09ii - C&S SPECS

GNG CONSULTANTS PTE. LTD.
3791 Jalan Bukit Merah, E-Centre @ Redhill #10-23, Singapore 159471

Tel: 6274 0311, Fax: 6274 0310
PROPOSED ADDITIONS & ALTERATIONS TO EXISTING 2

STOREY ENVELOPE CONTROL DETACHED DWELLING
HOUSE ON LOT 99835P MK 16 AT 5 WILMONAR AVENUE
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
GNG CONSULTANTS PTE. LTD.
3791 Jalan Bukit Merah, E-Centre @ Redhill #10-23, Singapore 159471
Tel: 6274 0311, Fax: 6274 0310
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. GENERAL
2. PRECONDITION SURVEY
3. GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
4. DEMOLITION WORKS
5. EARTHWORKS
6. EXCAVATION WORKS
. 3,/,1* WORKS
. CONCRETOR - BUILDING WORKS
. STRUCTURAL STEELWORK
.WATER PROOF
1. EXTERNAL WORKS - SURFACE DRAINAGE
1. EXTERNAL WORKS - ROADWORKS
1. EXTERNAL WORKS - TESTING
GENERAL MATTERS
GENERAL
INDEX TO SPECIFICATION
CLAUSE Page
1.0 Consulting Engineer............................................................................................................ 1
2.0 General Conditions ............................................................................................................. 1
3.0 Eurocodes And Codes Of Practice ..................................................................................... 1
4.0 Contractor's Plant Attached To Building ............................................................................. 1
5.0 Loading In Excess Of Design Load .................................................................................... 2
6.0 Safety And Working Conditions .......................................................................................... 2
7.0 Setting Out .......................................................................................................................... 2
8.0 Materials.............................................................................................................................. 2
9.0 Defective Work.................................................................................................................... 3

GENERAL MATTERS
GENERAL
1.0 CONSULTING ENGINEER
1.1 The Consulting Civil and Structural Engineers are GNG CONSULTANTS PTE LTD,
and the term "Engineer" in the following Specification means the representative of the
Consulting Engineers.
2.0 GENERAL CONDITIONS
2.1 The Contractor shall construct the work in strict accordance with the Specifications and
the working drawings supplied by the Engineer and shall comply with all written
instructions and directions given from time to time by the Engineer.
2.2 The work shall be carried out in accordance with the requirements of Eurocodes,
Singapore Standards and Codes of Practice, the Building Regulations and Local Bye
Laws and to the satisfaction of the Local Building Authorities empowered to control the
work.
2.3 Materials complying with foreign standards may be accepted, subject to the Engineer's
approval, if unobtainable to Eurocodes.
3.0 EUROCODES AND CODES OF PRACTICE
3.1 Any reference in the following Specification to a Eurocodes (EC), Singapore Standards
or Code of Practice (C.P.) shall imply the latest version at the time of tender of the
applicable Standard or Code of Practice. The requirements of the Specification takes
precedence over the requirements of EC or C.P.
4.0 CONTRACTOR'S PLANT ATTACHED TO BUILDING
4.1 If the Contractor proposes to use climbing tower cranes or any type of plant which
places any loads on the permanent structure, he must furnish all details of such plant to
the Engineer for approval before the work is actually commenced. If approved by the
Engineer, the structure will be strengthened to carry such loads and the Contractor shall
be responsible for any resulting additional design and construction costs.
4.2 The Contractor shall also be responsible for making good, to the satisfaction of the
Engineer, any damage to the permanent structure which may be caused by his plant.
GENERAL MATTERS
5.0 LOADING IN EXCESS OF DESIGN LOAD
5.1 No loading in excess of the design loading shall be placed on any portion of the
structures without the written permission of the Engineer. If such permission is granted,
all beams or other members of the structure which are subjected to loading, other than
the designed loading, shall be strengthened and supported to the satisfaction of the
Local Authority and the Engineer. The Contractor shall be responsible for any resulting
additional design and construction costs. The Contractor shall be responsible for
making good to the satisfaction of the Engineer any damage to the permanent structure
which may be caused by such excess loading.
6.0 SAFETY AND WORKING CONDITIONS
6.1 The Contractor is to fully comply with all the safety requirements of the latest Factories
Act (Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction Regulations) and all
other relevant local bye-laws, acts, regulations, etc.
6.2 The working times are to conform to the authorities' requirements and the Contractor
shall be responsible for obtaining permission to work beyond these times if necessary to
complete the works as set out in the agreed programme.
6.3 The Contractor shall also comply with authorities' requirements regarding the removal
and discharge of any spoil, debris or other materials.
7.0 SETTING OUT
7.1 The Contractor shall be responsible for accurately setting out the works to the specified
positions, dimensions, levels, and Building Lines and also checking the site survey for
dimensional and level accuracy and reporting any discrepancies before construction
and building work commences. Any errors in position, level, dimension or alignment of
any part of the works at any time shall be rectified by the Contractor at his own
expense. The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with all facilities, equipment and
labour to enable him to check the setting out and levels of the works at all times. The
checking of any setting out point, line or level by the Engineer shall not in any way
relieve the Contractor of his responsibility. All setting out points, benchmarks, site rails,
pegs and other survey points shall be clearly marked and protected from damage or
disturbance during the execution of the works.
7.2 The setting out shall be carried out by a licensed surveyor and an as-built drawing shall
be prepared and six copies forwarded to the Engineer.
8.0 MATERIALS
8.1 The quality of the Works throughout and of workmanship generally is to be to the entire
satisfaction of the Engineer.
8.2 These Specifications shall equally apply to additional work where variations have been
authorised by the Engineer under the terms and conditions of the Contract.
GNG CONSULTANTS PTE LTD

GENERAL MATTERS
8.3 Descriptions and composition of materials and workmanship throughout are, unless
otherwise noted, applicable to all trades. Items referred to in one trade are deemed to
refer to any other trades where applicable.
8.4 All materials and workmanship are to comply with the latest relevant Singapore or
Eurocodes Specification and/or Code of Practice where applicable which are
hereinafter abbreviated as 'S.S' 'EC' and 'C.P.' respectively. The Contractor is deemed
to be conversant with the relevant S.S. and C.P. referred to and shall allow for
complying therewith.
8.5 All materials or articles specified to be of proprietary manufacture may be substituted by

a material of a different manufacture provided that such substituted materials are similar
in design, detail, shape and quality to those specified and are equally suitable for the
purpose for which they are required and that approval of the substitution is obtained in
writing from the Engineer. Where materials are substituted at the Contractor's own
request there shall be no admissable increase in price.
8.6 Where proprietary materials are specified, these are to be used and/or fixed, strictly in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and/or printed instructions.
8.7 All materials shall be new and approved by the Engineer before use in the work.
8.8 All materials which do not comply with this Contract shall be removed from the site at
the Contractor's own expense.
8.9 If during the course of the Contract, certain materials required for use in the Works
should be unobtainable despite best efforts of the Contractor, then the Contractor may
offer for the approval of the Engineer substitute materials.
8.10 The substitute materials, although not complying fully with the Specifications, must
nevertheless be suitable and appropriate for use in the Works. Acceptance or refusal of
such substitute materials shall be at the sole discretion of the Engineer.
8.11 In the event of acceptance of the substitute materials, a suitable price reduction shall be
made in respect of decreases in quality or value but no price addition shall be made in
respect of increase in quality or value. In the event of refusal of the substitute materials,
the Contractor shall not be relieved of any of his obligations under the Contract.
9.0 DEFECTIVE WORK
9.1 Any defective work, materials and also deviations from the working details in respect of
setting out, correct lines and levels, verticality, sizes, thickness of members and or any
other dimensional variation of any kind whatsoever, shall be removed and
reconstructed or otherwise rectified to the approval of the Engineer. The Contractor
shall be responsible for all additional cost and time incurred. All such remedial work
shall be executed without undue delay.

PRECONDITION SURVEY, INSTRUMENTATION & MONITORING
PRECONDITION SURVEY, INSTRUMENTATION AND

MONITORING
CLAUSE PAGE
1.0 General.................................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Precondition Survey ................................................................................................................ 1
3.0 The Extent Of Instrumentation & Monitoring ........................................................................... 1
4.0 Installation Of Monitoring Instruments ....................................................................................4
5.0 Recording Of Data & Reporting .............................................................................................. 4
6.0 Maintenance............................................................................................................................ 4
7.0 Handover................................................................................................................................. 4

PRECONDITION SURVEY, INSTRUMENTATION AND

MONITORING
1.0 GENERAL
1.1 Scope of Work
The work comprises the precondition survey and the provision, installation, monitoring
and reporting of instrumentation and monitoring devices.
The contractor is to note that when the term Engineer is referred to in the following
Specification, such term shall be deemed to mean the Architect as defined in the
Articles of Agreement or any other person designated in writing by the Architect from
time to time to exercise the power of the Architect as required.
2.0 PRECONDITION SURVEY
The contractor must prepare a full precondition survey including photographic record of all
buildings, streets and underground services likely to be affected by temporary and/or permanent
works on the site.
Sections of the report relating to individual owners of the buildings must be distributed to the
owners, prior to commencing any works on site. The contractor must confirm in writing to BCA
when this requirement has been complied with.
The overall precondition survey, certified by the contractors P.E. must be submitted to the
engineer, not later than two weeks prior to any works commencing on site. A copy of the
complete report must be retained on site.
Any delays in the issuing of the building permit due to an either incomplete report, or a report
unacceptable to the authorities remains the full responsibility of the contractor.
3.0 THE EXTENT OF INSTRUMENTATION & MONITORING
The monitoring will include the following instrumentation :
x Inclinometers
x Piezometers
x Vibration Sensors
x Load Cells
x Heave Points
x Settlement Points
x Manual Survey
Where an MRT line, viaduct or overhead bridge exists in the vicinity of the site all additional
requirements of the relevant authorities must be complied with. In the case of an MRT line the
contractor must undertake all additional monitoring required by the authority and this will also
include tunnel alignment.
GNG CONSULTANTS PTE LTD Page 1

The contractor must allow adequate time to procure and install the instrumentation and
subsequently provide initial readings prior to construction commencing.
3.1 Inclinometers
Inclinometers, spread around the perimeter of the excavation, will be installed in the
temporary wall system or diaphragm wall itself, as applicable. These will monitor the
deflection of the walls caused by the earth pressure, water pressure and other loads
acting on the soil mass.
Inclinometers shall be installed such that the lower end is fixed in a rigid stratum and to
a depth beyond the toe of the temporary wall or diaphragm wall.
The requirements for the inclinometer are as follows :
x Depth of tube greater than temporary wall/diaphragm wall.

x Working range r30q of vertical.
x Linearity r.02% full scale.
x Temperature range -5qC to +60qC
x Shock resistance 1000g for 4ms
To protect the installation from accident or vandalism is of the utmost importance. It

shall be done to manufactuUHU¶s recommendations, and protection of these shall be the
sole responsibility of the contractor.
3.2 Piezometers
Piezometers shall be in place and calibrated two weeks before main excavation work
starts. They shall be installed at about 1m from the external diaphragm wall/temporary
wall system face as soon as practicable after the wall system has been installed.
The piezometer shall measure positive pore water pressure with an accuracy of not
less than 0.5% full scale r0.2m head of water and a resolution of 0.1m head of water.
Piezometers shall be installed and readings taken to PDQXIDFWXUHU¶s instructions.
The piezometric pressure should not be reduced by more than 10 kPa during
construction in any of the piezometers. Should the drop in pressure approach this
value, then the Contractor shall immediately notify the Engineer and the Contractor
must take immediate action to prevent damage to relevant structures.
3.3 Vibration Sensors
A plan locating all vibration monitoring sensors must be prepared by the contractors
P.E. All buildings/structures likely to be affected by either temporary or permanent
works must be included and sensors installed.
The equipment must be able to measure peak particle velocities. The vibration
monitors must automatically record and store in memory all vibrations above the
threshold.
The threshold level of vibration to be determined by the contractors P.E. will be a

warning level of vibration, suggested as 75% of the limiting maximum acceptable. The
maximum acceptance vibration must avoid damage to surrounding buildings/structures

etc. DIN 41520 should be used as guide. The contractors P.E. remains responsible for
determining the acceptable limiting maximum which will be selected based on the
condition/form of construction of surrounding buildings etc.
The vibration monitoring plan, also stating both threshold and limiting peak particle
velocities, must be submitted not later than 2 weeks before any temporary or
permanent work commences on site.
3.4 Load Cells
Load cells are to be used for measuring forces in the struts and braces of a strutted
excavation. It is very important to ensure that struts and bracing are accepting loads
and performing their tasks; also whether these members accept greater than designed
loads (indicating that additional struts/bracing may be required).
Measurements of this type would also complement inclinometer readings.
The contractors shall submit details of this proposed method of measurement and
propose load cells to the Engineer for approval.
3.5 Heave Points
When a soil is unloaded by excavation, it initially heaves elastically. If the excavation

remains open for a significant period, additional heave (of fine grained soils) will occur.
A base failure is always preceded by a marked heave of the bottom of the excavation.
If such heave is observed remedial measures can be taken before an accident occurs.
To check the actual behaviour, the total heave at points below the bottom of the
excavation shall be measured.
3.6 Settlement Markers
These are essentially benchmarks for manual survey, not instruments. They shall be
placed and initially surveyed before any construction work begins. For roads and
related features survey points must be on a 5 metre grid in accordance with LTA
requirements.
Their purpose is to gather information on settlements caused by temporary and

permanent construction, the possible drop in the pore pressure and by excavation.
Their position shall be selected carefully in the vicinity of services/structures likely to be

affected by settlement, e.g. houses of brickwork construction without piled foundation,
road kerbs or sensitive underground services (sewer for example).
Surface settlement points shall be installed around the excavation perimeter and
perpendicular to it.
The contractor must propose details of the settlement markers. They shall be installed
to a reasonable depth in the ground to prevent movement caused by the wetting of the
top soil.
It is important that the contractor provides protection to these benchmarks in the form of
hoardings and signs to ensure that these benchmarks will not be damaged or interfered
with. The hoarding shall be around the benchmark and about one metre therefrom.
3.7 Manual Survey

It is proposed that in the first two weeks after installation, the settlement marks be
surveyed once weekly then fortnightly (or as directed by the Engineer from time to
time).
4.0 INSTALLATION OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
Correct installation of the instruments is a prerequisite to reliable functioning. It is therefore

required that the installation be done by the supplier or if it is not possible, by a company
experienced in working with geotechnical instruments.
The protection of the instruments during construction has to be particularly emphasised. Loss
of certain instruments, for whatever reasons, has to be prevented by every possible means.
5.0 RECORDING OF DATA & REPORTING
Records of all readings have to be kept up to date on the site for inspection at any time.
Records shall be kept in the FRQWUDFWRU¶s site office and at the office of the Resident Engineer.
For instruments which need a special read out unit, it is proposed that the readings be made
either by the VXSSOLHU¶s personnel or by persons properly trained by the supplier. Such
instruments are:
x Inclinometers
x Piezometers
x Vibration sensors
All records/data must be certified by the contractors P.E and submitted to the engineer within
one week.
Vibration sensors shall be computerised and daily report files shall be collected by the Resident
Engineer.
Settlement points shall be surveyed by a registered surveyor at intervals determined by the

contractors P.E. and as agreed with the Engineer.
Each instrument shall be assigned an identification number. This number shall be indicated on :
x The drawing of instrumentation layouts

x The instrument itself
x The records of measurements
6.0 MAINTENANCE
All instruments shall be maintained in good working order. Protection of instruments shall be
provided by the Contractor and any damage to the equipment or survey marks shall be rectified
by the contractor at his own expense.
7.0 HANDOVER
(Note this section is only applicable if the contractor who has installed and operated the
instrumentation for a period of time is not the main contractor).

The entire monitoring system will be handed over to the main building contractor. The
contractor shall allow a rate for maintaining the equipment and periodical reading of the
instruments between the practical completion of the Foundation Contract and the handover to
the Main Contractor. All instruments are to be in good working order and all survey marks are
to be clearly visible.
A full copy of the relevant manuals and instructions for the various equipment shall be supplied
by the contractor. A copy of all measurements and base readings is to be provided by the
contractor.
The contractor shall set aside the required time to brief the Main Contractor of the history of the
monitoring any instructions with regard to reading equipment.

GEOTECHNICAL INVESTIGATION
CLAUSE Page
1.0 Description Of Works .................................................................................................. 1
2.0 General Conditions...................................................................................................... 1
3.0 Boring And Field Investigation..................................................................................... 3
4.0 Soil Sampling............................................................................................................... 4
5.0 Rock Sampling ............................................................................................................ 4
6.0 Groundwater Observations ......................................................................................... 5
7.0 Completion And Backfilling Of Boreholes ................................................................... 6
8.0 Test Pits....................................................................................................................... 7
9.0 Borehole Records........................................................................................................ 7
10.0 Final Borehole Logs..................................................................................................... 9
11.0 In-Situ Testing ............................................................................................................. 9
12.0 Laboratory Tests........................................................................................................ 10
13.0 Reporting Test Results .............................................................................................. 10
14.0 Report & Recommendations ..................................................................................... 13
15.0 Alternative Programme.............................................................................................. 15
Provisional Bill Of Quantities ................................................................................16-19

1.0 DESCRIPTION OF WORKS
1.1 The location of site and boreholes are shown on the attached plans. A total of
xxxxxx boreholes are Provisionally included. Actual work done shall be
remeasured and paid in accordance with the rates in the Bills.
1.2 The Proposed Development comprises xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx In this

section, type of framing and number of basements must be included
1.3 The purpose of this investigation is to explore the sub surface geotechnical
conditions at the site and to make recommendations for a suitable foundation
system for the structures and non-suspended walkways, aprons, roadworks,
culverts, drains, sewer lines and other services which may be affected by
ground settlement.
1.4 The payment shall be made upon satisfactory completion of work and
submission of xxxxxx copies of the Final Report.
2.1 All field works, insitu and laboratory tests and recommendations for design
shall conform to currently applicable appropriate Eurocodes (SS EN 1997-2
and other applicable standards).
2.2 The equipment brought to site shall be capable of drilling through all soil
conditions (including drilling through rock/boulders) which are expected to be
encountered at the site and capable of drilling to the bed rock depth, up to
120m.
2.3 The maximum depth of the boreholes shall be determined by the Engineer in
consultation with the Drilling Contractor. No Extra payment shall be made to
the contractor for drilling to depth exceeding that ordered by the Engineer.
2.4 The Engineer reserves the right to increase or decrease the numbers of
Provisional boreholes and their depth based on the information obtained from
the first few boreholes .
2.5 The Contractor shall have his surveyor on site to set up the boreholes at
specified locations and establish their RL at the top and termination of
boreholes, with reference to standard and documented Benchmarks.
2.6 The Contractor shall make his own arrangements for water and electricity for
the contract works and the rates quoted, shall be deemed to include, for this
Provision.

2.7 Upon completion of the lab tests, all samples and soil cores shall be carefully
sealed and shall be retained by the Contractor for Consultants reviews. These
samples shall be kept in carefully labelled and core-boxes for complete
identification. These core-boxes shall be delivered to the Engineer's office, if
required for inspection.
2.8 The Contractor shall have on his site staff, a geotechnical Engineer,
Engineering geologist or Engineer fully experienced in site investigation work
who shall supervise the fieldwork and continuously log the field data. A Senior
specialist shall make frequent visits to the site and shall be readily available for
consultation to both the drillers & the Engineer.
2.9 The Contractor shall engage an approved geotechnical Consulting firm who
shall re-examine all soil samples, stratification description, undertake all
laboratory tests or supervise and review the lab test results and write the final
Report and Recommendations for the foundations, ground retention system
and all other geotechnical aspects of the project.
2.10 The Contractor shall at the time of tender, submit names of 2 geotechnical
firms which he proposes to use for the purpose, including the CV of the
Principal Consultant, for approval of the Engineer. As an alternative to clause
2.9, 2.10 contractors with in house professional geotechnical consulting
expertise may submit CVs of qualified, experienced personnel for approval, in
lieu of using an external consultant.
2.11 The Contractor shall not foul the atmosphere, any river, stream, watercourse
or sewer and shall comply with all requirements of the local Authorities. He
shall make provisions for the discharge or disposal from the Works or
Temporary Works of all water waste products and spoil however arising. The
method of disposal shall be to the satisfaction of the Engineer and of any other
Authority or person having an interest in any land or watercourse over or in
which water and waste products may be discharged.
2.12 The requirements of this specification shall not limit any of the Contractor's
statutory obligations or liabilities under local regulations.
2.13 The Access to site shall be controlled by the client and the Contractor shall
conform to the instructions from the client or Engineer on his behalf,
concerning the Access.
2.14 The Contractor shall take all reasonable precautions to avoid damage to
services above and below ground, such as sewers, drains, gas and water
mains,electricity and other cables and all structures above and below ground.
He shall be solely responsible for any damage caused to the services. The
location of existing services if shown in site plan is approximate and for the
guidance of the contractor only.
2.15 Upon Completion of each borehole the contractor shall fill each borehole as
specified in Clause 7.0.

2.16 The Contractor shall ascertain from the local authority and statutory boards the
information available concerning services and structures before commencing
work on the site. Where underground services or structures are thought to
exist in the immediate vicinity of the position of a borehole, a test pit shall be
dug and taken to such a depth that it is reasonably certain that all underground
services and structures have been uncovered. After this, normal boring may
proceed. Such test pits to a depth of 3m shall be deemed to be included in the
cost of each borehole. No additional claims will be payable.
2.17 All water standpipes shall be adequately protected to allow readings to

continue subsequently. The Contractor shall in his rates allow for monitoring
standpipes daily, including 2 weeks after completion of field work.
2.18 The Contractor shall submit with his tender, a Programme showing the time
required for field work, Testing and Preparation of final report to fit within the
Contract Period allowed.
3.0 BORING AND FIELD INVESTIGATION
3.1 All boreholes shall be supported with casing as may be necessary to prevent
collapse of the sides. The Contractor shall carry out the work in such a way
that the groundwater levels over the site are not generally affected and shall
take all necessary precautions to prevent surface water entering the boreholes.
3.2 Boring in soils and in rocks where specified shall be to a minimum diameter of
100mm and shall be undertaken either by rotary wash boring or by a rotary
power auger of a type which enables samples of at least 75mm dia to be
obtained using open or piston samplers as specified in SS EN 1997-2 or
equivalent ASTM. Drilling in rocks shall be undertaken by rotary coring
methods to obtain cores of not less than 75mm diameter.
3.3 Dry auger boring or percussion method shall be used until the groundwater
level is encountered. If hard stratum is encountered above the ground water
level, boring by other methods may be used as instructed by the Engineer and
as specified in clause 3.5 and 3.6 below.
3.4 If an obstruction in the form of bedrock, boulder, concrete, brickwork, timber or

other natural or man-made object is encountered which prevents further
progress in boring, the Contractor shall attempt to break through the
obstruction by chiselling. If the size or composition of the obstruction is such
that little or no progress is made by chiselling, the Contractor shall consult with
the Engineer who may instruct him to use rotary coring methods to drill through
and obtain cores of the obstruction, in which case the cores shall have a
diameter of not less than stated in the particular specification. If the boring
shows that the obstruction is bedrock, the rotary core drilling shall be continued
to the depth with the specified diameter as required by the Engineer to prove
the continuity and engineering characteristics of the formation.
3.5 If the obstruction is shown to be boulder, ledge of rock or other object

underlain by soil, the Contractor shall consult and agree with the Engineer the
use of one of the lines of action:

3.5.1 Chisel out the cored borehole through the obstruction sufficient to
allow boring, in-situ sampling and testing to continue beneath the
obstruction.
3.5.2 Continue the boring by rotary core drilling to the required depth of the
borehole with the diameters referred to in the Particular Specification.
Then the Contractor shall consult with the Engineer as to whether or
not it is necessary to obtain samples of the soil in the nearby borehole
at the levels beneath the obstruction.
3.5.3 Abandon the borehole and drill one additional borehole nearby to
obtain the necessary samples at no extra cost.
3.6 Each borehole shall be carried to at least such depth as to get 3 consecutive
SPTs 100 or more for 300mm Penetration.
4.0 SOIL SAMPLING
4.1 Undisturbed samples of soils shall be obtained at each change of stratum and
at a spacing of 1.5m for the first fifteen metres and at 2.0metre intervals
thereafter in each borehole, unless otherwise instructed by the Engineer. For
very soft to medium stiff cohesive soil, open tube, piston sampler or equivalent
sampler shall be used. However, for stiff to very stiff soil, denison sampler, U-
type sampler or equivalent sampler may be used.
4.2 Standard penetration tests, as specified in clause CL 11.2, shall be carried out
on all soil at intervals of 1.5/2.0 metres and in each stratum encountered, as
specified in Clause 4.1.
4.3 Where undisturbed soil samples cannot be recovered, the contractor shall
recover disturbed samples of soil from the boring tools. The samples shall be
obtained at such spacing as to ensure that samples from the boreholes, either
in the form of undisturbed or disturbed, are obtained for every 1.5/2.0 metre
depth bored. The minimum weight of disturbed samples shall be as specified
in SS EN 1997-2.
5.0 ROCK SAMPLING
5.1 Rotary power auger method
Where boreholes are bored into rock using rotary wash boring or rotary power
auger equipment, core samples of rock shall be obtained on encountering the
rock stratum, at each change of rock stratum and at intervals of not less than
1m in the boreholes.
The samples shall weigh not less than 0.5 kg each and shall be labelled and
stored in accordance with the procedure described in SS EN 1997-2.

5.2 Rotary coring method
Where boreholes are bored using rotary coring methods, rock cores not less
than NMLC size shall be extracted. After being brought to the surface, they
shall be removed from the core barrel by methods designed to cause the least
possible further disturbance. Where split inner core barrels are not in use, the
core shall be extracted by means of steadily applied pressure. Extraction by
means of hammering the barrel or explosive extrusion under high air pressure
or water pressures will not be permitted. After extrusion, the core shall be
photographed and placed in a purpose-made core box.
6.0 GROUNDWATER OBSERVATIONS
6.1 When groundwater is encountered in a borehole, the Contractor shall

immediately cease boring and observe and record any movement in the level
of the groundwater. Boring shall cease for half an hour, at the end of which
period the water level shall again be recorded. The Engineer's instruction shall
then be sought and, if required by him, a standpipe or piezometer shall be
installed on completion of the borehole (as detailed in this clause).
6.2 Samples of groundwater shall be taken as directed by the Engineer.
6.3 Changes in water level in any deeper aquifers shall be observed and recorded
in a manner similar to that already specified. Records of groundwater levels
shall be made as specified in clause CL 9.1, and in all cases, shall be referred
to the datum used for the Works.
6.4 If casing is used and this forms a seal against the entry of groundwater, the
Contractor shall record the depth at which no further entry or only insignificant
infiltration of water occurs.
6.5 If it is necessary to add water to the borehole to facilitate boring, this shall be
used sparingly and not in such a manner as to prevent accurate observation of
the groundwater conditions in the borehole.
6.6 The Contractor shall install standpipes in boreholes to the numbers and depths
required by the Engineer. A standpipe shall comprise a rigid polyvinyl chloride
(PVC) 0.6m long perforated pipe of 50mm diameter having at its lower end an
approved standard section.
6.7 The Contractor shall install casagrande or equivalent type of piezometers in

boreholes to the numbers and depths required by the Engineer. The
piezometer consists of porous piezometer top and appropriate length of 25mm
diameter PVC pipe. The piezometer and attachment shall be tested for leaks
in accordance with manufacturer's recommendation prior to installation.

