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03 Coordination Compounds

Introduction and terminology and classification of ligands

Introduction
(a) The concept of coordination compounds arises from the complex formation tendency of transition
elements.
(b) These compounds play a vital role in our lives. Haemoglobin of blood and chlorophyll of plants are
also coordination compounds of Fe, Mg respectively.
Type of compounds
Molecular or Addition Compounds
(a) When two or more simple salts are chemically combined together in fixed proportion by weight the
molecular or addition compounds are formed.
(b) Some common examples are as follows.
K2SO4 + Al2(SO4)3 + 24H2O K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3. 24H2O
Alum
(c) Depending upon the behaviour in an aqueous solution they are of two types
(i) Double salt
(ii) Coordination or complex compounds.
(I) Double Salt
The addition compounds which loose their identity in aq. solution and get completely ionised in
water.
Ex. (i) K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O (Potash Alum)
(ii) FeSO4(NH4)2SO4.6H2O (Mohr's salt)
(iii) KCl.MgCl2.6H2O (Carnallite)
(II) Coordination or Complex Compounds
(i) Those molecular or addition compounds which retain their identity in aq. solution or loose the
identity of constituents are called complex salt.
(ii) Complexes retain their identity in aqueous solution. i.e., they do not dissociate into separate ion.
H2O
K4[Fe(CN)6] 4K+ + [Fe(CN)6]–4
Potassium ferrocyanide Ferrocyanide ion

(iii) On the basis of type of ligands complex compounds are divided as follows :
(i) Homoleptic complexes :
Complex in which all the ligands are identical is called homoleptic complex.
Ex. [Co(NH3)6]+2
(ii) Heteroleptic complexes :
Complex in which all the ligands are not identical is known as heteroleptic complex.
Ex. [Fe(en)2Cl2]+1
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Terminology of complex compounds
(A) Complex Ion/Coordination sphere
(a) An aggregate of metal ion with anions, cation or neutral molecules is called as complex ion.
(b) It is a non-ionisable part of complex compound.
(B) Central Metal Ion
(a) The metal ion which forms complex ion in combination with anions, cation or neutral molecules
is called as central metal ion.
(b) Central metal ion acts as an electron pair acceptor and forms coordinate bonds with donor
species.
(c) Generally belongs to d block because d block elements have tendency to form complex due to
their high charge density and availability of vacant orbitals.
(C) Coordination Number
The total number of coordinate bonds formed by central metal ion with donor species is called as
coordination number of central metal ion.
(D) Ionisation Sphere
The part of complex compound which get ionised is known as ionisation sphere.

Central metal ion Coordination sphere

[Cu(NH33))44]SO
[Cu(NH ]SO44 Ionization sphere

Ligand Coordination number

(E) Oxidation State

It is a number which represents the electrical charge on the central metal atom of a complex ion.
Ex. the oxidation number of Fe, Co and Ni in [Fe(CN)6]4–, [Co(NH3)6]3+ and Ni(CO)4 is +2, +3 and zero
respectively.
(F) Charge On the Complex Ion
It is the algebraic sum of the total charge of the donor species and central metal ion.
(G) Ligands
(a) The anions, cation or neutral molecules which combine with central metal ion to form complex
ion are called as ligands.
(b) They act as electron pair donor (Lewis bases) which donate e– pair to central metal ion and form
coordinate bonds.
(c) Number of e– pair donated by a ligand to central metal ion is equal to its denticity.
(H) Naming of ligands
(a) o-suffix is used in the name of anionic ligands.
(b) ium-suffix is used in the name of cationic ligands.
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Coordination Compounds
Classification of ligands :- On the basis of denticity.
1. Monodentate ligands : Which donate one e– pair to the central metal ion.

Neutral monodentate ligands

NH3 ammine
H2O aqua
NO nitrosyl
PH3 phosphine
PPh3 triphenyl phosphine
O2 dioxygen
N2 dinitrogen
CH3–OH methyl alcohol
CH3–NH2 methyl amine
NH2CONH2 urea
NH2NH2 hydrazine
CH3–O–CH3 dimethyl ether
CO carbonyl
CS thiocarbonyl

Cationic monodentate ligands :

O2+ oxygenium
NO+ nitrosylium or nitrosonium
NO2+ nitronium
N2H5+ hydrazinium

Anionic monodentate ligands :

–
F Fluorido / fluoro
–
Cl Chlorido / chloro
–
Br bromido / bromo
I– iodido / iodo
–2
O oxido/oxo
–2
S sulphido/sulpho
OH– hydroxido / hydroxo
O2– superoxido / superoxo
O2–2 peroxido / peroxo
–3
N nitrido
N3– azido
–
(NH2) amido
–2
NH imido
–
H hydrido

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2. Bidentate ligands : Ligands which donates two e– pair to the central metal ion.
Ligands having denticity 2 or more than 2 form a stable ring with central metal ion that's why they
are known as chelating ligands.
no. of rings = Denticity – 1

O –
O
NH2 – CH2 – CH2 – NH2 N N
⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ M+

O O
M+ –
M+
Ethylene diamine (en) dipyridyl (dipy) oxalate(ox) or C2O4–2
O H
H2N — CH2 — C O
CH3–C = CH–C–CH3
O– CH3–C= N
O– O M+
CH3–C= N
M+
glycinato(gly)– M+ O–
(unsymmetrical) acetyl acetonato (acac)– dimethyl glyoximato (dmg)–
3. Polydentate ligands
CH2—CH2—NH—CH2—CH2
CH2—CH2—NH—CH2—CH2— NH—CH2—CH2

H 2N NH2
H 2N NH2
M+ M+
Diethylenetriamine(dien) Triethylenetetraamine (trien)
Tridentate Tetradentate
–OOC— CH2 CH2—COO–
N—CH2—CH2—N
–OOC— CH2 CH2—COO–
Ethylene diaminetetraacetato (EDTA4–)
Hexadenatate
4. Ambidentate ligand: Ligands which have two different donor atoms but at one time one donor atom
can donate electron pair are called ambidentate ligands.
Ambidentate ligands have same molecular formula but have different donor atom.
(i) M C N cyanido (CN)
MNC isocyanido(NC)
(ii) M O−C  N cyanato / cyanato-O
M N C−O isocyanato / cyanato-N
(iii) M  S − C  N Thiocyanato / Thiocyanato-S
M N C−S Isothiocyanato/thiocyanato-N
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Coordination Compounds
(iv) M  O − N = O Nitrito / Nitrito-O

Nitro / Nitrito-N
5. Flexidentate ligands : Ligands which can change their denticity.
SO4–2, S2O3–2, CO3–2, NO3–, CH3COO– etc are generally act as monodentate ligand but in some compound
they can act as bidentate ligand.
e.g. (i) [Co(NH3)5(SO4)]Cl in this complex SO4–2 act as a monodentate ligand.
(ii) [Co(en)2(SO4)]Cl in this complex SO4–2 act as a bidentate ligand.
Classification of ligands – synergic bonding
On the basis of nature of bonding between central metal atom and ligand:-
(i) Normal or classical ligands:
Ligand which only donate electron pair to central metal ion & form coordinate () bond
e.g. OH–, NH2–, Cl–, N–3, O–2 etc.
(ii) Non classical or -acid or -acceptor ligands :-
Ligand which donate electron pair to central metal ion & form coordinate  bond but simultaneously
they accept electron pair from central metal ion through back bonding or synergic bonding.
e.g. CO, NO+, CN–, R3P, R3As etc.
Synergic bonding in metal carbonyls
They are of 2 types:-
(a)  donor and  acceptor ligands
Ligands which donate their lone pair to central metal ion through  bond and simultaneously accept
e– pair from central metal ion through  bond.
The electronic configuration of CO molecule shows that it has lone pair of electrons on carbon and
oxygen atom each. Carbon atom can donate its electron pair of a transition metal atom (M), forming
OC→M coordinate bond.
Since the metal atom in metal carbonyl is in zero oxidation state, the formation of M  CO  bond
accumulates a negative charge on the metal atom. The accumulation of negative charge on the metal
atom can be counter balanced by transferring some negative charge from the metal atom to CO
molecule (ligand). This transfer can be done by making a M → CO  bond by the overlap between an
appropriate filled d orbital on the metal atom and empty y* or z* molecular orbital of CO molecule.
This type of bonding between M and CO is called synergic bonding.

