CSAT EDGE

(Question based Excellence) for CSE Prelims 2024

Class – 01
(Central Idea/Theme Questions)
How NOT to Approach RC Passages

Whenever we read some text, it is human tendency to focus on the facts provided. We tend to obsess
over specific details, numbers, and dates but in the process we end up missing out on the big picture,
which provides the answer to the question ‘WHY’. Why has the author provided these figures or details?
This is the purpose of the author in writing this passage. If you concentrate on the details and miss out
on this ‘WHY’ aspect, then you will always struggle to answer RC questions correctly.

This is because most questions will not directly ask you something that is clearly mentioned in the
passage; rather the questions will be more roundabout or indirect in nature. The answer to most of the
questions will not be clearly stated in the passage, so it does not make sense to spend valuable time
trying to absorb all the details mentioned in the passage.

Make a Passage Map

A good way of approaching a passage is to make a map of the passage. A passage map is nothing but
one or two lines for every paragraph in the passage highlighting why the author has written that
paragraph. Note that the passage map does not have to highlight what the author has written but
rather why has he written what he has written, which means that the points in your passage map should
always start with verbs such as describe, explain, praise, criticize, condemn, etc. Most of the time you
will find this information in either the first or the last sentence of each paragraph. Students often tend
to focus on the middle part of paragraphs (which contains all the details) so please make a conscious
effort to go back and read the first and the last sentence of every paragraph so as to keep a perspective
of why the author is writing what he is writing.

Set 1
Passage – 1

It is not luck but labour that makes a man. Luck, says an American writer, is ever waiting for something
to turn up; labour with keen eyes and strong will always turns up something. Luck lies in bed and wishes
the postman would bring him news of a legacy; labour turns out at six and with busy pen and ringing
hammer lays the foundation of competence. Luck whines, labour watches. Luck relies on chance, labour
on character. Luck slips downwards to self-indulgence; labour strides upwards and aspires to
independence. The conviction, therefore, is extending that diligence is the mother of good luck; in other
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words, that a man’s success in life will be proportionate to his efforts, to his industry, to his attention to
small things.

1. Which of the following statements expresses the central idea of the passage?

(a) Luck waits without exertion but labour exerts without waiting.

(b) Luck waits and complains without working while labour achieves success although it complains.

(c) Luck often ends in defeat but labour produces luck.

(d) Luck is self-indulgent but labour is selfless.

Passage – 2

Because of the proximity and likeness of Mars to Earth, scientists have long speculated about the
possibility of life on Mars. As early as the mid-17th century, astronomers observed polar ice caps on
Mars, and by the mid-19th century, scientists discovered other similarities to Earth, including the length
of day and axial tilt. But in 1965, photos taken by the Mariner 4 probe revealed a Mars without rivers,
oceans or signs of life. And in the 1990s, it was discovered that Mars, unlike Earth, no longer possessed a
substantial global magnetic field, allowing celestial radiation to reach the planet's surface and solar wind
to eliminate much of Mars's atmosphere over the course of several billion years. More recent probes
have focused on whether there was once water on Mars. Some scientists believe that this question is
definitively answered by the presence of certain geological landforms. Others posit that different
explanations, such as wind erosion or carbon dioxide oceans, may be responsible for these formations.
Mars rovers Opportunity and Spirit, which have been exploring the surface of Mars since 2004, have
both discovered geological evidence of past water activity. These findings substantially bolster claims
that there was once life on Mars.

2. The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

(a) Disproving a widely accepted theory.

(b) Initiating a debate about the possibility of life on Mars.

(c) Presenting evidence in support of a controversial claim.

(d) Describing the various discoveries made concerning the possibility of life on Mars.

Passage – 3

Vast numbers of Indian citizens without bank accounts live in rural areas, are financially and functionally
illiterate, and have little experience with technology. A research study was conducted in a particular
area in which electronic wage payments in Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme (MGNREGS) are meant to go directly to the poor. It was observed that recipients often assume
that the village leader needs to mediate the process, as was the case under the previous paper-based
system. Among households under this research study area who claimed to have at least one bank
account, over a third reported still receiving MGNREGS wages in cash directly from a village leader.

