Guagua National Colleges, Inc.

Guagua, Pampanga
G.N.C. High School Montessori
(Academic Year: 2021 – 2022)

SCIENCE MODULE FOR GRADE 10

Prepared by:

Mr. Gian Franco P. Dizon

Subject Teacher
 SCIENCE 10
Learning Module Third Quarter
What is this module all about?

Image, edited, sourced from https://cdn1.byjus.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/difference-between-nervous-system-and-

endocrine-system.png

Taking care of the body involves having a healthy diet and physically active lifestyle. With these, the
body will be able to take care of itself. This ability of the human body is attributed to the coordinated
systems that maintain the normal conditions and functioning of each organ. An organism’s ability to adapt
to its environment is crucial to its survival. Traits that develop over time can be passed on to the next
generation through reproduction, resulting in evolution of the species. In this module, you will learn about
Biology in the following lessons:
1. Coordinated Systems
a. The Nervous System
b. The Endocrine System
c. The Reproductive System
d. Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
2. DNA and Evolution
a. DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
b. Mutations
c. Evolution and Its Evidence

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 What are you expected to learn?
As you go through this module, you will be able to:
 Explain the role of hormones involved in the female and male reproductive systems.
 Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating processes in the female reproductive
system.
 Describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates these feedback mechanisms to
maintain homeostasis.
 Explain how protein is made using information from DNA.
 Explain how mutations may cause changes in the structure and function of a protein.
 Explain how fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic information provide evidence for
evolution.
 Explain the occurrence of evolution.
 Explain how species diversity increases the probability of adaptation and survival of organisms in
changing environments.
 Write an essay on the importance of adaptation as a mechanism for the survival of a species.

How to learn from this module?

Here is a simple guide for you in going about the module.
1. Read and follow the instructions very carefully.
2. Take the Launch Pad (pre-test) to determine how much you know about the lessons in the module
beforehand.
3. Check your answers against the correct answers provided at the last page of the module.
4. Be very honest in taking the test so you may know how much knowledge you already have about the
topic.
5. Perform all the activities as these will help you have a better understanding of the topic.
6. Take the Self-Tests at the end of each lesson to determine how much you learned about the lesson.
7. Take the Self-Check (post-test) to assess how much you learned in this module.

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 Chapter 1:
Coordinated
Systems
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 Launch Pad: Parts of the Brain
Identify the parts of the brain in the illustration. Choose from the options given below.

Options:
Temporal Lobe Cerebellum Somatosensory Cortex
Skull Somatomotor Cortex Spinal Cord
Frontal Lobe Medulla Oblongata Parietal Lobe
Cerebrum Occipital Lobe Vertebrae

Your Answers:
A. Frontal Lobe F. Cerebellum
B. Somatomotor Cortex G. Spinal Cord
C. Somatosensory Cortex H. Medulla Oblongata
D. Parietal Lobe I. Temporal Lobe
E. Occipital Lobe J. Bone protecting the brain? Skull

You may find the answers to this activity on page: 61

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 Sci-Core Concepts: The Nervous System

The Nervous System

Parts of the Nervous System

Image sourced from Medium69, Jmarchn (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nervous_system_diagram-en.svg),
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode

The nervous system controls and coordinates all bodily functions. It can detect both external stimuli
and internal stimuli. External stimuli include those we can see, taste, smell, hear, and feel. Some examples
of internal stimuli are changes in blood pressure, water balance, muscle contraction, and substance levels.

The maintenance of homeostasis is also an important role of the nervous system. The functions of
organs can be stimulated (turned on) or inhibited (turned off) to maintain the normal functioning of the
body. The amounts of substances needed by the body is regulated so that they remain constant and in tune
with the needs of the body.

Cells of the Nervous System:

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1. Neuron – also known as the nerve cell, it is the primary functional and anatomic unit of the nervous
system.

Parts of a Neuron
Image sourced from User:Dhp1080 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neuron.svg), „Neuron“,
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode
Parts of a Neuron:
a. Nucleus – like in other cells, this is the control center of the neuron.

b. Cell body – also known as soma, this contains the organelles of the neuron.

c. Dendrites – are structures that receive stimuli from other neurons and conducts them
toward the cell body (afferent).

d. Axon – it conducts impulses away from the cell body (efferent).

e. Myelin Sheath – lipid-rich membrane covering the axon.

Types of Neurons:
a. Sensory Neurons – carry sensory impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain.

b. Motor Neurons – carry impulses from the brain to target muscles.

c. Associative Neurons – also known as interneurons, these connect the sensory and motor
neurons.

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 2. Neuroglia – also known as glial cells, these are supportive cells of the nervous system.

Image sourced from https://s3-us-west-2.amazonaws.com/courses-images/wp-

content/uploads/sites/1940/2017/05/29213033/dr4gdolzqgcf7s47e1lx.png

a. Astrocytes – these supply nutrients to neurons and help maintain their ability to transmit
impulses.

b. Ependymal Cells – produce the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that serves as protective cushion for
the brain and spinal cord.

c. Microglia – these cells remove debris and bacteria from the central nervous system.

d. Oligodendrocytes – these cells produce the protective myelin sheath for the insulation of
axons in the central nervous system.

e. Schwann Cells – these cells produce the protective myelin sheath for the insulation of axons
in the peripheral nervous system.

Major Divisions of the Nervous System:

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 1. Central Nervous System (CNS) – consists of the brain and spinal cord. The CNS is responsible for
intelligence, sensory and motor activities involving muscle tone, balance, and coordination.

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – consists of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord. The
PNS includes the 12 pairs of sensory and motor cranial nerves from the brain, and the 31 pairs of
sensory motor nerves from the spinal cord.

Subdivisions of the Peripheral Nervous System:

1. Somatic Nervous System (SNS) – this system connects the Central Nervous System to the voluntary
muscles.

2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – it supplies nerves to the smooth muscles of internal organs,
cardiac muscles, and glands. The nerves in the ANS are also known as visceral efferent nerves, and
they carry messages to internal organs from the brain stem and endocrine regulatory centers.

a. Sympathetic Nervous System – referred to as the “fight or flight system” that prepares the
body for physical activity like facing a threat or leaving it as quickly as possible.

b. Parasympathetic Nervous System – it stimulates the vegetative activities such as digestion,

defecation, and urination. It is the opposite of the Sympathetic Nervous System in that it
calms the body, conserves energy, and returns the body functions to normal levels.

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 Diagram showing the specific functions of the autonomic nervous system.
Image, cropped, sourced from https://cdn.crawford.works/revhc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/04011354/human-nervous-
system-peripheral-central.jpg

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 Launch Pad: Parts of the Endocrine System
Identify the parts of the endocrine system in the illustration. Choose from the options given below.