– M + + C  O∶ – M C  O∶  bond

– + + – – –  bond/back bond formed

M C  O∶ M C  O∶ by full filled d orbital of
M and Vacant * 2p
+ – – + + +
orbital of CO

[Schematic of orbital overlaps in metal carbonyls]

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Conclusion of synergic bonding :
(I) M–C bond strength increases; M–C bond length decreases; because double bond character increases
(II) C–O bond strength decreases; C–O bond length increases; because bond order of C–O decreases (CO
accepts e– pair into its antibonding molecular orbital)
(III) -donor and -acceptor ligands
Ligands which donate  electron pair to central metal ion & also accept electron pair from central
metal ion through synergic bonding.
(i) H2C=CH2 (2 - ethylene) : it is a 2 electron donor

(ii) (6 - benzene) : it is a 6 electron donor

(iii) / [C5H5]– (5 -cyclopentadienyl) : it is a 6 electron donor

for example

(i) [Cr(6 –C6H6)2] …... Cr…..

sandwich compound
(Chromocene)

(ii) [Fe(5–C5H5)2] ferrocene (sandwich compound)

2
(iii) K[PtCl3 ( –C2H4)] (Zeise's salt)

BEGINNER’S BOX-1

1. Which of the following is true about metal-EDTA complex (if it is a 3d metal)

(1) The ratio of moles of metal & EDTA in complex is 1:6
(2) The ratio of moles of metal & EDTA in complex is 6:1
(3) The ratio of moles of metal & EDTA in complex is 1:1
(4) 3d metal ion cannot bonded with EDTA
2. CN– is an ambidentate ligand because
(1) It has multiple bonds (2) Carbon has a negative charge
(3) It form chelate (4) Both C & N can donate lone pair
3. The strongest CO bond is present in
(1) [Cr(CO)6]+ (2) [Fe(CO)5]
–
(3) [V(CO)6] (4) All have equal strength
4. Match the following and choose correct option.
Ligand Property
(A) Ethylenediamine (P) Bidentate ligand
(B) Hydrazene (Q) Tridentate ligand
(C) Dimethylgyloximato(dmg–) (R) Monodentate ligand
(D) Dien (S) Can form hydrogen bond
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Coordination Compounds
A B C D
(1) P Q R S
(2) P R Q S
(3) P R S Q
(4) P S Q R
5. Which ligand is non classical ligand
(1) Cl– (2) CO (3) OH– (4) NH3
6. H2N – CH2 – CH2 – NH2 serves as :
(1) Monodentate ligand (2) Chelating ligand (3) Anionic ligand (4) Cationic ligand
7. An incorrect statement is :
(1) The metal-carbon bond in metal carbonyls posess both  and  character.
(2) The M-C  bond is formed by the donation of a pair of electrons from a filled d orbital of metal
into the vacant antibonding * orbital of carbon monoxide.
(3) The metal to ligand bonding creates a synergic effect which strengthens the bond between
C – O in CO.
(4) Due to M-C  bond the C – O bond order decreases and M – C bond length decreases.

Calculation of Oxidation Number, Coordination Number And No. of Chelate Ring

Number of chelate ring (C.R.) = denticity – 1
Coordination no. (C.N.) = total no. coordinate bonds formed by ligands with CMA
Oxidation no. (O.N.) = total charge on CMA
Example
(1) K4[Fe(CN)6] (2) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
+4+x–6=0 x+0–2=0
x = +2 x = +2
(a) O.N. of Fe is +2 (a) O.N. of Cu is +2
(b) CN– is a monodentate ligand. (b) NH3 is a monodentate ligand
C.N. of Fe = 1 × 6 = 6 C.N. of Cu = 1 × 4 = 4
(c) No. of chelate ring = 1–1 = 0 (c) No. of chelate ring = 1–1 = 0
(3) [Co(en)3]Cl3 (4) [Cu(dien)2]SO4
x+0–3=0 x+0–2=0
x = +3 x = +2
(a) O.N. of Co is +3 (a) O.N. of Cu is +2
(b) en is a bidentate ligand (b) dien is a tridentate ligand
C.N. of Co = 2 × 3 = 6 C.N. of Cu = 3 × 2 = 6
(c) No. of chelate ring = 2–1 = 1×3 =3 (c) No. of chelate ring = 3 – 1 = 2 × 2 = 4
(5) [Ca(EDTA)]2– (6) K3[Co(ox)3]
x – 4 = –2 +3 + x – 6 = 0
x = +2 x = +3
(a) O.N. of Ca is +2 (a) O.N. of Co is +3
(b) EDTA4– is a hexadentate ligand. (b) ox is a bidentate ligand
C.N. of Ca = 1 × 6 = 6 C.N. of Co = 2 × 3 = 6
(c) No. of chelate ring = 6 – 1 = 5 (c) No. of chelate ring = 2 – 1 = 1 × 3 = 3
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IUPAC Nomenclature
IUPAC Nomenclature of coordination compounds
The present system of nomenclature derived from the suggestions of Alfred Werner and recommended
by the Inorganic Nomenclature Committee of the I.U.P.A.C. The main rules of naming of complexes are -
(a) Like simple salts, the positive part of the coordination compound is named first.
Ex. K4[Fe(CN)6 ] the naming of this complex starts with Potassium.
(b) In the naming of complex ion, ligands are to be named before the naming of central metal ion.
(c) If no. of ligands are more than one then their presence is indicated by prefixes like di, tri, tetra etc.
but in case of polydentate ligands different prefixes such as bis, tris are used.
(d) When more than one type of ligand is present in the complex, then the ligands are named in the
alphabetical order.
(e) If the complex is neutral or cationic then the central metal ion is to be named as it is.
If the complex is anionic complex then the name of central metal ion ends in 'ate'
(f) After the naming of central metal ion, oxidation state of central metal ion is written in Roman
numeral.
The naming of some of the complexes is done as follows – (as per IUPAC)

Complex Compounds IUPAC Name

(i) K4[Fe(CN)6] Potassium hexacyanidoferrate (II)
(ii) K2[HgI4] Potassium tetraiodidomercurate (II)
(iii) [Co (NH3)6] Cl3 Hexamminecobalt (III) chloride
(iv) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2] Cl Tetraaquadichlorochromium (III) chloride
(v) [Pt(NH3)2Cl4] Diammine tetrachloroplatinum (IV)
(vi) [Co(NH3)3 Cl3] Triamminetrichlorocobalt (III)
(vii) K3[Co(NO2)6 ] Potassium hexanitrocobaltate (III)
(viii) Na2[Fe(CN)5 NO] Sodium pentacyanonitrosoniumferrate (II)
(ix) [NiCl4]–2 Tetrachloronickelate(II) ion
(x) [Ru(NH3)5Cl]+2 Pentamminechlororuthenium (III) ion
(xi) [Fe(en)3]Cl3 Tris (ethylenediamine) iron (III) chloride

