Transfer Function of Control System: Technical Report Writing On

Technical Report Writing
On
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF CONTROL SYSTEM
Paper name: AUTOMATION & CONTROL

Code: OE-ME802G
Submitted by
Name: Shreyanka Mitra

Department: Mechanical Engineering
Semester: 8th
Roll Number: 16900720020
Department of Mechanical Engineering

ACADEMY OF TECHNOLOGY AEDCONAGAR, HOOGHLY-
712121 WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Introduction:
The transfer function is a convenient representation of a linear time invariant dynamical system.
Mathematically the transfer function is a function of complex variables. For finite dimensional systems
the transfer function is simply a rational function of a complex variable. The transfer function can be
obtained by inspection or by by simple algebraic manipulations of the differential equations that
describe the systems. Transfer functions can describe systems of very high order, even infinite
dimensional systems governed by partial differential equations. The transfer function of a system can
be determined from experiments on a system.
The transfer function of a control system is the ratio of Laplace transform of output to that of the input
while taking the initial conditions, as 0. Basically it provides a relationship between input and output of
the system.
For a control system, T(s) generally represents the transfer function.
In the figure given below X(s) and Y(s) represents input and output respectively.
Transfer function is considered as an appropriate way of representing a linear time-invariant system.
We know that in a control system, the way in which the system behaves on applying input causes the
variation in output.
For any system, initially, the parameters of the system are defined and according to the need of the
system, the values are selected. Further, the input is selected to determine how the system is performing.
So, the output achieved will represent the performance of the system. Thus can be expressed as:
Thus we can say that it is a mathematical function explaining the system parameters according to the
applied input so as to get the desired output.
The open-loop and the closed-loop system have a different transfer function. This is so because the
feedback loop gets introduced in a closed-loop system.
Terms related to the Transfer Function of a System
As we know that transfer function is given as the Laplace transform of output and input. And so is
represented as the ratio of polynomials in ‘s’.
Thus, can be written as:
In the factorized form the above equation can be written as:
: k is the gain factor of the system.
• Poles of Transfer Function

Poles of the transfer function are defined as those values of the parameter ‘s’ whose substitution in the
denominator makes the transfer function as infinite.
So, in the above equation, if s is substituted as s1, s2 — sn in the denominator, then these values act as
the poles of the transfer function.
When the term in the denominator is equated to zero then the obtained roots are known as poles.
Let we have a system with transfer function:
To have poles of the transfer function
These are the poles of the above transfer function. As the substitution of these values in the denominator
leads to provide infinite transfer function.
The poles of a transfer function generally are of three types: simple, repeated and conjugate poles.
If the values are real and non-repetitive, then such poles are known as simple poles.
Transfer Function of Control System
Definition: The transfer function of a control system is the ratio of Laplace transform of output to that
of the input while taking the initial conditions, as 0. Basically it provides a relationship between input
and output of the system.
For a control system, T(s) generally represents the transfer function.
In the figure given below X(s) and Y(s) represents input and output respectively.
The transfer of the system is given as:
Transfer function is considered as an appropriate way of representing a linear time-invariant system.
We know that in a control system, the way in which the system behaves on applying input causes the
variation in output.
For any system, initially, the parameters of the system are defined and according to the need of the
system, the values are selected. Further, the input is selected to determine how the system is performing.
So, the output achieved will represent the performance of the system. Thus can be expressed as:
Thus
Thus we can say that it is a mathematical function explaining the system parameters according to the
applied input so as to get the desired output.
The open-loop and the closed-loop system have a different transfer function. This is so because the
feedback loop gets introduced in a closed-loop system.
Terms related to the Transfer Function of a System
As we know that transfer function is given as the Laplace transform of output and input. And so is
represented as the ratio of polynomials in ‘s’.
Thus, can be written as:
In the factorized form the above equation can be written as:
: k is the gain factor of the system.
• Poles of Transfer Function

Poles of the transfer function are defined as those values of the parameter ‘s’ whose substitution in the
denominator makes the transfer function as infinite.
So, in the above equation, if s is substituted as s1, s2 — sn in the denominator, then these values act as
the poles of the transfer function.
When the term in the denominator is equated to zero then the obtained roots are known as poles.
Let we have a system with transfer function:
To have poles of the transfer function
These are the poles of the above transfer function. As the substitution of these values in the denominator
leads to provide infinite transfer function.
The poles of a transfer function generally are of three types: simple, repeated and conjugate poles.
If the values are real and non-repetitive, then such poles are known as simple poles.
Example: s = 0, 2, -4 etc.
While when the values of the poles are repetitive then such poles are known as repeated poles.
Example: s = -1, +1, -2, -2 etc.
Whereas when there exist complex conjugate values of the poles then it is known as complex conjugate
poles.
Example: s = -2 + j1
The x-axis in the s-plane represents the poles.

• Zeros of Transfer Function
We have already discussed that poles are specified by the denominator of the transfer function.
However, the zeros of the transfer function are evaluated using the numerator.
Those values of the s that when substituted in the numerator of the transfer function make the transfer
function zero, is known as zeros of that transfer function.
Like the poles, the zeros are also roots of the equation, which is achieved when the term in the numerator
is equated to 0.
The zeros can also be of 3 types depending upon, whether they are repetitive, non-repetitive or complex
conjugate pairs.
Consider that a system has a transfer function:
To have zeros of the transfer function
These are the zeros of the transfer function, as these values on substitution make the overall transfer
function of the system 0.
Advantages
1. The complex time-domain equations can be converted into simple algebraic form using Laplace
transform.
2. It provides the mathematical model of the overall system along with each system component.
3. For a known transfer function, the output response is easy to determine for any reference input.
4. It helps to determine important parameters of the system like poles, zeros, etc.
5. The stability of the system can be easily analyzed using the transfer function.
6. It helps to relate output with input.
Disadvantages
1. It is not applicable to non-linear systems.

2. The initial conditions are not considered as the effects generated by them are neglected.
REFERENCES:
• https://electronicscoach.com/transfer-function-of-control-
system.html#:~:text=Definition%3A%20The%20transfer%20function%20of,and%20output%
20of%20the%20system.
• https://www.javatpoint.com/control-system-transfer-function

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Technical Report Writing

Paper name: AUTOMATION & CONTROL

Name: Shreyanka Mitra

Department of Mechanical Engineering

For a control system, T(s) generally represents the transfer function.

Transfer function is considered as an appropriate way of representing a linear time-invariant system.

Thus, can be written as:

In the factorized form the above equation can be written as:

: k is the gain factor of the system.

• Poles of Transfer Function

Let we have a system with transfer function:

To have poles of the transfer function

For a control system, T(s) generally represents the transfer function.

The transfer of the system is given as:

Transfer function is considered as an appropriate way of representing a linear time-invariant system.

Terms related to the Transfer Function of a System

In the factorized form the above equation can be written as:

: k is the gain factor of the system.

• Poles of Transfer Function

Let we have a system with transfer function:

To have poles of the transfer function

Example: s = -1, +1, -2, -2 etc.

The x-axis in the s-plane represents the poles.

Consider that a system has a transfer function:

To have zeros of the transfer function

1. It is not applicable to non-linear systems.

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