial - lateral
 anterior (ventral) - posterior (dorsal)
 superficial - deep
 afferent - efferent
 descending - ascending
 frontal - sagittal
 internal - external
 dexter - sinister

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 Examples of some medical and clinical abbreviations
 AP anteroposterior • I.V. intravenous
 AV atrio-ventricular • LAO left anterior oblique
 BP Blood pressure • LV left ventricular
 CO Cardiac output • MRI magnetic resonance
 CT computed tomography imaging
• NMR nuclear magnetic
 ECG electrocardiogram
resonance
 EMG electromyogram
• PA posteroanterior
 ERG electroretinogram
• RAO right anterior oblique
 FVC forced vital capacity • RR Riva-Rocci, blood
 GI gastrointestinal pressure
 GSR galvanic skin resistance • SA Sinuatrial (SA node)
 HVL half value layer • VF, VT ventricular fibrillation,
 ICU intensive care unit tachycardia

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