(g) If coordination compound contains 2 coordination spheres then both spheres should have opposite
charges. Name of cationic part is written first following the name of anionic sphere according to the
general IUPAC rule.
e.g. [Pt(NH3)4]+2 [PtCl4]–2
Tetraammineplatinum (II) tetrachloroplatinate (II)

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Coordination Compounds
(h) If in a complex compound bridging ligands is present then µ – prefix NH2
is used before its name. (en)2Co Co(en)2 (SO4)2
bis (ethylene diamine) cobalt (III) – µ–amido–µ–hydroxo bis
OH
(ethylenediamine) cobalt (III) sulphate
Effective atomic number
Effective atomic number (EAN)→ Total no. of e– associated with central metal ion in a complex is equal to
effective atomic number.
EAN = Atomic number – (Oxidation state) + (2 × Coordination number)
Examples :
Complex Metal Atomic Coordination Effective atomic
(Oxidation Number of number number (E.A.N)
State) Metal
[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 +2 29 4 (29–2) + (4×2) = 35
[Co(NH3)6]Cl3 +3 27 6 (27–3) + (6×2) = 36
K2[Hg(I)4] +2 80 4 (80–2) + (4×2) = 86
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl +1 47 2 (47–1) + (2×2) = 50
Werner's Theory
This was postulated by Alfred Werner in 1893. The postulates of Werner's theory of complexes are–
According to Werner central metal atom in a complex compound have 2 types of valencies :
Primary Valency Secondary Valency
(1) It is the oxidation number of Central metal (1) It is the coordination number of Central
ion. metal ion.
(2) It is satisfied by negative charged species. (2) It is satisfied by negative, positive and
neutral species.
(3) Ionizable (3) Non-ionizable
(4) Non-directional (4) Directional
(5) It can’t predict the geometry of complex (5) Define the geometry of complex
(6) Denoted by dash lines (6) Denoted by solid lines.
Experimental evidence of Werner’s theory
(a) Precipitation of primary valencies on the addition of suitable reagent. In a series of compounds of
cobalt (III) chloride with ammonia, it was found that some of the chloride ions could be precipitated
as AgCl on adding silver nitrate solution but some remained in solution.
AgNO
1 mole CoCl36NH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3
→ 3 moles of AgCl
white ppt
hence CoCl36NH3 is formulated as [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
Which ionises as [Co(NH3)6]+3 3Cl– (4 mole ions)
AgNO
1 mole CoCl35NH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3
→ 2 moles of AgCl
hence CoCl35NH3 is formulated as [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2
Which ionises as [Co(NH3)5Cl]+2 2Cl– (3 mole ions)
AgNO
1 mole CoCl34NH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ 1 moles of AgCl
hence CoCl34NH3 is formulated as [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl
Which ionises as [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ Cl– (2 mole ions)
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(b) Electrical conductance of complexes
More the number of ions provided in aqueous solution greater will be electrical conductance of the
complex in aqueous solution.
e.g. order of electrical conductance is
CoCl36NH3 > CoCl35NH3 > CoCl34NH3

BEGINNER’S BOX-2

1. The oxidation state of Iron in [Fe(CN)6]3– is

(1) –6 (2) +3 (3) – 3 (4) + 6
3–
2. Coordination number of Co in [CoF6] is
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 6 (4) 8
3. The IUPAC name of Fe(CO)5 is
(1) Pentacarbonyl ferrate (0) (2) Pentacarbonyl Ferrate (III)
(3) Pentacarbonyl Iron (0) (4) Pentacarbonyl Iron (II)
4. The compound Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] is called
(1) Sodium pentacyanonitrosonium ferrate (II)
(2) Sodium nitroprusside
(3) Sodium nitrosoferrocyanide
(4) 1 & 2 both
5. FeCl3.4H2O is actually :
(1) [Fe(H2O)4]Cl3 (2) [Fe(H2O)3Cl]Cl2.H2O
(3) [Fe(H2O)4Cl2]Cl (4) [Fe(H2O)3Cl2]Cl.H2O
6. Which of the following compound does not give test of chloride ion in aqueous solution
(1) CoCl3.6NH3 (2) CoCl3.5NH3 (3) CoCl3.4NH3 (4) CoCl3.3NH3
1
7. Which of the following is most likely formula of platinum complex, if of total chlorine of the
4
compound is precipitated by adding AgNO3 to its aqueous solution
(1) PtCl4.6H2O (2) PtCl4.5H2O (3) PtCl2.2H2O (4) PtCl4.3H2O
8. The Effective atomic number of Cr in Cr(CO)6 is
(1) 36 (2) 38 (3) 28 (4) 54
9. Which complex is chelating complex ?
(1) Diammine dichloroplatinum (II) (2) Bis (ethylene diamine) copper (II)
(3) Tetra carbonyl nickel (0) (4) Hexacyanoferrate (III) ion
10. The Effective atomic number of iron in K4[Fe(CN)6] is :
(1) 35 (2) 34 (3) 36 (4) 38
11. Which of the following represent the correct number of ions formed by the given compounds in aqueous
solution?
(i) PdCl2.4NH3 (ii) NiCl2.6H2O (iii) PtCl4.2HCl (iv) CoCl3.4NH3
(v) PtCl2.2NH3
(1) 0, 3, 0, 2, 3 (2) 3, 3, 3, 2, 0 (3) 3, 3, 3, 2, 3 (4) 0, 3, 3, 3, 3
12. Which of the following does not follow EAN rule ?
(1) [Ni(CO)4] (2) [Fe(CO)5] (3) [Cr(CO)6] (4) [Mn(CO)5]
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Coordination Compounds
Valence Bond Theory (VBT)
VBT Postulates
This theory was mainly developed by Linus Pauling. The main features of this theory are -
(a) Metal ion when it forms a complex compound undergoes formation of coordinate bond.
(b) During this bond formation, the metal ion acts as electron pair acceptor. For this the metal ion
provides vacant orbitals according to its coordination number.
(c) Ex. In the formation of [Fe(NH3)6]3+ , Fe+3 ion provides six vacant orbitals.
In [Cu(NH3)4]2+, Cu+2 ion provides four vacant orbitals.
(d) These vacant orbitals undergo hybridisation before bond formation with ligands.
(e) The vacant hybrid orbitals of metal ion get overlapped with orbitals of ligands containing lone pair
of electrons.
(f) If in a complex strong ligand is present then it will cause pairing of unpaired e– in (n–1)d orbitals of
central metal ion and if (n–1)d orbitals are involved in hybridisation then inner orbital complex is
formed.
(g) If in the complex weak ligand is present then there will be no pairing of unapaired e – in
(n–1)d orbitals and if nd orbitals are involved in hybridisation, outer orbital complex is formed.
(h) If unpaired e– is present in the complex then it will be paramagnetic otherwise it will be diamagnetic.
VBT Applications
(a) 6-coordinated complexes :
[Co(NH3 )6 ]3+
e– configuration of 27Co = [Ar] 3d7 4s2 So, Co+3 = [Ar] 3d6 4s0 4p0 4d0
Co3+  
3d 4s 4p 4d
Due to presence of strong ligand unpaired electrons get paired up so metal ion provides vacant '3d'
orbitals for hybridisation.