6.8 The drilled hole shall be flushed until return water runs clear and the water from
the hole shall be pumped out prior to installation of standpipes or piezometers.
The perforated portion of standpipe or porous piezometer tip or filter shall be
surrounded by sand or sand and gravel mixture graded in such a manner as to
prevent entry of soil particles into the filter. A layer of the graded mixture
should be placed in the bottom of the borehole prior to lowering the standpipe
or piezometer. The sand or sand and gravel mixture shall be placed in position
before withdrawing the borehole casing.
6.9 Where instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor shall fill the annulus above
the filter with a 0.5m deep layer of bentonite-cement grout. A plug of stiff
bentonite, in the form of balls dropped down the borehole, shall be carefully
tamped into place, followed by pumping down of bentonite-cement grout to fill
the borehole to a level of at least 0.5m above the filter element. The Engineer
may also instruct the Contractor to form a plug of bentonite-cement mix of stiff
plastic consistency to be carefully tamped into place beneath the level of the
standpipe to form a seal against upward flow of groundwater into the standpipe
from a deeper aquifer. The top of the standpipe shall be provided with a
screwed cap, which shall not be less than 150mm below ground level. The
cap shall be protected by a short length of 150mm pipe set vertically with its
upper end covered by a paving slab set flush with the ground surface.
6.10 While on the site, the Contractor shall take daily readings of water levels in all
standpipes or, if so directed, at more frequent intervals. He shall also, where
directed by the Engineer and as required by the specification, return to the site
at intervals to make additional water level readings. He shall be responsible for
the satisfactory installation and performance of the standpipes and
piezometers.
6.11 The measured water level, elevation of the tip of standpipe or piezometers
together with date and time of reading shall be reported to the Engineer and
also shall be included in the report.
7.0 COMPLETION AND BACKFILLING OF BOREHOLES
7.1 The termination of boreholes and the start of backfilling shall be approved by
the Engineer unless he has given prior instructions on the depth at which the
boreholes are to be terminated.
7.2 The soil backfilled into the boreholes shall be placed in layers, each successive
layer being tamped by the boring tools. The surface shall be reinstated to
original.
7.3 Where instructed by the Engineer, the boreholes shall be backfilled with
3
concrete having a cement content of not less than 250 kg/m .
7.4 Backfilling shall be done as the casing is withdrawn.

8.0 TEST PITS
2
8.1 Test pits having a plan area of not less than 1.5m shall be excavated in
positions as instructed by the Engineer. The Contractor shall provide all
pumping and take all measures (e.g. sheet piling and timbering) to ensure
stability of the adjacent structures or installations and safe conditions for
descent into and working in the pits. While observations are in progress, the
Contractor shall take all necessary steps to exclude water from the test pits.
Where instructed plate loading tests shall be performed in the specified pits
and load/settlement graphs submitted to the Engineer.
9.0 BOREHOLE RECORDS
9.1 The Contractor shall supply to the Engineer not later than noon on the following
working day a journal of each day's boring. Where boring is by rotary power
auger or rotary wash method, the journal shall state :
9.1.1 date and times of boring
9.1.2 borehole number
9.1.3 ground level at position of boring
9.1.4 type of plant used and method of boring
9.1.5 diameter of boring
9.1.6 diameter and depths of casing
9.1.7 all water levels encountered, including measurements of fluctuation of

adjacent tidal waters, lakes or rivers.
9.1.8 depths at which groundwater was sealed off or loss of drilling water
9.1.9 level at which groundwater was standing at commencement and

termination of working day (where a boring is on land but is near tidal
waters the level of which varies the level of those waters is to be
recorded at intervals throughout the day)
9.1.10 levels at which water, if any, was added to borehole
9.1.11 levels of water in standpipes
9.1.12 depths of base of each stratum from ground level and a preliminary
description of the strata
9.1.13 depths at which samples of all types were taken and a preliminary
description of the soil sample
9.1.14 records of in-situ tests made and instrumentation installed
9.1.15 time for chiselling through obstructions and weight of chisel

9.1.16 other relevant remarks
9.2 Where boring is by rotary coring methods, the journal shall state:
9.2.1 date and times of boring
9.2.2 borehole number
9.2.3 ground level at position of boring
9.2.4 type of plant used and method of operation, including details of the
type of flushing
9.2.5 type of core barrel and bit
9.2.6 depth of bore hole at start and end of working day or shift as relevant
9.2.7 depth of "start" and "finish" of each core run
9.2.8 depth and size of casing at start and end of each core run
9.2.9 core diameter and changes in core size
9.2.10 state of bit
9.2.11 time to drill each core run
9.2.12 character and proportion of each flush return
9.2.13 level at which groundwater was observed at commencement and

termination of the working day. Where a boring is on land but is near
tidal water of near fluctuating water-level, the level of such water is to
be recorded at intervals throughout the day.
9.2.14 base level of each stratum from ground level and a preliminary
description of the strata
9.2.15 total core recovery and rock quality designation with information as to
possible location of core loss
9.2.16 details of in-situ tests carried out and instrumentation installed
9.2.17 other relevant remarks

10.0 FINAL BOREHOLE LOGS
10.1 After completion of all soil tests and a visual examination of all the samples in
the laboratory, final borehole logs shall be prepared which shall include a grid
or topographical reference of the boreholes and details similar to those in
clause CL 9 but corrected in view of all the information finally available by a
qualified soils engineer or engineering geologist. The soil and rock
descriptions shall conform to SS EN 1997-2 or unified soil classification
system.
10.2 In the case of cores obtained by rotary drilling methods, the final borelogs shall,
in addition to the information required under clause CL 9, include the following
:-
x condition of each core run in terms of percentage recovery and rock quality
designation, i.e. the percentage of solid core received in pieces longer than
100mm
x definition of the rock type, its alteration state and relative strength; details
of the natural discontinuities and rock structures
11.0 IN-SITU TESTING
11.1 Field Vane Shear Test
Field vane shear test shall be carried out in accordance with SS EN 1997-2 or
ASTM D2573-72
11.2 Standard Penetration Test
The standard penetration test shall be carried out in accordance with BS 1377,
test 19 or ASTM D1586-84. If, in spite of all the precautions specified to avoid
carrying out the test in loosened soil, there is good reason to believe that
unrealistically low results are being obtained or soil flows into the borehole so
fast as to prevent the test being carried out, the Contractor shall report the
matter to the Engineer and seek his instruction as to whether or not an
alternative test is to be undertaken. SPT tests are to be carried one at 1.5m
centres for the first 15m and thereafter at 2.0m intervals.
11.3 Dutch Cone Penetration Test
The penetrometer for the static cone penetration test shall consist of a rod with
a cone and a sleeve which surrounds the rod so arranged that both cone and
sleeve can be advanced together or independently of each other. The cone
shall have an apex angle of 60 degrees and a cross-sectional area of 0.01m2.
A mantle shall be provided above the cone.
The penetrometer shall be forced into the soil by means of a static load applied
by mechanical means using as resistance either kentledge, screw anchors or
other approved means.

11.4 Pressuremeter Test
The Contractor shall ensure that pressuremeter tests are carried out by those
competent in the testing technique and its interpretation. The tests shall be
made in boreholes as directed by the Engineer, after the results of preliminary
boreholes are available. The pressure capacity and range of volume change
of the pressuremeter shall be suitable for stiff/dense soil to lightly weathered
rock. The number of tests and the depths at which these shall be carried out
shall be the subject of discussion and agreement between the Engineer and
the Contractor.
The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with interpretation of the test data in
the form of ultimate bearing capacity and settlement under working load of
piles of various diameters.
11.5 Electric Resistivity Test
Field measurement of electric resistivity test shall be carried out in accordance

with ASTM G57-78 (1984). At least tests on 2 locations shall be carried out.
11.6 Field Permeability Test
Field permeability test on granular soil shall be carried out using constant head
method as in SS EN 1997-2. Rising head or falling head method to determine
the field permeability of cohesive soil shall be carried out in S5930: 1981-
21.4.3 as instructed by the Engineer.
12.0 LABORATORY TESTS
12.1 Laboratory tests on soils shall be undertaken in accordance with BS 1377 or

ASTM section 4.08, 1986 where applicable.
12.2 The Engineer has for the purpose of tendering, made provision for the
estimated number of tests required. The Contractor shall in Consultation with
his geotechnical Consultant, agree with the Engineer the actual number and
types of test to be carried out. The contractor shall submit a list of proposed
tests to be carried out as soon as first 2 boreholes have been completed.
13.0 REPORTING TEST RESULTS
13.1 The following information shall be submitted in the report on laboratory tests:
13.1.1 moisture content determination
moisture content expressed as percentage of the dry weight of the soil

to two significant figures

13.1.2 sieve analysis
x cumulative percentage by weight of soil passing BS test sieves

after wet sieving and drying, plotted on a particle size analysis
diagram
x weight of sample tested
13.1.3 particle size analysis by hydrometer
cumulative percentages as for sieve analysis plus percentage less than

0.2mm, 0.006mm and 0.002mm plotted on a particle size analysis
sheet.
13.1.4 plasticity indices
x history of sample, i.e. natural state, air dried or oven dried
x method used to obtain results
x percentage of material passing BS 420mm sieve
x liquid limit expressed to nearest 1%
x plastic limit expressed to nearest 1%
x plasticity index
13.1.5 one dimensional consolidation test
x Plasticity indices
x Bulk density (kg/m3) to two decimal places
x Natural moisture content to nearest 1%
x Specific gravity of soil particles to be nearest 0.01
x Diagrams of void ratio versus log of applied pressure
x Diagram showing coefficient of consolidation, post consolidation

pressure, coefficient of compressibility Cc and coefficient of
rebound Cr.
13.1.6 unconsolidated undrained triaxial compression test
x dimensions of test specimens
x Bulk density (kg/m3) to two decimal places
x Natural moisture content to nearest 1%
x cell pressure (KN/m2)

x rate of compressive strain to nearest 1%
x maximum principal stress difference (KN/m2)
x time to failure
x deviator stress/ strain curve
x Mohr's circle diagram for set of three tests and shear strength
parameters
x orientation of specimen with respect to vertical
x sample description
x plasticity index
x sketch to show mode of failure of specimens
13.1.7 consolidated undrained triaxial test with measurement of pore

pressure (CIU)
x dimensions of test specimens (mm)
x bulk density (kg/m3) to two decimal places
x natural moisture content to nearest 1%
x cell pressure (KN/m2)
x rate of compressive strain to nearest 1%
x maximum principal stress difference (KN/m2)
x time to failure
x deviator stress/ strain curve
x Mohr's circle diagram for set of three tests and shear strength
parameters
x diagrams of deviator stress, excess pore water pressure, A-

coefficient versus axial strain
x volume change versus root time
x B-coefficient measurement versus time at various back pressures
x compression index, coefficient of consolidation and coefficient of

permeability
x orientation of specimen with respect to vertical

x sample description
x plasticity index
x sketch to show mode of failure of specimens
13.1.8 direct shear test for soil
Direct shear test for soil and weak rock shall be carried out in
accordance with BS1377 ASTM 3080-72.
13.1.9 specific gravity of soil particles
x specific gravity of soil particles to be nearest 0.01
13.1.10 chemical test of ground water
x sulphate and chloride content of ground water expressed as parts

for 100,000
x pH value of ground water accurate to 0.1
14.0 REPORT & RECOMMENDATIONS
14.1 The final report, requirements of which are amplified in CL 10 and 13, and
elsewhere, shall include the following:
x Boreholes logs showing ground levels, all soil strata, SPT values and
ground water conditions;
x Simplified soil profiles;
x Plot of deep sounding test results;
x Plot of pressuremeter test results;
x Plots of all laboratory test results (except specific gravity) versus depths;
x Details of all in-situ and laboratory test results;
x Conclusions and geological interpretation of the sub-surface soil

conditions, including highest and lowest ground water table.
x Analysis and recommendation:
i) Design soil parameters and generalised soil profile;

ii) Stabilised ground water table level for design of lowest floor;
iii) For shallow foundation/mat foundation solution to provide:
- ultimate and allowable bearing capacities;

anticipated settlement (total and differential);

time/settlement behaviour;
iv) For pile foundation solution to recommend;
type of piles to be used with estimated lengths;

axial, uplift and lateral load capacity of a single and group of
piles (considering group effect);
pile driveability for driven piles and suitable construction
method for cast in-situ piles;
behaviour of piled raft foundation, if required;
anticipated negative skin friction;
maximum generated moment in the pile and pile group due to
lateral loads and applied moments;
v) Excavation for basement construction;
recommendations for temporary retaining system (sheet pile,

Diaphragm wall depths, forces and forces for design of
Bracing System)
active and passive soil pressure diagrams for temporary and

permanent walls;
possibility and estimated base heave following excavation;
effect of lowering the ground water table (due to basement

excavation) on the adjacent structures and remedial measures
to be taken;
where anchors are required for Bracing or uplift, to Calculate

the Anchor Lengths for the designated loads.
evaluate the possibility of open excavation and if likely,

undertake slip circle analysis.
vi) Basement floor
anticipated uplift pressure;

recommendations for the design of drainage system for the
anticipated uplift pressure, if required;
estimate of ground water discharge for sizing pumps.

vii) Recommendations for ground monitoring and instrumentation

during piling and Excavation works.
15.0 ALTERNATIVE PROGRAMME
15.1 The contractor at the time of tendering may propose an alternative

investigation Programme which would still enable the Contractor to submit the
final Report and Recommendations as required by the Engineer. The
Contractor must however, price the investigation programme included in the
Bills and submit his alternative separately.

PROVISIONAL BILL OF QUANTITIES
Item Description Quantity Unit Rate Amt
1.0 Mobilization and demobilization of the Lump Sum

necessary drilling rigs, and all necessary
equipment and labour
Mobilization and demobilization of the Nos

necessary drilling rigs, of 10 ton DCPT
machine, reaction mechanism and
necessary equipment and labour
2.0 Shifting and setting of drilling rig(s) from Nos

one borehole to another within the
worksite
3.0 Shifting & setting of DCPT machine Nos

(including mechanism) from one test
location to another within the work site
4.0 Drilling through clay, sand and any other

material, including rock, pavement and
slab
4.1 from ground level to 15m bgl m

4.2 from 15m to 35m bgl m
4.3 from 35m to 50m bgl m
4.4 from 50m to 120m bgl Rate Only
Balance b/f :

Balance c/f :
5.0 Making standard penetration tests and

collect disturbed soil samples at
1.5m/2.0m intervals as specified
5.1 from ground level to 15m bgl Nos
5.2 from 15m to 35m bgl Nos
5.3 from 35m to 50m bgl
6.0 Taking undisturbed samples to any

depth
6.1 from ground level to 15m bgl

i) Thinwall samples Nos
ii) Piston samples (75mm) Nos
i) Thinwall samples Nos
ii) Piston samples (75mm) Nos
iii) Dension or U type or equal Rate Only
iv) Thinwall samples Nos
v) Piston samples (75mm) Nos
vi) Dension or U type or equal Rate Only
7.0 Coring through rock with recovery 90% Rate Only

at any depth
Balance b/f :

Balance c/f :
8.0 Carry out pressuremeter tests at any Nos

depth up to 35m in the course of drilling
9.0 Carry out field vane shear test up to 10m Locations

bgl at 1.0m interval
10.0 Carry out field permeability tests at any

depth up to 35m
falling head/ rising head Nos

constant head Nos
11.0 Installation of piezometer to required Nos

depth (min 15m) in the borehole and
monitoring until stabilization of water
pressure in it
12.0 Installation of standpipes to required Nos

depth (min 15m) in the borehole and
monitoring until stabilization of water
depth and upto 2 weeks after completion
of field work
13.0 Carry out Dutch cone penetration test at Locations

locations using max 10t reaction or to
refusal
carry out Dutchcone test in the Rate only
borehole at any depth. (Rates to be
quoted per metre penetration in the
borehole)
Balance b/f:

Balance c/f
14.0 Digging test pits 1.5m x 1.5m and 2.0m Nos

deep with plate loading test
15.0 Carry out in-situ electric resistivity tests Nos
16.0 Laboratory tests

Test to be done in accordance with latest
BS and/or ASTM standards unless
stated in specification
16.1 Natural moisture content including Nos
readings as specified
16.2 Bulk density & dry density Nos
16.3 Specific gravity Nos
16.4 Gradation analysis
sieve analysis Nos
sieve & hydrometer analysis Nos
16.5 Atterberg limits Nos
16.6 Consolidation tests with at least eight Nos
loading conditions
16.7 Unconfined compression test Nos
16.8 Triaxial UU Test (multistage) Set
16.9 Triaxial CIU test Set
16.10 Shear box tests Nos
16.11 Sulphate and chloride Nos
16.12 PH Test Nos
Balance b/f:

Balance c/f:
17.0 Provision for complying with other Lump Sum

requirements (e.g. surveying, field
engineering supervision, insurance, etc)
of the specification
18.0 Provision of approved geotechnical Lump Sum

Consultant's firm
19.0 Presentation of 6 copies of report Lump Sum

including analysis and recommendations
as in clause 14
20.0 Contingency Lump Sum
Total

DEMOLITION
DEMOLITION
1.0 General Conditions .......................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Codes Of Practice............................................................................................................ 1
3.0 Contractor's Responsibility .............................................................................................. 1
4.0 Protection Of Adjacent Structure To Be Retained ........................................................... 2
5.0 Use Of Explosive Prohibited ............................................................................................ 2
6.0 Cutting Of Existing Trees ................................................................................................. 2
7.0 Treasure Trove Coins, Etc. .............................................................................................. 2
8.0 Disconnection Of Existing Services ................................................................................. 2
9.0 Demolition Of Structural Steel ......................................................................................... 3
10.0 Existing Pile Locations ..................................................................................................... 3
11.0 Materials Arising From The Demolition ........................................................................... 3
12.0 Cleaning The Works Making Good.................................................................................. 3
13.0 Interference ...................................................................................................................... 4
14.0 Inspection......................................................................................................................... 4
15.0 Safety Measures To Ensure Public Safety And Prevention Of Damage To Adjoining
Property ........................................................................................................................... 4
16.0 Permit To Commence Work ............................................................................................ 5

DEMOLITION
DEMOLITION
1.1 This technical specification shall form part of the Contract and the Contractor
shall allow for all obligations, requirements, considerations, etc. to comply with
the specification. The Contractor is also deemed to have visited the site and
fully acquainted himself as to the nature and practicability of the works. No
claims will be entertained as a result of his failure to do all of the above.
1.2 Provide all necessary temporary shoring, strutting, screening etc. necessary for
the proper execution of the demolition.
1.3 Along every sidewalk or thoroughfare bordering demolition operations, there

shall be erected a substantial barricade to the approval of the Engineer to
prevent unauthorized persons from entering the site of such operations.
1.4 Prices for all works of demolition are to include for labour, plant, tools, etc. and
materials where necessary for making good all work disturbed.
1.5 The whole of the works shall be carried out in a systematic manner and care
must be taken not to damage any property, not included in the demolition.
2.0 CODES OF PRACTICE
2.1 All demolition is to be carried out strictly in accordance with the Singapore
Standard CP11:1980 "Code of Practice on Demolition".
3.0 CONTRACTOR'S RESPONSIBILITY
3.1 Notwithstanding the fact that the Contractor has to submit to the Engineer for
approval the method to be adopted for the demolition work prior to the
commencement of its execution, the approval of any method of demolition by
the Engineer shall not in any way relieve the Contractor of his sole responsiblity
for the sufficiency and safety of the method.
3.2 The Contractor shall also be held responsible for all hand-operated or power
driven tools and other mechanical equipment used in connection with such
method of demolition at his own risk. He shall maintain the same in good
working condition during the whole operation period and shall clear the same
away from Site on Completion.
GNG CONSULTANTS PTE LTD PAGE 1

DEMOLITION
4.0 PROTECTION OF ADJACENT STRUCTURE TO BE RETAINED
4.1 The Contractor shall examine the walls of all structures adjacent to the
structure which is to be demolished, such as, examination of the thickness and
method of supporting. Where there is a reason to believe that an adjacent
structure is unsafe or liable to become unsafe, because of demolition
operations, no demolition shall be carried out until there has been provided
sheet pilings, shoring, bracing or other such beams as may be required to
ensure the stability of the adjacent structure and to prevent such structure or
other property from collapsing.
4.2 All necessary precautions, including any monitoring measures, must be

undertaken to avoid damage to existing property.
5.0 USE OF EXPLOSIVE PROHIBITED
5.1 The Contractor is warned that under any circumstances whatsoever, the use of
explosive is strictly prohibited.
6.0 CUTTING OF EXISTING TREES
6.1 Only trees indicated within the specified boundary shall be felled and up-rooted
and shall be included in this Contract.
7.0 TREASURE TROVE COINS, ETC.
Any treasure trove, coins or objects of antiquity which may be found at the site in the
execution of the works shall remain the property of the Employer. The Contractor shall
carefully take out and preserve all such objects and shall immediately or as soon as
conveniently possible after the discovery of such articles deliver the same into the
possession of the Engineer uncleaned and as excavated.
8.0 DISCONNECTION OF EXISTING SERVICES
8.1 The Contractor shall take all reasonable precautions to avoid damage to
services above and below ground, such as sewers, drains, gas and water
mains, electricity and other cables and all structures above and below ground.
He shall be solely responsible for any damage caused to the services. If
damage should occur, the Engineer and Authorities (where applicable) shall be
immediately notified and the Contractor shall repair the damage at his own
expense. The location of any existing services shown on given plans can only
be approximate and for the guidance of the contractor only.
GNG CONSULTANTS PTE LTD General Specifications - 2012 PAGE 2

DEMOLITION
8.2 All electrical cable and wiring (irrespective of whether "live" or "dead" and water
pipework (both cold and hot) for plumbing, gas and fire protection installation
must be disconnected before any demolition operation is allowed to be
commenced.
9.0 DEMOLITION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL
9.1 All steel construction shall be demolished column length by column length and
tier by tier. Every structural member which is being dismantled shall not be
under any stress other than its own weight and such member shall be chained
or lashed in place to prevent any uncontrolled swinging or dropping. Large
structural members shall not be thrown or dropped from the building, but shall
be carefully lowered. Where a derrick is used in the demolition of building of
framed/skeleton steel construction, the floor on which the derrick rests shall be
completely planked over and the floor shall be of adequate for such operation.
10.0 EXISTING PILE LOCATIONS
10.1 Contractor shall demolish all concrete works within the site including pilecaps.
Contractor shall engage a registered surveyor to survey the existing piles, if
any, and prepare existing pile location drawings indicating the top level, size
and type of piles. Contractor shall submit 5 sets of the above drawings duly
endorsed by his registered survey upon completion of the works. All costs
related to these are deemed to be included in the FRQWUDFWRU¶s tender price. No
additional claims for cost or time shall be entertained on account of the above.
11.0 MATERIALS ARISING FROM THE DEMOLITION
11.1 All materials arising from the demolition are to become the property of the
Contractor unless specifically described to the contrary and are to be carried
away from the site to a place provided by the Contractor.
12.0 CLEANING THE WORKS MAKING GOOD
12.1 On completion, the Contractor shall remove all debris from the site to leave a
tidy working space and reinstate all surface/excavation to as close to the
original conditions as possible. The Contractor is not allowed to dump waste
materials on other phases of the building. No burning of waste materials on
site is permitted. Any work disturbed by reasons of the execution of the
demolition shall be made good by the Contractor to the satisfaction of the
Engineer at his own expense.

DEMOLITION
13.0 INTERFERENCE
13.1 Throughout the whole duration of demolition, the work shall be carried out in
such a manner that it will not interfere, interrupt or obstruct the daily lives of the
neighbourhood. It shall also be the Contractor's responsibility to restrict his
workmen to only those areas where the work is to be carried out and to prevent
them from wandering within or entering into other neighbouring properties.
14.0 INSPECTION
14.1 The Contractors will be required to attend an inspection of adjoining properties

and he shall prepare a schedule of conditions.
14.2 Throughout the whole demolition period, continuing inspections shall be carried
out by the Contractor to detect any hazard to his workmen resulting from
weakened or deteriorated floors or walls or loosened materials. No workman
shall be permitted to work where such hazards exist until they have been
corrected by shoring, bracing or other effective means to the satisfaction of the
Architect.
14.3 On completion of work a further inspection is to be carried out to establish any

variations in the original schedule of conditions which are attributed to be
caused by his working. Any such defects shall be rectified at the contractor's
own risk.
15.0 SAFETY MEASURES TO ENSURE PUBLIC SAFETY AND PREVENTION OF

DAMAGE TO ADJOINING PROPERTY
15.1 The Contractor shall provide and erect all protective screens, strutting, shoring
etc that may be required to prevent damage, nuisance or disturbance, any
debris or dust to the existing building structure, public roadways, persons or
traffic passing nearby and all adjoining properties.
15.2 Contractor shall engage his own Professional Engineer for the design of
temporary hoarding and submit to the Consulting Engineer for approval before
demolition work commence.
15.3 The Contractor shall provide, maintain and dismantle all necessary shoring,
strutting and other forms of support deemed necessary and also take all other
necessary precautions or adopt such other expedients as may be necessary to
preserve the stability of existing building structures and all other properties
including that of adjoining owners that may in any way be endangered or
affected by the works to be executed.
15.4 Demolition of walls and partitions shall proceed in a systematic manner and all
works above each tier of floor beams shall be completed before the safety of its
supports is impaired.
15.5 Masonry shall not be permitted to fall in such manner as to endanger the
structural stability of any floor or structural support.

DEMOLITION
15.6 Masonry shall not be permitted to fall in such a manner that will endanger
human lives
16.0 PERMIT TO COMMENCE WORK
16.1 Immediately upon the award of the tender, the successful tenderer shall liaise
with the Consultants and submit jointly with the Employer the statutory Permit
to Commence Works to the respectively Government and Statutory Authorities.
The tenderer shall engage his own Professional Engineer to prepare all
Method Statements and Programme on the proposed demolition and
temporary works, including safety measures, in accordance with the
requirements of the Authorities. He shall obtain the necessary approvals and
pay all costs and expense in connection therein. The Method Statement,
Programme and the application for permit to commence work shall be
submitted to the relevant Authorities within one week from the date of award.
16.2 Subsequent to the application, where further information or requirements are

required by the Authorities, the tenderer shall submit within 48 hours from
being notified by the Authorities and/or Consultants. The successful tenderer
shall not be entitled to any claims for loss or expense or any additional cost for
the delay in the issue of the permit by the Building Authorities.