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3. What is the most logical, rational and crucial message that is implied in the above passage?

(a) MGNREGS should be extended only to those who have a bank account.

(b) The paper-based system of payments is more efficient than electronic payment in the present
scenario.

(c) The goal of electronic wage payments was not to eliminate mediation by village leaders.

(d) It is essential to provide financial literacy to the rural poor.

Passage-4

India has suffered from persistent high inflation. Increase in administered prices, demand and supply
imbalances, imported inflation aggravated by rupee depreciation, and speculation — have combined to
keep high inflation going. If there is an element common to all of them, it is that many of them are the
outcomes of economic reforms. India’s vulnerability to the effects of changes in international prices has
increased with trade liberalisation. The effort to reduce subsidies has resulted in a continuous increase
in the prices of commodities that are administered.

4. What is the most logical, rational and crucial message that is implied in the above passage?

(a) Under the present circumstances, India should completely avoid all trade liberalisation policies and
all subsidies.

(b) Due to its peculiar socio-economic situation, India is not yet ready for trade liberalisation process.

(c) There is no solution in sight for the problems of continuing poverty and inflation in India in the near
future.

(d) Economic reforms can often create a high inflation economy.

Passage-5

As we look to 2050, when we will need to feed two billion more people, the question of which diet is
best has taken on new urgency. The foods we choose to eat in the coming decades will have dramatic
ramifications for the planet. Simply put, a diet that revolves around meat and dairy, a way of eating that
is on the rise throughout the developing world, will take a greater toll on the world’s resources than one
that revolves around unrefined grains, nuts, fruits and vegetables.

5. What is the critical message conveyed by the above passage?

(a) Our increasing demand for foods sourced from animals puts a greater burden on our natural
resources.

(b) Diets based on grains, nuts, fruits and vegetables are best suited for health in developing countries.

(c) Human beings change their food habits from time to time irrespective of the health concerns.

(d) From a global perspective, we still do not know which type of diet is best for us.

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Passage-6

We live in digital times. The digital is not just something we use strategically and specifically to do a few
tasks. Our very perception of who we are, how we connect to the world around us, and the ways in
which we define our domains of life, labour and language are hugely structured by the digital
technologies. The digital is everywhere and, like air, invisible. We live within digital systems, we live with
intimate gadgets, we interact through digital media, and the very presence and imagination of the
digital has dramatically restructured our lives. The digital, far from being a tool, is a condition and
context that defines the shapes and boundaries of our understanding of the self, the society, and the
structure of governance.

6. Which among the following is the most logical and essential message conveyed by the above
passage?

(a) All problems of governance can be solved by using digital technologies.

(b) Speaking of digital technologies is speaking of our life and living.

(c) Our creativity and imagination cannot be expressed without digital media.

(d) Use of digital systems is imperative for the existence of mankind in future.

Passage-7

Why do people prefer open defecation and not want toilets or, if they have them, only use them
sometimes? Recent research has shown two critical elements: ideas of purity and pollution, and not
wanting pits or septic tanks to fill because they have to be emptied. These are the issues that nobody
wants to talk about, but if we want to eradicate the practice of open defecation, they have to be
confronted and dealt properly.

7. Which among the following is the most crucial message conveyed by the above passage?

(a) The ideas of purity and pollution are so deep-rooted that they cannot be removed from the minds of
the people.

(b) People have to perceive toilet use and pit-emptying as clean and not polluting.

(c) People cannot change their old habits.

(d) People have neither civic sense nor sense of privacy.

Passage-8

The existence/establishment of formal financial institutions that offer safe, reliable, and alternative
financial instruments is fundamental in mobilising savings. To save, individuals need access to safe and
reliable financial institutions, such as banks, and to appropriate financial instruments and reasonable
financial incentives. Such access is not always available to all people in developing countries like India
and more so, in rural areas. Savings help poor households manage volatility in cash flow, smoothen
consumption, and build working capital. Poor households without access to a formal savings
mechanism, encourage immediate spending temptations.