3d 4s 4p 4d
d2sp3 hybridisation
⚫ This is a diamagnetic complex and low spin complex.
⚫ As inner 'd' orbitals are involved in hybridisation, hence it is an inner orbital complex.
[CoF6]3–
e– configuration of 27Co = [Ar] 3d74s2  Co+3 = [Ar] 3d6 4s0 4p0 4d0

Co3+ ion
  F– is a weak ligand, so unpaired e– do not get paired up and vacant 4d orbitals involved in
hybridisation.

3d 4s 4p 4d

sp3 d2
⚫ This is a paramagnetic complex and high spin complex.
⚫ The outer 'd' orbitals are involved in hybridisation, hence it is an outer orbital complex.
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(b) 4-coordinated complexes :
[NiCl4]2–
e– configuration of 28Ni = [Ar] 3d8 4s2
 Ni+2 = [Ar] 3d8 4s0 4p0
⚫ There will be no pairing of unpaired e– in 3d orbitals.

3d 4s 4p
sp3 hybridisation

⚫ [NiCl4]2— has tetrahedral geometry.

⚫ It is a paramagnetic complex.
[Ni (CN)4]2–
28Ni = [Ar] 3d84s2 Ni+2 = [Ar] 3d84s04s0

CN– is a strong ligand so unpaired e– in 3d orbitals get paired up

3d 4s 4p
dsp2 hybridisation

⚫ [Ni(CN)4]2– has square planer geometry and diamagnetic in nature.

⚫ This complex is an inner orbital complex
[Zn(NH3)4]2+
Zn = [Ar] 4s2 3d10
 Zn+2 = [Ar] 3d104s04p0
 Zn+2 has d10 configuration

So there is no possibility of pairing

3d 4s 4p
sp3
⚫ Because the complex is formed by sp3 hybridisation, hence it has tetrahedral geometry.
⚫ Since all electrons are paired, hence it is diamagnetic
[Ni(CO)4]
Ni = [Ar] 3d8 4s2 4p°
 CO is a strong ligand so unpaired e– in (n–1)d orbitals get paired up (4s electron transfer in 3d

subshell).

Ni = 3d 4s 4p
sp3 hybridisation

⚫ Complex has sp3 hybridisation

⚫ It has tetrahedral geometry.
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Coordination Compounds
⚫ It is diamagnetic complex as unpaired e– is absent.
[Cu(NH3)4]2+
29Cu = [Ar] 4s1 3d10  Cu+2 = [Ar] 3d9 4s0 4p0
 NH3 is a strong ligand so after rearrangement
⚫ Complex has dsp2 hybridsation
⚫ It is inner orbital complex
⚫ It has square planer geometry
⚫ It is paramagenetic

Coordination Hybridised Geometrical shape of Examples of

Number orbital the Complex Complex

2 sp [Ag(NH3)2]+
linear

[Ag(CN)2]–

3 sp2 [HgI3]–

Trigonal planar

4 sp3 [CuCl4]–2

Tetrahedral

[ZnCl4]–2
[Ni(CO)4]
[Zn(NH3)4]+2

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dsp2
4 [PdCl4]2–
(d x −y
2 2 orbital )
Square planar

[Ni(CN)4]2–
[Pt(NH3)4]+2
[Cu(NH3)4]+2
[PtCl4]2–

5 dsp3/ sp3d [Fe(CO)5]

T.B.P.

6 d2sp3/sp3d2 [Cr(NH3)6]+3

Octahedral

Inner orbital Complexes :- When Inner d-orbital or (n–1)d orbital used in a Hybridisation.
It means Hybridisation is d2sp3.
[Cr(NH3)6]Cl3, K4[Fe(CN)6] etc.

Outer-orbital complex :- When outer d-orbital or ‘n’ d orbital used in a hybridisation. It means
Hybridisation is sp3d2, [CoF6]3–, [FeF6]3–.

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Coordination Compounds

BEGINNER’S BOX-3
1. Complex ion having square planar geometry is :-
(1) [Ni(CN)4]2– (2) [Pt(CN)4]–2 (3) [Cu(NH3)4]+2 (4) All
2. For the complex [Fe(CO)5] what is wrong :-
(1) It is - bonded organometallic compound (2) It does not follow EAN rule
(3) In the complex CO is -acid ligand (4) It has trigonal bipyramidal shape
–3
3. In the complex ion [FeF6] , according to valence bond theory, the magnetic properties of the
complex ion corresponds to how many unpaired electrons ?
(1) 0 (2) 5 (3) 2 (4) 3
2– 2–
4. Among [Ni(CO)4], [Ni(CN)4] and [Ni(Cl)4] :
(1) [Ni(CO)4] and [NiCl4]2– are diamagnetic and [Ni(CN)4]2– is paramagnetic
(2) [NiCl4]2– and [Ni(CN)4]2– are diamagnetic and [Ni(CO)4] is paramagnetic
(3) [Ni(CO)4] and [Ni(CN)4]2– are diamagnetic and [NiCl4]2– is paramagnetic
(4) [Ni(CO4)] is diamagnetic and [NiCl4]2– and [Ni(CN)4]2– are paramagnetic
5. Which is correct geometry of [NiCl4]2– complex ?
(1) Tetrahedral (2) Octahedral (3) Square planar (4) Pyramidal
6. Which of the following compound is square planar and does not have any unpaired electron:
(1) [Cu(NH3)4]+2 (2) [Ni(CO)4] (3) [NiCl4]–2 (4) [Ni(CN)4]–2
7. Match list - I with list - II and choose the correct answer from the code given below
List - I (complex) List - II (geometry)
–2
(A) [Ni(CN)4] (a) Octachedral
+4
(B) [Pt(NH3)6] (b) Squareplanar
+
(C) [Ag(NH3)2] (c) Tetrahedral
+2
(D) [Zn(NH3)4] (d) Linear
A B C D
(1) b a d c
(2) a b c d
(3) c d b a
(4) b c d a
8. Choose the set containing incorrect statement only.
(I) [Fe(CN)6]–3 has magnetic moment is equal to 1.73 BM while [FeF6]–3 has a magnetic moment is equal
to 5.9 BM.
(II) [CoF6]–3 is paramagnetic with four unpaired electrons while [Co(C2O4)3]–3 has two unpaired
electrons
(III) [Co(H2O)6]+3 & [Co(C2O4)3]–3 are inner orbital complexes.
(IV) [Mn(H2O)6]+3, [Cr(H2O)6]+3 & [V(H2O)6]+3 are outer orbital complexes with four, three and two
unpaired electrons respectively
(1) I, II & III (2) II & IV (3) I & III (4) II, III & IV
9. Which pair of complexes has inner orbital complexes ?
(1) [Fe(CN)6]–3 & [FeF6]–3 (2) [CoF6]–3 & [CoCl6]–3
+2 +2
(3) [Zn(NH3)6] & [Zn(H2O)6] (4) [Fe(CN)6]–3 & [Fe(CN)6]–4
10. Which is not related with complex [Ni(CO)4] :-
(1) It has sp3 hybridisation (2) It has tetrahedral geometry
(3) It is paramagnetic (4) It is diamagnetic
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Crystal field theory (CFT)
Crystal Field Theory : This is a model of electronic structure of transition-metal complexes that considers
how the energies of the d-orbitals of a metal ion are affected by the electric field of the ligand. According to
this theory.
(a) Central metal ion is considered as a positive point charge, anionic ligand as a negative point charge,
neutral ligand as a point dipole and attraction between metal ion and ligand is electrostatic in nature.
(b) In the electric field of ligands, the five d orbitals of the metal atom no longer have exactly same energy
while they are splitted into different energy levels. Splitting of five degenerate d-orbitals of the metal
ion into sets of orbitals having different energies is called crystal field splitting.
(c) The extent of splitting of metal d-orbitals depends upon the nature and number of ligands
surrounding it and the charge on the central metal ion.
(d) The extent of splitting of metal d-orbitals determines the magnetic and spectroscopic properties of
the complexes.
Splitting in octahedral complex
In a octahedral complex, the co-ordination number is 6. The metal ion is at the centre and the ligands
occupy the six corners of the octahedron as shown in figure.
We know that two orbitals, and are oriented along the axis while the remaining three orbitals, viz., d xy, dyz
and dzx are oriented in between the axis.

