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    Lecture13 Instrumentation

    Uploaded by

    Nissrine El Allami

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lecture13 Instrumentation

    Uploaded by

    Nissrine El Allami
    4 views11 pages

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    Lecture13 instrumentation

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    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    4 views11 pages

    Lecture13 Instrumentation

    Uploaded by

    Nissrine El Allami

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    You are on page 1of 11

    EGR-3306

    ENGINEERING
    INSTRUMENTATION

    Lecture #13 (Ch 5)

    Yassine SALIH-ALJ, Ph.D.


    1
    Integrator/Differentiator Application
    ¾ Potentiometers are very useful devices in robotics
    Æ represent the position of a machine part in terms of a voltage.
    e.g., potentiometer mechanically linked to the joint of a robotic arm
    Ærepresents that arm’s angular position: output corresponding voltage

    As the robotic arm rotates up and down, the potentiometer wire moves along the resistive
    strip inside, producing a voltage directly proportional to the arm’s position.
    Æ A voltmeter connected between the pot. wiper and ground would indicate arm position.
    ÆA computer with an analog input port connected to the same points will be able to
    measure, record, and control the arm’s position (if also connected to the arm’s motor drive circuits).

    ¾ If we connect the pot.’s output to a differentiator circuit, we will obtain another signal
    representing something else about the robotic arm’s action.
    ÆWhat physical variable does the differentiator output signal represent?
    2
    Integrator/Differentiator Application
    ‰ e.g., Robotic Welding Machine
    The differentiator circuit’s output signal represents
    the angular velocity of the robotic arm, according
    to the following equation:
    v =dx/dt
    Where,
    v: velocity
    x: position
    t: time
    3
    Integrator/Differentiator Application
    ‰ e.g., Flow Meter/Volume Meter Sensing & Conditioning

    4
    Practical Limitations in op amps
    Operational amplifier circuits are generally easy to analyze, design, and construct
    and their behavior is fairly ideal. There are, however, some limitations to op amps
    which the engineer should recognize. There are three primary limitations.

    The three primary limitations in op amps are:

    1) Limited voltage - In general, the output voltage is limited by the DC supply voltages.

    2) Limited current - The output current has a maximum limit set by the manufacturer.

    3) Frequency limitations - Op amp performance may deteriorate significantly as

    frequency increases.

    5
    Voltage Limitations
    Vo for any op amp circuit is limited by the supply voltage. In general,
    -VDC < Vo < VDC

    If Vo attempts to exceed these limits, the output is limited to +VDC or -VDC and we
    say that the op amp is “saturated” or is “in saturation.”
    Practically, Vo is really about 2V under the supply voltage, or
    ( -VDC + 2) < Vo < ( VDC - 2)
    Example: Consider the inverting amplifier shown below (covered earlier).
    1) Determine the voltage gain, ACL = Vo/Vin

    12k
    +12V
    Vin _
    4k
    Vo
    +

    -12V
    6
    2) Determine Vo for various possible values of Vin (fill out the table shown below)
    Vin Vo Vin Vo
    0V 0V
    1V -1V
    2V -2V
    3V -3V
    4V -4V
    5V -5V

    3) Graph Vo versus Vin . Identify the saturation and linear regions of operation.
    Vo

    Vin

    7
    Example: Consider the inverting amplifier shown below (covered earlier).
    1) If R2 = 4kΩ, determine range of values for Vin such that the op am will operate in the
    linear range
    2) If Vin = 2V, determine R2 (max) such that the op am will operate in the linear range

    R2
    +12V
    Vin _
    2k
    Vo

    +
    -12V

    8
    Example: Sketch Vo (on the same graph) for the circuit shown below if Vin is a
    triangle wave as specified below.

    4k
    +10V
    Vin _
    2k
    Vo

    +
    -10V

    20V
    Vin
    10V

    0V

    -10V

    -20V 9
    Current Limitations
    The maximum output current, Io for an op amp is specified by the manufacturer.
    Exceeding this limit will typically destroy the op amp. The output current can be
    calculated using KCL at the output node. An op amp circuit should be designed to
    insure that its output current does not exceed the maximum value, Io (max),
    specified by the manufacturer.
    Example: If Io (max) is specified at 25 mA by the manufacturer, determine the
    minimum value of RL that can safely be used in the circuit shown below.

    1000
    _
    500 Io
    Vo
    +
    4V
    RL

    10
    Example: The circuit shown below is a current amplifier. Determine an expression
    for IL . Also find the current gain, AI = IL/IS.
    IL
    R1 RL
    R2

    IS Vo
    +

    11

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