Options:
Thyroid Gland Pituitary Gland Thymus Gland
Pancreas Kidney Adrenal Gland
Pineal Gland Heart Testis
Ovary Parathyroid Gland Hypothalamus

Your Answers:
A. Hypothalamus F. Thymus Gland
B. Pineal Gland G. Adrenal Gland
C. Pituitary Gland H. Pancreas
D. Parathyroid Gland I. Ovary
E. Thyroid Gland J. Testis

You may find the answers to this activity on page: 61

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 Sci-Core Concepts: The Endocrine System

The Endocrine System

Parts of the Endocrine System

Image sourced from https://anatomy-medicine.com/uploads/posts/2016-11/1478343179_the-endocrine-system.jpg

The endocrine system regulates the functions of organs through the secretion of hormones.
Hormones are substances produced by endocrine glands that have specific functions on their target organs.
They are secreted into the blood stream to reach these organs.

Exocrine glands on the other hand, secrete their products to an internal or external environment.
The substances secreted by exocrine glands travel through ducts. Examples of exocrine glands are:
 Sweat glands
 Salivary glands
 Mammary glands
 Lacrimal (tear) glands
 Sebaceous glands
 Prostate glands

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Below are tables briefly describing some of the important hormones of the body.
Gland Hormone Target Structure Function
Stimulates cell division, bone
Growth Hormone (GH) All cells
growth, and protein production.
Thyroid-Stimulating Stimulates the production of
Thyroid gland
Hormone (TSH) thyroxine.
Stimulates the secretion of
Adrenocorticotropic
Adrenal cortex glucocorticoids and controls
Hormone (ACTH)
glucose metabolism.
Stimulates sperm formation in
Pituitary Gland Follicle-stimulating
Gonads males and development of follicles
Hormone (FSH)
in females.
(Anterior lobe)
Stimulates the release of an egg
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Gonads cell and production of
testosterone in males.
Prolactin Mammary glands Stimulates the production of milk.
Pain receptors in
Endorphin Inhibits the perception of pain.
the brain
Melanocyte-stimulating Regulates the activity of pigment-
Melanocytes
Hormone (MSH) containing cells in the skin.

Gland Hormone Target Structure Function

Uterus, mammary Stimulates muscle contractions
Pituitary Gland Oxytocin
glands during childbirth and milk release.

(Posterior lobe) Antidiuretic Hormone

Kidneys Stimulates water reabsorption.
(ADH, vasopressin)
Hypothalamic-inhibiting Inhibits the release of GH and
Pituitary Gland
hormones Prolactin.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic-releasing Stimulates the release of GH, TSH,
Pituitary Gland
hormones LH, FSH, ACTH and Prolactin.
Thyroxine and Stimulates metabolic rates for
Thyroid Gland All body cells
triiodothyronine growth and development.

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 Hormones of produced by the Pituitary Gland and their targets.
Image sourced from https://functionalmedsystem.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/hormones-to-body.jpg

Gland Hormone Target Structure Function

Controls the level of calcium and
Parathyroid Gland Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Bones, kidneys
phosphate ions in the blood.
Maintains the proper balance of
Aldosterone Kidneys
sodium and potassium.
Adrenal Cortex
Inhibits glucose uptake, aids in
Glucocorticoid (cortisol) Liver, various cells
healing, and reduces inflammation.
Control stress reactions, increase
Epinephrine and
Adrenal Medulla Various cells heart rate and breathing rate, raises
norepinephrine
blood pressure and glucose level.
Insulin Liver, muscles Lowers blood glucose level.
Pancreas
Glucagon Liver, adipose tissue Raises blood glucose level.
Controls female secondary sex
Estrogen Follicles characteristics. Plays important role in
Ovary the ovarian cycle.
Prepares the uterus for the
Progesterone Uterus
implantation of the embryo.
Controls the development of the male
Testes Testosterone Male sex organs gametes and male secondary sex
characteristics.
Pineal Gland Melatonin All body cells Helps control the sleep-wake cycle.

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 Launch Pad: Reproduction
Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided before each number.

B 1. This is the stage of a person’s life where he/she becomes capable of sexual reproduction.
a) Adulthood c) Adolescence
b) Puberty d) Infancy
D 2. Which process involves the fusion of the sperm cell and egg cell, and the eventual
development of an offspring?
a) Menstruation c) Ejaculation
b) Ovulation d) Fertilization
C 4. Where are the testicles of males located?
a) In the vagina c) In the scrotum
b) In the penis d) In the vulva
B 5. In the male reproductive system, this is where the urine and semen pass through.
a) Foreskin c) Testes
b) Urethra d) Vas deferens
B 6. This is the stage where a woman is no longer capable of producing egg cells.
a) Andropause c) Adolescence
b) Menopause d) Infancy
D 7. The following are functions of the vagina in females, except…
a) Receives the penis during sex c) Connects the uterus to the vulva
b) Passageway during childbirth d) Production of egg cells
C 8. The following changes occur during the puberty of males, except…
a) Growth of facial and body hair c) Widening of the hips
b) Deepening of the voice d) Broadening of the shoulders
B 9. The following changes occur during the puberty of females, except…
a) Development of the breasts c) Beginning of menstruation
b) Deepening of the voice d) Growth of underarm hair
D 10. Successful ___ will result in fertilization and the development of a baby.
a) Menstruation c) Masturbation
b) Ejaculation d) Sexual intercourse
C 11. The period of pregnancy can be divided into three ___ totaling 9 months.
a) Semesters c) Trimesters
b) Quarters d) Years

,
You may find the answers to this activity on page: 61

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 Sci-Core Concepts: The Reproductive Systems

The Reproductive System

The reproductive system is essential for the creation of new individuals and the survival of the
species. It plays important roles in the formation of sex cells, development of sex organs, and the
production of sex hormones. In females, it plays the crucial role of nurturing the offspring during
fertilization, pregnancy and until childbirth.

The Male Reproductive System:

Parts of the Male Reproductive System

Image sourced from https://www.sciencesfp.com/uploads/2/1/5/9/21597828/1321269_orig.png

1. Testes – the testicles, these produce the hormone testosterone and the sperm cells.

2. Scrotum – thin skin that covers the testes.

3. Epididymis – site of maturation for the developing sperm cells.

4. Vas Deferens – conveys the sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra.

5. Seminal Vesicle – secretes 60% of the total volume of semen, including fructose.

6. Prostate Gland – secretes prostaglandin for inducing contractions in the female reproductive tract.

7. Bulbourethral Gland – secretes mucus-rich fluid into the urethra during intercourse.

8. Penis – copulatory organ that becomes engorged with blood during erection.

9. Urethra – opening in the penis where urine and semen pass through.

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The Female Reproductive System:

Parts of the Female Reproductive System

Image sourced from https://www.sciencesfp.com/uploads/2/1/5/9/21597828/7757916_orig.jpg

1. Ovaries – produces the hormones estrogen and progesterone, as well as the egg cells.

2. Fallopian Tubes – also known as the oviducts, they are the two tubes connecting the ovaries to the
uterus. The egg cells travel here to get to the uterus.