EARTHWORKS
EARTHWORKS
CLAUSE PAGE
1.0 General Conditions ................................................................................................................ 1
2.0 Ground Preparation For Roads & Ground Slabs ................................................................... 1
3.0 Definition And Classification Of Earthworks .......................................................................... 1
4.0 Earthworks Generally............................................................................................................. 2
5.0 Trial Holes .............................................................................................................................. 2
6.0 Excavation Generally ............................................................................................................. 3
7.0 Approval Of Excavation ......................................................................................................... 3
8.0 Cuttings Including Slopes ...................................................................................................... 3
9.0 Excavation Of Foundation Pits And Trenches ....................................................................... 4
10.0 Filling Of Foundation Pits And Trenches And Removal Of Supports .................................... 5
11.0 Foundations Of Fill ................................................................................................................. 5
12.0 Filling Generally ..................................................................................................................... 5
13.0 Placing Fill .............................................................................................................................. 6
14.0 Insitu Ground Compaction ..................................................................................................... 6
GNG CONSULTANTS PTE LTD General Specifications - 2012

EARTHWORKS
15.0 Compaction Of Fill.................................................................................................................. 6
16.0 Definitions And Requirements Associated With Table 1.2 .................................................... 7
17.0 Testing ................................................................................................................................... 7
18.0 Acceptance Criteria................................................................................................................ 8
19.0 Settlement .............................................................................................................................. 8
20.0 Surplus Earth ......................................................................................................................... 8
21.0 Existing Services.................................................................................................................. 10
22.0 Dealing With Water .............................................................................................................. 10
23.0 Planking And Strutting ......................................................................................................... 11
24.0 Hardcore .............................................................................................................................. 11
25.0 Damp Proof Membrane........................................................................................................ 11

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EARTHWORKS
1.1 The Contractor shall undertake thorough compaction of all perimeter and entrance
areas where non-suspended ground slab has been specified. Similarly, all areas for
internal roads construction shall be thoroughly compacted as specified herein.
2.0 GROUND PREPARATION FOR ROADS & GROUND SLABS
2.1 All unsuitable material evident on the surface shall be removed. Generally, this will be
achieved by stripping off the top 500mm. The cleared site shall then be scarified to a
minimum depth of 300mm. Any areas where visual examination reveals the presence
of unsuitable material shall be excavated as necessary to remove such material. Any
soft spots indicating underlaying pockets of unsuitable material shall also be excavated.
2.2 At all times during earthworks the surface shall be gently sloped to temporary ditches to
enable surface water to run off. Any ponding evident after rain shall immediately be
pumped dry and the area filled and compacted with suitable material.
3.0 DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF EARTHWORKS
3.1 The following definitions of earthworks materials shall apply to this Specification:
3.1.1 'Top soil' shall mean the top layer of soil that can support vegetation.
3.1.2 'Approved material' shall comprise all that which is acceptable in accordance
with the Contract for use in the Works, and which is capable of being
compacted in the manner specified in Clause 15 hereafter to form a stable fill.
3.1.3 'Unsuitable material' shall mean other than approved material and shall include:
3.1.3.1 Material from swamps;
3.1.3.2 Peat, logs, stumps and perishable materials;
3.1.3.3 Material susceptible to spontaneous combustion;
3.1.3.4 Soil of liquid limit exceeding 70 and/or plasticity index exceeding

35;
3.1.3.5 Material having an in-situ moisture content greater than the

maximum permitted for such material in the Contract, unless
otherwise permitted by the Engineer.
3.1.4 'Rock' shall mean hard material, whose geological nature is to be regarded as
such and individual boulders exceeding 1.00 cubic m in size or other masses of
hard material which necessitate tools for removal.
3.1.5 'Special filling material' shall mean 'approved material' but capable of passing a
75mm BS sieve. The fraction passing a 75mm BS sieve shall have the
following characteristics:

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3.1.5.1 Liquid limit not exceeding 35.

3.1.5.2 Plastically index not exceeding 12.
3.1.5.3 Co-efficient of uniformity shall be greater than 10.
3.1.5.4 The percentage passing 75mm BS sieve shall be less than 20% by
weight.
3.1.6 'Cohesive soil' includes clay with up to 20% of gravel and having a moisture
content not less than the value of the plastic limit minus 4.
3.1.7 'Well-graded granular and dry cohesive soils' includes clays containing more
than 20% of gravel and/or having a moisture content less than the value of
plastic limit minus 4, well-graded sands and gravel with a uniformity coefficient
exceeding 10.
3.1.8 'Uniformly-graded material' includes sands and gravel with a uniformity

coefficient of 10 or less, and all silts. Any soil containing 80% or more of
material in the particle size range 60 micrometres -2 mm will be regarded as silt
for this purpose.
4.0 EARTHWORKS GENERALLY
4.1 The Contractor shall carry out all earthworks in such a manner as to prevent erosion or
slips, shall limit working faces to safe slopes and height, and shall ensure that all
surfaces have at all times sufficient gradients to enable them to shed water without
causing erosion.
4.2 At the end of each day, all surfaces shall be left with no area that can retain water. If
necessary, the Contractor shall provide and maintain temporary and approved surface
or subsurface drainage system to ensure minimum delay in work progress due to wet
weather. Alternatively, adequate means, such as covering all surfaces with polythene,
shall be provided and maintained.
4.3 The Contractor shall provide and maintain all necessary temporary access roads and
shall divert and reinstate permanent drainage system. All temporary roads shall be
provided with drainage ditches over full length.
5.0 TRIAL HOLES
5.1 The Contractor shall be deemed to have satisfied himself as to conditions affecting
execution of the Works by visiting and inspecting the Site of the proposed Works. He
may be permitted to inspect the trial holes that have been made and any open
excavations in connection with other works should such be in progress, and also to
study any available drawings which might be of assistance. The Contractor must
clearly understand that all information is given expressly without guarantee and he shall
obtain his own information regarding the notices of the excavation, conditions peculiar
to the Site, and all other matters affecting the proposed works, and he shall make
provision in his rates to cover for the types of materials to be excavated.

EARTHWORKS
6.0 EXCAVATION GENERALLY
6.1 Excavation shall be carried out to the dimension lines, levels, and slopes as indicated
on the drawings. If the Contractor excavates deeper than the depths shown on the
drawings or as instructed by the Engineer then he shall, at his own expense, fill in such
excessive depths with lean mix concrete to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
6.2 The bottoms of all excavations shall be kept free from mud and water, trimmed clean,
protected from the effects of weather and thoroughly compacted and consolidated in an
approved manner and means, subject to the requirements as stipulated under Clause
15.
6.3 All soft or defective portions of soil below formation level shall be cut out and filled in
with approved material well consolidated in layers of approved thickness.
6.4 No excavated approved material other than surplus to the requirements of the Contract
shall be removed from the Site except on the direction or with the permission of the
Engineer. Should the Contractor be permitted to remove approved material from the
Site to suit his operation procedures, then he shall make good at his own expenses any
consequent deficit of filling arising therefrom with approved material.
6.5 Where the excavation reveals a combination of approved and unsuitable materials the
Contractor shall, unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer, carry out the excavation in
such a manner that the approved materials are excavated separately for use in the
Works without contamination by the unsuitable materials.
7.0 APPROVAL OF EXCAVATION
7.1 The Contractor shall report to the Engineer when secure bottoms have been obtained
to the excavations and are ready to receive the concrete. Any concrete or other work
put in before the excavations have been inspected and approved by the Engineer shall,
if so directed, be removed and new work substituted in accordance with the
Specification after the excavations have been approved, all at the Contractor's own
expense.
8.0 CUTTINGS INCLUDING SLOPES
8.1 Unless otherwise specified or shown on the drawings, the top edges of cutting shall be
neatly rounded to the dimensions shown on the drawings or as directed by the
Engineer. Such work shall be deemed to be included in the Contractor's rate for cutting
work.
8.2 Unless otherwise specified or shown on the drawings, slopes to cutting shall conform
with the following:

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TABLE 1.1 : ALLOWABLE SLOPES IN CUTTINGS
Material Slope (Horizontal to Vertical Rise)
Sand Five to One 5:1

Loose Gravel or Clay One to One Half to One 1:1½:1
Shale or Similar Soft Rock One to One Three 1:1
Rock with Clay Seams Quarters to One One ¾:1
Jointed Laminated or Soft Rock Half to One ½:1
Massive Rock One Quarter to One ¼:1
Where shown on the drawings, slopes on the cross sections represent the estimated
requirements for the expected types of materials and these slopes shall be subject to
re-determination by the Engineer according to his assessment of the materials
encountered.
9.0 EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATION PITS AND TRENCHES
9.1 Where required by the nature of the materials to be excavated, the Contractor shall
provide all necessary planking, strutting and shoring required to uphold the face of the
excavation and any necessary stagings. The Contractor is responsible for the design,
supply, fixing and removal of all planking and strutting required of supply, fixing and
removal of all anticipated loadings and to ensure the safety of the workpeople and to
prevent damage to any adjoining property. The Engineer may direct that such supports
be left in position.
9.2 Alternatively, subject to the prior approval of the Engineer, the face of the excavation
may be suitably battered.
9.3 Trenches and pits shall not be wider than is necessary for the efficient laying and
jointing of pipes or for other works to be carried out.
9.4 The bottoms of all excavations shall be levelled carefully and stepped or benched
horizontally as shown on the drawings. Any pockets of soft material or loose rock in the
bottom of pits and trenches shall be removed and the resulting cavities and any large
fissures filled with lean mix concrete. After the placing of any blinding concrete required
by the Contract, no trimming of the side faces shall be carried out for 24 hours.
9.5 The Contractor shall make good with approved material or concrete as directed by the
Engineer, the following :
9.5.1 Any excavation greater than the nett volume required for the Works as
described in the Contract.

EARTHWORKS
9.5.2 Any additional excavation at or below the bottom of foundations to remove

material which the Contractor allows to become unsuitable.
9.6 No greater length of trench shall be opened at any one time than has been approved by
the Engineer. All surplus spoil shall be removed immediately on excavation, and
stacked spoil for filling shall be kept tidy at all times.
10.0 FILLING OF FOUNDATION PITS AND TRENCHES AND REMOVAL OF SUPPORTS
10.1 Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, or directed by the Engineer, all filling for this
purpose shall consist of approved material, deposited and compacted by approved
plant in accordance with Clause 15. Timber sheeting and other excavation supports
shall be carefully removed as the filling proceeds except where such are required by the
Contract to be left in position, but the removal of such supports will not relieve the
Contractor of his responsibilities for the stability of the Works.
11.0 FOUNDATIONS OF FILL
11.1 Embankment construction shall include the preparation and compaction to the degree
as specified under Clause 15, of the areas upon which embankments are to be placed,
the placing and compacting of approved material within areas from which unsuitable
material has been removed as specified hereunder, and the placing and compacting of
embankment material in holes, pits, and other depressions within the foundation area.
11.2 Unless otherwise specified, the natural ground over which filling is to be placed shall be
cleared of all loose boulders, grass, topsoil, bushes, trees, roots and other vegetation.
If the Engineer considers that any underlying material is unstable or unsuitable, he may
direct it to be removed and replaced with approved material.
11.3 Any overhanging rock ledges or caves within the foundation area shall be removed
before the placing of fill commences.
11.4 Where ground water or extensive seepage is encountered in the foundation area, and
no special drainage arrangements are shown on the drawings, the Engineer may direct
that suitable pipe drains be installed in the fill area, or that deep open drains be
excavated clear of the fill. The Engineer will supply details of the work required, which
will be reimbursed as an extra to the Contract.
11.5 The construction of any section of fill shall not be commenced until the foundation for
that section has been approved by the Engineer.
12.0 FILLING GENERALLY
12.1 End tipping of fill shall not be permitted except in special circumstances and then only
with the approval of the Engineer. Such approval shall not exempt the Contractor from
compacting the end-tipped material to the requirements as specified in Clause 15.
12.2 When the state of the weather is such that in the opinion of the Engineer, it would
adversely affect the placing of specially compacted fill, all such shall be stopped.
12.3 All filling material, whether placed and/or compacted or awaiting placing and/or
compaction which, in the opinion of the Engineer, does not comply with the

EARTHWORKS
Specification, or has been damaged by weather or in any other way, shall be removed
and replaced at the Contractor's expense.
12.4 Requirements under Clause 4 shall also be observed.
13.0 PLACING FILL
13.1 Fill shall be placed in even horizontal layers over the full width laid in thickness
appropriate to the compaction plant used and compacted to satisfy the requirement as
specified in Clause 15. At all times the embankments shall be maintained with a
sufficient camber and a surface sufficiently even to enable the surface water to drain
readily from them.
13.2 If the material deposited as fill subsequently reaches a condition such that it cannot be
compacted in accordance with the requirements of the Contract, the Contractor shall at
his own expense either:
13.2.1 Make good by removing the material off the fill either to tip or elsewhere until it
is in a suitable physical condition for re-use, and replacing it with suitable
materials; or
13.2.2 Make good the material by mechanical or chemical means to improve its
stability; or
13.2.3 Cease work on the material until its physical condition is again such that it can
be compacted as described in the Contract.
13.3. Rock material shall be broken down to dimensions not exceeding the compacted
thickness of the layer in which it is placed. Rock material shall be well distributed in
layers extending the full width of the fill, and sufficient fine material shall be placed
around the larger material as it is deposited to fill the voids and produced a dense
compact fill. Where insufficient fine material is present to fill the voids, additional fine
material shall be obtained from other sources at Contractor's expense
14.0 INSITU GROUND COMPACTION
14.1 Following ground preparation, the whole area shall be thoroughly compacted using a
vibrating roller of approximately 5000 kg dead weight, e.g. Dynapac CA25 or Ingersoll-
Rand DA30 roller as specified herein. Where small deep areas have to be compacted
following local excavation of unsuitable material, the filling shall be placed in layers not
exceeding 200mm loose and compaction may be carried out using approved vibratory
tampers. The same degree of compaction as specified herein shall be achieved.
15.0 COMPACTION OF FILL
15.1 All materials shall be compacted in layers as soon as practicable after deposition. The
thickness of each layer shall be compatible with the compaction plant used and shall be
agreed with the Engineer. Earthmoving plant shall not be accepted as compaction
equipment under this Clause.

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15.2 Each class of material to be compacted shall be tested, prior to compaction, by

approved agencies, in accordance with BS 1377 to determine its maximum dry density
and optimum moisture content for compaction.
15.3 The moisture content of the insitu material during compaction shall be maintained as
close to the optimum moisture content as possible. If necessary, this shall be adjusted
by wetting or drying on site to enable the required insitu field densities of the fill material
to be obtained consistently.
15.4 As an alternative to compacting equipment specified under Clause 14.1, Table 1.2 may
be used as a guide for the Contractor in establishing compaction arrangement, however,
site trials shall be carried out to ensure that the density requirement is achieved.
16.0 DEFINITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH TABLE 1.2
16.1 The depth of compacted layer is the height by which an embankment is raised by each
successive compacted layer.
16.2 For items marked * the rollers shall be towed by track laying tractors. Self propelled
rollers are unsuitable.
16.3 Where combinations of different types of categories of plant are used, the compaction
requirements shall be:
16.3.1 The depth of layer shall be that for the type of plant requiring the least depth of
layer; and
16.3.2 The number of passes shall be that for the type of plant requiring the greatest
number of passes.
16.4 However, where the Contractor uses a lighter type of plant to provide some preliminary
compaction only to assist the use of heavier plant, this shall be disregarded in
assessing the above requirements.
17.0 TESTING
17.1 Following the compaction process, insitu field density tests shall be carried out in
accordance with BS 1377 Test No. 15(A) (Sand Replacement Method) or Test No. 15
(F) (Water Displacement Method). Each layer shall be tested and approved by the
Engineer prior to the placing of the next layer where filling is required for construction of
roads or non-suspended ground slabs.
17.2 Field density tests shall form the basis for acceptance of the compaction. These tests
shall be carried out at the surface and at depths 1.0m and 3.0m below the surface.
Each layer of fill shall be well compacted and have obtained the required density before
subsequent layer can be laid. Field density tests procedure shall be approved by the
Engineer. Density and moisture control tests shall be undertaken by the Contractor as
and wherever directed by the Engineer.
17.3 As a measure of quality control the Contractor shall undertake field density tests at 10m
centres as a minimum requirement around the areas of non-suspended ground slabs
and at 10m centres along all roads.

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17.4 All tests shall be reported in a format acceptable to the Engineer and shall be submitted
for his approval. Daily records of field tests shall be kept available at the site for the
Engineer's inspection. All sampling and testing shall be undertaken by a laboratory to
be approved by the Engineer. The Contractor shall propose the names of at least 3
laboratories for approval and shall allow for all costs to comply with this specification
and tests.
18.0 ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
18.1 The following insitu field densities of compacted materials given as percentages of the
maximum dry density derived from BS 1377 Test No.12 (2.5 rammer) or No. 13 (4.5 kg
rammer), shall be obtained:
18.1.1 Within 500mm of formation level (subgrade or foundation) - 95% (maximum dry
density using Test No. 13)
18.1.2 From 500mm to 1500mm below formation level - 95% (maximum dry density
using Test No. 12)
18.1.3 More than 1500mm below formation level - 90% (maximum dry density using
Test No. 12)
18.2 The Contractor may choose to establish by site trials the relationship among the insitu
material for compaction, compaction plant used, thickness of each layer, and
compacting effort in terms of number of passes. If so established and agreed by the
Engineer, the Contractor shall follow the same compaction. However, the Engineer
may at any time carry out insitu field density tests to determine whether the degree of
compaction has satisfied the requirement in Clause 15.
18.3 The agreed compaction arrangement as mentioned in Clause 15 shall be adjusted

when the compaction is found inadequate.
19.0 SETTLEMENT
19.1 The Contractor shall be responsible for making good to the satisfaction of the Engineer
all settlement in filling and in backfilling which may occur up to the end of the Defects
Liability Period.
20.0 SURPLUS EARTH
20.1 Surplus excavated materials after filling shall be removed, deposited, spread and
levelled where directed within the confines of the Site.
20.2 The Contractor is to take all necessary precautions to prevent any spillage or soiling of
the Public Roads during the earth removal operation.

EARTHWORKS
TABLE 1.1 : COMPACTION REQUIREMENT
Type of Well-Graded Granular Uniformly-

compaction Cohesive Soil and Graded
plant Dry Cohesive Soils Materials
Category
Max Depth Max Depth Max Depth

of Min. No. of Min. No. of Min. No.
Compacted of Compacted of Compacted of
Layer Passes Layer Passes Layer Passes
(mm) (mm) (mm)
Smooth- Force per 100mm

Wheeled Width:
Roller 2.1 - 2.6 kN 125 8 125 10 125 10*
2.61 - 5.5 kN 125 6 125 8 125 8*
> 5.2 kN 150 4 150 8 Unsuitable Unsuitable
Grid Force per 100mm

Roller Width:
2.6 - 5.2 kN 150 10 Unsuitable Unsuitable 150 10
5.3 - 7.8 kN 150 8 125 12 Unsuitable Unsuitable
> 7.8 kN 150 4 150 12 Unsuitable Unsuitable
Pneumatic Wheel Load:

Tyred Roller 1 - 1.5 ton 125 6 Unsuitable Unsuitable 150 10*
1.5 - 2 ton 150 5 Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable
2 - 2.5 ton 175 4 125 12 Unsuitable Unsuitable
2.5 - 4 ton 225 4 125 10 Unsuitable Unsuitable
4 - 6 ton 300 4 125 10 Unsuitable Unsuitable
> 12 ton 450 4 175 6 Unsuitable Unsuitable
Vibratory Force per 100mm

Roller Width:
0.25 - 0.45 kN
0.46 - 0.70 kN Unsuitable Unsuitable 75 16 150 16
0.71 - 1.25 kN Unsuitable Unsuitable 75 12 150 12
1.26 - 1.75 kN 100 12 125 12 150 6
1.76 - 2.30 kN 125 8 150 8 200 10*
2.31 - 2.80 kN 150 4 150 4 225 12*
2.81 - 3.50 kN 175 4 175 4 250 10*
3.51 - 4.20 kN 200 4 200 4 275 8*
4.21 - 4.90 kN 225 4 225 4 300 8*
250 4 250 4 300 8*
Vibratory Static Pressure

Compactor Under Base Plate:
8.6 - 10.3 kN/m Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable Unsuitable 75 6
10.3 - 12.1 kN/m Unsuitable Unsuitable 75 10 100 6
12.1 - 13.8 kN/m Unsuitable Unsuitable 75 6 150 6
13.8 - 17.2 kN/m 100 6 125 6 150 4
17.2 - 20.7 kN/m 150 6 150 5 200 4
> 20.7 kN/m 200 6 200 5 250 4
Vibro-Tamper Mass
Kilogramme:
50 - 65 100 3 100 3 150 3
65 - 75 125 3 125 3 200 3
> 75 200 3 150 3 225 3
Power Mass

EARTHWORKS
Rammer Kilogramme:
100 150 4 150 6 Unsuitable Unsuitable
> 100 275 8 275 12 Unsuitable Unsuitable
* See Clause 16.2
21.0 EXISTING SERVICES
21.1 The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of any mains, pipes or conduits met with during
the excavation and where any excavation is carried out adjacent to or under any
existing cable, and the like, the Contractor shall prevent damage by subsidence, as the
Engineer may direct, whether such work is shown on the drawings or not.
21.2 In the event that damage has been done to the public services due the Contractor's
work or otherwise, all expenditure for such necessary repairs, etc. shall be borne by the
Contractor. Should these repairs be carried out by the relevant Authorities, the
Contractor is to reimburse the Authorities direct for the cost of carrying out the repairs,
failing which the Client reserves the right to pay the Authorities direct, and deduct same
from any monies due or becoming due the Contractor.
22.0 DEALING WITH WATER
22.1 The Contractor shall keep the excavations well drained and dry at all times and shall
take all precautions to prevent surface water from entering the excavations. He shall
maintain on the Site, at all times, pumps of sufficient capacity to deal with any surface or
subterranean water which may arise from the excavations. The Contractor shall also
provide all pumps, hoses and other equipment necessary for the drainage and
dewatering.
22.2 The Contractor shall allow for the construction of all necessary temporary earth drains,
300mm half round drains and pipe culverts and the maintenance and temporary
diversion or damming of any existing drains. If required, any drains or water course so
diverted shall be reconstructed in original position upon completion of the works.
22.3 The Contractor shall provide a network of temporary drains to adequately drain the Site.
The drainage system should comply with the requirements of the Public Works
Department and the Health Department and any other appropriate Authorities. The
Contractor shall obtain the necessary approvals and pay all costs and expenses in this
respect.
22.4 The drains shall be sufficiently large so that no mud or water will spill onto the roads or
pavements. The Contractor shall also keep the main Authorities drains in the
immediate and surrounding areas free from silting up owing to the effluent from the Site.
If the water is muddy, it will be necessary to place strutted and supported boarding
near the exposed surface. The space in between the boarding and the surface shall be
filled in with graded stone chippings and coarse sand which will act as a filter to prevent
the loss of soil.
22.5 Well Point and Deep Well Pumps
Should the Contractor intend using well points or deep well pumps for dewatering the
Site, he has to comply with the following requirements:

EARTHWORKS
22.5.1 Before employing a well point or deep-well pump system, the Contractor shall
provide full details to the Engineer for approval.
22.5.2 Preliminary site trials shall be conducted to determine the final layout of the
system and to verify its effectiveness. Based upon these trials, the Contractor
shall determine the spacing and depth of the points, as well as the number of
stages required.
22.5.3 The manner of installation of the well points shall be such as not to cause
weakening or subsidence of the surrounding area nor any slips in nearby
slopes.
22.5.4 Measuring devices to determine the water head and the flow rate shall be
incorporated into the system for purposes of control.
22.5.5 Where auxiliary sand drains are installed, such shall be considered an integral
part of the system.
22.5.6 The system shall provide for sufficient valves in leaders and pipes to maintain
control over separate sections of the system.
22.5.7 The contract sum shall be deemed to include for the above provisions, if
deemed necessary by the Contractor.
23.0 PLANKING AND STRUTTING
23.1 The Contractor is responsible for the design, supply, fixing and removal of all planking
and strutting, shoring, etc. which may be required or desirable in the opinion of the
Engineer.
23.2 These must be sufficiently strong to resist earth pressure, to insure the safety of the
workpeople and the work and to prevent damage to any adjoining property. Any falls of
earth into the excavations must be cleared by the Contractor at his own expense.
Similarly, any consequential backfilling shall also be carried out by the Contractor at his
own cost.
24.0 HARDCORE
24.1 Hardcore where noted, shall be well graded hard, dry stone, brick, concrete, block or
other sound hard material to the Engineer's approval broken to a maximum gauge of
50mm thick well consolidated in layers not exceeding 150 mm thick. The surface shall
be dense and well watered prior to placing concrete.
25.0 DAMP PROOF MEMBRANE
25.1 Damp proof membrane shall be a layer of polythene sheet (Grade 500) or other
approved and shall be laid on hardcore or blinding concrete to receive floor slabs. The
damp proof membrane shall be laid with minimum 300mm laps.

EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORKS
EXCAVATIONS & EARTHWORKS
CLAUSE Page
1.0 General Conditions ................................................................................................................ 1
2.0 Visiting Site ............................................................................................................................ 1
3.0 Temporary Works .................................................................................................................. 1
4.0 Temporary Oversite Drainage................................................................................................ 2
5.0 Excavation.............................................................................................................................. 2
6.0 Backfilling ............................................................................................................................... 3
7.0 Disposal ................................................................................................................................. 3
8.0 Drainage................................................................................................................................. 4
9.0 Hardcore ................................................................................................................................ 4
10.0 Protection ............................................................................................................................... 4
11.0 Keeping Excavation Free From Water................................................................................... 4
12.0 Temporary Access And Works ..............................................................................................4
13.0 Transporting Materials ........................................................................................................... 5
14.0 Compaction Testing ............................................................................................................... 5

1.1 Any excavation shall be carried out from existing ground level, following a survey of the
site executed by a Licensed Surveyor in accordance with the Engineer's Drawings and
instructions.
2.0 VISITING SITE
2.1 The Contractor is required to visit the site and fully acquaint himself with the existing site
conditions and in particular the proximity of adjacent property or other aspects liable to
affect construction.
2.2 Contractor to allow for all necessary temporary works (shutterings/supports), whether
specifically mentioned or not, to support any adjacent works or excavation. Trial pits
shall be carried out, whenever and wherever necessary.
2.3 All necessary precautions, including any monitoring measures, must be undertaken to
avoid damage to existing property.
2.4 The Contractor is deemed to have ascertained the nature of soil, type of materials to be
excavated, method of removing surplus excavated material from site, type of equipment
suitable and amount of working space available on site.
2.5 Any claims made by the Contractor on the grounds of lack of knowledge of site
conditions will not be entertained.
3.0 TEMPORARY WORKS
3.1 The Contractor shall be solely responsible for the design, construction, maintenance
and removal of all temporary works, including timbering, planking, strutting and shoring.
The Contractor shall engage his own Professional Engineer to design and certify these
temporary works, including preparing all final construction drawings and amendments to
the permanent works where affected by the temporary works and obtaining any
ancillary approval from relevant Authorities.
3.2 The Contractor shall submit, prior to commencement of work, all drawings and design
calculations of the temporary works for record purposes.
3.3 If the Engineer considers it necessary, he may instruct the Contractor to provide
additional excavation supports, entirely at the Contractor's own expense. Any such
instruction shall not relieve the Contractor of sole responsibility for the adequacy of the
support system.