z-axis

y-axis x-axis

The two orbtials and are designated as eg orbitals while the three orbitals dxy, dyz and dzx are designated as
t2g orbitals. As the six ligands approach the central ion along the axis hence eg orbitals, is repelled more by
the ligand than the t2g orbitals.
In other words, the energy of the eg orbitals increases much more than the energy of the t2g orbitals.
Thus, in octahedral complexes, the five d-orbitals split up into two sets : one set consisting of two
orbitals ( and ) of higher energy (eg orbitals) and the other set consisting of three orbitals (dxy, dyz
and dzx) of lower energy (t2g orbitals).

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Coordination Compounds

Calculation of crystal field stablizing energy

 ( )
For octahedral complex CFSE = −0.4 nt2g + 0.6(neg ) 0 + x pairing energy (P.E.)

Where n2g = number of electron in t2g orbitals
neg = number of electron in eg orbitals
0 = crystal field splitting energy
x = number of electrons pairs in t2g and eg orbitals
Example: Explain the formation of Na4[Fe(CN)6] and Na4[FeF6] ? Show which is low spin and which
is high spin complex and also calculate the Crystal field stablisation energy (CFSE) ?
Solution: In given compounds CN– is strong field ligands and F– is weak field ligand and in both
compounds ions is in +2 oxidation state d6 configuration.
So in Na4[Fe(CN)6]

 In presence of CN– (SFL) 0 is high than pairing energy, so unpaired e– get paired and it
is a low spin complex
CFSE = [–0.4(6) + 0.6(0)]0 + 3P
= –2.40 + 3P

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Na4[FeF6]

In presence of F– (WFL) 0 is less than pairing energy so unpaired e– do not get paired and it is
a high spin complex
CFSE = [–0.4(5) + 0.6(2)]0 + P
= [–2.0 + 1.2] 0 + P
= –0.8 0 + P

Factors Affecting Splitting Energy

Factors affecting splitting energy ()
(1) Strength of ligand [C.F.S.E. is more in case of S.F.L. as compared to W.F.L.]
(2) Oxidation state of central metal ion [C.F.S.E.  oxidation state]
(3) Transition series (d-series) [C.F.S.E., 5d > 4d > 3d]
(4) Geometry (number of ligand) [sp > 0 > t]

t = 4/9 0 sp = 1.30

Spectro-chemical series for ligands

Series which shows the relative strength of ligands

Stability of co-ordination compounds

According to thermodynamic stability, the reaction between a metal ion and the ligands may be considered
as a Lewis acid base reaction. If the equilibrium constant is high then the complex obtained is
thermodynamically stable. The reaction can be written as follows : M + nL  [MLn]
[MLn ]
The stability constant K, of the complex [MLn] is given by the relation, K =
[M][L]n
The greater the value of K, more stable is the complex.
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Coordination Compounds
The stability of a complex ion also depends upon

CFT in Tetrahedral Complexes & Colour Properties

CFT in tetrahedral complexes
The co-ordination number for tetrahedral complexes is 4. The
tetrahedral arrangement of four ligands surrounding a metal
ion may be visualized by placing ligands at the alternate
corners of a cube, as shown in figure.
It can be shown that in a tetrahedral structure, none of the d-
orbitals points exactly towards the ligands.
When ligand approaches it is more close dxy, dyz, dxz in
comparision of dx2–y2 and dz2 because dxy, dyz, dzx are between
the axis and d z2 and d x 2 − y2 are along the axis. So dxy, dyz, dzx feels

more repulsion as compare to d z2 and d x 2 − y2 .

Thus, the d orbitals are also splitted into two groups but in a reverse order of octahedral complex. The
three orbitals, dxy, dyz and dxz, designated are now have higher energy than the two orbitals.

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For tetrahedral complexes CFSE= –0.6( ne ) + 0.4( nt ) t + x pairing energy (P.E)
2

where n t 2 = number of electron in t2 orbitals

ne = number of electron in e orbitals

t = crystal field splitting energy (tetrahedral)
x = number of electron pairs in t2 and e orbitals
Colour Property of Complex Compounds
Reason for colour in complexes is due to d-d-transition

eg0 eg1

d-d transition

e2g1 e2g0

ground state Excited state

P V
Complementary colour wheel I

R B
For example complementary colour of red is blue green.
O BG
Y G
YG
Example: [Ti(H2O)6]+3 is violet in colour explain using CFT.
Solution: In [Ti(H2O)6]3+, d-orbitals of Ti3+ lost their degeneracy in the presence of octahedral ligand field
and produce t2g1 & eg0 orbital of different energy, complex absorbs visible light for excitation
of electron from t2g to eg which is corresponding to green yellow colour and show its
complimentry violet colour.
Example: How the complex compounds show the colour?
Solution: When d-electrons absorbs energy from visible region they will get excited. Absorbed energy is
related to a particular wavelength.
hc
Eabsorbed =
()  absorbed
when electrons fall into lower energy level it will show colour whose wavelength () is the
complimentary of absorbed wavelength (absorbed).
Example: Why violet coloured [Ti(H2O)6]Cl3 becomes colourless when heated ?
Solution: When [Ti(H2O)6]Cl3 is heated water molecules are removed and in the absence of ligand crystal
field splitting does not occur and hence the substance is colourless due to absence of d–d
transition.
Example: [Fe(CN)6]4– and [Fe(H2O)6]2+ show different colours. Why ?
Solution: Due to difference in strength of ligands splitting energy will be different due to which absorbed
and emitted will be different for both complexes.
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Coordination Compounds
Example: What will be the correct order for the wavelengths of absorption in the visible region
for the following : [Ni(NO2)6]4–, [Ni(NH3)6]2+, [Ni(H2O)6]2+ ?
Solution: [Ni(H2O)6]2+ > [Ni(NH3)6]2+ > [Ni(NO2)6]4–
Golden Key Points
• Red colour of ruby is due to presence of small amount of Cr+3 in atmosphere of Al2O3
• Green colour of emerald is due to presence of Cr+3 in atmosphere of Be3Al2Si6O18 [beryl]
• Complex become colourless in absence of ligand field because in absence of ligand d-d-transition
does not occur.
• [Ti(H2O)6]3+ become colourless on heating due to removal of water molecules.
• Anhydrous CuSO4 which is colourless but hydrated CuSO4 is blue in presence of moisture.
• Halogens are coloured due to the HOMO-LUMO transition.
• KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, CrO2Cl2 are coloured due to charge transfer spectrum.