3. Ampulla – portion of the fallopian tubes where fertilization takes place.

4. Uterus – small pear-shaped organ between the urinary bladder and the rectum. It is the site of
embryonic development.

5. Cervix – narrow opening of the uterus which leads to the vagina.

6. Vagina – accommodates the penis during intercourse. It has an acidic environment to fight bacterial
infection.

7. Bartholin’s Glands – secretes mucus which helps to neutralize the vagina’s acidity.

8. Vulva – external opening of the vagina consisting of the urethra, labia minora, labia majora, and
clitoris.

9. Labia minora and labia majora – folds of skin that surround and protect the vulva.

10. Clitoris – sensitive organ homologous to the male penis.

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The Menstrual Cycle

Diagram of the Menstrual Cycle

Image sourced from https://m0.her.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/19171134/iStock-921911014.jpg

The Menstrual Cycle consists of regular natural changes within the female reproductive system in
preparation for fertilization and pregnancy. This involves the two cycles: the ovarian cycle, and the uterine
cycle. Each cycle is named for the organs that undergo significant changes, the ovaries and the uterus,
respectively. Each cycle consists of different phases.

The Ovarian Cycle

Phases of the Ovarian Cycle:
1. Follicular Phase
 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by the hypothalamus and influences
the secretion of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

 The FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle to secrete estrogen and influences the secretion of
FSH. This also signals the endometrial lining or endometrium (inner wall of the uterus) to
thicken.

 The secretion of estrogen indicates the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH).

 LH causes the follicles to mature, but only one follicle will mature and burst to release the

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 ovum or egg cell. This process is called ovulation.
2. Luteal Phase
 FSH and LH cause the remaining parts of the follicle to transform into the corpus luteum
which produces progesterone.

 The increase in progesterone induces the adrenals to stimulate the production of estrogen.

 The hormones produced by the corpus luteum will then suppress the production of FSH and
LH.

 As the levels of FSH and LH decline, and no fertilization takes place, the corpus luteum will
atrophy (shrink), thereby reducing the level of progesterone. As progesterone levels decline,
menstruation is triggered in the next cycle.

 From the time of ovulation up to the time of progesterone decline, the process typically takes
about 2 weeks.

 If, however, the egg cell is fertilized, the corpus luteum will persist and continue to produce
progesterone. Progesterone will help maintain pregnancy.

The Uterine Cycle

Phases of the Uterine Cycle:
1. Menses or Menstrual Phase
This phase can start from the 1st to the 5th day of the cycle. It occurs when fertilization of the
egg cell fails. The endometrium collapses and is shed through the process called menstruation or
“period”. It is rebuilt for a possible fertilization and implantation in the future. The levels of
progesterone and estrogen decline and follow the regression of the endometrium.

2. Proliferative Phase
In this phase, the estrogen level rises. It starts on the 5 th day of the cycle and extends up to
ovulation which usually occurs on the 14 th day before menstruation. Ovulation is marked by a sharp
rise of LH secretion by the pituitary gland. The presence of progesterone causes the body
temperature to rise.

3. Secretory Phase
During this phase, the progesterone level rises as the estrogen level declines. The
endometrium thickens to prepare itself for the implantation of an embryo. If implantation does not
occur, menstruation will occur as the endometrium begins to shed. The menstrual phase will then
follow.

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Diagram of the Menstrual Cycle showing the changes in the ovarian follicles, uterus and hormone levels.
Image sourced from OpenStax College (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figure_28_02_07.jpg), „Figure 28 02 07“,
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/legalcode

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 20 of 62

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 21 of 62
 Launch Pad: Bodily Functions
Choosing from the options below, identify which bodily function is being asked by each statement.
Options:
Reproduction Lactation Excretion
Respiration Perspiration Digestion
Micturition Growth Immune Response
Sleep Lacrimation Defecation

Respiration 1. This involves breathing in air to receive oxygen and to expel carbon
dioxide from the body.
Digestion 3. Which process involves the breakdown of food into smaller components
to be absorbed by the body?
Reproduction 5. Also known as the process of procreation where new organisms or
offspring are produced from parents.
Excretion 7. This process involves the elimination of metabolic waste like urine and
feces from the body.
Lactation 9. The secretion of milk from the mammary glands to nourish the infant.

Lacrimation 11. The production of tears to lubricate the eyes, remove irritants, or even as
an emotional response.
Perspiration 13. Also known as sweating, it helps the body to cool down when the
temperature or weather is too warm.
Growth 15. It refers to the increase in size of the body as part of the normal aging
process.
Sleep 17. This is a state where the body is at rest in order to replenish energy,
repair injuries, and maintain the health of the body.
Immune Response 19. It is a defensive reaction within the body whose main purpose is to
defend against infection like bacteria and viruses.

You may find the answers to this activity on page: 61

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 Sci-Core Concepts: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms

Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the condition in which the human body is maintained in a more-or-less steady state.
The cells, tissues, and organs of the body are working normally, and the internal environment is stable.

To maintain homeostasis, the body needs to continuously monitor the conditions and keep things in
balance. The different organ systems participate in the maintenance of homeostasis.

Maintaining Homeostasis

Image sourced from https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/16194/105_Negative_Feedback_Loops.jpg?

revision=2&size=bestfit&width=639&height=375

The process of maintaining homeostasis can be explained through the interaction of at least four
components: stimulus, sensor, control center, and effector.

1. Stimulus – this can be any change in a variable like body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate,
hormonal level, blood sugar level, hunger, or thirst, etc.

2. Sensor – it monitors the changes or stimuli that may occur. The sensor will then send the
information to the control center. In general, the nervous system is involved in the sensor and
control center components.

3. Control Center – it receives information from the sensor and sends signals (electrical signals via
nerve impulses, or chemical signals via hormones) to the effector to adjust/balance any changes
identified.

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 4. Effector – a cell, organ, or system that will act on the signals from the control center to put into
effect the adjustment needed.

Feedback Mechanisms
Depending on the adjustment needed, the body can respond to stimuli through negative feedback or
positive feedback.

 Negative Feedback –this feedback serves to reduce an excessive response to keep the conditions
within the normal range.

Example:

The control of blood sugar (glucose) level by insulin is an example of negative feedback.
Image sourced from https://bio.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/15807/glucose_feedback.png?revision=1

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  Positive Feedback – in this feedback, the response is intensified or continuous until a certain level is
reached.

Example:

The control of uterine contractions by oxytocin (OT) during childbirth is an example of positive feedback.
The positive feedback cycle stops when the baby is born.
Image sourced from https://schoolbag.info/biology/humans/humans.files/image173.jpg

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Chapter 2:
DNA and
Evolution
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 Launch Pad: Codes
Unscramble each set of letters to answer the questions below. Write your answers on the space provided.

Ribosome 1. This is the cellular organelle that is responsible

BOSRIMEO for protein synthesis.

Translation 2. It is the stage of protein synthesis that involves

TOINALSRANT the mRNA being converted into proteins.