4.0 TEMPORARY OVERSITE DRAINAGE
4.1 A network of temporary cut-off drains, including silt traps, shall be provided by the
Contractor to adequately drain the site and to control mud/silt from flowing into adjoining
premises. The drainage system shall comply with the current requirements of the
appropriate Authorities. The Contractor shall obtain the necessary approvals and pay
all costs and expenses in connection therein. The temporary oversite drainage
proposals are to be submitted to the Engineer for perusal prior to commencement of the
work and such review will not reduce the Contractor's responsibility.
5.0 EXCAVATION
5.1 Excavation for reduced levels, bases, trenches for pipes, drains, channels and pipes,
etc. shall be executed to the dimensions, depths or levels shown on the drawings. If the
Contractor excavates to any greater widths or depths other than shown on the drawings
or as instructed by the Engineer, then he shall, at his own expense, fill in such depths or
widths of excavation beyond that instructed or shown with weak mix concrete to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.
All excavation shall be carried out in a workmanlike manner to lines, levels and grades
indicated in the drawings.
The sequence of excavation methods adopted shall be to the approval of the Engineer.
5.2 The excavation line for each foundation shall be not less than 50mm below the
foundation soffit.
5.3 Bottoms of excavations shall be kept free from mud and water by pumping or other
methods approved by the Engineer. Soft or defective sections of excavation shall be
cut out and filled with weak mix concrete.
5.4 Bottoms of excavations receiving weak mix concrete shall be levelled, trimmed, watered
and well rammed by approved mechanical means to the satisfaction of the engineer.
5.5 The bottom of excavations for spread foundations shall be inspected and approved by
the Engineer. The approved bearing strata must be quickly protected against damage
by laying the minimum thickness of weak mix concrete on the VERY SAME DAY.
5.6 The sides of excavation shall be adequately supported to prevent slips or subsidence,
and shall be close-sheeted where necessary to prevent the entry of running sand, mud,
etc.
5.7 Care shall be taken to prevent damage to existing drains, gas, water, new or old. If
damage should occur, the Engineer or his representative and authorities (where
applicable) should be immediately notified and the Contractor shall repair the damage
at his own expense.
5.8 No excavation for foundations or trenches shall be filled in or covered with concrete until
the Contractor has notified the Engineer that it is ready for inspection and has received
his approval to proceed with the Works.

5.9 The Contractor shall record on a plan the depth of every excavation, and his plan when
completed shall be deposited with the Engineer.
5.10 Should the Contractor encounter obstructions such as reinforced concrete slabs,
ground beams, foundations, reinforced concrete or steel piles, he shall submit to the
Engineer for his approval prior to their removal. The Contractor shall include in his lump
sum price for all costs for breaking up or burning out obstructions.
5.11 The Contractor shall protect any existing services above or below and protect adjacent
properties from disturbance or damage due to the Works.
5.12 The Contractor shall arrange for removal and relocation of any active utilities
encountered in accordance with the Engineer's instruction.
5.13 Any damage caused to existing services and adjacent properties during the progress of
the works shall be repaired by the Contractor at no additional cost.
6.0 BACKFILLING
6.1 Excavations shall only be backfilled after the permanent works therein have been
approved and after the removal of any building debris or deleterious material from the
excavations.
6.2 Selected excavation material shall normally be used for backfilling. The Contractor shall
supply the Engineer with details for approval of a backfilling procedure appropriate to
the plant he proposes to use. This procedure shall compact the soil to 95% of the
maximum dry density as determined by Test 12 of B.S. 1377. In no case shall
compaction layer depths exceed 200mm thickness prior to compaction.
6.3 Backfilling or filling against concrete retaining walls shall be done with approved, hard,
durable, well graded sand and gravel.
6.4 No backfilling shall be placed until the concrete retaining walls are supported by bracing
and have cured sufficiently to develop the strength to withstand the pressure by the
filling.
6.5 Prior to backfilling, all formwork shall be removed from the retaining wall and debris and
unsuitable material cleared from the excavation.
6.6 Where mechanical compaction is used, the uncompacted thickness of each layer of
materials shall not be greater than 200mm and where hand compaction is used, not
greater than 150mm.
6.7 Rollers shall not be operated within 600mm of structural walls without the Engineer prior
to approval.
7.0 DISPOSAL
7.1 Surplus excavated material shall be removed from the site to an approved tip and in a
manner agreeable to the Engineer.

7.2 The Contractor is to take all necessary precautions to prevent any spillage or soiling of
public roads during the earth removal operations.
8.0 DRAINAGE
8.1 The Contractor shall maintain all excavation free draining from any source whatever at
all times. No accumulation of water will be permitted at any time. The Contractor shall
provide sufficient and adequate pumps together with all necessary stand-by units to
ensure removal of water at all times. The Contractor is to allow for forming sloping
excavated surfaces, temporary surface water channels and sumps both at the top and
at the bottom of excavations to drain off water from the site location and to prevent
possible erosion and damage. Where in the opinion of the Engineer the stability of an
excavated slope has been adversely affected by ponding of water and erosion, the
Contractor shall at his own expense carry out the remedial measures as instructed by
the Engineer.
9.0 HARDCORE
9.1 Hardcore where noted, shall be well graded hard, dry stone, brick, concrete, block or
other sound hard material to the Engineer's approval broken to a maximum gauge of
50mm thick well consolidated in layers not exceeding 150mm thick. The surface shall
be dense and well watered.
10.0 PROTECTION
10.1 Notwithstanding the clauses mentioned earlier in this Specification regarding earthwork
support and drainage to site, the Contractor shall allow for adequate protection to
excavation including all barriers, handrails and toeboards.
10.2 Where excavation takes place adjacent to the site boundaries which are accessible to
the public or adjoining owners, it shall be adequately surrounded by barriers for the
protection of these persons and to prevent their illegal access.
11.0 KEEPING EXCAVATION FREE FROM WATER
11.1 The Contractor shall be responsible for keeping all excavations free from water from
whatever cause arising and shall provide such pumping capacity and other temporary
works as may be necessary for this purpose.
11.2 The Contractor shall make good at his own expense any damage that may result from
his failure to keep the excavations free from water.
12.0 TEMPORARY ACCESS AND WORKS
12.1 The Contractor shall propose, form and maintain all necessary roads, ramps and paths
to provide adequate all-weather access to and within the site and reinstate the site and
all works damaged or disturbed upon completion of the Contract to the satisfaction of

the Architect. The Contractor shall obtain approval of temporary crossings over existing
monsoon drains if required for the Works.
12.2 The layout of the proposed roads, ramps and paths must be submitted to the Architect
for his approval prior to the commencement of the Works. The proposed roads, ramps
and paths shall not have gradients or slopes steeper than 1 in 7. The Architect may
issue instructions to the Contractor regarding the layout and method of forming
temporary roads, ramps and paths and the Contractor shall comply with these
instructions at no extra cost.
12.3 The Contractor shall be responsible for all temporary works, slopes, ramps, paths
during the execution of the Works.
13.0 TRANSPORTING MATERIALS
13.1 The Contractor shall take care in loading and unloading materials for the Works, that
the streets and footpaths are not obstructed or the traffic impeded, inform and conform
with Police Regulations for carting, loading and unloading all materials, plant, earth,
debris, etc to and from the site.
14.0 COMPACTION TESTING
14.1 Characteristic Value
Relative compaction is defined as the ratio between the field dry density and the
maximum dry density obtained in the Standard or Modified compaction test as
appropriate expressed as a percentage.
The characteristic value of relative compaction of the lot will be calculated as X - 0.92S
for six tests per lot where X and S are respectively the mean and the standard deviation
of the individual relative compaction test values for the lot.
The standard deviation of relative compaction test values is defined by:
S² = The sum of (X - x)² from i = 1 to i = n

n-1
where x, i = 1,2,3,......n, is the individual relative compaction test value and n is the
number of tests per lot.
14.2 Test Methods
Compaction testing shall be carried out according to BS 1377. Alternatively the

Contractor may submit a proposal for testing by Nuclear Testing Apparatus to the
Engineer for approval, however such approval will be entirely at the Engineers
discretion. Sites or times for testing shall be selected on an essentially random basis.
14.3 Test Numbers
As a general guide, compaction testing will be carried out at the rate of:

One test per 700m² per layer of material for all earthworks, pavement courses and
asphalt.
The Engineer may vary the number of tests at his discretion but no claims for extra
payment or time shall be allowed.

PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
PILING WORKS
CONCRETOR
CONCRETOR
CLAUSE Page
1.0 Scope Of Work/Definitions .............................................................................................. 1
2.0 Submissions .................................................................................................................... 1
3.0 Responsibility And Defects ............................................................................................. 2
4.0 Materials .......................................................................................................................... 2
5.0 Concrete Mixes ............................................................................................................... 5
6.0 Testing Of Concrete ...................................................................................................... 15
7.0 Other Considerations Regarding Concrete................................................................... 18
8.0 Reinforcing Steel ........................................................................................................... 22
9.0 Formwork ...................................................................................................................... 24
10.0 Structural Movement Joints........................................................................................... 30
11.0 Coordination Drawings.................................................................................................. 31
12.0 Precautions Against Alkali-Silica Reaction (Asr) In Concrete....................................... 31
13.0 List Of British Standards For Structural Use Of Concrete ............................................ 37
14.0 Singapore Standards .................................................................................................... 40

CONCRETOR
CONCRETOR
1.0 SCOPE OF WORK/DEFINITIONS
1.1 This Specification relates to the constituent materials and mixing of concrete and its
structural use in building and civil engineering works. Unless otherwise stated all work
shall conform to the latest edition of the Singapore Standard SS EN 1992 : "Structural
Use of Concrete". (Parts 1 and 2)
2.0 SUBMISSIONS
2.1 The Contractor shall submit the following information on his proposals and obtain the
approval of the Engineer before work is commenced :-
x Source of supply of all aggregates

x Source of supply of cement
x Source of supply of water
x Grading curves for coarse and fine aggregates
x Certificate of soundness of cement
x Results of tests for organic and inorganic impurities of aggregates and water
x Results of tests of drying shrinkage of aggregates
x Source of supply of ready-mix concrete
x Concrete mix design
x Identity of the Testing Authority which the contractor proposes to use for the
purposes of the contract
x Source of supply of reinforcing steel and prestressing tendons
x Test certificates for reinforcing steel and prestressing tendons
x Types of water bars
x Types of joint fillers and sealants
x Type of formwork
x Design of formwork/falsework for all main structural members, designed and
certified by contractor's Professional Engineer
x Design of formwork structure by contractor's Professional Engineer as required
under BOWEC.
2.2 The Contractor shall submit the following to the Engineer for his approval during the
course of the works :-
x Plans depicting location/detail of all proposed construction joints and sequence of

construction to suit his concreting programme prior to construction of any level.
x Location of co-ordinated service penetrations/pipe sleeves through structural

members, on a floor by floor basis, at least two weeks in advance of the intended
date of concrete casting of that level. No hacking is permitted.
x Quarterly schedule of structural works, commencing from the date of issue of

permit to commence building work, for submission to the Building Authority.

CONCRETOR
x As-built dimension plans of each section of the works completed.
2.3 No concrete of any particular mix proportions shall be incorporated into the works until
all the requirements of this specification have been met in respect of those mix
proportions and have been approved by the Engineer.
2.4 The Contractor shall not alter the source of supply of any material from that initially
approved by the Engineer, without the written permission of the Engineer.
3.0 RESPONSIBILITY AND DEFECTS
3.1 The fact that the Contractor has used materials, etc to the approval of the Engineer
shall in no way relieve him of his responsibilities of producing a concrete of the required
characteristic strength, workability, shrinkage characteristics, etc for the purpose to
which it is put.
3.2 Any defects due to materials and workmanship not in accordance with this specification
shall be made good to the satisfaction of the Engineer by the Contractor at his own
expense. All such remedial work shall be executed without undue delay.
4.0 MATERIALS
4.1 General
Materials used in the works shall be of the qualities and kinds specified herein and
equal to approved samples. Delivery shall be made sufficiently in advance to enable
samples to be taken and tested if required. No materials shall be used until and unless
approved and materials not approved shall be immediately removed from the works at
the Contractor's expense.
Materials shall be transported, handled and stored on the site or elsewhere in such a
manner as to prevent damage, deterioration or contamination all to the satisfaction of
the Engineer. The Engineer reserves the right to inspect any materials to be used in
the works at any time and at any place of storage.
Unless otherwise specified or otherwise agreed to by the Engineer, materials shall

comply with the appropriate Standards, with preference for materials of local
manufacture. Where the requirements of the relevant Standards are in conflict with this
Specification then this Specification shall take precedence.
If required, the Contractor shall supply to the Engineer the appropriate certificate of
compliance with the Standards. Notwithstanding the above, tests shall be carried out
as and when directed by the engineer in accordance with the relevant Standards.
Materials for tests shall be provided and delivered by the Contractor at his cost, to an
approved laboratory. Testing fees shall be borne by the Contractor.

CONCRETOR
4.2 Concrete Generally
The Contractor shall be entirely responsible for the control of the quality of the concrete
manufactured and placed in the Works. Where concrete is required to resist water
pressure, the Contractor shall ensure that the concrete remains completely watertight
and shall guarantee the water-tightness of all such structures. The Contractor shall at
his own expense carry out any remedial measures to the satisfaction of the Architect
which may be necessary to make such structures watertight whether leakage is through
the concrete or through the joints.
4.3 Cement
Cement shall be ordinarily Portland cement, rapid hardening Portland cement and
sulphate resisting Portland cement complying to SS EN 197, supersulphated cement to
BS EN 15743 or low heat Portland-blastfurnance cement to SS EN 197 unless
otherwise specified. Before starting any work the Contractor shall submit for approval
the type and brand of cement he proposes to use. The Contractor shall not change the
cement brand unless he has specific reasons to do so and permission in writing shall be
obtained from the Engineer.
High alumina cement shall not be used for any concrete work.
Cement delivered to site shall be in sealed and branded bags of the manufacturer or in
properly designed bulk containers.
All cement shall be stored in a weatherproof dry shed with raised boarded floor, or in
properly designed bulk storage tanks.
Cement of different manufacture and of different types shall be kept separately and
shall not be used in the same mix.
Cement that becomes lumpy or otherwise deteriorated in transit or storage shall not be
used for concreting. All cement unfit for use shall be removed from site immediately.
Consignment of cement shall be used in the order of delivery.
The Contractor shall at the request of the Engineer, produce a certificate showing the
date and place of manufacture of the cement. As and when directed by the Engineer,
samples of cement shall be provided for testing. Any cement failing to comply with the
requirements of the relevant standards shall be rejected.

CONCRETOR
4.4 Aggregates
Materials used as aggregate shall be obtained from sources known to produce

aggregate satisfactory for concrete work. Fine aggregate shall be natural sand or
crushed stone sand complying with the requirements of SS EN 12620. Coarse
aggregate shall be crushed or uncrushed gravel, crushed or uncrushed stone
complying with SS EN 12620. All-in-aggregate shall not be used.
The Contractor shall propose the grading zone of the aggregate conforming to SS EN
12620 to be used for the duration of the work, subject to the approval of the Engineer.
Aggregate used shall not be alkali reactive. Aggregates not complying with the
requirements of SS EN 12620 shall not be used without the prior approval from the
Engineer. Unless otherwise specified, the maximum size of the coarse aggregate for
the concrete at all locations shall be 20mm. Aggregate with clay plus silt content in
excess of the limits specified in SS EN 12620 shall not be used as a fine aggregate
without the prior approval of the Engineer who may instruct that such aggregate be
rewashed at the Contractor's expense.
Aggregates delivered to site shall be stored on clean hard surfaces or in bunkers in

such a manner that intermingling of materials of different sizes in separate stockpiles
and contamination of materials shall not occur.
The Engineer shall reserve the right to draw samples of aggregates from any stockpile
at any time and have them tested at an approved laboratory in accordance with BS 812
for compliance with SS EN 12620. Aggregate whose grading is found to fall outside the
approved zone for any criteria specified in SS EN 12620 shall be liable for rejection.
4.5 Water
All water used in the concrete work shall be fresh clean water from public mains. Water
storage tanks shall be covered to the satisfaction of the Engineer to prevent
contamination.
If the water for the works is not available from a public supply, approval shall be
obtained regarding the source of water.
Water obtained from sources other than public supply shall be clean fresh water free
from chemical and organic impurities. When required by the Engineer, the Contractor
shall arrange for tests of the water to be carried out in accordance with BS EN 1008
before and during the progress of the work.
4.6 Admixtures and Pigments
Where the use of admixtures is specified or approved by the Engineer, they shall be
used strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
The Contractor shall obtain the written approval of the Engineer for the use of additives
where :-
x They differ from those specified by the Engineer
x Their use is proposed by the Contractor but not specified by the Engineer.
In such case, the Contractor shall be required to furnish the following data to the
Engineer prior to the approval for the use of admixture (unless specified by the
Engineer) :-

CONCRETOR
x type and the proprietary brand
x the typical dosage and the effects of underdosage and overdosage
x chemical name and main constituents of the admixture
x design dosage and method of use
Admixture used shall generally comply with SS EN 934. Requests for permission to
use other types of admixtures not covered by these Standards may only be considered
when accompanied by full supporting information.
Calcium chloride shall not be used under any circumstances.
4.7 Other Materials
The Contractor shall obtain the written approval of the Engineer for the use of any
material he proposes to use which is not covered by this specification.
5.0 CONCRETE MIXES
The concrete mixes specified follow the CP and BS recommendations for specifying concrete
for strength.
Whenever possible, ready mixed concrete shall be used. Site mix may be used if ready mixed
concrete is not available or in case of small quantities, but only with the prior approval in writing
from the Engineer. Mixing on site by hand is not allowed unless approved by the Engineer.
Unless otherwise stated, concrete mix means designed mix.
5.1 Designed Mix
The concrete is specified by its characteristic strength (= concrete grade) as defined in

SS 544 but compliance to SS EN 206-1, particularly to minimum and maximum cement
content and to maximum water/cement ratio is also required. The concrete mixes to be
used in the Works in any particular location are as specified on the drawings.
The Contractor shall submit the proposed mix design for approval. Notwithstanding the
Engineer's acceptance, the Contractor shall be responsible for required properties of
the mix, including strength.
The mix design shall ensure that no excessive bleeding occurs. The mix must have the
abilities to achieve the specified surface finish.

CONCRETOR
Design concrete mixes - unless otherwise specified for protection against aggressive
soil - shall comply with the specifications below.
SPECIFICATIONS FOR DESIGNED CONCRETE MIX
Grade 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
Characteristic
55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 -
Strength
2
N/mm at 28
days
Minimum 475 425 375 350 350 325 300 270 205 175
cement
content in
3
kg/m of fully
compacted
concrete
Maximum 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550 550
cement
content in
3
kg/m of fully
compacted
concrete
Maximum 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
water/cement 5 5 5
ratio
Regardless of the limitations of the proportions in the previous table, at any time during
the progress of the Works the Engineer shall have the right to make such changes in
the materials or proportions or both as he may consider necessary to meet the
requirements of the structure.
5.2 Trial Mixes
Trial mixes are required to verify the mix design for each concrete grade on the project.
Twelve 150 mm compression test cubes should be prepared from each trial mix. Six
cubes shall be tested at 7 days and six cubes at 28 days of age. The sampling,
making, curing and testing of these works test cubes shall be in accordance in BS
1881. The mean strength and individual strength of the works test cubes are to comply
with the requirements of SS EN 206-1 . No concrete shall be placed until the trial mix
results are approved by the Engineer.
The Engineer may accept evidence of test results furnished by the concrete supplier
proving that the prepared mix is satisfactory. In such cases, the trial mixes may be
waived.
The Engineer may, at his discretion, instruct the Contractor to modify/improve the mix
design during the works if he deems it necessary to meet the requirements. This shall
not entitle the Contractor to any extra payment.

CONCRETOR
5.3 Ready Mixed Concrete
Whenever possible, ready mixed concrete shall be used.
The Contractor shall furnish the name of the intended concrete supplier for approval.
The Engineer reserves the right to inspect the supplier's facilities and to require
samples of cement, fine and coarse aggregates and prepared admixtures for testing.
The cost of such tests shall be borne by the Contractor.
The Contractor shall take full responsibilities (notwithstanding the Engineer's approval)
to ensure that all ready-mixed concrete conforms to SS 119 and this specification.
Concrete which does not comply shall be rejected and shall be immediately removed
from the site.
The Contractor shall furnish, at least 1 day in advance, the date set for each casting of
concrete.
For each truck load of concrete delivered the following information shall appear on the
delivery docket:
x name of ready-mixed concrete batch plant
x serial number of docket
x date and the licence number of the truck
x name of the purchaser
x name and location of job
x specified characteristic concrete strength and the amount of cement used (kg) or
the mix proportions
x quantity of concrete
x time of loading or of first mixing of cement and aggregate, whichever is earlier
x agreed slump
x maximum size of coarse aggregates specified
x trade name of admixture, if any
x the signature of the Engineer's representative (Resident Engineer or Clerk of

Works) who shall also enter the time of arrival of the truck and the time of
completion of discharge
x position where concrete is placed
x number of cubes taken, if any, and cube references
x any other requirements as may be instructed

CONCRETOR
One copy of the docket shall be given to the Engineer's representative on delivery.
The Engineer reserves the right to instruct the Contractor to change the supplier due to
unsatisfactory performance or to rescind his approval for further use of ready-mixed
concrete during the progress of the works, if any of the requirements has, in his opinion,
not been satisfactorily complied with.
No water shall be added to the concrete on the site to increase its workability.
While it is not being discharged, the concrete in a transit truck/truck mixer/agitator shall
be kept continuously agitated.
5.4 Site Mixing
Cement shall be batched in whole bags. When stored in a site, it shall be measured by
weight. The fine and coarse aggregates shall be measured separately by weight,
allowing for moisture in the aggregates. When adding the water, allowance has to be
made to the water content of the aggregates.
The accuracy of the weighing equipment shall be ± 3% of the quantity mixed. The
measuring equipment shall be calibrated before commencement of the works and
subsequently as the Engineer may direct.
Volume batching of aggregates shall be restricted to minor works subject to the

approval of the Engineer.
Mixing shall continue until the concrete shows uniform consistency and colour. The
mixer shall be operated to the manufacturer's recommendations.
The drum of the mixer shall always be entirely discharged before materials for the next
batch are fed into it. Mixers which have been out of use for more than 30 minutes
should be thoroughly cleaned before the next batch.
No hand-mixing is allowed except in exceptional circumstances. In such a case, the

Contractor shall increase the cement content by 10% at his own expense.
5.5 Workability
The required workability shall be determined by the Contractor but subject to agreement
of the Engineer and in no case shall this exceed the specified water/cement ratio.

CONCRETOR
Workability shall be determined on site at the discharge point of the ready mixed
concrete truck or the mixer on site by a slump test in accordance with BS 1881. The
concrete may be rejected at the discretion of the Engineer if the deviation of the slump
from the agreed value is more than ± 25 mm.
Water must not be added after the completion of the mixing.
5.6 Distribution of Concrete
The distribution to the position of placing concrete must not cause segregation.
5.6.1 Pumping
Pumping shall commence first with blowing of water through the pipeline,
followed by cement mortar and these should be discharged away from the area
to be concreted.
When a stoppage cannot be avoided, the concrete in the hopper must be

maintained at a level to prevent entry of air into the pipeline.
Pumping should be stopped if
x the level in the hopper is too low
x extra length of pipe is to be added
x unsuitable concrete has been poured in the hopper
A standby equipment shall be provided to maintain the continuous concrete

supply in the event of a breakdown.
5.7 Placing Concrete
No concrete shall be placed without approval of the Engineer.
The formwork shall be thoroughly wetted prior to placing concrete. Construction joints
shall be wetted and/or if specified, treated with a bonding agent to its manufacturer's
specification.
Usually no more than 30 minutes shall pass between adding the cement to the mix and
the completion of the placing. This interval may be increased to maximum 2 hours if the
concrete is transported by agitating trucks and/or retarders are used. The concrete
supplier must guarantee the mix for use and higher strength concrete may require
reduced times. The interval in all cases between the discharge from the agitators and
the placing of concrete shall not exceed 20 minutes.
No vibration from piling or any other equipment shall be accepted during placing and 24
hours after placing the concrete.
In depositing concrete, care shall be taken to prevent displacing reinforcement and

water bars. The free fall of concrete shall not exceed 2000mm. A record shall be kept

CONCRETOR
by the contractor of the time and date of placing of concrete in each part of the work.
Where concrete is laid on hollow tiles or other absorbent material, this shall be wetted
before the concrete is deposited.
Before proceeding to place the concrete, the shuttering shall be realigned, if necessary,
and water and rubbish therein shall be removed by approved means. Immediately prior
to placing the concrete the shuttering shall be well wetted and inspection openings shall
be closed.
5.7.1 Placing Concrete Under Water
Concrete may be placed under water only with the prior written permission of
the Engineer and using a tremie pipe.
5.7.2 Compacting of Concrete
Structural concrete shall be thoroughly compacted by means of approved

mechanical vibrators and carefully worked around the reinforcement,
embedded fixtures and into corners of the formwork.
The types of vibrators to be used under various conditions are as follows:
x Internal vibrators shall be used in all sections which are sufficiently large to
permit their use.
x Form vibrators shall only be used when sections which are too small for the
internal type and subject to the Engineer's approval.
Vibrators shall be of sturdy construction, adequately powered and capable of

transmitting to the concrete not less than 10,000 cycles for internal type and
3,000 cycles for external type per minute. The vibration shall be sufficiently
intense to cause the concrete to flow or settle into place and to visibly effect the
concrete over a radius of at least 450mm if used with a concrete having a
75mm slump. A sufficient number of vibrators shall be employed so that at the
required rate of placement, vibrating throughout the entire volume of each layer
of concrete and complete compaction are secured. At least one extra vibrator
shall be in hand for emergency use.
Internal vibrators shall be placed in the concrete with a slow and uniform motion
and shall be kept there until the escape of air bubbles from the concrete ceases
when they shall be withdrawn with a slow and uniform motion in order that a
pocket shall not be left in the concrete at the point from which the vibrator is
withdrawn. The vibrator shall be applied in like manner at points uniformly
spaced and not further apart than the radius over which the vibrator is visibly
effective. They shall be applied close enough to the formwork to effectively
vibrate the surface concrete.
With internal and form vibrators, the vibration shall be such that the concrete
becomes uniformly plastic.
Vibration, with any type of vibrator, shall not be continued in any one spot to the
extent that pools of grout are formed. Care shall be given to avoid any
disturbance of concrete which has become too stiff to regain plasticity when
vibrated. Vibration shall not be applied directly to reinforcement.