BEGINNER’S BOX-4
1. Consider the following statements and choose correct code (T – True, F – False)
S1 : [Cr (NH3)6]3+ is a inner orbital complex with crystal field stabilization energy equal to – 1.2 o
S2 : The complex formed by joining the CN– ligands to Fe3+ ion has theoretical value of ‘spin only’
magnetic moment equal to 1.73 B.M.
S3 : Spin magnetic moment of complex [Mn(CN)6]–3 is 2.8 BM.
(1) F T F (2) T T F (3) T T T (4) F F F
2. For the t 26 g e 2g system, the value of magnetic moment () is :
(1) 2.83 B.M. (2) 1.73 B.M. (3) 3.87 B.M. (4) 4.92 B.M.
3. Which of the following compound is not coloured :-
(1) Na2[CuCl4] (2) Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3 (3) Na2[CdCl4] (4) Na2CrO4
4. The stability constants of the complexes formed by a metal ion M with NH3, CN–, H2O are of the
2+

order of 1015, 1027, 1011 respectively. Then :-

(1) NH3 is the strongest ligand
(2) CN– is the strongest ligand
(3) These values cannot predict the strength of the ligand
(4) All the ligands are equally strong
5. The value for crystal field stabilisation energy is zero for
(1) K2(MnF6] (2) K3[Fe(CN)6] (3) K3[FeF6] (4) K4[Fe(CN)6]
6. Match the following and choose correct option
Complexes e– configuration
(P) [CoCl6]3– (a) t 25 g e 0g

(Q) [Co(OX)3]3– (b) t 26 g e 0g

(R) [Co(H2O)6]2+ (c) t 25 g e 2g

(S) [Fe(CN)6]–3 (d) t 24 g e 2g

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P Q R S
(1) b a c d
(2) d a b c
(3) d b c a
(4) d a c b
7. Which order is correct
(1) [NiCl6]4– > [NiCl4]2– splitting energy
(2) [Cr(en)3]Cl3 > [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 crystal field stabilisation energy
(3) [Co(CN)6]4– > [Co(CN)6]3– reducing behaviour
(4) All of these
8. Which is inner orbital complex ?
(1) [Co(H2O)6]3+ (2) [RhF6]3– (3) [IrF6]3– (4) All
9. Which stability order is incorrect
(1) [Fe(C2O4)3]3– > [Fe(H2O)6]3+ (2) [Fe(EDTA)]2– > [Fe(en)3]3+
(3) [Ni(en)2]2+ > [Ni(dmg)2] (4) [Fe(CN)6]3– > [Fe(CN)6]4–
10. The complex exhibit lowest energy absorption band is
(1) [NiCl4]2– (2) [Ni(CO)4] (3) [Ni(CN)4]2– (4) [Ni(H2O)6]2+

Isomerism
Isomerism in complexes
Compounds which have the same molecular formula, but differ in their properties due to the difference in
their structure are called as Isomers.
Classification of isomerism :
(A) Structural Isomerism
It arises due to the difference in the type of chemical linkages and distribution of ligands within and
outside the coordination sphere.
(a) Ionisation Isomerism
Compounds having same molecular formula but give different type of ions in their aqueous solution
are known as ionisation isomer.
Due to exchange of ions between coordination sphere and ionisation sphere different ionisation
isomers are formed. So they are ionisation isomers.
Ex. (a) CoBrSO45NH3 can be represented as
(i) [Co(NH3)5Br] SO4 (red violet) (ii) [Co(NH3 )5 SO4 ] Br (red).
These complexes give sulphate ion and bromide ion respectively
(b) [Pt(NH3)4Cl2] Br2 and [Pt(NH3 )4Br2]Cl2
(c) [Co(NH3)4(NO3)2 ]SO4 and [Co(NH3)4SO4](NO3)2
(b) Hydrate Isomerism
This type of isomerism is due to presence of different number of water molecules inside the complex
ion.
Ex. (1) Cr(H2O)6Cl3 has three possible hydrate isomers.
(i) [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 (violet) (ii) [Cr(H2O)5Cl] Cl2 .H2O (green)
(iii) [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl . 2H2O (dark green)
These complexes differ from one another with respect to the number of water molecules acting as
ligands.
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Coordination Compounds
(c) Linkage Isomerism
(i) This type of isomerism arises due to presence of ambidentate ligands
(ii) These ligands have two donor atoms but at a time only one atom is directly linked to the central
metal atom of the complex.
Ex. [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2 and [Co(NH3)5 ONO]Cl2
In NO2– ligand, the donor site is nitrogen while in ONO– ligand donor site is oxygen.
(d) Coordination Isomerism
(i) This type of isomerism is exhibited when in complex compound both cation as well as anion is
complex.
(ii) This type of isomerism is caused by the interchange of ligands between the two complex ions of
a complex compound.
Ex. (i) [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6]
Coordination isomers
(ii) [Co(NH3)5 (CN)] [Cr(CN)5 (NH3)]
Trick to find number of coordination isomers
To find total coordination Isomers we can use the following method : -
(i) Different Central metal atom, same C.N., Monodentate ligand = C.N.
C .N .
(ii) Same Central metal atom, same CN, Monodentate ligand =
2
(B) Stereo Isomerism
(a) They have same molecular formula, same constitution but they differ only with respect to the spatial
orientation of ligands in space around the metal ion.
(b) The two types of stereo isomers which are possible are - Geometrical and optical.
(I) Geometrical Isomerism
(i) Due to change in relative positions of ligands around central metal ion, different forms are obtained
which are known as GI.
(ii) When two identical ligands are coordinated to the metal ion from same side then it is cis isomer.
(Latin, cis means same).
(iii) If the two identical ligands are coordinated to the metal ion from opposite side then it is Trans
isomer.
(in Latin, Trans means across).
(iv) These geometrical isomers differ in physical as well as in chemical properties.
(v) Geometrical isomerism is most important in compounds with coordination numbers 4 and 6.
(vi) 4-coordinated complexes with tetrahedral geometry do not exhibit cis - Trans isomerism, because
relative position of ligands remain same for each other.
(vii) It is exhibited by 4-coordinated complexes with square planar geometry.
Note: There are only 5 possible cases which shows geometrical isomerism in square planar complex.
such as Ma2b2, Ma2bc, Mabcd, M(AB)2, M(AB)cd

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Geometrical Isomers with Coordination Number = 4 (Square Planar Complexes)
(i) Complexes with general formula, Ma2b2 (where both a and b are monodentate) can have Cis-and
trans isomers.
a a a b
M M
b b b a
Cis-isomer Trans-isomer
Ex. [Pt (NH3)2Cl2]
H 3N NH3 Cl NH3

Pt Pt

Cl Cl H3N Cl
cis-platin Trans-platin
(used as a anti-cancer)

(ii) Complexes with general formula Ma2bc can have Cis - and trans-isomers.
a a a c
M M
b c b a
Cis Trans
Ex. [Pt(NH3)2ClBr]
Cl NH3 Br NH3

Pt Pt

Br NH3 H3N Cl
cis Trans

(iii) Complexes with general formula, Mabcd can have three geometrical isomers.
e.g. [Pt(NH3) (Py) ClBr]
a b a d a c
M M M
d c c b b d

cis (w.r.t ligand a & d) Trans (w.r.t. ligand a & d)

(iv) Complex with general formula [M(AB)2] have 2 geometrical isomers (Where AB is unsymmetrical
Bidentate ligand)
e.g. [Pt(gly)2]
CH2 — NH2 NH2 — CH2 CH2 — NH2 –
O — CO
Pt Pt
– – –
CO — O O — CO CO — O NH2 — CH2
(cis) (trans)
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Coordination Compounds
Geometrical isomers with Coordination number = 6 (Octahedral complex)
(i) [Ma4b2] has 2 geometrical isomers
e.g. [Fe(NH3)4Cl2]
Cl NH3
H 3N NH3 H 3N Cl