Deoxyribonucleic 3. The traits we inherit from our parents are

DOEYXIRNECCOLEIUB passed on through the ___ nucleic acid.

Messenger 4. The type of RNA that contains genetic

GESESEMNR information from DNA and carries it into the
cytoplasm is called ___ RNA.

Transcription 5. In this process, the gene coding for a protein in

TNARIRCSIPTON the DNA is copied into the RNA.

You may find the answers to this activity on page: 61

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 Sci-Core Concepts: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Where DNA is found in cells.

Image sourced from Sponk, Tryphon, Magnus Manske, User:Dietzel65, LadyofHats (Mariana Ruiz), Radio89
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eukaryote_DNA-en.svg), „Eukaryote DNA-en“,
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode

Also known as DNA, it is a complex biomolecule that carries the genetic information of an organism.
Such genetic information is passed on from parents to offspring. It also codes for genes which contain
hereditary information. Each gene contains instructions for making proteins in the cell. DNA controls protein
synthesis, which is the process by which proteins are formed from amino acids. The traits of an organism
are determined by their proteins, which have been coded by their DNA.

DNA Structure
DNA consists of subunits called nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components:
1. Five-carbon sugar molecule (deoxyribose)
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous base
a. Cytosine
b. Thymine
c. Guanine
d. Adenine

DNA consists of two strands that resemble a twisted “ladder” known as a double helix. The sides of
the “ladder” correspond to the alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. The rungs or steps of the ladder
contain the nitrogenous base pairs. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. Each base
pair is held together by weak hydrogen bonds.

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 Structure of DNA
Image sourced from Madprime contribs) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure.svg), „DNA chemical
structure“, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode

Ribonucleic Acid

Comparison between RNA and DNA

Image sourced from File:Difference DNA RNA-DE.svg: Sponk / *translation: Sponk
(https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Difference_DNA_RNA-EN.svg), „Difference DNA RNA-EN“,
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode

Just like DNA, RNA is composed of nucleotides. The exceptions are: ribose is present as a sugar
instead of deoxyribose, uracil is present instead of thymine, and its structure is single-stranded. The role of
RNA is to transfer the coded genes (in the DNA) from the nucleus to the ribosomes (small, granular
structures where protein synthesis takes place).

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Types of RNA

Image sourced from https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-bXcN_IsXEnk/UfooAnAGA-I/AAAAAAAAA6Q/kqbFBrkq7j8/s1600/types-of-

RNA.png

1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – it contains the genetic information from DNA (via transcription) and
carries it into the cytoplasm where it is translated (in a process called translation) by the ribosomes
to produce proteins.

2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) – it transports specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes. These
amino acids in the ribosomes are then joined together to form chains of amino acids (polypeptide
chains).

3. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – it is a structural component of ribosomes. It helps the mRNA and tRNA to
come together in forming polypeptide chains that will make up various proteins.

Protein Synthesis
Proteins are important organic molecules. They can be found in the structural parts of the body like
the skin, muscles, and ligaments. They can also be found in substances that regulate the body chemistry like
hormones, enzymes, and antibodies.

Proteins are made up of amino acids. Amino acids can be obtained from food or be synthesized by
the body’s cells. How amino acids come together to form proteins can be explained through the different
processes in protein synthesis: transcription and translation.

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Transcription

Image sourced from https://microbenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Prokaryotic-Transcription-Enzymes-Steps-

Significance.jpg

Transcription is the first step of protein synthesis. This process occurs in the nucleus of the cell. This
is where gene coding for a specific protein in the DNA is copied into the RNA. The following steps briefly
explain the process of transcription:
1. Initiation
 An enzyme called RNA Polymerase binds to a DNA strand. The area where it is attached is
called the promoter region. Specific nucleotide sequences determine whether the RNA
Polymerase will start or finish the process.

2. Elongation
 Specific proteins called transcription factors unwind the DNA strand. This enables the RNA
Polymerase to copy a single strand of DNA into a single-stranded RNA molecule called the
messenger RNA or mRNA.
 The process of transcription involves the addition of complementary nucleotides to the
mRNA strand. When cytosine is encountered, guanine is added, or vice-versa. When thymine
is encountered, adenine is added. However, when adenine is encountered, uracil is added
instead of thymine.
 The strand of DNA that is transcribed is called the antisense strand. The strand that is not
transcribed is called the sense strand.

3. Termination
 When RNA Polymerase reaches an area called the termination sequence, it releases the
mRNA strand and detaches from the DNA. Once the process of transcription is complete, the
newly generated mRNA migrates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm of the cell for
translation.

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 31 of 62

Translation

Image sourced from https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.5vMkXHhhAI-B9afxz20j0QHaFG?pid=Api&rs=1

This is the last step of protein synthesis. What the mRNA generated must be translated to produce a
protein. In the process of translation, the mRNA molecule attaches itself to a ribosome. The ribosome is
made up of two parts: the large and small subunits. The small subunit has a binding site for the mRNA, and
the large subunit has 2 binding sites for the tRNA. These two binding sites for the tRNA are the P binding
site and the A binding site.

 Ribosomes read the mRNA sequence in a 5’ (five prime) to 3’ (three prime) direction. The mRNA is
converted into protein using tRNA. The mRNA is read 3 adjacent nucleotides at a time. These 3
adjacent nucleotides make up a codon. Each codon codes for a specific amino acid.

 The tRNA has a nucleotide sequence that is complementary for each codon which is called the
anticodon. The tRNA also has a specific amino acid attached to it.

 The series of codons specifies the sequence of amino acids that will make up the polypeptide chain.
The Universal Genetic Code Chart below shows which specific amino acid is for which codon.

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 32 of 62

 2nd Base in Codon
U C A G
U
Phenylalanine Tyrosine Cysteine
C
U Serine
Stop Codon A
Leucine Stop Codon
Tryptophan G
U
Histidine
C
C Leucine Proline Arginine
A

3rd Base in Codon

1st Base in Codon

Glutamine
G
U
Asparagine Serine
isoleucine C
A Threonine A
Methionine Lysine Arginine
G
(start)
U
Aspartic Acid
C
G Valine Alanine Glycine
A
Glutamic Acid
G
Universal Genetic Code Chart
For example, a codon containing uracil, guanine, and guanine (UGG) in that order is specific for
the amino acid Tryptophan. Another example, a codon with three uracil (UUU) is specific for the
amino acid Phenylalanine.

 Following the binding of the mRNA molecules to the ribosome is the binding of the tRNA to the P
binding site. The P binding site leaves the A binding site open. When the next tRNA molecule
recognizes the next codon in the sequence, it will bind itself to the A binding site. A peptide bond
will form between the two amino acids.

 After the formation of bonds, the initiator tRNA will leave the P binding site and cause the tRNA in
the A binding site to move to the P binding site. The next codon in the mRNA becomes available for
recognition and binding of the respective tRNA. The process will repeat, and different amino acids
will be added to the polypeptide chain based on the codon sequence.