CONCRETOR
Accumulation of water on the surface of the concrete due to water gain,

segregation or other causes, during the placing and compacting by vibrators
shall be removed and adjustments to be made in the mix if necessary.
Vibration shall be continued until concrete reaches a state of compaction, when

air bubbles cease to break the surface and all loose stones are absorbed into
the mass and the surface is free from pockets and is moist and glistening.
Internal vibrators shall not be permitted to touch the shutters. They shall not be
used to push the concrete along the forms and an ample supply of concrete
shall always be available in front of the needle. External vibrators shall be
securely clamped to the shutter frames or stiffeners (as in columns) or against
the shutter face with chain or vice.
5.7.3 Construction Joints
Unless shown on the drawings the exact location of construction joints shall be
determined by the Contractor to suit his method of working having regard to the
following :-
x The maximum permitted bay size formed herein.
x Construction joints shall occur within the end thirds of spanning members
unless for design reasons other positions are specifically indicated on the
Engineer's drawings.
x Construction joints in slabs supported by retaining walls shall coincide with

shrinkage joints in the walls (see below).
x Ground beams shall be cast monolithic with the ground slab and no
construction joints shall be permitted in these members either horizontally
at the underside of the slab or vertically on the side of the beam. If slabs
are cast separately, additional shear reinforcement to withstand horizontal
interface shear shall be calculated and provided by the Contractor at his
own cost.
Construction joints shall be either truly vertical or truly horizontal over the full
section of the concrete and shall, on no account, be formed along the natural
line of slope of the wet concrete. Neither horizontal joints in the beams or
vertical joints, in columns shall be permitted without the written approval of the
Engineer.
As soon as possible after casting, but in any case after no longer than 24
hours, such joints shall be thoroughly roughened by means of water jetting,
scabbling and wire brushing in order to expose the aggregate. They shall be
well cleaned of all foreign matter and laitance and saturated with water prior to
depositing the new concrete.
Concrete shall be deposited continuously or in layers of such thickness that no
concrete will be deposited on concrete which has set sufficiently to cause the
formation of seams and planes of weakness within the section. No revibration
of concrete which has already set shall be permitted.
In order to minimise shrinkage cracking, the construction bay size shall be

limited. Approximate dimensions are given in the following table (unless
otherwise agreed) :-

CONCRETOR
Construction Limiting Remarks

Dimensions
Slab on grade 50 sq m Ratio of Length/width not
greater than 1.5
Suspended slab 500 sq m Ratio of Length/width not
greater than 1.5
Retaining walls 5 Linear mtr Height of pour up to 4m
Other walls 25 Linear mtr Height of pour up to 4m
5.7.4 Curing
After setting, concrete shall be protected during the first state of hardening from
the harmful effects of rain, sunshine and drying winds, by one or more of the
following :-
x The concrete shall be covered with a layer of sacking, canvas, hessian or

similar absorbent material, or a layer of sand and kept consistently wet for
7 days.
x After thoroughly wetting, the concrete may be covered by a layer of

approved waterproof paper kept in contact with the concrete for 7 days.
x For sections 1500 thick or more the Contractor shall ensure that the
temperature differential between the inner and outer surfaces shall not
exceed 20°C and shall submit to the Engineer his proposals to control and
monitor this.
x Where not prejudiced to applied finishes, concrete may be cured by

application of an approved "Concrete Curing Compound". Application shall
be made by spraying a coat at low pressure on to the surface as directed
by the manufacturer. On horizontal surfaces the curing composition shall
be applied immediately after setting and on vertical surfaces immediately
the formwork is removed.
x Approved means shall also be taken to protect immature concrete from

damage by debris, excessive loading, vibration, deleterious groundwater,
mixing with earth or other materials, or flotation.
x Concrete damaged through improper or insufficient curing shall be made

good at the Contractor's expense.
x All formwork which is to remain in position longer than 24 hours shall be

kept thoroughly wetted during the period it is in contact with the work.
5.8 Blinding
50mm blinding layer of lean concrete shall be provided under all reinforced concrete
work in contact with the ground unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. Where

CONCRETOR
ground conditions are soft, the lean concrete shall be increased to 75mm at the
discretion of the Engineer.
5.9 Waterproof Concrete
Waterproof concrete shall consist of structural concrete as specified herein and with the
addition of an approved waterproofing additive. This shall be mixed in accordance with
the manufacturer's instructions and as detailed in the Bill of Quantities.
Contractor's attention is drawn to the special care required for casting ponds, swimming
pools and all underground structures including basement floor, retaining walls, sumps,
pits, etc. These are all designed to SS EN 1992-3, Eurocodes for water retaining
structures. The contractor shall ensure that workmanship and curing is up to the
required standard. The crack widths in such structures shall not exceed 0.2mm.
The Contractor shall take full responsibility for ensuring that the resulting construction is
completely watertight and free from penetration of moisture.
When in the opinion of the Engineer, damp patches and/or leakage of water in the
finished work are due to failure of the Contractor to comply with this specification, the
affected work shall be made good at the Contractor's expense.
Water bars shall be provided in all construction joints and the type of water-bar will be
as specified or to the approval of the Engineer. All water-bars will be joined by welding
strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and all multiple joints
and special intersections shall be manufactured by the supplier.
Before commencement of work, the Contractor shall obtain the Engineer's approval of
the methods to be used to support and maintain the water-bars in the correct location
while the concrete is placed and also the layout and form of all additional construction
joints other than those shown on the drawings. Unless indicated otherwise on the
drawings, all construction joints in waterproof concrete shall be formed incorporating
water-bars to Engineer's approval.
All service holes cast in shall incorporate sleeves with puddle flanges and temporary
openings for services should incorporate water-bars.
Care shall be taken at all times to ensure that water-bars are not perforated or damaged
in any way and the concrete shall be carefully placed and compacted around the water-
bars to ensure void free impervious concrete.
All kickers or starter plinths to walls (if used) on the periphery of the watertight
construction shall be cast monolithically with the base.
The formwork shall comply with this Specification and in addition any bolt or fastening
embedded in or passing through the concrete shall be to the approval of the Engineer
and not impair the watertightness of the structure. The use of through bolts and sleeves
is strictly prohibited.
Special attention shall be given to the elimination of shrinkage or thermal cracking. The
size of any bay or slab or wall and sequence of pouring shall be such as to minimise
cracking. (see clause 5.7.3 for guidance)

CONCRETOR
Slotted inserts or sockets cast into the structural concrete shall be provided for all
fixings including services. The cutting of holes in watertight concrete is strictly
prohibited.
The Contractor is completely responsible for making all basements and swimming pools
absolutely watertight. If any leakages or moist patches occur, the cost of any repairs,
etc. to make the basement and swimming pool fully watertight will be borne by him.
The Contractor is to give a ten year guarantee for watertightness, reckoned from the
date of completion of basement and swimming pool. The form of guarantee is to be to
the satisfaction of the Client. Should any leaks or dampness occur during the
Guarantee period of ten years, the Contractor shall, at no cost to the Client, immediately
re-waterproof the defective area or areas and make good all damages to surface
finishes such as plaster, painting, panelling, tiling, etc. electrical or other installations or
other property, caused by leaks or dampness or re-imburse the Client for making good
such damages.
Watertightness of swimming pools shall be inspected and tested in accordance with BS

8007 : 1987.
5.10 "No Fines" concrete
"No Fines" concrete shall consist of approved aggregate graded between 40mm and
20mm with not more than 5% passing the 20mm sieve.
The mix shall consist of 0.25 cu m of aggregate to 50kg cement. The aggregate is to be
damp at the time of mixing and the water/cement ratio is to be strictly controlled to
evenly wet the aggregate with grout.
The concrete is to be placed as quickly as possible after mixing and is to be lightly

rodded to assist placing. The concrete shall not be vibrated or rammed.
5.11 Temperature
No concrete shall be mixed or placed while the temperature is above 35 degrees

centigrade (°C) on a rising thermometer or above 40 degrees centigrade (°C) on a
falling thermometer. The Contractor shall supply an accurate maximum and minimum
thermometer and hang it in an approved position in the Works.
The Contractor shall plan the days concrete in such a manner as to ensure that each
bay or panel is completed at a proper construction joint before the temperature rises
above the permissible limit.
The Contractor shall allow in his rates for any additional expenses incurred by
complying with this Clause in order to complete the works within the "Time for
Completion".
5.12 Hot Weather Concreting
The following precautions should be adopted as necessary to comply with the above
limit :-
a) Shading of aggregate stock piles.
b) Insulation of water tanks and pipelines and formwork.

CONCRETOR
c) Refrigeration of mixing water.
d) Addition of ice to mix to lower temperature.
e) Shading of formwork and reinforcement from the sun and drying winds.
f) Cooling of formwork and reinforcement prior to and ahead of casting of the

concrete by mist spraying.
g) Covering and spraying with water of hardening concrete surfaces.
h) Concreting during the cooler part of the day.
Refer to ACI Standard 305-72 Recommended Practice for Hot Weather Concreting.
6.0 TESTING OF CONCRETE
6.1 Concrete Compressive Strength Test
6.1.1 Works Test Cubes shall be made of all structural concrete incorporated into the
works. Unless otherwise directed by the Engineer, one set of cubes of any
particular mix shall be taken from either :-
3
x each 10 m or part thereof in columns
x each 30 cu m in walls and small foundations
x each 50 cu m in slabs, beams and large foundations, or
x each day's production
whichever is the more frequent.
Each set of the Works Test Cubes shall comprise six 150mm cubes made from
a single sample of concrete taken from the point of final deposition of the set
concrete under the Engineer's supervision.
The sampling, making, curing and testing of Works Test Cubes shall be carried
out in accordance with BS 1881. Test results shall be recorded on approved
forms and submitted in duplicate to the Engineer immediately following the test.
A sample of concrete shall be taken at random on eight separate occasions

during each of the first five days of using that mix. The number of samples per
day and the times which they are taken shall be varied at random (thereafter at
least one sample shall be taken each day the concrete of that particular mix is
made). From each sample six cubes shall be made, two for test at seven days,
and the other four for test at twenty-eight days.
In addition to the minimum numbers stated above, the Engineer may, at his
absolute discretion, instruct the Contractor to make additional test cubes from
whichever batch as he may choose.
6.1.2 The contractor shall make allowance in this tender for taking cores, testing
them and dry packing and pressure grouting the core locations. 1 to 2 cores
may be taken for every 1,000m2 area to confirm the insitu strength.

CONCRETOR
6.1.3 Standard of Acceptance - Cubes Tested at 7 Days
x The average strength of the two cubes tested at 7 days shall be used as an
indication only. If the average strength is less than 0.75 of the
characteristic strength, the Engineer may instruct that the mix design be
modified to increase the mean strength of subsequent concrete until
satisfactory evidence is obtained of its adequacy. If the average 7-day
strength is less than 0.67 of the characteristic strength, no more concrete
shall be placed on the suspect concrete until the 28-day strength is found
to comply or unless the Engineer specifically approves. Any additional
expense and/or delay shall be borne solely by the Contractor.
x Tests shall be carried out in approved laboratory. The appropriate strength

requirements are to comply with the requirements of BS 5328 : 1981
"Methods of specifying concrete, including ready mixed concrete".
x Tests failing to meet these requirements shall require that the hardened
concrete be tested as specified below or that a structure test be carried out.
If any single cube result is less than 90% of the specified strength, the
Engineer reserves the right to instruct, without any further tests, that the
section of concrete represented by the cubes be removed and replaced by
concrete meeting this Specification or that other measures shall be taken at
the Contractor's own expense.
x The core tests shall be deemed to have failed if the insitu strength is found
to be less than 85% of the specified cube strength. In such event, the
Engineer may instruct removal of the concrete represented by the core or
instruct further tests, all at the Contractor's expense.

CONCRETOR
6.2 Slump Tests
The consistency of the concrete shall be checked at regular intervals but in any case
not less than the average rate of one test per 25 cubic metres of concrete during the
placing operations by means of a standard slump test in accordance with BS 1881.
The slump shall be the minimum to allow for efficient placing, vibration and
consolidation of the concrete and shall be agreed between the Engineer and the
Contractor prior to commencement of the work and not altered without the approval of
the Engineer.
6.3 Tests on Hardened Concrete
The Engineer may instruct that tests by made on any portion of the Works for the
purpose of checking the strength of cast-in-situ concrete. If ordered, such tests shall be
performed in accordance with the recommendations of Section 9 part 2 of CP65.
Alternatively, samples may be cored and tested in compression.
The Contractor shall bear the costs of these tests, if they are required because of cube
test failure.
6.4 Structure Tests
The Engineer may instruct that a load test be made on the Works or any part thereof for
any of the following reasons :-
(a) Concrete test cubes have failed to attain the specified strength.
(b) The shuttering was prematurely removed.
(c) There had been overloading during construction of the Works or part thereof.
(d) The concrete was improperly cured.
(e) Any other circumstances attributable to alleged negligence on the part of the
Contractor which, in the opinion of the Engineer, results in the Works or part
thereof being of less than the expected strength.
(f) Any concrete subjected to fire.
If the loading test is instructed to be made solely or in part for the reason as in (a), the
test shall be made at the Contractor's own cost. If the test be required for one or more
of the reasons (b) to (f) inclusive, the Contractor shall be reimbursed for the cost of the
test if the result thereof be satisfactory.

CONCRETOR
6.4.1 Load Tests
If there is reasonable doubt as to the adequacy of the strength of the structure,

loading tests shall be made. Such tests need not be made until the expiry of 56
days of effective hardening of the concrete. In such tests, the structure shall be
subjected to a superimposed load equal to one and a quarter times the
specified superimposed load used for design and this load shall be maintained
for a period of 24 hours before removal. During the tests, struts strong enough
to take the whole load shall be placed in position leaving a gap under the
members. If within 24 hours of the removal of the load the structure does not
show a recovery of at least 75% of the maximum deflections shown during the
24 hours under load, the test loading shall be repeated. The structure shall be
considered to have failed to pass the test if the recovery after the second test is
not at least 75% of the maximum shown during the second test. If, during the
test or upon the removal of the load, the structure shows signs of weakness,
undue deflections of faulty constructions, it shall be reconstructed or
strengthened to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
The Engineer may modify the above conditions for a test load if he deems it
necessary.
7.0 OTHER CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING CONCRETE
7.1 Pile Caps
The Contractor shall ensure that all piles are trimmed and finished to the Engineer's
satisfaction before constructing pile caps.
The piles shall be thoroughly washed clean of all adhering foreign matter before the
blinding layer is placed. A temporary sump pit shall be excavated beside each pile cap
to provide approximately 0.5 cubic metres below blinding level for rain water run off.
Blinding shall be laid with falls to the sump.
When formwork is fixed, drainage outlets shall be provided to allow rainwater to pass
into the sump. During concreting the Contractor shall take suitable precautions to
prevent rain from damaging the mix. The concreting programme shall be arranged
such that a sloping face is always provided away from previously cast areas and this
face is worked towards the drainage outlets. Pumps shall be on hand throughout
concreting in case of rain.
Pile caps shall be cast in one continuous operation, construction joints shall not be
allowed. The Contractor shall exercise particular attention in vibrating the concrete
around starter bars and pile heads.

CONCRETOR
7.2 Concrete Precast on Site
Precast concrete members shall be manufactured in accordance with the Engineer's

drawings or drawings approved by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer for his approval details of the formwork
which must be endorsed by the Contractor's Professional Engineer. Fair face finish
shall be provided except where special finishes are required by the Architect.
Concrete shall be placed in one operation and no construction joints shall be permitted.
The concrete shall be mechanically compacted so that the surface of the cast concrete
is perfectly smooth, free from all cavities and of a uniform colour.
The Contractor shall submit his proposals in writing to the Engineer for lifting, stacking,
transporting and placing. At all times the members shall be protected from shock and
injury especially during the curing period. The members when stacked shall be covered
to prevent staining from the weather or other causes.
No structural precast member shall be lifted into its final position until a period of 28
days after casting without the written approval of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall ensure that no shock, distortion or other injury occurs during the
lifting operations and shall protect any architectural feature with protective fenders. Any
structural precast members found to be cracked or otherwise inferior in quality before or
after erection, shall be rejected by the Engineer and replaced by the Contractor at his
own cost.
Whenever a pocket or void is left out in any structural member, it shall be reinstated by
dry packing and pressure grouting to achieve at least the same strength as the member
with guaranteed zero shrinkage.
Where precast work is jointed with grout, 1:1 cement mortar shall be used. The
Contractor shall take care to position and secure the units before grouting. The grout
shall be introduced as shown on the Engineer's drawing so that all voids are filled and
air pockets expelled.
7.3 Cutting of Concrete
The general contractor shall execute all cutting and making good of concrete which may
be necessary either for the proper execution of the work under his contract or for the
convenience of other contractors. No other contractor is authorised to cut concrete in
any way. No cutting of concrete shall be permitted which will in any way reduce the
strength of the member in question. The Engineer's permission must first be obtained
before any cutting takes place.
7.4 Walling and Partitions
Where partitions are built up to the soffits of a reinforced concrete beam or slab a 10mm
horizontal joint is to be left clear below the soffit. This joint shall be filled with approved
compressible material. Galvanised hoop iron or other approved brick ties of appropriate
length shall be cast in the concrete for building into the horizontal joints of brick/block
partitions at every 6th brick course.
7.5 Holes, Electrical Conduits and Pipes in Concrete

CONCRETOR
7.5.1 All holes, openings, pockets, ducts, chases, recesses and other cavities shall
be formed before the concrete is placed. No holes shall be cut in hardened
concrete without the prior approval of the Engineer.
Attention is drawn to the necessity of casting in all such items as rainwater

gullies during placing of the concrete.
Unless otherwise shown in drawings, all openings in slabs shall be trimmed by

2T16 bars top and bottom along each face of the opening and projecting
750mm beyond the opening.
Unless otherwise shown in drawings all rectangular openings through beams

shall be trimmed by 2T20 reinforcement all round. All circular openings shall be
trimmed by at least 4 pairs of 2T16 bars placed diagonally around the opening.
7.5.2 Electrical conduits and other pipes whose embedment is allowed shall not, with
their fittings, displace the concrete of a column on which stress is calculated or
which is required for fire protection, to a greater extent than 4% of the area of
the cross section unless shown otherwise on the drawings.
Sleeves or tower pipes passing through floors, walls, or beams shall not be of
such a size or in such location as to impair unduly the strength of the
construction. Such sleeves or pipes may be considered as not reducing the
strength of the member provided they are not exposed to rusting or other
deterioration, are of uncoated iron or steel not thinner than standard steel pipe,
have a nominal inside diameter not over 51mm and are spaced not less than
three diameters centre to centre and/or centre to face of concrete member.
Except where plans of conduits and pipes are provided by the Engineer or
Client, embedded pipes and conduits, other than those merely passing through,
shall not be larger in outside diameter than one-third the thickness of the slab,
wall, or beam in which they are embedded nor shall they be spaced closer than
three diameters centre to centre, nor so located as to impair unduly the strength
of the construction. Circular uncoated or galvanised screwed electrical conduit
of iron or steel may be considered as not reducing the strength of the member.
Conduits for electrical wiring, embedded in concrete, shall comply also with the
requirements of relevant wiring rules approved by the Local Authority.
7.5.3 Pipes Containing Liquids or Gases
Pipes which contain liquid, gas or vapour may be embedded in structural

concrete under the following conditions:
x The temperature of the liquid, gas or vapour shall not exceed 50°C.
x The maximum pressure to which any piping or fitting shall be subjected

2
shall not exceed 1.40 N/mm above atmospheric pressure.

CONCRETOR
x All piping and fittings shall be tested as a unit for leaks immediately prior to
concreting. The testing pressure per square metre above atmospheric
pressure shall be 50% in excess of the pressure to which the piping and
fittings may be subjected but the minimum testing pressure shall be not
2
less than 1.03 N/mm above atmospheric pressure. The pressure test
shall be held for four hours with no drop in pressure except that which may
be caused by changes of air temperature.
x Pipes carrying liquid, gas or vapour which is explosive or injurious to health

shall again be tested as specified above, after the concrete has hardened.
2
x No liquid, gas or vapour except water not exceeding 32°C or 0.138 N/mm
pressure, shall be placed in the pipes until the concrete has hardened.
x In solid slabs, the piping shall be placed between the top and the bottom
reinforcement.
x Reinforcement with an area equal to at least 0.25% of the area of the

concrete section shall be provided normal to the piping.
x The piping and fittings shall be assembled by welding, bracing, solder-
sweating, or other equally satisfactory method. Plain screwed connections
shall not be permitted. The piping shall be so fabricated and installed that it
will not require any cutting, bending, or displacement of the reinforcement
from its proper location.
x No liquid, gas or vapour which may be injurious or detrimental to the pipes

shall be placed therein.
x Drain Pipes and other piping designed for pressure not more than 0.007
2
N/mm above atmospheric pressure need not be tested as required above.
7.5.4 Cover to Pipes and Conduits
The thickness of concrete measured from the nearest permanent surface of a

concrete member to the outside of pipes, conduits, etc embedded generally
parallel to the surface of the member shall not be less than the greatest of :
x 25mm;
x The outside diameter of the pipe or conduit or socket in the case of

screwed piping or conduit; or
x One and a half times the nominal maximum size of the aggregate.

CONCRETOR
7.6 Tolerances
The structure shall be built to dimensions and levels shown on the Architect's drawings.
Deviation from true positions and/or levels will be accepted only if they do not effect the
finished dimensions, positions and levels as shown on the Architect's drawings.
Permitted tolerances shall be in accordance with the current issue of BS 5606, Code of
Practice for Accuracy in building with up-to-date amendments.
Construction Tolerances of Structural Elements Supporting curtain walls or surfaces

affecting curtain wall set out:-
x Maximum deviation vertically from defined position immediately after stripping of

formwork +12mm.
x Maximum deviation laterally from defined position immediately after stripping

formwork and prior to any prestressing +12mm or building height/4000 whichever is
greater. This laterally out of position tolerance includes all local deviations in edge
of slab or edge beams as well as overall building tolerance.
NOTE: All structural tolerances given above for curtain walls must also be
achieved for external structural faces of building affecting set out of
masonry, windows and other cladding/finishes.
8.0 REINFORCING STEEL
8.1 General
x Steel for reinforcement shall be one or more of the following:
x Round plain mild steel bar to BS 4449 (denoted with the letter R)
x Hot rolled steel bar (deformed), type 2 to BS 4449 with deformation to BS 4461
(denoted with the letter T)
x Steel fabric reinforcement to BS 4483
x Any other steel of a type and quality shall be approved by the Engineer in writing
Reinforcement shall be free from pitting, loose rust, mill scale, paint, oil, grease,
adhering earth or any other material that may impair the bond between the concrete
and the reinforcement or cause the disintegration of the concrete. No adhering
limewash or cement grout shall be permitted.
Each consignment of reinforcement may be tested for compliance with the relevant
Eurocodes and Certificates of origin shall be produced. Selection of test pieces shall be
made by the Engineer.
The Contractor shall bear all costs involved in making the tests. The Contractor shall
have no claim for bars mutilated in obtaining test pieces.

CONCRETOR
All reinforcement shall be of the diameter, length and material shown on the drawings.
Bar bending schedules shall be prepared by the Contractor.
8.2 Storage
The Contractor shall store reinforcement specified on site stock (SS) schedules in easily
accessible and weather protected racks, capable of accommodating standard stock
lengths.
8.3 Cutting and Bending
The Contractor shall provide power plant necessary for cutting and bending of
reinforcement on site in accordance with Bending Schedules, prepared by the
Contractor.
Reinforcement shall be cut and bent in accordance with BS 4466. Bars shall be bent
cold and by machine.
Bars incorrectly bent shall be used only if the means used for straightening and
rebending will not damage the material.
8.4 Mechanical Splices for Compression Reinforcement
Approved mechanical splices shall be installed, where detailed on the drawings, to the
manufacturer's instructions, unless specified otherwise below.
The ends of the bars to be joined by mechanical splices, shall be machined dead
square and flat, installed with the bearing surfaces in contact in full compliance with
Manufacturer's Specification.
The fit shall be "no-go" for any feeler gauge when using end bearing splices.
All splices shall be installed so that inspection is possible. Before concreting any
member, where mechanical splices are used, the Contractor shall obtain the Engineer's
approval of the splices installation. Unsatisfactory installations shall be made good at
the Contractor's expense, to the Engineer's approval.
8.5 Fixing Reinforcement
Fixing of reinforcement shall conform to BS 4466.
Bars in lapped splices shall be in close contact and should be wired together. Bending
of bars hot or splicing of bars by welding is not permitted unless shown on the drawings
or approved by the Engineer.
Care shall be taken that the binding wire is kept well clear of the face of the concrete to
prevent damage due to corrosion of the wire. Stainless tying wire shall be used for
exposed concrete surfaces where the wire is within the cover zone.
No concreting shall be commenced until the Engineer has inspected the reinforcement
in position and until his approval has been obtained.

CONCRETOR
Reinforcement projecting from work being concreted or already concreted shall not be
bent out of its correct position for any reason unless approved and shall be protected
from deformation or other damage.
Adequate precautions shall be taken at all times to ensure that reinforcement in slabs
and beams is protected from displacement by constructional traffic by the use of, for
example, properly constructed and supported barrow runs and walking boards.
Distribution reinforcement shall be scheduled, where possible, in standard stock

lengths. The Contractor shall fix it in accordance with the general instructions contained
on the Engineer's drawings by either cutting suitable lengths on site or pre-ordering cut
lengths from his suppliers.
Concrete cover to all reinforcement shall be as described on the drawings and shall be
provided and maintained within a tolerance of 3mm under and over (except where
specified as minimum).
Cover to reinforcement shall be provided, using concrete blocks or pre-formed chairs of

a type to be approved by the Engineer and adequately spaced to ensure that no
displacement of reinforcement occurs during placing of concrete. The cost of these
chairs are deemed to be included in the tender. If concrete blocks are used, they must
be of the same density and strength as the concrete in the member.
9.0 FORMWORK
9.1 General
Formwork shall be constructed in accordance with SS CP23. The formwork shall be

constructed so as to support the concrete in its fluid state together with all construction
loads without appreciable movement or deflection. It shall be sufficiently tight to prevent
loss of grout from the concrete and be free from undulations and distortions.
The formwork shall, unless otherwise directed, have smooth even faces and be
supported as to provide a plain surface with clean and true arises. The surfacing
material shall be renewed as necessary during the period of the contract and all
accumulations of hardened concrete on the faces shall be removed before use.
Formwork shall be provided for the top faces of sloping work and anchored to prevent
floatation where the slope exceeds 15 degrees.
If so instructed, the calculations and designs for the formwork shall be submitted for
review and comments before construction.
Notwithstanding the comments by the Engineer, the strength and adequacy of the
formwork and its supports shall remain the sole responsibility of the Contractor and/or
his Professional Engineer.
The Contractor may be required to cut out or re-execute the work at his own expense
where openings, holes, conduits and the like which are shown on the drawings have not
been formed.
Forms for walls and thin sections shall be provided with openings and other devices
which will permit the concrete to be placed in a manner to prevent segregation or the

CONCRETOR
accumulation of hardened concrete on the form or on the reinforcement above the level
of the concrete surface.
If the formwork for a column or wall is erected to its full height, concrete placement
openings shall be left in one side and closed as placing of the concrete proceeds.
Provision shall be made in the formwork for any perforations, sinking or the inclusion of
any built-in parts as required.
The written approval of the Engineer must be obtained before either metal or plastic
formwork is used.
No untreated formwork shall be left in. Should it be not possible to extract formworks, in
such areas anti-termited treat formwork or bondek sall be used as permanent formwork.
9.2 Construction
The arrangement of formwork shall be such that it can be dismantled and removed
readily from the cast concrete without causing shock, disturbance or damage. For
beams and slabs the arrangement shall be such that the formwork and supports for the
slab soffits and beam sides can be removed without disturbing the formwork and
supports of the beam soffits.
Supports of an upper floor shall rest on the lower floor only if the lower floor has
developed adequate strength to bear the load. If in the opinion of the Engineer, the
lower floor does not have the required strength to carry the support of the upper floors,
then the method adopted to support the formwork of the upper floor shall have to be
approved by the Engineer.
Bolts and other metal fittings used in formwork erection shall be constructed so as to
permit their easy removal to a depth of at least 50mm from the face without injury to the
concrete and so that upon their removal the cavities left are of the smallest possible
size.
All holes left in the concrete shall be filled with mortar and finished to the approval of the
Engineer. Wire ties passing through the concrete may be used only when approved
and the ends of the wire shall be concealed and measures taken to prevent rust stains
on the concrete.
The Contractor shall be required to make allowances for any settlement or deflection of
formwork which is likely to arise during construction so that the hardened concrete
conform accurately to the specified line and level within the tolerances specified in this
specification. Unless otherwise shown on the drawings, the soffits of beams and slabs
of 6 m span and over shall be given a camber towards the centre of 5 mm for every 2 m
of span. For post-tensioned walls or beams, the Contractor must consult the Engineer
before erection of the formwork.
Formwork across structure joints shall be erected such that it overlaps adjoining
finished concrete by at least 150 mm and held tightly to it. Formwork shall run
continuously across construction joints.
Anchor bolts to be permanently installed in concrete, fixing, boxouts, cores and other
devices used for forming openings, holes, pockets, recesses and other cavities shall be
fixed firmly to the formwork. These fixings shall be as rigid as the formwork itself so as
to prevent the leakage of any grout. No holes shall be cut in cast concrete except with

CONCRETOR
the approval of the Engineer. If the Contractor fails to provide for any box out, hole or
opening which he may reasonably be expected to anticipate from the drawings and if
the Engineer considers that cutting the concrete to provide such opening may impair the
strength of the member, then the Contractor shall at his expense adopt any other
method which the Engineer may deem fit to provide for such opening.
External vibrators, where approved, shall be fixed to the framing members and not to
individual boards on the face.
All rubbish, chippings, shavings, etc shall be removed from the interior of formwork
immediately before concrete is placed, first by compressed air and then by a jet of
water. Temporary openings shall be formed for the inspection of the inside of the
formwork and for the escape of water used for washing.
The Contractor may use an approved form oil which is compatible with the required
finish to coat the faces of the formwork in contact with the concrete. Such oils shall be
insoluble in water, non-staining, not injurious to the concrete and shall not become flaky
or be removed by rain or wash water. Diesel oil and liquids which retard the setting of
the concrete shall not be used. The same approved type of form oil shall be used
throughout all works. The application of the form oil shall be such that no reinforcement
or prestressing tendons shall be coated by the oil and there shall be no accumulation of
the oil at the bottom of the formwork.
9.2.1 Special Consideration for Formwork to Support Post Tensioned Structure
Depending on the sequence of post-tensioning, a substantial relocation of

loads on the formwork may take place. For example, if slabs are stressed first,
they may be lifted off the formwork and this weight is transferred on to the
beams. Before the beams are stressed, this supporting formwork receives the
sum of the weights of the beam and adjoining slab.
The Contractor has to allow for this effect when erecting supports for the
formwork.
All formwork shall be removed without damage to the concrete. The Contractor
shall be responsible for any injury to the work and any consequential damage
caused by or arising from the method adopted for the striking or moving of the
formwork or supports.
Immediately after the removal of the formwork, it is the Contractor's

responsibility to notify the Engineer for inspection and any remedial treatment
required by the Engineer shall be carried out without delay. Any remedial
treatment which has been carried out before the Engineer's inspection and
approval shall render the member liable for rejection.
9.3 The soffits of formwork for suspended beams of more than 5m span shall be generally
laid to an upward camber towards the centre of 5mm for every 1 m of span in excess of
5m. For cantilever beams or slabs, 5mm upward camber shall be provided for every
1m of span.
The soffits of formwork for suspended slabs of more than 6m shall be generally laid to
an upward camber of 5mm per 1m span. The cambers to which flat slabs are laid shall
be agreed with the Engineer prior to work commencing.

