EGR-3306

ENGINEERING
INSTRUMENTATION

Lecture #12 (Ch 5)

Yassine SALIH-ALJ, Ph.D.

1
Example: Determine an expression for Vo in the non-inverting amplifier shown below.

R2
_
R1
Vo
Vin +

2
 Summing-Amplifier Circuit
• The output voltage of a summing amplifier is an
inverted scaled sum of the voltages applied to
the input of the op amp

3
 Summing-Amplifier Circuit
To see this, find the current coming away from the inverting input to the op amp
-in = (vn – va) / Ra + (vn – vb) / Rb + (vn – vc) / Rc + (vn – vo) / Rf
But we know vp = 0, vn = vp, and in = 0
0 = - va / Ra - vb / Rb - vc / Rc - vo / Rf
vo / Rf = - va / Ra - vb / Rb - vc / Rc
vo = - (va * Rf / Ra + vb * Rf / Rb + vc * Rf / Rc)
If Ra = Rb = Rc = Rf
vo = - (va + vb + vc)

4
 Summing-Amplifier Circuit
• Although the previous example only used 3
input voltages, the number of input voltages
can be increased as needed
• Multiple audio signals can all be summed
into one audio signal, and different resistor
values can be used to provide different
amplification factors
• This would provide an audio mixer

5
Example: Determine Vo in the inverting summing amplifier shown below.

RF
V1 _
R1
Vo
V2 +
R2
V3
R3

6
Example: Determine Vo in the non-inverting summing amplifier shown below.

RF
_
R
Vo
+
V1
R1
V2
R2
V3
R3

7
Example: Determine VL in the circuit shown below.

3k
_
2k
2k +
+
12k 3k 4k VL
+ _
12 V _ 4k

8
Difference-Amplifier Circuit

9
 Difference-Amplifier Circuit
• To determine the output voltage vo, determine the current in
leaving the inverting input (which would be -in)
-in = (vn – va) / Ra + (vn – vo) / Rb
• We know that in = ip = 0, and vn = vp
– We can solve for vp (or vn) using a voltage divider equation
vn = vp = vb * Rd / (Rc + Rd)

10
 Difference-Amplifier Circuit
• We already found
-in = (vn – va) / Ra + (vn – vo) / Rb
in = 0
– So then
0 = (vn – va) / Ra + (vn – vo) / Rb

• We already found
vn = vp = vb * Rd / (Rc + Rd)
– So then
0 = (vb * Rd / (Rc + Rd) – va) / Ra + (vb * Rd / (Rc + Rd) – vo) / Rb
0 = vb * Rd / (Ra * (Rc + Rd) ) – va / Ra + vb * Rd / (Rb * (Rc + Rd) ) – vo / Rb
0 = vb Rb Rd – va Rb (Rc + Rd) + vb Ra Rd – vo Ra (Rc + Rd) / (Ra Rb (Rc + Rd) )
0 = vb Rb Rd – va Rb (Rc + Rd) + vb Ra Rd – vo Ra (Rc + Rd)
vo Ra (Rc + Rd) = vb (Rb Rd + Ra Rd) – va (Rb (Rc + Rd) )
vo = vb (Rd (Ra + Rb) ) / (Ra (Rc + Rd) ) – va (Rb / Ra)

11
 Difference-Amplifier Circuit
vo = vb (Rd (Ra + Rb) ) / (Ra (Rc + Rd) ) – va (Rb / Ra)
• The above equation shows that the output is a scaled
difference of the input voltages
– The scaling factor is not the same, but it can be if
Ra/Rb = Rc/Rd

12
 Difference-Amplifier Example
• What range of values for va will result in linear operation?

13
 Difference-Amplifier Example
vo = vb (Rd (Ra + Rb) ) / (Ra (Rc + Rd) ) – va (Rb / Ra)

vb = 4.0V Rc = 4kΩ
Ra = 10kΩ Rd = 20kΩ
Rb = 50kΩ vo = -10V and vo = 10V

va = vb (Ra / Rb) (Rd (Ra + Rb) ) / (Ra (Rc + Rd) ) - (Ra / Rb) vo
va = 4.0V * (10kΩ / 50kΩ) (20kΩ (10kΩ + 50kΩ)) / (10kΩ (4kΩ + 20kΩ)) - (10kΩ / 50kΩ) * -10V
va = 6.0V

va = vb (Ra / Rb) (Rd (Ra + Rb) ) / (Ra (Rc + Rd) ) - (Ra / Rb) vo
va = 4.0V * (10kΩ / 50kΩ) (20kΩ (10kΩ + 50kΩ)) / (10kΩ (4kΩ + 20kΩ)) - (10kΩ / 50kΩ) * 10V
va = 2.0V

14
Example: Determine Vo in the circuit shown below.
12k
20k _
_ 4k Vo
+
10k
+ 2k
8k
+
2V
_

15
 Integrator-Amplifier Circuit
Since the inverting input is at virtual ground

v in
i1 =
R
dv o
i2 = C
dt
Applying KCL at the inverting input

i1+i2 = 0
dv o v in
∴ C + =0
dt R
1
⇒ vo = −
RC ∫ vin dt + vo (initial )
16
 Integrator-Amplifier Example
V
vin
2
1 vo
0 0.5 2.5 4.5
0
1.5 3.5 t (ms)
-1
-2

A rectangular waveform is applied to the input of an integrator.

If R = 10 kΩ and C = 0.1 μF; sketch vo. Assume zero initial
value for vo.

17
Integrator-Amplifier Example
RC = 104*0.1*10-6 = 10-3 sec

For 0 ≤ t ≤ 0.5 ms
t final
1
vo = − ∫ v in (dt ) + v o (initial )
RC t initial
t final
1
vo = − ∫ 2 *(dt ) + v o (initial )
RC t initial
2( t final − t initial )
vo = − + v o (initial )
RC
Thus at t = 0.5 ms, vo = -[2*(0.5-0)*10-3]/10-3 +0 = -1.0V
18
 Integrator-Amplifier Example
For 0.5 ≤ t ≤ 1.5 ms
t
1 final
vo = − ∫ v in (dt ) + v o (initial )
RC t initial

t
1 final
vo = − ∫ − 2 *(dt ) + v o ( initial )
RC t initial

2( t final − t initial )
vo = + v o ( initial )
RC

Thus at t = 1.5 ms, vo = [2*(1.5-0.5)*10-3)/10-3} -1.0V = 1V

……. etc.
19
 Differentiator-Amplifier Circuit
Since the inverting input is at virtual ground
dv in
i1 = C
dt
vo
i2 =
R
Applying KCL at the inverting input

i1+i2 = 0
dv in v o
∴ C + =0
dt R
dv in
⇒ v o = − RC
dt
Differentiators are avoided in practice as they amplify noise
20