 The ribosome will continue translation until it encounters a specific codon in the mRNA called the
Stop codon. When this happens, the process of translation will stop. The polypeptide chain will be
released and is free to unite with the pool of proteins in the cytoplasm.

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 33 of 62

 Launch Pad: Superpowers
Answer the following questions in your own words.
1. If given the chance to have superpowers, what kind of superpowers would you like?

2. How would you use these superpowers?

3. One of the lessons that can be learned from the Spider-Man comics and movies is that “with great
power comes great responsibility”. What do you think was meant by this proverb?

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 34 of 62

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 35 of 62
 Sci-Core Concepts: Mutations

Mutations
Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can result in changes in the proteins produced by
cells. Certain mutations can also lead to disorders or abnormal development of the body. Mutations can be
caused by exposure to radiation, toxic chemicals, certain drugs, and food additives. These agents are called
mutagens.

Image sourced from https://i2.wp.com/thingsitellmymom.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Mutations.png

1. Gene Mutation – only one gene is affected.

a. Point Mutation – one nucleotide is substituted for another. It may result in premature stop
codons or amino acids with different properties from the correct amino acids.

b. Frameshift Mutation – involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide.

i. Insertion – the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.

ii. Deletion – the loss of a piece of chromosome or a break of the DNA molecule.

iii. Inversion – when a part of the DNA segment within the chromosome changes
direction.

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 36 of 62

 Frameshift mutation and its effect in amino acid sequencing.
Image sourced from https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/frameshift-mutation

2. Chromosomal Mutation – involves the entire chromosome thereby affecting many genes.
a. Translocation – happens when a piece of one chromosome moves to a nonhomologous
reciprocal chromosome.

b. Duplication – occurs when gene sequences have been repeated several to many times.

Image by Pearson Prentice Hall, sourced from https://s3.studylib.net/store/data/009639124_1-

058008adcc26acca86cb8c8f71e64a56.png

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 37 of 62

 Some mutations are significant enough to cause disorders or abnormalities in the body. Below are
some of these disorders:

1. Cri-du-chat Syndrome – also known as chromosome 5p deletion syndrome. The cry of the affected
infant is like a cat’s cry due to problems with the voice box and nervous system.

Image sourced from https://th.bing.com/th/id/OIP.GaBpgCbnWHOmuDVUIHsAmwHaEY?pid=Api&rs=1

2. Hemophilia A – bleeding disorder resulting from the inversion of the long arm of the X chromosome.

Image sourced from https://www.invitra.com/en/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/hemophilia-clotting-factos.png

3. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease – a genetic disorder resulting from the duplication of a large region on
the short arm of chromosome 17.

The foot of a person with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Image sourced by Benefros, sourced from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Charcot-marie-tooth_foot.jpg

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 38 of 62

 Launch Pad: The Origin of Man
Throughout various cultures and religions, stories of the origin or creation of man have been told. With the
dawn of the scientific revolution, the origin of man has been attributed to evolution.

On the left side of the table below, write what you know about the mythologies about the origin or creation
of man. On the right, write what you know about his origin based on evolution.

Origin of Man according to Origin of Man according to Evolution

Religion/Myths

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 39 of 62

 Sci-Core Concepts: Evolution and Its Evidence
Evolution – an inherited change in the traits of an organism over time. The process involves the
emergence of a new species from preexisting species.

Stages of evolution of the horse.

Image sourced from https://i.pinimg.com/originals/38/48/9f/38489f4340420ea54a71422fa39006b7.jpg

Lamarck’s Theories of Evolution

Lamarck’s theory suggests that need causes organisms to change.

Image sourced from https://mrleehamber119.files.wordpress.com/2018/10/lamarck-giraffe.jpg?w=625&h=307

Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck, a French naturalist, first suggested that organisms undergo evolution.
This evolution is brought about as the organism’s response to changes in its environment. Lamarck
explained his views on evolution in the following theories:

 Theory of Need – “Organisms change because of the need to and as a response to the environment,
making their traits more adaptable”. The traits that organisms manifest are products of their altered
behaviors.

For example, birds with the urge and need to fly developed wings for flight. Another example, as
giraffes needed to reach leaves higher up on the tree, they eventually developed longer necks.

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  Theory of Use and Disuse – “Organisms developed characteristics by the use and disuse of organs”.
He explained that organisms can reshape their traits. Useful traits are retained, and useless traits are
lost.

Through research conducted by August Weismann, a German biologist, the theory of use and disuse
was put to the test. Weismann cut off the tails of mice and allowed them to mate. Succeeding
generations of mice produced still had normal tails. This result proved that a change of species
means a change in the organism’s DNA. The use and disuse of a body part cannot change the genetic
makeup of the organism.

 Theory of Acquired Traits – “An organism can develop acquired traits as adaptations, and these
traits acquired in its lifetime could be passed on to its offspring”. The traits developed by parents can
be inherited by their offspring.

Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection

Image sourced from https://www.australasianscience.com.au/sites/default/files/finch-beaks.jpg

English naturalist Charles Darwin contributed his theory of evolution by natural selection. Through
his travels and research, particularly with the animals of the Galapagos Islands, he discovered that the
diversity of animals was due to the adaptations to different environments like different food sources.
Darwin published his ideas in his book Origin of Species by Natural Selection. The concept of natural
selection can be summarized by the following ideas:

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 41 of 62

1. Variation of Organisms
Organisms vary in their physical, functional, and behavioral characteristics. No two individuals are
the same. Variation is important in natural selection because it allows a specific kind of species to
survive more than other members. Variations of organisms are passed on to the next generation.

2. Survival of the Fittest

Competition is a struggle for existence. Living things will struggle for living space and food in the
natural world. Only those who are fit will survive. To survive, organisms are compelled to adapt to
better suit their environment. Those who fail to adapt will become extinct (all individuals of the
species will cease to exist).

3. Adaptation to the Environment

Adaptation is the process of being better suited to the environment. The fittest organisms will avoid
extinction and can reproduce offspring. These offspring carry with them the traits suitable for
survival.

4. Natural Selection

Darwin’s theory suggests that organisms not suited to the environment will die off.
Image sourced from https://userscontent2.emaze.com/images/618dc3ab-a4b1-4304-af52-
d91598341840/e0bdf00319c5eaa7cf3c5855f22a505b.png
Environmental conditions affect the survival of organisms. Only those that can adapt to new
environmental conditions will survive and reproduce in greater numbers than those that cannot
adapt.

5. Process of Speciation
A species is a group of organisms that have similar features and characteristics and can produce
fertile offspring in a specific environment. Speciation occurs when a new species comes to existence.
The process happens when favorable traits are gradually accumulated by the new species and the
unfavorable traits disappear.

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 42 of 62

Evidence of Evolution
1. Fossil Evidence

Comparison of Equus (modern horse) skeleton and its ancestors.