CONCRETOR
In special cases, where structural members are exposed in elevation or in any position
in which architectural details are affected the camber to be used shall be agreed with
the Engineer prior to work commencing.
9.4 Striking of Formwork and Props
All formwork and props shall be removed without undue vibration, shock or damage to
the concrete.
Proper precautions shall be taken to ensure that the concrete is sufficiently mature at
the time of striking.
The following table shall be used to determine striking times.
Where the member concerned may be called upon to take construction loading from
higher floors, propping shall be agreed with the Engineer in writing prior to work
commencing.
TABLE OF STRIKING TIMES
Type of Member Normal Portland Rapid Hardening

Cement Concrete Cement Concrete
Beam Sides, Walls & 2 days 1 day

Columns (unloaded)
Slabs in Beam & slab 4 days 3 days
construction (props left
under)
Removal of props to slabs 10 days 5 days
as above
Beams and flat slab 8 days 5 days
construction (props to be
left undisturbed)
Removal of props to 21 days 8 days
beams and flat slabs
N.B. 1 day = 24 hours from the time of placing of concrete
9.5 Finishes
9.5.1 Fair-Faced Finish (Permanently Exposed Concrete Face)
Before the commencement of work on concrete to be exposed permanently,

the Contractor shall erect a sample of the formwork and cast the sample finish.
The finish as approved by the Architect must be maintained throughout the
Contract. Where the resulting finish of a completed work is not considered by
the Architect to meet the standard of the approved sample panel, the
Contractor may be required to remove the work completely and reconstruct or
carry out such surface treatment as may be required by the Architect. This
work shall be done entirely at the Contractor's expense.

CONCRETOR
For concrete to receive an applied finish, the Contractor shall prepare sample
panels to assess the self finishing properties of the chosen mix and its
compatibility with the applied finish.
9.5.2 Permanently Exposed Concrete Finishes Derived from Formwork
The formwork for permanently exposed concrete shall be specially designed to

provide the required finish. The faces of the formwork against which the
concrete is to be placed shall be hard and with a wrought finish or lined with an
approved non-staining form lining if required. An approved non-staining form
oil shall be used to coat the face to facilitate easy removal of the formwork. The
entire formwork shall be sufficiently rigid to give clean true finish.
The texture and quality of the surface finish shall be consistently maintained
throughout the project. The type of cement, formwork materials, form oil and
the source of the aggregate shall remain unchanged at all stages of the project.
The Contractor shall, at the commencement of the work, ensure that adequate
supplies of these materials are available for the duration of the construction.
During the placing of the concrete, the Contractor shall take special care to
thoroughly compact the concrete especially in areas nearer the formwork in
order that the finished surface is free of water and air holes.
After the formwork is carefully removed, the Contractor shall notify the Engineer
who shall inspect the surface. If instructed by the Engineer, the Contractor
shall then proceed to remove any fins and wash down the surface.
Thereafter, only the most noticeable surface blemishes shall be filled with a
cement and fine aggregate paste, the colour of which shall match the colour of
the concrete.
All finished work shall be very well protected from damage, staining,
discolouration and any other defect at all stages of construction.

CONCRETOR
9.5.3 Slab Finish Without Topping
The top face of a slab which is not to be covered with other materials shall be
levelled and power floated while unset to a smooth finish at the levels or falls
shown on the drawings or elsewhere. The floating shall be done so as not to
bring an excess of mortar to the surface of the concrete. Any indentation in the
surface of the concrete shall be formed by approved implements to the depths
and patterns described. Where applicable integral hardeners must be applied
to the surface as part of the finishing process in accordance with the
manufacturers recommendations.
9.5.4 Concrete to Receive Applied Finish
When the concrete is to receive an applied finish, the formwork shall be made
of closely jointed wrought boards. Alternatively, steel or other materials may
also be used, subject to the Engineer's agreement. On removal of the
formwork and upon Engineer's inspection, defects shall be treated. The
concrete face shall then be roughened by approved means to form a key
before the finish is applied.
9.5.5 Slabs to Receive Topping
The top face of slab intended to receive topping shall be first spaded and then
left roughened with approved means.
Just prior to placing the topping, the base slab shall be thoroughly cleaned,
prepared for bond and wetted. No pools of water shall be left standing on the
wetted surface. A thin coat of neat cement grout shall be applied onto the
surface of the slab for short distance ahead of the topping. The wearing
surface shall be applied before the grout has hardened.
When surface hardeners are required to be used, the Contractor shall submit
for the Engineer's approval, the type, colour, composition, details of
manufacture and the manufacturer's method of use. Any hardener consisting
of soluble alkaline compounds, rust and materials designed to disguise rust
shall not be allowed to be used. Upon approval of the type, the application of
the hardener shall be as specified by the manufacturer.
9.5.6 Special Finishes
Where special finishes to concrete are specified by the Engineer or the

Architect, the Contractor shall submit his proposals to achieve such special
finishes to the Engineer and/or Architect, for their written approval.

CONCRETOR
10.0 STRUCTURAL MOVEMENT JOINTS
10.1 General
Structural movement joints shall be provided in the position indicated on the Engineer's
drawings.
Such joints shall be formed in the manner indicated on the drawings.
The filling medium used is to be adequately secured to one of the members which it
separates so as to prevent subsequent displacement. Unless otherwise specified the
separating material for vertical joints shall be 10mm foamed polystyrene sheet.
All exposed face of such joints shall be sealed by approved 10mm x 10mm
polysulphide sealant all round. Similarly such joints shall be protected by a layer of
volclay or approved equivalent all round the joint along the mid depth of the joint. Such
material shall be secured to alredy cast concrete member.
10.2 Retaining Walls
Shrinkage joints incorporating water bars of the form approved by the Engineer shall be
provided at not more than 8m centres. Construction joints shall coincide with shrinkage
joints.
10.3 Load Bearing Joints (Sliding Joints)
The joints shall be formed to the details shown on the Engineer's drawings.
The vertical separating medium shall, unless otherwise specified, be 10mm foam
polystyrene sheet.
The width of sheet used for the vertical separating medium shall be equal to the depth
of joints indicated on the drawings and the width of the horizontal separating medium
shall be equal to the width of the concrete bearing surface shown on the drawings.
The horizontal separating medium shall carry the loading indicated on the drawings. A
horizontal movement of 25mm shall be allowed for unless noted otherwise on the
drawings. The concrete surfaces in contact with the separating medium shall be true to
line and level and smoothly finished with all arises chamfered.
The horizontal separating medium shall be laid first in accordance with the
manufacturer's instructions, the edge of the material being accurately aligned with the
"free" edge of the bearing surface.
The vertical separating medium shall then be fixed to the concrete using a suitable
adhesive taking care that its edges are true, square and in contact with horizontal
separating medium for its full length.
When the separating mediums have been finally positioned they shall be completely
covered with a suitable gauge of polythene sheet in order to exclude grout during
subsequent casting operations.

CONCRETOR
Immediately after removal of the formwork the exposed edges of the joint shall be
cleaned and the edges of the separating media left exposed.
10.4 Shrinkage Bays
The Contractor shall propose and obtain the Engineer's approval for sections of
structure to be temporarily omitted to allow the major part of the shrinkage of the
structure to take place. Where a building dimension is larger than 70m and no
expansion joints are shown on the drawing, at least one shrinkage bay must be
provided.
Such shrinkage bays are to be left open for 56 days or such other times as the Engineer
shall direct.
10.5 Water Bars
Water bars shall be provided at all horizontal and vertical construction, contraction and
expansion joints of ponds, swimming pools and basement floor, walls, and any other
structure founded below the ground. These shall be of an approved type and shall not
be punctured in fixing.
The following water bars have the provisional approval of the Engineer :
- In floor construction and contraction joints, are generally 240mm wide central bulb
or 240mm rearguard waterstop.
- All waterstops, except at the expansion joints, shall be pvc waterstops, unless
otherwise specified.
11.0 COORDINATION DRAWINGS
The Contractor shall submit coordination drawings for the concrete structure, based on
Architectural and Structural Engineers' drawings comprising :-
Site plan and sections incorporating all external works, roads, culverts, drains, slopes, etc.
showing all existing and proposed levels. Drawings showing all existing information within and
around the site shall be submitted at the commencement and updated subsequently to
incorporate proposed works.
All floors layout plans with sections showing all structural members with sizes and incorporating
structural and finished levels, including all openings, voids required architecturally or to
accommodate M&E services. These drawings shall be submitted prior to fixing any formwork
and reinforcement.
Similarly, drawings for minor sewer incorporating all existing and proposed lines, manholes,
connections, etc shall be submitted as and when required by the Engineer.
12.0 PRECAUTIONS AGAINST ALKALI-SILICA REACTION (ASR) IN CONCRETE

CONCRETOR
12.1 Concrete mixes for use in permanent works in all locations shall comply with one of the
Clauses 12.1.1, 12.1.2, 12.1.3. The Contractor shall notify the Engineer of his
proposals for complying with this requirement.
12.1.1 The cementitious material shall have a reactive alkali content not exceeding a
maximum value of 0.6% by mass when defined and tested in accordance with
Clauses 55 and 56.
OR
12.1.2 The total mass of reactive alkali in the concrete mix shall not exceed 3.0 kg/m3
of concrete when defined, tested and calculated in accordance with Clauses 55
and 57.
OR
12.1.3 The aggregate shall be classed as non-reactive in accordance with the

definition in Clause 58.
12.2 Cementitious material (Hydraulic and Latent Hydraulic Binders) :

Definitions and Clauses
12.2.1 Cementitious materials shall comply with the relevant British Standards which
are :
BS 12, BS 146, BS 1370, BS 3892: Part 1 BS 4027, BS 4246, BS 6588, BS

6699.
12.2.2 The term alkali refers to the alkali metals sodium and potassium expressed as
their oxide. The reactive alkali content of Portland cements to BS 12, BS 4027
and BS 1360 shall be defined as the percentage by mass of equivalent sodium
oxide (Na2O) calculated from :-
% equivalent Na20 = % acid soluble Na2O + 0.658 x (% acid soluble K2O)
12.2.3 The method used in determining the acid soluble alkali content of the materials
to BS 12, BS 1370 and BS 4027 shall be taken as the water soluble alkali
determined in accordance with BS 4550 : Part 2** 1970, Clause 55.2.
12.2.4 For the purpose of this specification, the reactive alkali content of ground
granulated blast furnace slag (ggbfs) shall be taken as the water soluble alkali
determined in accordance with Clause 12.3.
12.2.5 For the purpose of this specification the reactive alkali content of ground
granulated pulverized fuel ash(pfa) shall be taken as the water soluble alkali
determined in accordance with Clause 12.3.

CONCRETOR
12.2.6 The Contractor shall make available the certified average acid soluble alkali
content of Portland cement to BS 12, BS 1370 or BS 4027 on a weekly basis.
12.2.7 The Contractor shall give immediate notice of any change which may increase
the certified average acid soluble alkali content above the level used in the mix
design for the concrete. A revised mix design for any concrete which would be
affected by the increased alkali content shall be submitted for approval with
notification of the change.
12.2.8 The method of determining the amount of pfa in a cement to BS 6588 shall be
in accordance with Appendix A of that standard.
12.2.9 The method of determining the amount of ggbfs in cement to BS 146 shall be in
accordance with BS 4550 : Part 0000 (when available).
12.2.10 The Contractor shall certify to the Engineer the ratio by mass of ggbfs or pfa to
Portland cement in the concrete.
12.3 The reactive alkali content of either ggbfs or pfa shall be the water soluble level
determined using :-
The extraction method for sand given in BS 812 : Part 4 : 1976, namely:-
Place a mass of 500g of the dry subsample of pfa or ggbfs in a wide mouth screw
topped plastic bottle. Add 500ml distilled water and allow to stand for 24 hours with
occasional shaking. Take a 5ml aliquot of the supernatant liquid (filtered when
necessary) by means of a pipette and transfer to a 500ml volumetric flask.
The test method for cement given in Clause 55; AMD 4260 : BS 4550 : Part 2, namely :-
Using the specified reagents add 5ml of nitric acid and 50ml aluminium solution and
where necessary, sufficient of the calcium solution to bring the concentration of calcium
oxide in the diluted solution to approximately 630 mg/1. Dilute of the mark with water
and mix thoroughly. Follow the procedure given in Clause 44.2.4.1 (of the document
quoted above) from the second paragraph towards.
The calculation will proceed as in 55.2.5 of the document quoted above except that for
the given conditions of extraction and dilution the alkali oxide = 0.01c.
Clause 55.2 of this Model Specification shows to convert the data so obtained to
equivalent Na2O.
12.4 Minimising The Risk By Using Cementitious Material Containing Less Than 0.6%
Reactive Alkali
The requirements of Clause 54.2 will be met by any one of Clauses 12.4.1 to 12.4.5
3
provided that the contribution of alkalis from other sources does not exceed 0.2 kg/m
3
(see Clauses 57.2 and 60.2). Where these alkalis exceed 0.2 kg/m the requirements
of Clause 57 shall apply.
12.4.1 The cementitious material shall be Portland cement complying with BS 4027
and shall have additionally a certified maximum acid soluble alkali content not
exceeding 0.6%.

CONCRETOR
The Contractor shall provide on request weekly certificates which name the
source of the cement and confirm compliance with the specification.
OR
12.4.2 The cementitious material shall be Portland-blastfurnace cement complying

with BS 146 and containing a minimum of 50% by mass of ggbfs or a low heat
Portland-blastfurnace cement complying with BS 4246. The cement shall have
a maximum acid soluble alkali content of 1.1% measured in accordance with
the method given in Clause 12.2.3.
The Contractor shall provide certificates on request confirming compliance with

the specification and stating :
a) The proportion of ggfbs expressed as a percentage by mass of the

total cementitious material.
b) The certified acid soluble alkali content of the cement.
c) The certified average reactive alkali content of the ggfbs.
d) The name of the works manufacturing the cement.
OR
12.4.3 The cementitious material shall be a combination of Portland cement complying

with BS 12 and a ggfbs complying with BS 6699 and shall contain a minimum
of 50% by mass of ggbfs. The combination of Portland cement and ggbfs shall
have a certified maximum acid soluble alkali content of 1.1% measured in
accordance with the method given in Clause 12.2.3.
The Contractor shall provide certificates on request confirming compliance with

the specification and stating:
a) The proportion of ggfbs expressed as a percentage by mass of the

total cementitious material.
b) The certified average acid soluble alkali contents of the cementitious

material.
c) The names of the works manufacturing the cement and the ggbfs.
OR

CONCRETOR
12.4.4 The cementitious material shall be a Portland cement complying with BS 146,
BS 4246 or BS 6588 and shall contain ggbfs or pfa so that the total reactive
alkali content of the cementitious material does not exceed 0.6%. The target
mean ggbfs or pfa content of the cementitious material shall be at least 25% by
mass. The Contractor shall provide certificates on request confirming
compliance with the specification and stating :-
a) The proportion of ggbfs or pfa expressed as a percentage by mass of

the total cementitious material.
b) The reactive alkali contents of the cements and their components.
c) The name of the works manufacturing the cement and that supplying
the ggbfs and pfa.
12.4.5 The cementitious material shall be a combination of Portland cement complying

with BS 12 and a ggbfs complying with BS 6699 or a pfa complying with BS
3892 : Part 1 and shall contain sufficient ggbfs or pfa so that the total reactive
alkali content of the cementitious material does not exceed 0.6%. The target
mean ggbfs or pfa content of the cementitious material shall be at least 25% by
mass. The Contractor shall provide certificates on request confirming
compliance with the specification and stating :-
a) The proportion of ggbfs or pfa expressed as a percentage by mass of

the total cementitious material.
b) The reactive alkali content of the Portland cement and ggbfs or pfa.
c) The names of the works manufacturing the Portland cement and that
supplying the ggbfs or pfa.
12.5 Minimising The Risk By Limiting The Reactive Alkali Content Of The Concrete To
3.0 KG/M3
The requirements of Clause 12.1.2 will be met provided that Clauses 12.5.1 to 12.5.3
are satisfied.
12.5.1 The reactive alkali content of the concrete contributed by the Portland cement,
ggbfs or pfa to the concrete shall be calculated from :
a) Portland cement
Cxa
A= ---------
100
Where A = reactive alkali content of the concrete to the nearest 0.1
3
(kg/m )
3
C = target mean Portland cement content of the concrete (kg/m )
a = certified average acid soluble alkali content of the Portland cement

(%),
b) ggbfs or pfa
Exd

CONCRETOR
B= -------
100
Where B = average reactive alkali content contributed by ggbfs or pfa

3
(kg/m )
3
E = target mean ggbfs or pfa content of the concrete (kg/m )
d = reactive alkali content of ggbfs or pfa (%). (See Clause 12.2.5)
12.5.2 Where reactive alkali in excess of 0.2 kg/m3 are contributed to the concrete
from sources other than the cementitious material, the limit of 3.0 kg/m3 from
the cementitious material shall be reduced by the total amount so contributed.
The reactive alkali contributed by sodium chloride contamination of aggregates

shall be calculated from :
0.76 x (NF x MF) + (NC x MC)

H = ------------------------------
100
The factor 0.76 is obtained from a consideration of the composition of sea

water where :
H = equivalent alkali contribution made to the concrete by the sodium

3
chloride (kg/m )
NF = chloride ion content of the fine aggregate as a percentage by mass of

dry aggregate and measured according to BS 812: Part 4: 1976 (now in draft
as part 117).
3
MF = find aggregate content (kg/m )
NC = chloride ion content of the coarse aggregate as a percentage by mass

of dry aggregate and measured according to BS 812: Part 4: 1976 (now in draft
as part 117).
3
MC = coarse aggregate content (kg/m )
The chloride ion content of aggregate sources containing 0.01% of chloride ion
by mass or more shall be determined weekly in accordance with BS 812 or
another approved method. When the chloride ion level is less than 0.01% it
shall be regarded as nil.
12.5.3 The Contractor shall provide certificates on request confirming compliance with
the specification and stating :
The target mean cementitious material content of the concrete.

CONCRETOR
The names of the works manufacturing the cement, ggbfs and pfa.
The proportion of ggbfs or pfa expressed as a percentage by mass of the total

cementitious material.
A weekly report of the cement alkali determinations in accordance with Clause

12.2.6.
The certified average acid soluble alkali content of the Portland cement.
A weekly report of either the reactive alkali determinations on ggbfs and pfa or
a certified maximum value.
12.6 Minimising The Risk By Using Selected Aggregates
Fine and coarse aggregate material shall comply with the requirements of BS 882, BS
1047 or BS 3797.
The aggregate shall be classed as non reactive if the Engineer is satisfied.
The fine and coarse aggregate each consist of at least 95% of one or more of the rock
types or artificial aggregates listed in the table below and provided that the Engineer is
satisfied that the source does not contain a quantity of flint, chert or chalcedony that
could cause damage from alkali-silica reaction.
Aircooled blast Expanded clay/ Microgranite

furnace slag shale/slate
Andesite Feldspar (1) Quartz (1) (2)

Basalt Gabbro Schist
Diorite Gneiss Sintered pfa
Dolerite Granite Slate
Aircooled blast Expanded clay/ Microgranite
Dolomite Limestone Syenite
Marble Trachyte
Tuff
Notes on the above :-
1. Feldspar and quartz are not rock types but are discrete mineral gains occurring
principally in fine aggregate.
2. Not highly Strained quartz and not quartzite.
The proportion of chert flint in the sources of aggregate is such that the proportion of
chert and flint in the total aggregate is greater than 60% by mass when the fine and
coarse fractions are combined.
13.0 LIST OF BRITISH STANDARDS FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF CONCRETE
Nearest Equivalent
American Standard

CONCRETOR
13.1 Cement
BS 12: Portland Cement (Ordinary and ASTM C150

Rapid-hardening)
BS 146 : Portland Blast Furnace Cement ASTM C205
BS 915 : High Alumina Cement
BS 1370: Low Heat Portland Cement
BS 4027: Sulphate Resisting Portland

Cement
BS 4246: Low Heat Portland Blast

Furnace Cement
BS 4248: Supersulphated Cement
13.2 Water
BS 3148: Tests for Water for Making

Concrete
13.3 Admixtures
BS 1014: Specification for Pigments for

Cement,Magnesium Oxychloride
and Concrete
BS 3587: Specifications for Calcium ASTM D98

Chloride
BS 3892: Specification for Pulverized fuel

Ash for Use in Concrete

CONCRETOR
13.4 Aggregates
BS 882: Specification for Aggregates

from Natural Sources for
Concrete
BS 1047: Air-cooled Blast Furnace Slag

Coarse Aggregates for Concrete
BS 812 : Methods for Sampling and

Testing of Mineral Aggregates,
Sands and Fillers
13.5 Reinforcement
BS 4449: Hot Rolled Steel Bars for the ASTM A15

Reinforcement of Concrete ASTM A432
BS 4461: Cold Worked Steel Bars for the

Reinforcement of Concrete
Hard Drawn Mild Steel Wire for
BS 4482: ASTM A82
the Reinforcement of Concrete
BS 4483: Steel Fabric for the ASTM A184
BS 5135: Specification for the Process of

Arc Welding of Carbon and
Carbon Manganese Steels
BS 4466: Bending Dimensions and

Scheduling of Bars for the
BS 4872: Approval Testing of Welders
13.6 Prestressing Tendons
BS 5896: Specification for High Tensile ASTM A421

Steel Wire Strand for the
Prestressing of Concrete
BS 4486: Specification for Hot Rolled and

Hot Rolled & Processed High
Tensile Alloy Steel Bars for the
Prestressing of Concrete
Nineteen-wire Steel Strand for
BS 4757:
Prestressed Concrete
13.7 Anchorage For Prestressing Tendons

CONCRETOR
The Performance of
BS 4447:
Prestressing Anchorage for
Post-tensioned Construction
13.8 Dimensional Tolerance
BS 5606: Accuracy in Building
13.9 Tests On Concrete
BS 1881: Methods of Testing Concrete
14.0 SINGAPORE STANDARDS
SS 2 Carbon steel bars for reinforced concrete
SS 32 Welded steel fabric for reinforced concrete
SS 78 Methods of Testing and Sampling concrete
SS 289 Specification of Ready Mixed Concrete
SS 320 Concrete Admixtures

STRUCTURAL STEELWORK
CLAUSE Page
1.0 Scope Of Work....................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Standards............................................................................................................................... 2
3.0 Information Required From Contractor .................................................................................. 5
4.0 Drawings And Schedules....................................................................................................... 5
5.0 Workshop And Erection Drawings And Schedules ............................................................... 6
6.0 As-Built Drawings .................................................................................................................. 7
7.0 Subletting ............................................................................................................................... 7
8.0 Structural Steelwork Programme........................................................................................... 7
9.0 Progress Reports ................................................................................................................... 8
10.0 Deliveries To Site................................................................................................................... 8
11.0 Materials ................................................................................................................................ 8
12.0 Workmanship ....................................................................................................................... 10
13.0 Welding ................................................................................................................................ 15
14.0 Inspection And Quality Control ............................................................................................ 27
15.0 Non-Destructive Examination Of Welds .............................................................................. 32
16.0 Corrosion Protection ............................................................................................................ 34
17.0 Hot Dip Galvanizing ............................................................................................................. 36
18.0 Marking For Erection ........................................................................................................... 37
19.0 Erection ................................................................................................................................ 37
20.0 Tolerances ........................................................................................................................... 38
21.0 Fire Protection Of Structural Steelwork ............................................................................... 40
22.0 Inspection Certificates ......................................................................................................... 42

1.0 SCOPE OF WORK
1.1 The Scope of Work shall include but not be limited to the supply of materials, labour,
plant, fabrication, delivery, assembly, erection, lifting, supervision and NDT of all
steelwork.
1.2 All other incidental works not specified herein but necessary for the satisfactory
completion of the works, including surface protection and quality control of the structural
steel works shall be deemed to be included.
1.3 The Contractor shall, at the time of tender, submit the names of two (2) independent
inspection agencies for selection by the Engineer who will carry out the inspections and
non-destructive testing specified herein; under the direct instructions of the Engineer.
The cost of providing the inspection services, NDT and quality control to be undertaken
by the appointed inspection agency, shall be deemed to be included in the contract sum
and shall be separately identified in the tender submission. The Contractor's attention is
drawn specifically to the requirements under Clauses 14 to 20 of the Specification. This
is over and above the inspections and NDT that the Contractor shall carry out for his
own internal QA.
1.4 The Contractor is to note that when the term Engineer is referred to in the following
Specification, such term shall be deemed to mean the Architect or any other person
designated in writing by the Architect from time to time to exercise the power of the
Architect as required.
1.5 Materials
The source of supply of materials shall not be changed without the approval of the
Engineer. Rejected materials shall be removed promptly from the site.
1.6 Labour
The Contractor shall be responsible for providing all suitable and capable skilled and
unskilled labour as and when required for the work on site.
1.7 Plant And Equipment
The Contractor shall be responsible for the suitability and capacity of all plant and
equipment used in the work on site.
1.8 Location Access & Site Conditions - Working Areas
The Contractor shall be deemed to have included in his tender for all costs in respect of
limitations imposed by the site and its surroundings.