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8. With reference to the above passage, consider the following statements:

1. Indian financial institutions do not offer any financial instruments to rural households to mobilise
their savings.

2. Poor households tend to spend their earnings/savings due to lack of access to appropriate financial
instruments.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

9. What is the crucial message conveyed in the passage?

(a) Establish more banks

(b) Increase the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rate

(c) Increase the interest rate of bank deposits

(d) Promote financial inclusion

Passage-9

In India, a majority of farmers are marginal and small, less educated and possess low adaptive
capabilities to climate change, perhaps because of credit and other constraints. So, one cannot expect
autonomous adaptation to climate change. Even if it was possible, it would not be sufficient to offset
losses from climate change. To deal with this, adaptation to climate change is paramount, alongside a
fast mitigation response. Another solution is to have a planned or policy-driven adaptation, which would
require the government to come up with policy recommendations. Perception is a necessary
prerequisite for adaptation. Whether farmers are adapting agricultural practices to climate change
depends on whether they perceive it or not. However, this is not always enough for adaptation. It is
important how a farmer perceives the risks associated with climate change.

10. Which one of the following statements best reflects the most logical and rational message
conveyed by the author of the passage?

(a) Adaptation to climate change and mitigation response are basically the responsibilities of the
government.

(b) Climate change causes a change in government policies regarding land use patterns in the country.

(c) Risk perceptions of farmers are important for motivating them for taking adaptation decisions.

(d) Since mitigation is not possible, governments should come up with policies for quick response to
climate change.

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Passage-10

The emissions humans put into the atmosphere now will affect the climate in the middle of the century
and onwards. Technological change, meanwhile, could make a future transition away from fossil fuels
cheap or it might not, leaving the world with a terrible choice between sharply reducing emissions at
huge cost or suffering through the effects of unabated warming. Businesses that do not hedge against
the threat of uncertain outcomes fail. The world cannot afford such recklessness on climate change.

11. Which one of the following statements best reflects the crucial message conveyed by the author of
the passage?

(a) Businesses that cause emissions may need to close down or pay for pollution in future.

(b) The only solution is technological development related to the issues of climate change

(c) Waiting to deal with carbon emissions until technology improves is not a wise strategy.

(d) Since future technological change is uncertain, new industries should be based on renewable energy
sources.

Summary Questions
Method to attempting Summary Questions:

• Read the paragraph twice and identify the clues, terms, or points.

• Identify the main idea of the paragraph first and then read the options. Otherwise, one
might fall into the trap of the “fallacy of option” – the tendency to become fixated with one
option - and ignore every other option on flimsy grounds or the ‘feeling of it being the
right option’.

• Eliminate options on the basis of: missing main idea, exceeding the scope or facts of the
paragraph, incomplete data, being factually incorrect or twisted, and mismatching of
tone.

SET 1
Passage -1

By 2050, the Earth’s population will likely have swelled from seven to nine billion people. To fill all those
stomachs — while accounting for shifting consumption patterns, climate change, and a finite amount of
arable land and potable water — some experts say food production will have to double. How can we
make the numbers add up? Experts say higher yielding crop varieties and more efficient farming
methods will be crucial. So will waste reduction. Experts urge cities to reclaim nutrients and water from
waste streams and preserve farmland. Poor countries, they say, can improve crop storage and packaging
and rich nations could cut back on resource-intensive foods like meat.

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1. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) The population of the world is growing very fast.

(b) Food security is a perennial problem only in developing countries.

(c) The world does not have enough resources to meet the impending food scarcity.

(d) Food security is increasingly a collective challenge.

Passage - 2

We generally talk about democracy but when it comes to any particular thing, we prefer a belonging to
our caste or community or religion. So long as we have this kind of temptation, our democracy will
remain a phoney kind of democracy. We must be in a position to respect a man as a man and to extend
opportunities for development to those who deserve them and not to those who happen to belong to
our community or race. This fact of favouritism has been responsible for much discontent and ill-will in
our country.

2. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) Our country has a lot of diversity with its many castes, communities and religions.

(b) True democracy could be established by providing equal opportunities to all.