Image sourced from H. Zell (User:Llez) (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Equine_evolution.jpg),
„Equine evolution“, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode
Fossils are the remnants of organisms that have existed in the past. By comparing the fossils of once-
living fossils to extant (still existing in the present) species, paleontologists have discovered
similarities and some differences in terms of characteristics. The differences stemmed from
adaptations across generations. This provides evidence to support evolution.

2. Embryological Evidence

Comparison of embryos from different organisms.

Image sourced from https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ep_VYY-0H28/UI-QdPl3UVI/AAAAAAAAE_A/mFs01ojXASQ/s1600/vertebrate-
embryos.jpeg
An embryo is the early stage of development for multicellular organisms after fertilization. Embryos
of different species have similarities, especially in the later stages of development. Certain species
even share some DNA with others. These similarities provide indirect evidence of evolutionary
relationships.

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 43 of 62

3. Structural Evidence

Limbs of different organisms adapted for different environments.

Image sourced from https://sepetjian.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/homology1.jpg
Different organisms have body parts that are homologous (similar in structure and arrangement) to
other organisms’ body parts. The limbs of vertebrates, for example, share similar bone structures
even if the limbs are adapted for different environments.

4. Biochemical Evidence

Image sourced from http://eewevolution.weebly.com/uploads/5/3/4/6/53468969/2655407_orig.png

The sequence of amino acids is also evidence of evolution. Closely related species, like apes and
humans, have amino acids that show more similarities than those of distantly related species.

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 44 of 62

Self-Tests

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 45 of 62

 Self-Test: The Nervous System
Identify what is being asked by each question. Write your answers on the space provided.
neurons 1. These are known as the nerve cells that make up the organs of the nervous
system.
axon 3. Which part of the nerve cell conducts impulses away from the cell body?
autonomic 4. The ___ nervous system supplies nerves to the smooth muscles of the
internal organs, cardiac muscles, and glands.
parasympathetic 6. The body’s ___ nervous system stimulates vegetative activities, calms the
body, and conserves energy.
microglia 8. Which neuroglial cell is responsible for removing debris and bacteria from
the central nervous system?
astrocytes 10. This type of neuroglia supplies nutrients to neurons and helps maintain
their ability to transmit impulses.
sympathetic 12. The ___ nerves are responsible for relaxing the airways of the lungs and
increasing the heartbeat.
Motor neurons 14. Which type of nerve cell carries impulses from the brain to the target
muscles?
central 16. The ___ nervous system is responsible for intelligence, sensory and motor
activities.
somatic 18. The ___ nervous system connects the Central Nervous System to the
voluntary muscles.
parasympathetic 20. The ___ nerves can stimulate the activity of the stomach.
Brain 21. Which critical organ of the nervous system is protected by the skull?
sympathetic 22. Salivation is inhibited by the ___ nerves.
Cerebrospinal fluid 23. This fluid serves as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord.
sympathetic 24. The ___ nervous system is also referred to as the “fight or flight system”.

You may find the answers to this activity on page: 61

Any questions or feedback about the lesson?
Remember this…
The nervous system monitors and coordinates the
bodily functions to maintain homeostasis or the
conditions for the normal functioning of the body.
,

Self-Test: The Endocrine System

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 46 of 62

Identify what is being asked by each question. Write your answers on the space provided.
insulin 1. This hormone that targets the liver and muscles lowers the blood glucose
level.
progesterone 3. Which hormone prepares the uterus for the implantation of the embryo?
Mammary glands 4. Prolactin targets the ___ to stimulate the production of milk that will be
used for nourishing the infant.
kidneys 6. Aldosterone targets the ___ to maintain the proper balance of sodium and
potassium.
ovary 8. The hormones estrogen and progesterone are produced by which gland?
Endorphin 9. Which hormone produced by the pituitary gland inhibits the perception of
pain?
Pancreas 11. The hormones that can raise or lower the blood glucose level are
produced by which organ/gland?
Testes 13. Testosterone, the hormone that controls the development of male
gametes is produced by which gland?
Lacrimal gland 15. Also known as tear glands, these glands produce tears.
melatonin 16. Which hormone helps to control the sleep-wake cycle?

Any questions or feedback about the lesson?

Remember this…
Working with the nervous system, the endocrine
system uses chemical signals in the form of
hormones to regulate the functions of the different
organs of the body.

You may find the answers to this activity on page: 61

,

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 47 of 62

 Self-Test: The Reproductive Systems
Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided before each item.

C 1. The levels of luteinizing hormone are at the highest near which day of the menstrual cycle?
a) Day 1 c) Day 14
b) Day 7 d) Day 21
C 2. Shedding of the endometrium occurs in which stage of the menstrual cycle?
a) Proliferative Phase c) Menstrual Phase
b) Follicular Phase d) Luteal Phase
C 3. Ovulation occurs on average at which day of the menstrual cycle?
a) Day 1 c) Day 14
b) Day 7 d) Day 21
B 4. It is the site of maturation for the developing sperm cells.
a) Ductus deferens c) Bulbourethral gland
b) Epididymis d) Urethra
D 5. If fertilization takes place, the ___ will persist to continue producing progesterone to help
maintain pregnancy.
a) Corpus albicans c) Egg cell
b) Mature follicle d) Corpus luteum

Any questions or feedback about the lesson?

Remember this…
Hormones regulate the functions of the male and
female reproductive systems. An individual’s
reproductive ability can be determined by how
,
active the endocrine system is.

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 48 of 62

 Self-Test: Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the space provided.
1. Explain the importance of homeostasis.

2. How is positive feedback different from negative feedback?

3. What do you think will happen if one or more of the components that maintain homeostasis
(stimulus, sensor, control center, or effector) becomes impaired or unable to do its function?

Any questions or feedback about the lesson?

Remember this…
Homeostasis is maintained by the coordination of
the different organ systems with the nervous and
endocrine systems. Signals, in the form of nervous
,
impulses and hormones, regulate their functions.

Self-Test: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 49 of 62

Identify what is being asked by each question. Write your answers on the space provided.

Adenine 1. Which nitrogenous base pairs with thymine in DNA?

ribose 2. Instead of deoxyribose, which sugar is present in RNA?
nucleotides 3. The subunits that make up DNA and RNA are called ___.
RNA polymerase 4. What enzyme binds to the promoter region of the DNA strand during
initiation?
Transcription factors 6. During elongation, specific proteins unwind the DNA strand. What are
these proteins called?
Stop codon 8. The ribosome will continue translation until it encounters a specific codon
in the mRNA called the ___.
uracil 10. Which unique nitrogenous base is present in RNA and is absent in DNA?
tRNA 11. This transports specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes.
Peptide 12. In the process of translation, amino acids are connected to each other by
___ bonds.
True 14. True or False. Ribosomes read the mRNA sequence from the 5’ to the 3’
direction.

Any questions or feedback about the lesson?

Remember this…
DNA provides the information on how proteins are
synthesized by the body’s cells. This information is
used in the form of RNA to facilitate protein
synthesis.