1.9 Authorities' Requirements
The Contractor shall ascertain and comply with all requirements of the appropriate
public authorities with regard to health, safety, environmental pollution, the provision of
beacon lights for tall equipment, and any other regulation, bye-law or code of practice in
force pertaining to his operations.
1.10 Standards And Codes of Practice
1.10.1 Except where otherwise specified, the standards of materials and workmanship
shall comply with the appropriate current Eurocodes and other Standards and
Codes of Practice listed, unless the Contractor has reasons acceptable to the
Engineer for departing therefrom. It shall be the Contractor's responsibility to
itemise and refer each and every departure from this Specification or, if not
specified, from the relevant Standards and Codes referred to in this
Specification to the Engineer for consideration and written approval before
implementing the work.
1.10.2 In matters not covered specifically by this Specification or the relevant

Standards or Codes of Practice, the Contractor's proposals shall accord with
principles of good building practice and shall be subject to the Engineer's
approval. Where the listed Specifications are in conflict, the Engineer's
interpretation as to the order of precedence shall be final.
1.11 Clearing
After completion of the works, the Contractor shall clear up and make good at his own
expense any damage done by his workmen or representatives to buildings, plant or
property belonging to the Employer or to others.
2.0 STANDARDS
2.1 Eurocodes
The steelwork shall comply with the relevant clauses of the following current Eurocodes
and other Standards and Codes of Practice unless otherwise specified.
BS 153 Steel Girder Bridges
BS 499 Welding Terms and Symbols
BS 638 Arc Welding Plant, Equipment and Accessories
BS 639 Covered Electrodes
SS EN 1991-1-1 Schedules of Weights of Building Materials
BS 709 Methods of Testing Fusion Welded Joints and Weld Metal in

Steel
BS 729 Hot Dip Galvanized Coatings on Iron and Steel Articles

BS 916 Black Bolts, Screws and Nuts
BS 938 General Requirements for the Metal Arc Welding of

Structural Steel Tubes to BS 1775
BS 1154 Vulcanized Natural Rubber
BS 1449 Steel Plate, Sheet Strip (Parts 1 & 2)
BS 1580 Unified Screw Threads
BS 1719 Covered Electrodes for Metal Arc Welding
BS 1775 Steel Tubes for Mechanical, Structural and General

Engineering Purposes
BS 2600 Methods for Radiographic Examination of (Parts I & II)

Fusion Welded Butt Joints in Steel
BS 2642 General Requirements for the Welding of Carbon

Manganese Steels
BS 2645 Tests for use in the Approval of Welders
BS 2708 Bolts, Screws, Nuts and Plain Washers
BS 2910 Methods for Radiographic Examination of Fusion Welded

Circumferential Butt Joints in Steel Pipes
BS 3100 Steel Castings for General Engineering Purposes
BS 3410 Metal Washers for General Engineering Purposes
BS 3692 ISO Metric Precision Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts
BS 3784 Polytetra-Fluoroethylene (PTFE) Sheet
BS 3889 Methods for Non-Destructive Testing of Pipes

(Part 1A, 2A, 2B, & Tubes
3A, 4A)
BS 3923-obsolescent Methods for Ultrasonic Examination of Welds

(Parts 1, 2 & 3)
BS 4165 Electrode Wires and Fluxes for the Submerged Arc Welding
of Carbon Steel and Medium Tensile Steel
BS 4190 ISO Metric Black Hexagon Bolts, Screws and Nuts
BS 4232 Surface Finish of Blast Cleaned Steel for Painting
BS 4320 Metal Washers for General Engineering Purposes
BS 4360 Weldable Structural Steel

BS 4395 High Strength Friction Grip Bolts
BS 4397 Methods of Magnetic Particle Testing of Welds
BS 4515 Field Welding of Carbon Steel Pipelines
BS EN 1993-1-8 The Use of High Strength Friction Grip Bolts

in Structural Steelwork - Metric Series
BS 4848 Hot Rolled Structural Steel Sections

(Parts 2 & 4)
BS 4871 ) Approved Testing

BS 4872 ) of Welders
(Part 1)
BS 5135 Metal Arc Welding of Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steel
BS 5493 Protective Coating of Iron and Steel against Corrosion
SS EN 1993, SS EN 1994 Structural Use of Steelwork in Building
SS EN 1991-1-1 Design Loading for Buildings
SS EN 1991-1-4 Loading (Chapter V, Part II)
BS CP 3012 Code of Practice for Cleaning and Preparation of Metal

Surfaces
2.2 Other Standards
The steelwork shall comply with the following Standards unless otherwise specified or
covered by the relevant Eurocodes or Codes of Practice:
Swedish Standard SI5 Surface Preparation for Painting Steel

055900 Surfaces
API Standard RP IIa Planning, Designing and Constructing

(Section 2.22, Fixed Offshore Platforms Connections)
API Standard 1104 Welding Pipelines and Related Facilities
AWS American Welding Standard
AS 4100 Australian Standard
AISC American Institute for Steel Construction

3.0 INFORMATION REQUIRED FROM CONTRACTOR
The Contractor shall submit a method statement accompanied by working drawings and
calculations as applicable, supplementing the present Specification where required and fully
describing the following :
3.1 Fabrication and assembly procedures and sequences in addition to those described in
this Specification. Particular attention shall be given to the means of ensuring accurate
fitting of members and the avoidance of excessive distortion stresses in assembly.
3.2 Temporary stresses where significant in the steel structure during storage, transport,
assembly, lifting and other operations.
3.3 Specification of materials, design calculations, and arrangement and detail drawings of
the connections supporting the roof structure.
3.4 Lifting and control procedures, as listed under "Method Statement - Lifting" in this
Specification.
3.5 Quality Control Programme.
3.6 Safety Programme.
3.7 Corrosion Protection System.
3.8 Temporary and Incidental Works needed.
3.9 An outline time programme of the works which shall be satisfactorily elaborated within 2
weeks of the award of the Contract.
3.10 Nothing contained in the Contractor's proposals shall be inferior to or in any other way
conflict with this Specification. In the event of any discrepancy between them, this
Specification shall over-ride, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer in writing
beforehand.
4.0 DRAWINGS AND SCHEDULES
4.1 The Engineer's drawings shall be read in conjunction with all related drawings issued by
the Main Contractor or any other Specialist Contractor or Sub-Contractor.
4.2 The Contractor shall verify all dimensions and levels shown on the drawings and shall
bring any errors, omissions or conflict of information to the notice of the Engineer and
the Architect before the work is put in hand.
4.3 The Contractor shall not substitute any other sections for those shown on the
Engineer's drawings without his prior approval in writing.
4.4 After fabrication details have been submitted and approved, no alterations are permitted
unless submitted for subsequent approval or otherwise authorised by instruction from
the Engineer.
4.5 Alterations consequent upon changes or work necessary at site, when approved, shall
be added to the appropriate drawings and record copies made available, without delay.
5.0 WORKSHOP AND ERECTION DRAWINGS AND SCHEDULES
5.1 The Contractor shall prepare all the necessary workshop and erection detail drawings
and shall submit copies of the same in accordance with the Specification.
5.2 The Contractor's workshop drawings shall give complete information necessary for the
fabrication of joints and component parts of the structure, including the location, type,
size and extent of bolts and welds. They shall clearly distinguish between :-
5.2.1 Different qualities of steel
5.2.2 Grades of bolts
5.2.3 Types and positions of welds
5.2.4 Manual and automatic welding, and
5.2.5 Shop and site welds
5.3 The drawings shall show weld preparation, the welding process, filler metal and all
joints design and details.
5.4 The Contractor shall submit a planned procedure to be followed in the erection,
assembly and welding of the structural members. The erection procedure proposals
shall include a detailed sequence of operations together with all calculations for erection
stresses, etc.
5.5 The Contractor shall submit full details and drawings, diagrams and schedules of the
proposed welding procedures and including edge preparations, welding techniques,
positions and sequences of all welds together with the details of the manufacture,
classification, code (as defined in BS 639) and size of electrode to be used, to the
inspector for his approval. Tests shall be undertaken as may be required by the
relevant Eurocodes or other specified standard or by the Engineer.
5.6 The Contractor's drawing for all welded work shall comply with BS 5135 "Metal-arc
Welding of Carbon and Carbon Manganese Steel".
5.7 On all working drawings, welding procedure sheets, etc., terms and symbols relating to
the welding shall be in accordance with the relevant EC.
5.8 Methods of jointing other than those shown as typical on the drawings may be
employed subject to the Engineer's approval.
5.9 All end connections of truss members shall be capable of developing the full strength of
the members in tension, in details developed by the Contractor, and shall be supported
by calculations.
5.10 The design and details of all joints and connections, butt and fillet welds and the
permissible working stresses to be used therein shall comply with BS 449 and BS 5135
except as may be otherwise specified or shown on the Contract drawings.
5.11 Single bolt connections will not be allowed unless the Engineer's agreement in writing is
obtained.
5.12 If two or more types of welds are combined in a single joint, the effective capacity of
each type shall be separately computed with reference to the axis of the group in order
to determine the allowable capacity of the combination.
5.13 All shop details and erection drawings shall have been cleared in writing by the
Engineer before the work is put in hand. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for
the correctness of his shop details, notwithstanding approval by the Engineer.
5.14 Sanctioning of the welding schedules and procedures shall not relieve the Contractor of
his sole responsibility for the correct welding and for minimising distortion in the finished
structure.
5.15 The Engineer's checking shall not in any way relieve the Contractor of responsibility for
any errors subsequently discovered in the details.
6.0 AS-BUILT DRAWINGS
6.1 After the erection of the works, the Contractor shall revise and correct where needed
the original approved shop and erection drawings to correspond with the changes made
in the field, and shall submit such drawings in duplicate and electronic format to the
Engineer before the end of the Contract.
7.0 SUBLETTING
7.1 The Contractor shall not sublet any fabrication or other work without prior approval in
writing by the Engineer. The Contractor shall not sub-contract any work to any other
firm who is tendering for the steelwork without prior agreement and approval in writing
by the Engineer.
8.0 STRUCTURAL STEELWORK PROGRAMME
8.1 The Contractor shall draft his detailed fabrication, delivery, assembly and erection
programme in consultation with the Engineer and such programme shall be subject to
the agreement of the Engineer and particularly in so far as it relates to the
commencement of assembly and erection of the structural steelwork.
8.2 Where fabrication is to be carried out in more than one workshop at different locations
the appropriate information regarding the location of the works and the sub-divisions of
fabrication shall be stated.
8.3 An erection procedure shall be submitted to the Engineer before erection is

commenced on the site. The schedule shall give full details of the erection loads to be
lifted and imposed on the ground and the order in which erection is to take place.
Erection shall not commence on the site until clearance to the erection schedule and
processes have been obtained in writing from the Engineer. Acceptance of this
schedule shall not relieve the Contractor of his responsibility for the stability and safety
of the structure and plant during all stages of work.
9.0 PROGRESS REPORTS
9.1 The Contractor shall submit to the Engineer at weekly intervals in such form as may be
required by him, detailed progress reports on the ordering and delivery of materials, and
the fabrication and the assembly of the steelwork for each section of the works in the
Contract, in relation to the time programme.
10.0 DELIVERIES TO SITE
10.1 Deliveries of steelwork to the site shall not be made without the prior agreement of the
Engineer's representative and shall be planned so as to cause the minimum possible
interference or inconvenience to others engaged on the site.
10.2 Each delivery to the site shall be recorded on an Advice Note giving the nett calculated
weight of each piece. Two copies of the Advice Note shall be supplied as directed by
the Engineer.
10.3 The Contractor shall notify the Engineer's representative when each consignment of
fabricated steelwork is received at the site so that he may inspect the consignment.
11.0 MATERIALS
11.1 Quality of Steel
11.1.1 Except where otherwise shown on the drawings, steel shall comply in all
respects with BS 4360 Grade XXX or other approved and equivalent grade.
11.1.2 All steel shall be new and shall be well and cleanly rolled to the dimensions,
sections and weights specified. It shall be sound and free from cracks, surface
flaws, laminations and other defects and shall be finished in a workmanlike
manner.
11.1.3 The flanges of rolled steel or plates used for boxed sections shall, where
indicated on the drawings or required by the Inspector, be checked to ensure
that no laminations occur.
11.1.4 Where tensile loads are transmitted through the thickness of a plate or tensile
forces applied to the surface of a plate, it shall be tested and shown to be free
from laminations unless otherwise agreed by the Inspector. The cost of any
testing for compliance with the above shall be deemed to be included in the
rates.
11.1.5 The mechanical and chemical properties of each batch of steel supplied shall
be submitted for the Engineer's approval with certificates from the mills of origin
permitting clear identification of the various steel sections.
11.2 Steel Sections and Dimensions
11.2.1 Rolled Steel and Hollow Sections
All steel sections shall comply with BS 4848 Parts 2 and 4. The rolling or
manufacturing tolerances shall be such that the actual weight of sections does
not differ from the theoretical weight by more than - 2½% + 5%. Sections of
sizes or thickness outside of these specifications shall be subject to the
tolerance clauses of an equivalent nominal size.
11.2.2 Bolts and Nuts
Bolts shall comply with BS 4190 Grade 4.6. Grade 8.8 bolts shall comply with
BS 3692. HSFG bolts shall comply with BS 3692. HSFG bolts when used as
friction grip shall be in accordance with BS EN 1993-1-8 and unless otherwise
shown. All bolts, nuts and washers shall be hot dip galvanized.
11.2.3 Other Materials
Other materials used in association with the steelwork shall comply with the
appropriate BS unless such material is covered by a relevant local bye-law or
regulation which shall override such standards.
11.2.4 List of Suppliers
The Contractor shall supply to the Engineer a summary list of the rolling mills
and manufacturers from which it is proposed to obtain the steel sections,
plates, forgings and fixings.
11.3 Straightness of Members
11.3.1 Members shall be free from twists and localised deviations from true line. The
deviation from straightness of members shall not exceed 1/1000 of the length
of the member.
11.3.2 When two or more such lengths are joined the deviation from straightness shall
not exceed 1/1000 of the completed length unless otherwise agreed by the
Engineer.
11.4 Out of Round
Pipes shall be circular at any section within +1% of the mean diameter, based on the
differences between the maximum and minimum mean diameters at any section, and if
necessary to meet this requirement, shall be reheated re-rolled or reformed. Steel
members shall be set up so that the differences in dimensions are matched as evenly
as possible.
11.5 Marking of Steel
Each piece of steel shall be legibly marked with the manufacturer's name or trademark,
and with cast number by which the steel can be traced to the cast from which it was
made and in addition with its Eurocodes specification designation, and shall bear such
other identification marks as will facilitate erection. Two copies of the marking drawings
shall be supplied by the Contractor to the Engineer. A copy of all orders for materials
shall be supplied to the Engineer by the Contractor at the time of ordering for
identification purposes.
11.6 Storage and Handling
11.6.1 All structural steel shall be stored and handled so that members and their
coatings are not subjected to excessive stresses or damage. Stacking shall be
such as not to interfere with the smooth progress of the works.
11.6.2 Open ends of tubular members at all times shall be securely protected from the
ingress of water or deleterious materials.
12.0 WORKMANSHIP
12.1 General
12.1.1 All steelwork before and after fabrication shall be straight and free from twist.
All component parts shall be assembled in such a manner that they are neither
twisted nor otherwise damaged, and forcible connection to fit the members
together shall not be used. All steelwork shall be cut and fabricated to a
tolerance of +1.5mm in its length unless otherwise agreed by the Engineer.
End plates shall be truly at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the section.
12.1.2 No work shall be painted, packed or despatched from the manufacturer's works
until it has been inspected, and complies with, or has been certified to comply
with, all the tests and requirements of the standard applicable to the materials
specified, and passed by the Inspector.
12.1.3 Where the length of welds required at connections is less than the length of
edge of brackets etc., their edges shall be sealed with a sealing weld unless
otherwise approved by the Inspector.
12.1.4 Load-bearing connections containing more than one type of fastening shall not
be used unless specified or approved by the Engineer.
12.2 Fabrication
12.2.1 The Contractor's workmen fabricating the steelwork shall be subject to prior
approval by the Inspector. As much of the fabrication of the steelwork as is
reasonably practicable shall be completed in the fabricator's workshop.
12.2.2 Construction and fabrication of the structural steelwork shall comply in all
respects with the requirements of SS EN 1993, SS EN 1994,Eurocode 3-BC1
and BS 5135 and with the relevant additional requirements specified
hereinafter.
12.3 Fabrication of Steelwork on Site
12.3.1 When the steelwork is to be made up on the site, all test procedures and
dimensional tolerances shall conform to the specification for the supply of
steelwork. Adequate facilities shall be provided for supporting and aligning the
members.
12.4 Gas Cutting
12.4.1 Subject to Engineer's approval, use of a cutting torch will be allowed where the
metal being cut is not stressed during the operation, and provided stresses will
not be transmitted through a flame cut surface. Gas cuts shall be smooth and
regular in contour. The effective width of members so cut shall be taken to be
3mm less at each gas cut edge.
12.5 Joint Tolerance
12.5.1 Plates, shapes or pipes which are to be joined by butt welding shall be
accurately cut to size and, where forming is necessary, this shall be done by
pressure and not by blows. A tapered transition having a length not less than
ten times the offset between the adjacent surfaces of abutting sections shall be
provided at joints between sections that differ in thickness by more than 15% of
the thickness of the thinner section or by 3mm, whichever is less. The
transition may be formed by any process that will provide a uniform taper.
12.5.2 The Contractor shall take care, especially in the manufacture of welded
steelwork, to ensure that flanges are accurately at right angles to webs and that
completed parts and members are accurate both in section and in elevation so
as to ensure correct orientation and alignment in completed units when
assembled and/or erected. Allowances shall be made in dimensions wherever
necessary for contraction caused by site welding. Members shall be set up so
that the differences in dimensions are matched as evenly as possible at the
joints.
12.6 Erection
12.6.1 Before delivery the steelwork shall, if required by the Inspector, be temporarily
erected at the manufacturer's works either wholly or in portions to ensure that
site erection can be carried out without major amendments. After the
fabrication work has been completed and before it is dismantled, each part
shall be carefully marked for erection with distinguishing marks, and stamped
with durable markings. Drawings showing these marks shall be supplied to the
Engineer. Marking shall be such as not to damage the material. No work shall
be painted or packed for delivery to the worksite until it has been inspected and
passed.
12.6.2 The suitability of all plant and equipment used for erection shall be subject to
the clearance of the Engineer.
12.6.3 Clearance of any of the construction methods or plant shall not in any way
relieve the Contractor from his responsibilities under the Contract.
12.6.4 During erection the work shall be securely bolted or otherwise fastened, and if
necessary temporarily braced, so as to make adequate provision for all erection
stresses and conditions including those due to the erection equipment and its
operation. Neither permanent bolting nor field welding shall be done until the
proper alignment has been obtained.
12.6.5 The Contractor shall supply all necessary falsework and staging, labour, tools,
erection plant, drifts, service bolts, nuts and washers and other materials
necessary to carry out the work and shall remove them as the progress of the
erection permits.
12.6.6 Any damage to materials on the site due to inadequate precautions being taken
during the erection of the steelwork shall be made good to the satisfaction of
the Engineer at the contractor's expense.
12.7 Safety during Assembly and Erection
12.7.1 The Contractor shall pay due regard to the stability and safety of the structure
temporary works and plant during all stages of the work of assembly and
erection.
12.7.2 Temporary bracing and/or strutting shall be provided whenever necessary to

resist all erection loads and stresses, sidesway, wind and other temporary
loads during construction and under all other erection conditions.
12.7.3 Final welding or other fixing of permanent connections shall not be done until
proper alignment of the portion of the framework has been obtained. The
Contractor shall take particular care to ensure and shall be responsible for
ensuring that temporary bolts, jigs or other fixings and/or supports are adequate
to provide safety for all erection conditions and are left in until after the final
joints have been made and passed.
12.8 Site Dimensions
The Contractor shall check the site dimensions, related to the building, on which the
steelwork is to be erected and he shall verify all dimensions given on the drawings and
inform the Consultant of any errors or omissions in them before the work is put in hand.
12.9 Positioning of Steelwork
12.9.1 The Contractor shall be responsible for the positioning and levelling of all
steelwork and other parts of the works, the plumbing of stanchions and posts
and the accurate placing of every part of the works in accordance with the
Engineer's working drawings and to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
12.9.2 The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring the final accuracy of the
positions and levels of the steelwork on completion and the Main Contractor
shall be responsible for and shall satisfy himself as to its accuracy before
accepting it as completely erected.
12.10 Temporary Connections
12.10.1 Where connections are to be site-welded, temporary connections shall be used

for positioning the steelwork prior to welding. Before welding is carried out, as
much of the steelwork as will be rigidly fixed thereby shall be finally positioned,
plumbed and levelled, allowances being made for contractions due to cooling of
the welds. Where temporary fastening for site connections have been welded
to members they shall be removed preferably by grinding but may be burnt off
to procedures (including any pre-heat) agreed by the Inspector.
12.11 Joints and Connections
12.11.1 No variation of the number, type or position of the joints or connections shown
on the approved drawings shall be made without the consent of the Engineer.
If such consent is desired the Contractor shall submit detailed drawings of the
proposed joints for the approval of the Engineer and no extra cost incurred by
reason of such additions or alterations will be allowed to the Contractor.
12.11.2 Members and sections shall be to accurate dimensions and positions, to

enable proper connecting in the field.
12.11.3 Drifting shall not be used to correct bad alignment. Burning equipment shall not
be used for the rectification of misaligned holes or lack of fit in members without
the permission of the Inspector in each specific case.
12.12 Universal Plates or Flats
12.12.1 Where two or more universal plates or flats of the same nominal width are used
in tiers, the edges shall be machined straight and flush except only in cases
when the approval of the Inspector has been obtained to omit these operations
and provided that in such cases, all edges shall be clean and true, reasonably
square and flush.
12.13 Holing
12.13.1 Holes through connection plates and end plates of adjoining units shall be
drilled after the members are assembled and tightly clamped or bolted together.
The plates which have been so drilled shall be separated after drilling and the
burrs removed. The matching holes shall register with each other so that a
gauge 2.0mm in diameter less than the diameter of the holes shall pass freely
through them. Finished holes shall be as specified in Clause 12.4.1 unless
otherwise agreed by the Engineer.
12.14 Punching, Drilling and Reaming
12.14.1 For Grade 4.6 bolts, holes in material up to 16mm may be punched, drilled full
size or subpunched 3mm undersize and reamed to size. Punching is not
permitted in plates thicker than 16mm. For Grade 8.8 bolts, holes must not be
punched. The hole diameter shall be 2mm larger than the bolt diameter for
bolts not exceeding 24mm and not more than 3mm larger for greater diameter
bolts. Holes in base plates shall not be more than 6mm larger than anchor bolt.
A special oversize 4mm minimum thick washer shall be provided with these
oversize holes.
12.14.2 Finished holes shall be precisely located to ensure passage of bolts through
the holes without drifting. Enlargement of holes necessary to receive bolts is
subject to Engineers approval and shall be done by reaming. Poor matching of
holes shall be sufficient cause for rejection.
12.15 Bolts and Nuts
12.15.1 All nuts shall fit hand-tight on the bolts. All bolts shall be fitted with washers
which shall be tapered wherever necessary to give the heads and nuts a true
bearing.
12.15.2 The washers shall be steel or wrought iron and fitted under the nut. The length
of the bolt shall be such that the threaded portion is clear of the parent hole in
the steel members joined. All bolt's shanks shall project at least one thread
beyond the nuts and nuts shall be tightened securely in the finished work. The
tightening of high strength friction grip bolts shall be by the use of load
indicating washers and shall be carried out only when the Inspector is present.
12.15.3 To ensure the required performance of HSFG bolts the accuracy of fit shall be
obtained by local corrections of aligned parts where necessary as directed and
approved by the Inspector.
12.16 Service Bolts and Drifts
12.16.1 Where possible service bolts shall have the same clearance as permanent
bolts and in all cases where it is important that there should be no movement
prior to final fixing, turned location bolts and drifts with a clearance as specified
for turned bolts shall be used.
12.16.2 All drifts that may be used in fabrication or erection shall be of such shape and
dimensions as to locate the work accurately without causing any damage or
deformation to the holes and parent metal.
12.16.3 Bolts supporting members subject to dynamic loading shall, where so required
by the Engineer, have their nuts locked or located in such a way as to prevent
loosening.
12.17 Grade 4.6 Bolts in Connection
12.17.1 Grade 4.6 bolts shall not be used in connections subject to impact or vibration
or reversal of stress, apart from that due to wind loading, nor where slip under
load would adversely affect the efficiency of the structure, nor in splices and
connections in any structure carrying cranes or other mobile lifting appliances,
unless specified or approved by the Engineer.
13.0 WELDING
13.1 General
13.1.1 Welding of structural steelwork shall be by an electric arc process. The