Fe Fe
H 3N NH3 H 3N Cl
Cl NH3
Trans Cis
(ii) [Ma4bc] has 2 geometrical isomers
e.g. [Fe(NH3)4ClCO3]
NH3 Cl
H3 N Cl H 3N NH3
Fe Fe

H3 N CO3 H 3N NH3
NH3 CO3
Cis Trans
(iii) Facial and Meridional isomerism (Ma3b3)
eg. [Cr(NH3)3(H2O)3]+3
b b
a b a
b

a a a
b
a b
Facial (fac) Meridional [Mer]
Other examples of geometrical isomers in octahedral complexes.
General formula Total No. of geometrical isomers
Ma6 Nil
Ma5b Nil
Ma4b2 2
Ma4bc 2
Ma3b3 2
Ma3b2c 3
Ma3bcd 4
Ma2b2c2 5
Ma2b2cd 6
Ma2bcde 9
Mabcdef 15

Here M = central metal atom; a, b, c, d, e, f = Monodentate ligands

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(II) Optical Isomerism
(i) Compounds which are mirror image of each other but non-superimposable, are known as optical
isomers.
(ii) An optically active complex is one which is asymmetric in nature i.e., not divisible into two identical
halves.
(iii) The complex which rotates plane polarised light to left hand side is laevo rotatory i.e. '' or '–' and
if the complex rotates the plane polarised light to right hand side then it is dextro rotatory 'd' or '+'.
(d) Thus, complexes which have same physical and chemical properties but differ in their action
towards plane polarised light are called as optical isomers.
(iv) The 'd' and '' isomers of a compound are called as Enantiomers.
Optical isomers with Coordination number = 6

(i) [Ma2b2c2]n+→ [Pt(py)2(NH3)2Cl2]2

Mirror

(ii) [Mabcedf] → [Pt(py)NH3NO2ClBrI]

Mirror

Total number of geometrical isomers = 15 (All are optically active)

Total number of optical isomers = 30

Total number of stereo isomers = 30

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Coordination Compounds
(iii) [M(AA)3]n+ → [Co(en)3]3+

3+
en

en
Co

en

-form
Mirror

(iv) [M(AA)2ab]n+ → [Co(en)2NH3Cl]2+

2+
en
Cl

Co

NH3
en

Cis--form
Mirror
(v) [M(AB)3] → [Cr(gly)3]

gly

Cr
gly

gly

Cis-or-trans--form
Mirror
(vi) [Fe(NH3)2(en)Cl2]

Cl Cl
Cl Cl

en Fe Fe en

NH3 NH3
NH3 NH3
Cis-d-isomer Cis--form
Mirror
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(vii) [Fe(en)2Cl2]

en
en
Cl Cl

Fe Fe

Cl Cl
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Cis-d-isomer Cis--isomer
Mirror

BEGINNER’S BOX-5
1. Which of the following sets is/are example of co-ordination isomerism in complexes ?
(1) [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] and [Co(CN)6] [Cr(NH3)6]
(2) [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2.H2O and [Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl.2H2O
(3) [Co(NH3)5Br]SO4 and [Cr(NH3)5SO4]Br
(4) [Pt(NH3)2Cl2] and [Pt(NH3)4] [PtCl4]
2. The number of geometrical isomers of [Co(NH3)3(NO3)3] are :
(1) 0 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
3. The number of isomeric forms in [Co(NH3)4Cl2]1+ ion will be :-
(1) 2 (2) 3 (3) 4 (4) 1
4. The total number of possible coordination isomers for the complex compound [Cu(NH3)4] [PtCl4]
(1) 3 (2) 6 (3) 5 (4) 4
5. The complexes [Co(NO2)(NH3)5]Cl2 and [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 are the examples of
(1) Coordination isomerism (2) Ionisation isomerism
(3) Geometrical isomerism (4) Linkage isomerism
6. The type of isomerism exhibited in complex [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]Br2 is/are
(1) Linkage isomerism (2) Ionisation isomerism
(3) Geometrical isomerism (4) 2 and 3 both
7. The Complexes given below are :-

(1) Geometrical isomers (2) Position isomers

(3) Optical isomers (4) Identical

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Coordination Compounds
Organo Mettalic Compound
Compound in which C atom of a hydrocarbon or a ligand is directly bonded with a metal/ metalloid / non-
metal like B, P ets is known as organometallic compounds.
R - Zn - R dialkylzinc(Franklandreagent) 
eg.  OMC
R - Mg - X AlkylMagnesium halide(Grignardsreagent)

O 
|| 
Sodiumacetate CH3 − C − ONa 

Sodiumethoxide C2H5 − O − Na 

SodiumMercaptide H3C − SNa 
These are not organometallic compounds because in these compounds metal is not directly attached with
carbon atom.
H3CO OCH3
B(OCH3)3 B–OCH3 is not OMC CH3B(OCH3)2 H3C–B is OMC
H3CO OCH3

Carbides and carbonates are not considered OMC because in these compounds metal carbon bond has ionic
nature.
Classification of Organometallic Compounds
OMC can be classified into three main categories –
 - bonded OMC : These compounds are formed mostly by non-transition and metalloid elements.
Ex. R – Mg – X (Grignard's reagent)
(CH3)2Zn (Dimethyl zinc or Frankland's reagent)
R2Cd (dialkyl cadmium)
(C2H5)4Pb (Tetra ethyl lead) – used as antiknocking agent in petrol.
(C2H5)3Al + TiCl4 (Ziegler natta catalyst) – Heterogeneous catalyst, used in polymerisation of alkene.
 - bonded OMC : These are usually formed by transition metals.
Ex. Ferrocene [Fe(5 – C5H5)2]
Zeise's salt K[PtCl3(2 – C2H4)]
Chromocene [Cr(6 – C6H6)2]
 and  - bonded OMC : Transition metals of gp. 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 in their zero-oxidation state form such
type of OMC. The carbonyl compounds of these metals have both  and  bonds.
Ex. [Ni(CO)4], [Fe(CO)5], [Mn2(CO)10] etc.

Application Of Complexes
(a) Test of Ni+2 : Ni+2 ion gives rosy red ppt when react with dimethylglyoxime in weak alkaline medium.
NH4 OH
Ni+2 + 2dmg ⎯⎯⎯ → Ni(dmg)2 
Rosy Red ppt

(b) Test of S2– :

Na2S+Na2 Fe(CN)5 (NO) → Na4 Fe(CN)5 (NOS)
Sodiumnitroprousside violet colour

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NEET : Chemistry
(c) Test of Fe+2 & Fe+3 :
Fe+2 + K 3 Fe(CN)6  → Fe3 Fe(CN)6 2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
3 6
3KFe Fe(CN)6 
K Fe(CN)
salt
1,2-drops turn bull blue colloidal soluton

Fe+3 + K 4 Fe(CN)6  → Fe 4 Fe(CN)6 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→

4 6
4KFe Fe(CN)6 
K Fe(CN)
salt
1,2-drops prussium blue colloidal soluton

(d) Test of Fe+3

FeCl3 + 3KSCN → Fe(SCN)3 +3KCl
Potassium thiocyanate Bloodredcolour

(e) Test of Cu+2

2Cu+2 +K 4 Fe(CN)6  → Cu2 Fe(CN)6 
Chocolate brown ppt

(f) Brown ring test : Test for Nitrate ion

NO3– + Fe+2 + 4H+ ⎯⎯ → Fe+3 + NO + 2H2O (Redox reaction)