You may find the answers to this activity on page: 61

,

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 50 of 62

 Self-Test: Genetic Mutations
Identify what is being asked by each question. Write your answers on the space provided.

Deletion 1. In this mutation, a piece of the chromosome is lost or broken from the
DNA molecule.
Duplication 3. Which mutation occurs when gene sequences have been repeated
several to many times?
Translocation 5. When a piece of one chromosome is moved to a nonhomologous
reciprocal chromosome ___ has taken place.
Inversion 7. In this frameshift mutation, a part of the DNA segment within the
chromosome changes direction.
Insertion 9. The addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA
sequence is called ___.
mutagens 11. Agents like radiation, chemicals, and food additives that cause
mutation are called ___.
Hemophilia A 13. The inversion of the long arm of the X chromosome results in which
bleeding disorder?
Cri-du-chat 15. Due to the deletion of the 5p chromosome, the child’s cry resembles
that of a cat in condition called ___ syndrome.
radiation 17. Mutations from damaged or altered DNA molecules are usually caused
by ionizing ___.
duplication 19. Which chromosomal mutation is involved in Charcot-Marie-Tooth
disease?

You may find the answers to this activity on page: 61

Any questions or feedback about the lesson?
Remember this…
DNA is crucial to the production of proteins and the
development of an organism. Any changes to DNA
can result in mutations or abnormalities to the
,
organism itself.

Self-Test: Evolution

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 51 of 62

Identify what is being asked by each question. Write your answers on the space provided.
competition 1. Survival of the fittest refers to the ___ between organisms or their
struggle for existence.
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 3. He proposed the theory that the use and disuse of organs shaped the
characteristics of organisms.
Embryological evidence 5. Which evidence of evolution is referred to about the similarities of
organisms in their early stage of development after fertilization?
Theory of Need 7. This theory states that “organisms change because of the need to and as
a response to the environment…”
Charles Darwin 9. Which scientist is renowned for his theory of evolution by natural
selection?
Evolution 11. This process is described as inherited changes in the traits of an
organism over time.
Structural evidence 13. Which evidence of evolution is being referred to when comparing the
homologous structures of organisms?
Species 15. This is a group of organisms that have similar features and
characteristics and can produce fertile offspring in a specific
environment.
Amino acids 18. The biochemical evidence of evolution points to the similarities in the
sequence of ___ in closely related species.
Adaptation 20. In this process, an organism changes to become better suited to its
environment.

You may find the answers to this activity on page: 61

Any questions or feedback about the lesson?
Remember this…
Organisms with characteristics suited to their
environment will survive and produce offspring
with the same advantageous characteristics.
,

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 52 of 62

Self-Checks

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 53 of 62

 Self-Check: Coordinated Systems
Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided before each item.

B 1. Which of the following hormones stimulates the release of an egg cell and the production of
testosterone in males?
a) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone c) Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
b) Luteinizing Hormone d) Follicle-stimulating Hormone
A 3. The following functions are fulfilled by sympathetic nerves, except…
a) Constricting the pupils of the eyes c) Increasing the heartbeat
b) Inhibiting salivation d) Stimulating the release of glucose
D 4. Which subdivision of the Autonomic Nervous System prepares the body for physical activity
like facing a threat or leaving it as quickly as possible?
a) Parasympathetic nervous system c) Peripheral nervous system
b) Central nervous system d) Sympathetic nervous system
B 6. The following are examples of exocrine glands, except ___.
a) Sweat gland c) Mammary gland
b) Pituitary gland d) Sebaceous gland
C 7. It regulates the activity of the pigment-containing cells in the skin.
a) FSH c) MSH
b) ACTH d) GnRH
D 8. This hormone targets all body cells and stimulates the metabolic rates for growth and
development.
a) Progesterone c) Testosterone
b) Oxytocin d) Thyroxine
B 10. Which of the following endocrine glands are located near the kidneys?
a) Pineal glands c) Prostate glands
b) Adrenal glands d) Hypothalamus
B 11. The maturation of the ovarian follicle and resulting release of the ovum is stimulated by the
hormone ___.
a) Prolactin c) Follicle-stimulating hormone
b) Luteinizing hormone d) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
A 13. Menstruation is triggered when…
a) There is no fertilization. c) There is no egg cell released.
b) There is no GnRH. d) There is no childbirth.
A 14. During menstruation, this part of the female reproductive system is shed.
a) Endometrial lining c) Ovaries
b) Cervix d) Fallopian tubes

C 15. The developing sperm cells in the male reproductive system will mature in the ___.

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 54 of 62

 a) Penis c) Epididymis
b) Seminal vesicle d) Ampulla
D 17. The following are the roles of the male reproductive system, except…
a) Development of sex organs c) Production of sex hormones
b) Formation of sex cells d) Childbirth
C 18. The vulva of the female reproductive system includes the following, except ___.
a) Urethra c) Foreskin
b) Clitoris d) Labia minora
B 19. The mature egg cell is released from the ovary during ___.
a) Ejaculation c) Erection
b) Ovulation d) Menstruation
D 20. During this phase that the progesterone level rises as the estrogen level declines. The
endometrium also thickens for the embryo’s implantation.
a) Luteal phase c) Follicular phase
b) Proliferative phase d) Secretory phase
C 22. On average, the human ovary will release how many egg cells per discharge?
a) two c) one
b) three d) four
B 23. This is the male gamete that fertilizes the egg cell after sexual intercourse.
a) Nerve cell c) Gland cell
b) Sperm cell d) Ovum
D 24. The vagina has a naturally ___ environment to protect against bacterial infection.

a) basic c) neither basic nor acidic

b) either basic or acidic d) acidic
D 26. This feedback serves to reduce an excessive response to keep the conditions within the
normal range.
a) Positive feedback c) Either positive or negative
b) Neutral feedback d) Negative feedback
B 28. Which of the following receives information from the sensor and sends signals to the effector
to adjust/balance any changes identified?
a) Sensor c) Effector
b) Control center d) Stimulus

Self-Check: DNA and Evolution

Write the letter of the best answer on the space provided before each item.