(c) So far none of us have actually understood the meaning of democracy.

(d) It will never be possible for us to establish truly democratic governance in our country.

Passage - 3

The conflict between man and State is as old as State history. Although attempts have been made for
centuries to bring about a proper adjustment between the competing claims of State and the individual,
the solution seems to be still far off. This is primarily because of the dynamic nature of human society
where old values and ideas constantly yield place to new ones. It is obvious that if individuals are
allowed to have absolute freedom of speech and action, the result would be chaos, ruin and anarchy.

3. The author’s viewpoint can be best summed up in which of the following statements?

(a) The conflict between the claims of State and individual remains unresolved.

(b) Anarchy and chaos are the obvious results of democratic traditions.

(c) Old values, ideas and traditions persist despite the dynamic nature of human society.

(d) Constitutional guarantee of freedom of speech is not in the interest of society.

Passage – 4

A translator of literary works needs a secure hold upon the two languages involved, supported by a good
measure of familiarity with the two cultures. For an Indian translating works from an Indian language
into English, finding satisfactory equivalents in a generalized western culture of practices and symbols in
the original would be less difficult than gaining fluent control of contemporary English. When a

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westerner works on texts in Indian languages the interpretation of cultural elements will be the major
challenge, rather than control over the grammar and essential vocabulary of the language concerned. It
is much easier to remedy lapses in language in a text translated into English, than flaws of content. Since
it is easier for an Indian to learn the English language than it is for a Briton or American to comprehend
Indian culture, translations of Indian texts is better left to Indians.

4. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

a) While translating, the Indian and the westerner face the same challenges but they have different skill
profiles and the former has the advantage.

b) As preserving cultural meanings is the essence of literary translation Indians' knowledge of the local
culture outweighs the initial disadvantage of lower fluency in English.

c) Indian translators should translate Indian texts into English as their work is less likely to pose cultural
problems which are harder to address than the quality of language.

d) Westerners might be good at gaining reasonable fluency in new languages, but as understanding the
culture reflected in literature is crucial, Indians remain better placed.

Passage – 5

For each of the past three years, temperatures have hit peaks not seen since the birth of meteorology,
and probably not for more than 110,000 years. The amount of carbon dioxide in the air is at its highest
level in 4 million years. This does not cause storms like Harvey — there have always been storms and
hurricanes along the Gulf of Mexico — but it makes them wetter and more powerful. As the seas warm,
they evaporate more easily and provide energy to storm fronts. As the air above them warms, it holds
more water vapour. For every half a degree Celsius in warming, there is about a 3% increase in
atmospheric moisture content. Scientists call this the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. This means the skies
fill more quickly and have more to dump. The storm surge was greater because sea levels have risen 20
cm as a result of more than 100 years of human- related global warming which has melted glaciers and
thermally expanded the volume of seawater.

5. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

a) The storm Harvey is one of the regular, annual ones from the Gulf of Mexico; global warming and
Harvey are unrelated phenomena.

b) Global warming does not breed storms but makes them more destructive; the Clausius- Clapeyron
equation, though it predicts potential increase in atmospheric moisture content, cannot predict the
scale of damage storms might wreck.

c) Global warming melts glaciers, resulting in seawater volume expansion; this enables more water
vapour to fill the air above faster. Thus, modern storms contain more destructive energy.

d) It is naive to think that rising sea levels and the force of tropical storms are unrelated; Harvey was
destructive as global warming has armed it with more moisture content, but this may not be true of all
storms.

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Passage – 6

If foreign institutions are to be allowed at all, it is better that they operate within an appropriate
framework of regulation. If not, unscrupulous operators can use the “foreign” tag to exploit poorly
informed students who do not have the scores to enter a good national institution or the finances to
travel abroad to acquire a good education. In an environment where good higher educational facilities
are in short supply, such operators could get away with charging high fees for courses backed by
inadequately qualified faculty, inferior infrastructure and substandard equipment.

6. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) If foreign universities are to be allowed, they should be regulated so that the unsuspecting poor and
the low scorers are not exploited by unscrupulous operators.