Fe(H2O)6 SO4 + NO → Fe(H2O)5 (NO) SO4

+

 
brownring complex

(g) If excess of KCN is added in CuSO4, insoluble CuCN is formed which later turn into soluble complex.
+2 -1
1
2KCN+ CuSO4 ⎯⎯⎯ -K 2SO4
→ Cu(CN) 2 ⎯⎯⎯
redox
→ CuCN  + (CN)2 (Cyanogen)
salt salt 2
 KCN(excess)
K 3 [Cu(CN)4 ]
solublecomplex

(h) AgCl or AgBr ppt are soluble in ammonia or NH4OH

→ Ag(NH3 )2  Cl-
2NH3 +
AgCl ⎯⎯⎯
white ppt soluble complex

(i) In photography : undecomposed AgBr (at the time of image development) is removed from
photographic film by using hyposolution [Na2S2O3.5H2O]
1
AgBr ⎯⎯
hν
→ Ag + Br2
2
3-
AgBr → Na3  Ag ( S 2O3 )2  + NaBr
+ 2Na2S2O3 ⎯⎯
(undecomposed) soluble complex

(j) Light blue colour of aqueous solution of CuSO4 turn into dark blue in presence of ammonia
Cu(H2O)4  SO4 ⎯⎯⎯
4 NH
→ Cu(NH3 )4  SO4
3

light blue dark blue

(k) Cyano complex are used for electroplating of Ag or Au due to high stability.
e.g. [Ag(CN)2]–
(l) Wilkinson catalyst [RhCl(PPh3)3] is used for hydrogenation of alkene. (Homogeneous catalysis)
(m) [EDTA]4– is used for estimation of hardness of water.
(n) [Ca(EDTA)]2– is used to remove Pb poisoning.
[Ca(EDTA)]2– + Pb+2 →[Pb(EDTA)]2– + Ca+2
(o) Biological importance
Chlorophyll (Mg) haemoglobin (Fe+2) Insulin (Zn)
Vitamin B12(Co) Corboxypeptide (Zn)
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Coordination Compounds

BEGINNER’S BOX-6
1. K4[Fe(CN)6] reacts with FeCl3 to form :-
(1) K3[Fe(CN)6] (2) K4[Fe(CN)3Cl3] (3) K3[Fe(CN)5Cl] (4) KFe[Fe(CN)6]
2. A reagent used for identifying nickel ion is :-
(1) Potassium ferrocyanide (2) Phenolphthalein
(3) Dimethyl glyoxime (4) EDTA
3. A person suffering from lead poisoning should be fed with :-
(1) Hypo (2) Cis-platin (3) [Ca(EDTA)]2– (4) DMG
4. Zeigler natta catalyst is :
(1) [RhCl(PPh3)3] (2) Al(C2H5)3 + TiCl4 (3) K(PtCl3( – C2H4)] (4) Pt/Rh
5. Which is/are organometallic compound :-
(I) Grignard reagent (II) Sodium methoxide (III) trimethyl boron (IV) TEL
(1) Only I (2) I & II (3) I, II, IV (4) I, III, IV

NCERT QUESTIONS
Q.1 Explain the term Degenerate orbitals :
Ans. Orbitals which have same energy in a subshell are known as degenerate orbitals.
Q.2 What is crystal field splitting ?
Ans. According to CFT the interaction between a transition metal and ligands arises from the attraction
between the positively charged metal cation and negative charge of ligand.
As a ligand approaches the metal ion, the electrons of ligand will repell some of the d-orbitals as
compared to other d orbitals due to which energy of all d orbitals is not equal and they are splitted
into different energy levels.
This loss of degeneracy of d-orbital is known as crystal field splitting.
orbtials which are close to
direction of ligands
•
Isolated central Bary centre  (splitting energy)
metal ion degenrate orbitals orbtials which are further
away from direction of ligands
degenrate orbitals
State-II
State-I in presence of ligand State-III

The state I represents degeneracy of all the five d-orbitals in the isolated central ion. The state II
represents hypothetical degeneracy of all the orbitals at a higher energy level if the negative charge
of all the ligands is assumed to be uniformly affecting the electrons in the d-orbitals of the metal ion.
The state III represents crystal field splitting of d orbitals.
Q.3 Define (a) crystal field stabilisation energy (b) Pairing energy ?
Ans. (a) Crystal field stabilisation energy : The lowering in the energy of a transition metal ion in
presence of ligand environment due to crystal field effects.
(b) Pairing energy : The energy required to pair up the electrons.
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NEET : Chemistry
Q.4 Explain the term
(a) Inner orbital complex and outer orbital complexes ?
(b) Low spin and high spin complexes ?
Ans. (a) The empty 'd' orbitals involved in hybridisation may be inner (n-1)d or outer "nd" orbitals and
these complexes are called as Inner orbital complexes and outer orbital complexes
respectively.
For example in d2sp3 hybridisation (n–1)d, ns and np orbitals are mixed it forms inner orbital
complex and in sp3d2 ns, np and nd orbitals are mixed so it forms outer orbitals complex.
(b) When the strong field ligand approaches to metal ion, value to splitting energy () is greater
than pairing energy, so it is unfavourable to put electron into high energy orbitals. Therefore,
the lower energy orbitals are completely filled before distribution of the upper sets starts
according to the Aufbau principle. Such type of complexes are called low spin complex.
Weak field ligand causes a small splitting of the d-orbitals where splitting energy is less than
pairing energy. It is easier to put electrons into the higher energy set of orbitals than to pair up
in the same low energy orbitals. So one electron is put into each of the five d-orbitals before
any pairing occur in accordance with Hund rule.
Such complexes are known as high spin complex.
Q.5 In octahedral complex if central metal have configuration d1, d2,d3 always make inner orbital
complex, Why ?
Ans. Central metal ion which have d1, d2, d3 configuration have at least two vacant d orbitals (eg) in any
ligand environment or in any oxidation state. So always form inner orbital complex.
Q.6 Calculate the spin magnetic moment (µ) into following complexes.
[Cr(H2O)6]3+ [Fe(H2O)6]3+ [Zn(H2O)6]2+
Ans. In all compound H2O is a weak field ligand so pairing of electron will not occur
(I) [Cr(H2O)6]3+ (II) [Fe(H2O)6]3+ (III) [Zn(H2O)6]+2
eg 0 eg 2 eg 4
t2g3 t2g3 t2g6
n=3 n=5 n=0
So by using formula n(n + 2) we will get

µ = 15 BM µ= 35 BM µ = 0
Q.7 Why the configuration always shows paramagnetism 2.83 B.M in octahedral complex?
d8
Ans. In given d8 configuration for octahedral complex for both strong field ligand and weak field ligand is
always have two unpaired electron.
eg eg

t2g t2g
in case of Strong field ligand in case of Weak field ligand
n=2 n=2
µ = n(n + 2)B.M. = 2(2+ 2) = 2.83 B.M.

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Coordination Compounds

BEGINNER’S BOX ANSWERS KEY

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
Ans. 3 4 1 3 2 2 3

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. 2 3 3 4 3 4 4 1 2 3
BEGINNER'S BOX-2
Que. 11 12
Ans. 2 4

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
Ans. 4 2 2 3 1 4 1 2 4 3

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
BEGINNER'S BOX-4
Ans. 3 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 1

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
BEGINNER'S BOX-5
Ans. 1 2 1 4 4 4 4

Que. 1 2 3 4 5
BEGINNER'S BOX-6
Ans. 4 3 3 3 2

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