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 55 of 62

C 1. A set of 3 adjacent nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid is called ___.
a) Nucleic acid c) Codon
b) RNA polymerase d) Transcription factor
D 2. His experiment on cutting tails of mice disproved the theory of use and disuse.
a) Charles Darwin c) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
b) Heinrich Hertz d) August Weismann
B 3. Which concept is Darwin’s unique proposition about theories on evolution?
a) Use and disuse c) Acquired traits
b) Natural selection d) Need
A 4. This is best described by the diversity of organisms in terms of their physical, functional, and
behavioral characteristics.
a) Variation of organisms c) Process of speciation
b) Survival of the fittest d) Adaptation to the environment
C 6. The following are components of a DNA nucleotide, except ___.
a) deoxyribose c) uracil
b) phosphate group d) nitrogenous base
C 7. In which part of the cell can the DNA of organisms be found?
a) Cell membrane c) Nucleus
b) Mitochondria d) Golgi apparatus
B 8. Which of the following contains the instructions for making proteins for the cell?
a) Amino acids c) Ribosomes
b) Genes d) tRNA
D 9. It refers to the loss of a piece of chromosome, or a break of the DNA molecule.
a) Insertion c) Duplication
b) Inversion d) Deletion
A 10. The following types of EM waves are described to be ionizing radiation that can damage DNA,
except ___.
a) Infrared c) Ultraviolet
b) X-rays d) Gamma rays
B 12. When a part of the DNA segment within the chromosome changes its direction, ___ has taken
place.
a) Insertion c) Duplication
b) Inversion d) Deletion

B 11. The traits we inherit from our parents are carried over by ___.
a) RNA c) Codons
b) DNA d) Proteins
D 12. Hormones, enzymes, and antibodies are substances made up of ___.
a) RNA c) Codons

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 56 of 62

 b) DNA d) Proteins
C 13. The following types of RNA are crucial for the process of protein synthesis, except ___.

a) tRNA c) pRNA
b) mRNA d) rRNA
A 15. Which of the following types of RNA carries specific amino acids?
a) tRNA c) pRNA
b) mRNA d) rRNA
A 16. Proteins are synthesized after the process of ___ is completed.
a) Translation c) Replication
b) Transcription d) Translocation
B 17. In which process does the gene coding for a specific protein in the DNA is copied into the
RNA?
a) Translation c) Replication
b) Transcription d) Translocation
B 19. After this stage, the newly generated mRNA migrates from the nucleus into the cytoplasm for
translation.
a) Elongation c) Initiation
b) Termination d) Inversion
C 21. To convert mRNA into protein molecules, the ___ will read the mRNA sequence in a 5’ to 3’
direction.
a) Amino acids c) Ribosomes
b) Genes d) tRNA
D 23. The following nitrogenous bases are present in DNA, except for ___.
a) Guanine c) Cytosine
b) Thymine d) Uracil
B 24. The nitrogenous base adenine will pair with ___ in the DNA strand.
a) Guanine c) Cytosine
b) Thymine d) Uracil

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 57 of 62

Gear Up

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 58 of 62

 Gear Up: The Importance of Adaptation
Performance Task Instructions:
In support of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals for a clean environment and
sustainable cities and communities, the school paper has dedicated a page for an inspirational essay. As a
write for the school paper, you are to write this essay to inform readers about the importance of adaptation
to a changing world, and to inspire them to take part in these goals. You may use the next page for writing
your essay. Your essay will be evaluated by the school paper’s moderator based on its Content,
Organization, Presentation, and Clarity.

Rubric:
Assessment Indicators of the Levels of Performance Score
Excellent Satisfactory Fair Needs Improvement
Criteria
(4) (3) (2) (1)
Content The work covers all The work covers all The work covers The work is missing
the requirements. the requirements. most the most of the
Understanding of the Understanding of the requirements. requirements.
concepts extends concepts is apparent.
beyond the scope.
Organization The work is logically The work is logically Most of the work is The work is not
organized. There is organized. logically organized. logically organized.
evidence of planning There is no evidence
beforehand. of planning
beforehand.
Presentation The work is neatly The work is neatly Most of the work is The work was not
done. The use of a done. The use of a neatly done. neatly done. There
theme or design is theme or design is was no evidence of
apparent, and present. tidying up.
consistent.
Clarity The message is easy The message is easy Most of the message The message is
to understand. The to understand. is understandable. mostly vague. There
effective use of There are a few are several errors.
English language is errors.
apparent.
TOTAL

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The Importance of Adaptation Essay

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 60 of 62

 Key to Answer

Launch Pad: Parts of the Brain Launch Pad: Parts of the Endocrine System

a. Frontal lobe f. Cerebellum a. Hypothalamus f. Thymus gland

b. Somatomotor cortex g. Spinal cord b. Pineal gland g. Adrenal gland
c. Somatosensory cortex h. Medulla oblongata c. Pituitary gland h. Pancreas
d. Parietal lobe i. Temporal lobe d. Parathyroid gland i. Ovary
e. Occipital lobe j. Skull e. Thyroid gland j. Testis

Launch Pad: Reproduction Launch Pad: Bodily Functions

1. B 6. D 1. Respiration 6. Lacrimation
2. D 7. C 2. Digestion 7. Perspiration
3. C 8. B 3. Reproduction 8. Growth
4. B 9. D 4. Excretion 9. Sleep
5. B 10. C 5. Lactation 10. Immune Response

Launch Pad: Codes Self-Test: The Nervous System

1. Ribosome 1. Neurons 6. Astrocytes 11. Parasympathetic

2. Translation 2. Axon 7. Sympathetic 12. Brain
3. Deoxyribonucleic 3. Autonomic 8. Motor neurons 13. Sympathetic
4. Messenger 4. Parasympathetic 9. Central 14. Cerebrospinal fluid
5. Transcription 5. Microglia 10. Somatic 15. Sympathetic

Self-Test: The Endocrine System Self-Test: The Reproductive System

1. Insulin 6. Endorphin 1. C
2. Progesterone 7. Pancreas 2. C
3. Mammary glands 8. Testes 3. C
4. Kidneys 9. Lacrimal gland 4. B
5. Ovary 10. Melatonin 5. D

Self-Test: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis Self-Test: Genetic Mutations

1. Adenine 6. Stop codon 1. Deletion 6. Mutagens

2. Ribose 7. Uracil 2. Duplication 7. Hemophilia A
3. Nucleotides 8. Transfer RNA 3. Translocation 8. Cri-du-chat
4. RNA polymerase 9. Peptide 4. Inversion 9. Radiation
5. Transcription factors 10. True 5. Insertion 10. Duplication

Self-Test: Evolution

1. Competition 6. Evolution
2. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck 7. Structural evidence
3. Embryological evidence 8. Species
4. Theory of Need 9. Amino acids
5. Charles Darwin 10. Adaptation

JHS Learning Module 2021 – 2022 | Page 61 of 62

 References
References

Department of Education. (2016). K to 12 Curriculum Guide Science.

Department of Education. (2020). K to 12 Most Essential Learning Competencies with Corresponding CG Codes.
Retrieved from Department of Education - Commons: https://commons.deped.gov.ph/K-to-12-MELCS-with-
CG-Codes.pdf
Gregorio, J. B., Avilla, R. A., & Santos, M. D. (2018). Practical Science 10. Makati City: DIWA Learning Systems Inc.
Schoolbag. (n.d.). Biology of Humans. Retrieved from Schoolbag: https://schoolbag.info/biology/humans/12.html
Wakim, S., & Grewal, M. (2020, May). Homeostasis and Feedback. Retrieved from Biology Libretexts:
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book
%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/10%3A_Introduction_to_the_Human_Body/10.7%3A_Homeosta
sis_and_Feedback

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