(b) The operation of foreign universities must be regulated to prevent the exploitation of students by
using the foreign tag to charge high fees for poor facilities.

(c) If the operation of foreign universities is not regulated they are likely to charge the students high fees
using their “foreign tag” and offer poor facilities in return.

(d) If foreign universities are to be allowed, their operations must be regulated; otherwise, unscrupulous
elements will use the foreign tag to charge high fees even for poor facilities.

Passage – 7

Nutrition is important to ensure proper brain formation and development, which starts in the womb:
development of the brain goes on during early childhood. Iodine deficiency is known to affect a child’s
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) adversely. It has also been established that children with deficient growth
before age two are at an increased risk of chronic disease as adults, especially if they gain weight rapidly
in the later stages of childhood. A low birthweight baby, who is stunted and underweight in its infancy
and gains weight rapidly in childhood and adult life, is much more prone to chronic conditions such as
cardiovascular disease and diabetes.

7. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) Nutrition is important not only for the formation and development of the brain in the womb, and for
the intelligent quotient as a child, but also for the physical well-being in adult life.

(b) Nutrition affects brain formation and development; iodine is related to IQ. Low weight at birth and
rapid weight-gain in childhood causes heart disease and diabetes in adult life.

(c) Nutrition affects a child’s brain formation and development and the lack of iodine causes low IQ,
whereas low weight babies may develop heart disease and diabetes in later life.

(d) Starting in the womb, nutrition affects the child’s brain formation and development. A low baby is
more prone to develop cardiovascular disease and diabetes if it gains weight during adolescence.

Passage – 8

Medieval merchants risked the hazards of the Silk Road to reach the markets of China; Portuguese
caravels in the 15th Century sailed beyond the bounds of the known world, searching less for knowledge

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than for gold and spices. Historically, the driver for opening frontiers has always been the search for
resources. Science and curiosity are weaker drivers. The only way to open up space, whether the space
of the solar system or interstellar space is to create an economic engine and that engine is resource
extraction.

8. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) Wealth generation is the primary motive for any human endeavour.

(b) Space, whether space in the solar system or interstellar space, will govern our future economy.

(c) Human beings are motivated to explore new frontiers principally by economic considerations.

(d) Wealth generation is based on the risk-taking behaviour of some men.

Passage – 9

Can a democracy avoid being a welfare state for long? Why cannot mass welfare be left entirely to the
markets? There is a built-in tension between markets and democracy. Markets do not work on a one-
person-one-vote principle as democracies do. What one gets out of the marketplace depends on one's
endowments, skills, purchasing power and the forces of demand and supply. Markets reward individual
initiative and skill, and may also lift many from the bottom rungs of society, but some people never get
the opportunity to develop skills that markets demand; they are simply too poor and too handicapped;
or skill formation takes too long. By creating jobs, markets may be able to help even unskilled people,
but capitalism has always witnessed bursts of unemployment.

9. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) Democracy aligns seamlessly with markets, reducing poverty through individual initiative and skill
development.

(b) Due to the inherent tendency to create inequalities and unemployment, markets alone cannot be
left to undertake mass-welfare.

(c) Markets, in a democracy, consistently uplift society by creating jobs and minimizing unemployment
in the long run.

(d) Democracy, based on one-person-one-vote, can efficiently handle mass welfare without tensions.

Passage – 10

Fee controls make it difficult for smaller schools to innovate, grow and expand. Small schools would
close down sooner or later, leaving the market only to big private schools who are capable of competing
on factors other than price. Thus, while the control of fees by the government is intended to help the
parents who cannot afford the fees charged by big private schools, it ends up leaving very big schools as
their only option.

10. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) Allowing the schools to determine prices lead to competition, and avoids dominance of a few bigger
players in the market.

(b) Small schools thrive under fee controls, creating a diverse market with fair competition.

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(c) Government fee controls benefit parents, ensuring affordable education, by limiting competition.

(d) Fee controls hinder innovation in smaller schools thus favouring big private schools and inhibiting
competition.

