Introduction To Plants 23 24 Summary Update

Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs
Plant Organ Systems:
A plant has two organ systems: a shoot system and a root system.
The shoot system is everything that is above ground: the stem, leaves, buds, flowers, and fruits.
The root system is everything underground, as well as aerial roots.
The Shoot System : The functions of the shoot system include

Photosynthesis, Reproduction, Storage, Transport, Hormone production.
The Leaves most important job is to provide a large surface area for photosynthesis to take
place. Upper surface Made of a layer of dermal tissue called the epidermis.
Epidermal cells secrete a waxy cuticle (top layer) that: helps reduce water evaporation off of
leaf protects the leaf so it can perform its primary function, photosynthesis sunlight passes
through epidermal cells to photosynthesizing cells
Lower surface (underside)

Guard cells allow gases to move in & out of the leaf, these cells have special pores called
stomata transpiration happens through these pores CO2 enters, H2O and O2 leave
transpiration = evaporation of water from the leaves
The Stem has 2 main jobs:

# support,
# Transportation of water, nutrients and sugars.
Xylem & phloem tissues are found here. Both are made of vertically stacked tubes
Most of a plant’s xylem tissue is found in the stem.
when xylem cells die, they provide long, fibrous ‘pipes’ that allow water to be transported easily.
Phloem’s cell walls are porous to allow materials to move easily between phloem & neighboring
cells
Xylem & phloem are grouped together in vascular bundles
1
Plant Body Stem:
Holds leaves up to light
Transports substances through vascular tissue
Phloem transports sugar throughout, Xylem conducts water and minerals up from roots
Plant Body Root Functions Anchors plant in soil

Takes up water and minerals from soil
The Roots Also has 2 main jobs:

anchor the plant to the ground, allow for water and minerals to be taken out of the soil
In some plants, the roots act like a storage area for starch & minerals.
Special cells in the roots called cortex cells serve to store starch (long chains of glucose)
Endodermis tissue controls water and mineral flow to vascular tissues
Pericycle tissue surrounds the xylem and phloem it allows roots to branch out
Types of Roots
1. Taproot: One main root that grows larger and thicker than the rest. Allows plant to reach far
underground for water ex: dandelion, thistle
2. Fibrous root: Thin, hair-like roots. Allows plant to absorb water from near the surface of the
soil. Help prevent erosion ex: grass, yarrow
Taproot system - Single primary root dominates over branch roots (usually found in
Gymnosperms and most Dicotyledons)
Fibrous root system – A network of fine roots with no central dominant root. Fibrous root
systems don't go as deep as taproots, but they spread laterally
Meristematic Cells form Tissues
Types of plant tissues:
1. Dermal tissue 2. Ground tissue 3. Vascular tissue
Vascular Tissue: Transport, Support
Ground Tissue: Synthesis of Sugars, Storage
Dermal Tissue: Protection
2
1. Dermal tissue  outermost part
Made of epidermal cells. These cells act as a barrier by: protecting the more delicate
inner tissues. controlling the exchange of materials
2. Ground tissue  middle layer
Made of photosynthesizing cells & support cells
3.Vascular tissue  innermost tissue
Xylem tissue transports water and dissolved minerals to the leaves, and phloem tissue
conducts food from the leaves to all parts of the plant.
REPRODUCTION in Flowering Plants
I. FLOWERS: Flowers are the organs of reproduction in flowering plants
Pollen grains & Ovule

Flower parts undergo meiosis to produce haploid products pollen grain and ovule
(contains egg cell)
Angiosperms (flowering plants)

Plants that protect their seeds within the body of a fruit. Make up ¾’s of all plants,
including: Trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, water plants…
PARTS of the flower include:

Sepals: enclose the flower bud and protect it until it opens.
Petals: attract pollinators
Pistil: female reproductive organ; ovules contain the female gametophyte generation, located
inside the ovary at the base of the pistil
Stamen: male reproductive organ, pollen grains contain male gametes and form inside the
anther
The stamen consists of two parts: Anther and Filament
The anther is where meiosis occurs to produce haploid pollen-the male reproductive cell
The filament is a stalk that supports (holds) the anther
Female Reproductive Structure

The pistil aka Carpel - consists of the stigma, style and ovary and ovule
The sticky stigma receives the pollen during fertilization. The pollen goes down a tube (style)
from the stigma to the ovary
3
The ovary, the female reproductive organ where ovules are produced. Ovules are the female
reproductive egg – turns into a seed when fertilized by pollen
Pollination: Wind, insects or other animals transfer pollen from the anther of one flower to the
stigma of another. Flowers vary depending on pollination mechanism
Fertilization: After pollen lands on the stigma, a pollen tube grows down through the style to
ovary.
The sperm nucleus and egg nucleus join to form a 2n (diploid) embryo.
Seed and Fruit Development

After fertilization, the petals and sepals fall off flower, Ovary “ripens” into a fruit. The ovule
develops into a seed
Parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma
Plant cells
Root Stem Leaf
Plant tissues and organs

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Plant Cells, Tissues, and Organs

Plant Organ Systems:

The root system is everything underground, as well as aerial roots.

The Shoot System : The functions of the shoot system include

Lower surface (underside)

The Stem has 2 main jobs:

# Transportation of water, nutrients and sugars.

Most of a plant’s xylem tissue is found in the stem.

Xylem & phloem are grouped together in vascular bundles

Transports substances through vascular tissue

Plant Body Root Functions Anchors plant in soil

The Roots Also has 2 main jobs:

Meristematic Cells form Tissues

Types of plant tissues:

1. Dermal tissue 2. Ground tissue 3. Vascular tissue

Vascular Tissue: Transport, Support

Ground Tissue: Synthesis of Sugars, Storage

Dermal Tissue: Protection

2. Ground tissue  middle layer

Made of photosynthesizing cells & support cells

3.Vascular tissue  innermost tissue

REPRODUCTION in Flowering Plants

I. FLOWERS: Flowers are the organs of reproduction in flowering plants

Pollen grains & Ovule

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

including: Trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, water plants…

PARTS of the flower include:

Petals: attract pollinators

The stamen consists of two parts: Anther and Filament

The filament is a stalk that supports (holds) the anther

Female Reproductive Structure

Seed and Fruit Development

Parenchyma collenchyma sclerenchyma

Root Stem Leaf

Plant tissues and organs

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