Passage - 11

Regulatory frameworks, if designed well, can fuel the engine of global economic growth and ensure
better economic outcomes. In the aftermath of the coronavirus pandemic, this fuel assumes more
importance for global economic recovery. We must focus on clearing out regulatory cholesterol through
easily navigable and simple legal frameworks. By relying on evidence based policy analysis and the
principles of the Rule of Law, we must advocate for efficient and robust public administrative processes
in ensuring a Business Enabling Environment and Ease of Doing Business.

11. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) Effective regulatory frameworks emphasizing simplicity, evidence-based policies, and the Rule of Law
are vital for post-pandemic global economic recovery.

(b) Post-pandemic, simple regulations are crucial for economic growth, overlooking complexity,
evidence-based policies, and the Rule of Law.

(c) Rigid regulatory frameworks are unhelpful for post-COVID recovery and hinder economic outcomes;
complexity is preferable over simplicity.

(d) Simplifying legal frameworks and evidence-based policies is not unnecessary; certain regulations can
enhance global economic recovery after the coronavirus pandemic.

Passage – 12

As one of the largest democracies in the world with an ever-rising population, India's enthusiasm for
legislation has had, as a by- product, several statutes that with time have become obsolete, redundant
or repetitive. In addition to this, there is the matter of inconsistent language and dissemination- making
it difficult for an ordinary citizen to access and comprehend the plethora of legal information with ease.
This increased transaction cost coupled with glaring redundancy further breeds fertile grounds for
corruption, discouraging engagement of individuals and firms with the society/ economy at large.
Distorting the competitive dynamics of the economy, it leaves only those producers in the market who
have surplus capital to bear costs of compliance. This, in effect, weakens the social fabric by incentivizing
behaviour such as corruption and cheating.

12. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) Complex legal structures in India discourage individual and corporate engagement, by fostering
economic growth, with minimal impact on corruption and competitive dynamics.

(b) Legal redundancy in India promotes a transparent and accessible legal system, reducing corruption
and ensuring fair economic competition.

(c) India's extensive legislation slows economic growth, increasing legal complexity and fostering an
unequal and divided society by creating an ethos that does not encourage corruption.

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(d) India's excessive legislation, with outdated and inconsistent laws, fosters corruption, impedes
comprehension, and distorts economic dynamics, favouring capital-rich entities.

Passage - 13

The demand for public office in India is high, leading to a political economy where corruption and
bribery are often seen as necessary to get things done. This perpetuates a cycle of poor public service
delivery and lack of trust in government institutions. In India, citizens often believe that the cost of not
paying a bribe is much greater than the benefits of receiving the public service they need. This leads to a
culture of bribery and corruption in public service delivery. This is a concerning trend that needs to be
addressed to improve public service delivery.

13. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) High demand for public office in India can foster corruption and bribery, undermining public service
delivery and trust in government.

(b) In India, public service delivery is inefficient due to lack of trust in politicians alone leading to
maximal corruption concerns.

(c) Political transformation will enhance public service in India, reducing corruption and improving
citizens' trust in government institutions.

(d) The perceived benefits of bribery in India far outweigh the costs, leading to inefficient public service
delivery.

Passage - 14

Encouraged by the greater macro-economic stability and the reformist intent and actions of the
government, coupled with improved business sentiments in the country, institutions like the IMF and
the World Bank have presented an optimistic growth outlook for India. The possible headwinds to these
promising prospects emanate from factors like inadequate support from the global economy saddled
with subdued demand conditions, particularly in Europe and Japan, and, on the domestic front, from
possible spill-overs of below normal agricultural growth and challenges relating to the massive
requirements of skill creation and infrastructural upgradation.

14. Which one of the following statements best sums up the above passage?

(a) Optimistic growth outlook for India ignores challenges from global demand, agriculture, and
infrastructure, hindering economic prospects.

(b) Despite promising government actions and positive growth predictions by IMF and World Bank,
subdued global demand and crop failures can impede India’s growth trajectory.

(c) Optimistic growth outlook for India stems from stable macroeconomics and government reforms, but
flagging global demand and domestic challenges can affect these prospects.

(d) India's optimistic growth relies more on global support than on macroeconomic stability,
government reforms, and business sentiments.

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