procedure to be followed, plant and equipment to be used and the testing and
inspection to be applied shall all be to the satisfaction of the Inspector and shall
conform generally with the relevant B.S. and with the further requirements
contained in the Specification.
13.1.2 All welding shall be carried out by fully trained and experienced welders and
should have passed "Welders Qualification/Tests under Eurocodes". In addition
to the general provisions of this Specification, the welding shall conform with
B.S. 5135.
13.1.3 The sizes and lengths of welds shall not be less than those shown on the
drawings nor shall they be substantially in excess of those requirements
without approval. The locations of welds shall not change without approval by
the Engineer.
13.1.4 All welds shall be finished full and made with the correct number of runs, the
welds being kept free from slag and other inclusions.
13.1.5 Butt welds shall be at approved positions and may be welded by automatic or
manual processes.
13.1.6 Where manual welding is used, hollow sections shall be welded together,
where possible, by using a stringer head technique. Where weaving is
essential, as in the vertical-up technique, it shall be restricted to the minimum
possible amount.
13.1.7 No joints or welds shall be made in any position except where shown on the
drawings or as directed by the Inspector.
13.2 Welding Plant
13.2.1 All welding plant shall conform to the requirements of the manufacturers of the
electrodes used and shall be of adequate capacity and suitable for their
purposes. They shall be fitted with instruments for accurately measuring the
current and voltages. All welding cables, earth leads, accessories and
connections shall be suitable for the maximum current to be used. The welding
plant shall be situated as closely as possible to the operator depositing the
welds, so that he may have at hand the means of adjusting the current.
13.2.2 The Contractor shall provide all necessary staging and screens for the welders,
the supervisors and the inspectors and shall maintain all plant and equipment
in an efficient condition. Suitable tong test ammeters shall be provided by the
Contractor for measuring the current.
13.3 Protection of Welding Sites
13.3.1 Welding shall not be done when surfaces are wet or exposed to rain or high
wind, nor when welders are exposed to inclement weather conditions, and the
contractor shall take proper precautions to ensure that all welding sites are
adequately protected against the deleterious effects of moisture and wind.
13.4 Electrodes
13.4.1 Welding electrodes for manual operations shall comply with B.S. 649 and shall
be of a type suitable for producing sound welds that have strength and
toughness at least equal to the materials being welded and as recommended
by the manufacturers for the location and the type of weld required.
13.4.2 The classification and size of electrodes, arc length, voltage and amperage
shall be suited to the thickness of the material, type of groove, welding
positions and other circumstances attending the work and shall be as for the
welding procedures developed in conjunction with the Inspector and the
Engineer.
13.4.3 Electrodes shall be stored to the approval of the Inspector, in their original
cartons or packets in a dry place adequately protected from weather effects.
When special protection during storage is recommended by the manufacturer
of the electrodes, they shall be stored in accordance with the conditions
detailed by the manufacturer.
13.4.4 All low hydrogen electrodes shall be in hermetically sealed containers or shall
be dried for at least 2 hours between 230 0C and 260 0C just before they are
used. Electrodes shall be dried prior to use if the hermetically sealed container
shows signs of damage. Immediately after removal from hermetically sealed
containers or from drying ovens, electrodes shall be stored in ovens at a
temperature of at least 120 0C. Electrodes which have been wet shall not be
used.
13.5 Welding Current
13.5.1 The strength of the current shall be within the range recommended by the
manufacturer of the particular electrode being used and shall be towards the
upper limit of the range rather than the lower.
13.6 Shop Welding
13.6.1 Shop welding shall be carried out under specified welding procedures and
continuous supervision exercised. Machine welding will be allowed where
approved machines are in use correctly controlled by qualified operators.
13.6.2 All welding shall, where possible, be carried out under cover in the workshop.
13.7 Welding Procedures
13.7.1 The Contractor shall develop welding procedures which, in conjunction with the
overall fabrication methods, will produce members and structures meeting the
quality requirements of these specifications. These procedures and any
revisions necessary in the course of the work shall be submitted to the
Inspector for his approval in principle.
13.7.2 The Contractor shall obtain the Engineer's and Inspector's clearance of his
proposed welding procedures before commencing work.
13.7.3 Welding procedures shall be such that distortion is reduced to the minimum
practicable and local distortion is rendered negligible in the final structure.
13.8 Preparation of Material
13.8.1 The dimensions and shape of the edges to be joined by welding shall be such
as to ensure thorough fusion and complete penetration at the root of the joint.
Surfaces and edges to be welded shall be accurate, smooth, uniform, and free
from fins, tears, cracks and other defects which may adversely affect the quality
or strength of the weld. Surfaces to be welded and for at least 50mm from the
welding edge shall also be free from mill scale, slag, rust, grease, paint or other
foreign matter that may prevent proper welding or produce objectionable
fumes.
13.8.2 When it is necessary to deposit metal over a previously welded surface, any
scale or slag shall be removed to prevent the inclusion of impurities. If for any
reason the welding is stopped, special care shall be taken in restarting to
secure thorough fusion.
13.8.3 Special care shall be taken to shape accurately the end of one member to fit
the other. This shall be by machine flame cutting, machining, properly
prepared templates or other approved methods. The correct fusion bevel shall
be employed, using automatic bevelling machines wherever practicable.
13.8.4 In the preparation of the fusion faces, shearing shall be limited to metal
thicknesses not greater than 9mm. All fusion faces shall be prepared by
machining, machine flame cutting or other means approved by the Engineer.
Faces shall be kept clean, dry and protected.
13.8.5 Weld joints prepared by arc-air gouging shall require additional preparation by
grinding or chipping and wire brushing prior to welding.
13.8.6 Machining, air-carbon-arc flame cutting or flame gouging, chipping or grinding,

may be used for joint preparation, back gouging, or the removal of the defective
work or material.
13.8.7 Preparation of edges by flame cutting shall wherever practicable be done by

machine. Flame cut edges shall be substantially smooth and regular and shall
be left free of slag. Pre-heat temperatures for flame cutting shall be equivalent
to those specified for welding.
13.8.8 In all flame cutting, the cutting flame shall be so adjusted and manipulated as to
avoid cutting beyond or inside the prescribed lines as applicable. Cut surfaces
shall be smooth and any roughness and occasional notches or gouges not
more than 5mm deep, on otherwise satisfactory surfaces, shall be removed by
machining or grinding. Cut surfaces and edges shall be left free of slag.
Correction of defects shall be faired to the flame cut edges with a slope not
exceeding 1 in 10. Defects in flame cut edges shall not be repaired by welding,
except with the approval of the Inspector for occasional notches or gouges less
than 9mm deep. Such weld repairs shall be made by suitably preparing the
defect, welding with electrodes not exceeding 8mm in diameter, and grinding
the completed weld smooth and flush with the adjacent surface to produce a
workmanlike finish.
13.8.9 Re-entrant corners, except for the corners of weld access cope holes adjacent
to a flange, shall be filleted to a radius of not less than 12mm. The fillet and its
contiguous cuts shall meet without offset of cutting past the point of tangency.
13.8.10 In branch joints additional preparation at the crotch shall be provided where
necessary to ensure full penetration welding.
13.8.11 To ensure full penetration of the root pass in a flange butt weld, the web plates
on either side of the joint immediately in contact with the flange, shall be drilled
to 16mm radius. A quadrant of a circle shall be drilled in each matching web.
This will form a semi-circle centred on the flange joint, when webs are in their
final position.
13.8.12 Approval shall be obtained if different edge preparation for welded tubes from
that shown on the drawings is required for use with automatic welding
machines or because of the method of rolling.
13.9 Assembly
13.9.1 Structures shall be assembled in jigs or on suitable surface plates on which

shall be drawn out the whole section of the structure. Members shall be
correctly aligned. When correctly aligned, the structure shall be tack-welded in
accordance with B.S. 5135. Any wedges used to space root gaps shall be
removed from the root gaps immediately after tacking and before making the
root run.
13.9.2 The Engineer and the Inspector shall be given facilities to inspect the
assembled structures tack-welded before the final welding is undertaken.
Where bolted flanges for connections are welded to main chords, steps shall be
taken either by pre- or post-heat treatment, by grinding, or by other approved
means to ensure that the flanges are rendered flat at the completion of the
welding.
13.9.3 The parts to be joined by fillet welds shall be brought into as close contact as
practicable. The gap between parts shall not exceed 2mm. If the separation is
1mm or greater, the leg of the fillet weld shall be increased by the amount of
the separation or the Contractor shall demonstrate to the Inspector's
satisfaction that the required throat thickness has been obtained.
The separation between contact surfaces of lap joints and of butt welds landing
on a backing shall not exceed 2mm. Fillers shall not be used except as shown
on the drawings.
13.9.4 The spacing between plates forming T joints shall not exceed 2mm. Members
to be welded shall be brought into correct alignment and the correct gap and
alignment maintained by bolts, clamps, wedges, guy lines, struts, other suitable
devices or by tack-welds until welding has been completed. Jigs and fixtures
shall be used where practicable. Suitable allowances shall be made for
warpage and shrinkage.
13.9.5 Any offset from the theoretical alignment shall not exceed 15% of the thickness
of the thinner part joined, or 3mm, whichever is the lesser. In correcting
misalignment in such cases, the parts shall not be drawn into a greater slope
than 1 in 20. Measurement of offset shall be based upon centre line of parts
unless otherwise shown on the drawings.
13.9.6 Strong backs or other appliances used for alignment shall be so arranged as to
allow for expansion and contraction during production welding. The removal of
such items shall be carried out to the satisfaction of the Inspector.
13.9.7 Longitudinal seam welds of lengths of tubes shall whenever possible, be evenly
staggered, but in any case by at least 100mm.
13.9.8 All means adopted for correcting improper fitting shall be to the satisfaction of
the Engineer. Where excessive root openings are encountered, for butt weld
connections weld build up of the plate edges may be allowed at the discretion
of the Inspector subject to his approval of the welding procedures before
welding the plates together. Such build up of each plate edge, where permitted
shall not exceed ½ T or 6mm, whichever is lesser, where T is the thickness of
the thinner plate being welded.
13.10 Butt Welded Joints
13.10.1 Plates shall be prepared for welding by bevelling the edges of both plates from
one or both sides to form a single-Vee or double-Vee butt joint with an included
angle of 600. The root faces shall not exceed 2mm in depth and the root
opening or gap between the plates shall be not less than 2mm nor more than
5mm, except where shown on the drawings.
13.10.2 Butt welds shall be terminated at the ends of a joint using extension bars or
run-off plates to ensure sound welds. Such bars or plates shall be removed
after the welds have cooled.
13.10.3 Butt welds made with the use of backing shall have the weld metal thoroughly
fused with the backing. The backing shall be fitted so that a minimum space
exists between the backing and the plates to be joined. Splices in backing shall
be welded with full penetration welds. Butt welds made without the use of
backing shall have the root of the initial weld gouged, chipped or otherwise
removed to sound metal and sealed with root passes. Where arc-air gouging is
employed, an approved technique which minimises carbon build up and
burning of the weld or base metal shall be used.
13.10.4 The ends of the welds shall be ground smooth and flush with edges of the
abutting parts.
13.10.5 Butt welds shall be ground down flat before any splice plates are placed in
position.
13.10.6 Butt welds in flange plates and/or web plates shall be completed before the
flanges and web are welded together.
13.11 Welded Tubes
13.11.1 Tubular steelwork shall be continuously welded and the interior of all tubes
shall be kept clean, dry and free from loose scale, etc, and shall be completely
sealed.
13.11.2 All welds shall be full penetration butt welds and, with the exception of
continuous tube-making processes, longitudinal welds shall be made with
extension plates at the starting and finishing points of each seam.
13.11.3 End to end connections and flanged joints shall be fitted with backing rings.
13.11.4 The thickness of backing rings shall be no greater than is required by the
appropriate welding procedure. They shall be well fitted to provide continuous
backing to the parts to be joined.
13.11.5 Backing rings for circular hollow sections shall be cut on the scarf to ensure
ease and accuracy of fit while for rectangular hollow sections, the backing ring
may be in more than one piece subject to the Inspector's approval.
13.12 Rolled Steel
13.12.1 All main butt welds shall be complete penetration and shall be welded from
both sides, the back of the first run being suitably gouged out.
13.12.2 The ends of the welds shall have full throat thickness. This shall be obtained on
all main welds by use of extension pieces adequately secured on either side.
The extension pieces shall be removed by machining or by other means
approved by the Engineer and the ends of surfaces of the welds shall be
smoothly finished.
13.13 Fillet Welds

13.13.1 Preheat and low hydrogen electrodes shall be used where small fillets are used
for attachment to thick plates or tubes.
13.14 Intermittent Welds
13.14.1 Intermittent welds shall not be used unless approved by the Engineer.
13.15 Tack Welds
13.15.1 The welds shall be subject to the same procedure and quality required for the
final welds and shall be deposited in such a manner as not to interfere with the
completion of the final welds. Multiple pass tack welds shall have cascaded
ends.
13.16 Temporary Welds
13.16.1 Temporary welds shall be subject to the same welding procedure and quality
required for the final welds. They shall be removed unless otherwise permitted
by the Engineer. When they are removed, the surface shall be made flush with
the original surface.
13.16.2 There shall be no temporary weld in tension zones except at locations more
than 1/6 of the depth of the web from tension flanges of beams or girders.
Temporary welds at other locations shall be shown on shop drawings.
13.17 Arc Strikes
13.17.1 Arc strikes outside the area of permanent welds are prohibited. Cracks or
blemishes resulting from arc strikes shall be ground to a smooth contour and
checked to ensure soundness.
13.18 Removal of Slag
13.18.1 All slag, scale and other inclusions shall be removed and the adjacent metal
brushed clean not only from the edges to be welded, but also from each pass
or layer before the deposition of subsequent passes or layers. This
requirement shall apply not only to successive layers but also to successive
beads and to the crater area when welding is resumed after any interruption.
The steelwork at welded joints shall not be painted or otherwise treated
externally until the joints have been completed, slag, spatter, rust, scale, oil and
dirt have been removed, the surface has been prepared as specified under
"Corrosion Protection", and the joint has been inspected and approved by the
Inspector.
13.19 Preheat and Interpass Temperatures
13.19.1 Parts to be welded shall be preheated by means of gas flames, induction

heating or other means to bring to the specified preheat temperature the full
thickness of the base metal for a distance equal to the thickness of the part
being welded, but not less than 75mm from the point of welding. The specified
preheat temperature shall be maintained as a minimum interpass temperature
as welding progresses.
13.19.2 Welding preheat temperatures shall be in accordance with B.S. 5135 and the
following table unless otherwise modified with the Inspector's approval following
the welding procedure tests.
Thickness of Thickest Part Welding with Other Than Welding with Low
at Point of Welding Low Hydrogen Electrodes Hydrogen Electrodes
Up to 19mm None None

0
Over 19mm to 38mm Not Less than 70 C None
0
Over 38mm to 60mm Not Permitted Not Less than 70 C
0
Over 60mm Not Permitted Not Less than 110 C
13.19.3 The measurement of temperature shall be by means of temperature indicating

crayons or pellets that melt at the specified temperature. Each welder engaged
on the work shall be provided with the appropriate temperature indicating
device.
13.19.4 Where local condensation is likely due to temperature changes, such as at

early morning recommencement of work, localised gentle preheat of parts shall
be applied before welding.
13.20 Postweld Heat Treatment
13.20.1 Except where otherwise specified, all welded support components and welded
parts thicker than 19mm shall be given a postweld heat treatment after all
welds are in place. A postweld heat treatment of 600 0C shall be held for a
minimum of one hour per 25mm of thickness, but not less than ¼ hour. When
it is impractical to postweld heat-treat at the temperature specified, it is
permissible to heat-treat at lower temperatures for longer period as follows :
LOWER MIN. TEMPERATURE MIN. HOLDING TIME AT DECREASED

TEMPERATURE
Degrees Celsius hour / 25mm
566 2
538 3
510 5
482 10
13.20.2 Welded tube attachments for which postweld heat treatment is required shall
be locally postweld heat-treated by heating a circumferential band around the
entire pipe with the welded connection located at the middle of the band. The
width of the band shall be at least six times the wall thickness of the pipes wider
than the attachment weld. The entire band shall be uniformly heated to the
temperature and held for the time specified for postweld heat treatment.
13.20.3 The portion of the structure outside of the circumferential band shall be
protected so that the temperature gradient is not harmful.
13.20.4 In the case of weld pipe connections requiring postweld heat treatment, the
adjacent pipes or fittings shall be heated in a circumferential band at least 3
times the width of the widest part of the welding groove but not less than twice
the width of the weld reinforcement.
13.21 Control of Distortion and Shrinkage Stresses
13.21.1 In assembling and joining parts of a structure or of built-up members and in

welding reinforcing parts to members, the procedure and sequence shall be
such as will minimise distortion and shrinkage.
13.21.2 In so far as practicable, all welds shall be deposited in symmetrical sequence

so that shrinkage on both sides of the structure will be equalized.
13.21.3 Welding of members shall progress from relatively fixed points towards where
parts have greater relative freedom of movement.
13.21.4 Joints expected to have significant shrinkage shall be welded before joints
expected to have lesser shrinkage and with as little restraint as possible.
13.21.5 All shop splices in each component part of a coverplated beam or built-up
members shall be made before such component part is welded to other
component parts of the member.
13.21.6 All welding shall be carried out continuously to completion or to a point that will
ensure freedom from cracking before the joint is allowed to cool below the
minimum specified preheat and interpass temperature.
13.22 Dimensional Tolerances
13.22.1 The dimensions of welded structural members shall be within the following
specified tolerances :
13.22.1.1 Deviation from straightness of welded members where there is no

specified camber or sweep:
1mm x No. of Metres of Total Length but not over 9mm.
13.22.1.2 Deviation from specified camber of welded members:
+ 1mm x No. of Metres of Total Length

3
or
+ 6mm; whichever is greater
13.23 Weld Profiles
13.23.1 The faces of fillet welds may be slightly convex, flat or slightly concave. Except
at outside corners, the convexity shall not exceed the value 0.1S + 1mm where
S is the actual size of the fillet weld in mm.
13.23.2 Butt welds shall be made with a slight or minimum reinforcement, except as
may be otherwise provided. Reinforcement shall not exceed 3mm in height
and shall have a gradual transition to the plane of the base metal surface.
13.23.3 Surfaces of butt joints required to be flush shall be finished so as not to reduce
the thickness of the thinner base metal or weld metal by more than 0.7mm or
5% of the thickness, whichever is the smaller, or leave reinforcement that
exceeds 0.7mm. All reinforcement shall be removed where the weld forms part
of a contact surface. All reinforcement shall blend smoothly into the plate
surfaces with transition areas free from edge weld undercuts. Chipping may be
used provided it is followed by grinding.
13.24 End Returns
13.24.1 Fillet welds terminating at the ends or sides or parts of members shall be
returned continuously around the corners for a distance of not less than twice
the size of the weld.
13.25 Quality of Welds
13.25.1 Welds shall be uniform and of the specified sizes. They shall fuse thoroughly
with the base metal and with successive layers of weld metal, and shall be free
from overlaps or abrupt edges or grooves and from incomplete penetration,
slag inclusions, undercutting, burn troughs, voids, cracks, porosity and other
defects.
13.25.2 The surfaces of welds shall be visually inspected and shall be regular and
uniform with a minimum amount of reinforcement and reasonably free from
overlap.
13.25.3 All craters shall be filled to the full cross section of the welds.
13.25.4 In general, sections of weld that are shown by radiography or other tests to
have any of the following types of imperfections shall be considered
unacceptable and shall be repaired :
13.25.4.1 Undercut
Undercut more than 0.2mm deep when its direction is transverse

to the primary stress in the part that is undercut. Undercut more
than 0.7mm deep when its direction is parallel to the primary stress
in the part that is undercut.
13.25.4.2 Incomplete Fusion or Penetration
Any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration.
13.25.4.3 Elongated Slag Inclusion or Cavities
Any elongated slag inclusion or cavity which has a length greater

than 6mm or 1/3 T whichever is smaller, where T is the thickness
of the thinner plate being welded.
13.25.4.4 Slag Inclusion in Line
Any group of slag inclusions in line that have an aggregate length

greater than T in any length of 12 T, where T is the thickness of the
thinner plate being welded.
13.25.4.5 Porosity
The sum of diameters of piping porosity shall not exceed 19mm in

any 300mm length of weld. Regardless of the method of testing,
welds shall not exhibit cracks and shall be rejected if they have
porosity or fusion type defects.
13.25.5 Alternatively, if approved by the Engineer, the criteria for acceptance or

rejection of welds shall follow Provisions of applicable Eurocodes or AWS.
13.26 Corrections
13.26.1 A piece or member containing welding which is unsatisfactory or which

indicates inferior workmanship shall be rejected or corrected by measures
approved by the Engineer and/or Inspector.
13.26.2 Defective or unsound welds or base metal shall be corrected as directed, either
by removing and replacing the entire weld, or as follows:
x Overlap or excessive convexity : Reduce by removal of excess weld metal

by grinding.
x Excessive concavity of weld or crater, undersize welds, undercuttings :

Clean and deposit additional weld metal to its full cross section.
x Weld porosity, slag inclusions, incomplete fusion : Remove defective

portions and reweld.
x Cracks in weld or base metal : Ascertain the extent of the crack by use of
acid etching, magnetic particle inspection or other equally positive means;
remove the crack and sound metal 50mm beyond each end of the crack
and weld.
13.26.3 The removal of weld metal or portions of the base metal may be done by
machining, grinding, chipping, oxygen gouging, or air carbon-arc gouging and
in such a manner that the remaining weld metal or base metal is not nicked or
undercut. Defective portions of the weld shall be removed without substantial
removal of the base metal.
13.26.4 Additional weld metal to compensate for deficiency in size shall be deposited
using an electrode smaller than that used for making the original weld, and in
any case not more than 4mm in diameter. The surfaces shall be cleaned
thoroughly before welding.
13.26.5 Improperly fitted parts shall be cut apart and rewelded as directed. Members
distorted by welding shall be straightened by mechanical means or by
application of a limited amount of localised heat in the presence of the
Inspector. The temperature of heated areas as measured by approved
methods shall not exceed 600 0C (a dull red colour). Parts to be heated for
straightening shall be substantially free of stress and from external forces
except those stresses resulting from mechanical means used in conjunction
with the application of heat.
13.26.6 Both preheat and low hydrogen electrodes shall be used when repairing welds.
Fairing by heating or flame shrinking and other methods of correcting distortion
of defective workmanship in fabrication of main members shall be carried out
only with the express approval and at the absolute discretion of the Engineer.
These corrective measures shall be kept to an absolute minimum.
13.26.7 Prior approval shall be obtained for repairs to the base metals, major or
delayed cracks, or for a redesign to compensate for deficiencies.
13.26.8 The Engineer shall be advised prior to cutting apart improperly fitted and
welded members.
14.0 INSPECTION AND QUALITY CONTROL
14.1 Quality Control Programme
14.1.1 The Contractor is advised that the Engineer will select and appoint an
inspection agency from the names proposed by the Contractor, (refer to Clause
1.3) who shall carry out all NDT, shop and site inspections, required by the
Engineer, under this Specification. The cost of appointing this agency,
inspection and NDT services provided by them shall be included in the Contract
sum.
14.1.2 The inspections carried out by the appointed agency are for the sole purpose of
independent quality control checks required by the Engineer. These
inspections shall not relieve the Contractor of his sole responsibility to produce
works in accordance with this specification or to substitute the Contractor's own
quality control programme.
14.1.3 The Contractor shall implement his own quality control programme to ensure
the quality of his materials and workmanship and shall submit to the Engineer,
at the time of tender, his proposals in this respect.
14.1.4 Details of NDT and inspection services specified under Clauses 15.0 to 20 to
be carried out by the Inspector, are to be included in the contractor's price.
The charges payable to the inspection agency are to be clearly identified in the
tender submission.
14.1.5 The cost of carrying out any material tests, providing material/mill certificates
and implementing the Contractor's own quality control programme and
procedures, shall be deemed to be included in the contract rates for
materials/workmanship.
14.1.6 The Contractor shall also allow in his rates and prices for the steelwork for the
cost of the testing of his operators, for the provision of all additional labour,
material and apparatus and for the preparation and destructive testing of the
test specimens, all as specified under Clauses 14.9 to 14.13.
14.2 Testing & Inspection
14.2.1 The fit up, preparation, welding procedures (including the development) of all
welds shall be subject to inspection by the nominated Inspector under the
direction of the Engineer, as defined above.
14.2.2 Before undertaking the welding of any steelwork the Contractor shall have
obtained the Engineer's approval of the electrodes and welding processes, and
his welders shall have been duly qualified for the work intended, all as
specified.
14.2.3 Electrodes shall be subject to tests conducted at an approved laboratory and

certified as to the grade, operating characteristics and limits of application. Test
assemblies shall be prepared in the presence of the Inspector and all tests
shall be carried out in his presence and to his satisfaction.
14.2.4 Welding tests using procedures and materials similar to those intended for
production welding shall be carried out by the Contractor as directed by the
Engineer and in the presence of the Inspector and to their satisfaction. Each
finished joint shall be subjected to a radiographic test in addition to two reduced
section tension and guided bend tests, as specified in B.S. The welded test
pieces shall be heat treated in the same manner as for the joints in the works
they represent.
14.2.5 The Contractor shall, at his own expense, provide all test pieces for the
development of welding procedures and for the testing of welders under Clause
14.9 and shall include for the dressing and surface preparation of weldments
necessary for the appropriate weld inspection and testing.
14.2.6 The Inspector will carry out NDT and inspection of such procedures and
welders, as instructed by and under the direction of the Engineer.
14.3 Test Certificates
14.3.1 The Contractor shall supply manufacturer's test certificates, analyses and mill
sheets for all structural steel to the Inspector. The certificates shall state the
process of manufacture and shall include a test sheet signed by the
manufacturer giving the results of the mechanical tests applied to the steel
purchased and its chemical composition. Should the Engineer require
structural steel to be tested, samples shall be tested at an independent testing
station for compliance with B.S. 4360.
14.3.2 Should the results of either test be unsatisfactory, the whole consignment of
steel which the sample represents shall be rejected and shall be replaced by
other material of specified quality.
14.4 Other Tests
14.4.1 Tests on other materials and parts, bolts and other prefabricated fixings shall
be carried out or arranged by the Contractor at the Contractor's expense,
whenever required by and under the direction of the Engineer or the Inspector.
14.5 Cost of Tests, etc
14.5.1 The Contractor shall be deemed to have included in his rates and prices
appropriate allowance for the cost of supplying copies of material lists and
orders and for the carrying out of material tests and supplying Test Certificates,
as required under this Specification.
14.6 Inspection & Testing Generally
14.6.1 Representatives of the Engineer or the Inspector shall have the right to inspect
and/or test at any stage the manufacturing and other processes, and shall at all
reasonable times be given free access to the Contractor's workshop and to the
site. The Contractor shall provide such attendance, samples and other facilities
as may be necessary for inspection and quality control during any stage of the
fabrication and other operations and for witnessing the required tests. The
Contractor shall supply free of charge all labour and tools required in
connection with the inspection and testing of the steelwork.
14.6.2 All materials, sections and fixings may be subject to inspection and witnessed
testing at the manufacturer's works as directed by the Engineer. Inspection as
aforesaid, will be carried out as far as possible at the manufacturer's works but
the Engineer may at his discretion defer inspection of or re-inspect any parts
until after delivery to the site. All materials inspected and approved shall be
marked for the purposes of identification and the corresponding advice notes
and test certificates shall be marked correspondingly by the Engineer.
14.6.3 All parts of the works done on the site will be subject to inspection and shall be
completed to the satisfaction of the Inspector. The Contractor shall provide all
facilities and assistance for inspection as aforesaid during the progress of the
site works and until the completion of the Contract.
14.6.4 The Contractor shall advise the Inspector when main items of steelwork are set
up prior to welding and no welding shall be done until such fit up is approved or
otherwise permitted by the Engineer.
14.6.5 The Contractor and his suppliers shall give at least 48 hours notice prior to
inspection and/or the witnessing of tests and shall provide the requisite facilities
at all reasonable times and at all places for inspection and testing to be carried
out by the Engineer and/or the Inspector.
14.7 Rejection
14.7.1 Any steelwork which, in the opinion of the Engineer and/or the Inspector, is not
in accordance with the specification, shall be rejected either before or after
delivery to the site, and if delivered, shall be removed from the site at the
Contractor's expense within 24 hours from receipt of such notice of rejection.
Any delay caused by such rejection shall not in any way relieve the Contractor
from his responsibilities with regard to the provisions of the Contract.
14.7.2 In the event of any material proving defective subsequent to delivery, such
material shall be rejected notwithstanding any previous certificate of
satisfactory testing.
14.7.3 Rejected material or workmanship shall be remedied or replaced by the

Contractor without extra cost and without affecting the time of completion of the
Contract.
14.7.4 Inspection and acceptance of material, sections and fixings, etc, by the
Inspector shall not in any way relieve the Contractor of any of his own
responsibilities for ensuring that the materials, parts and fixings are sound and
of requisite quality.
14.8 Supervision by Contractor
14.8.1 The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that all materials and
workmanship comply with this Specification and shall provide all the
supervision necessary to fulfil this requirement.
14.8.2 The Work shall be supervised throughout by qualified representatives of the

Contractor who have had thorough experience of the management of
fabrication and erection of large works and special welded steel structures.
The appointment of the representative in charge of the work on site shall be
subject to approval by the Engineer.
14.8.3 The supervision as aforesaid shall be under the charge of competent Technical
personnel nominated for the purpose by the Contractor and working full time on
the site during the progress of the site work.
14.8.4 For welded work the Contractor shall appoint sufficient supervisors who shall
be responsible for seeing that all welding plant and equipment is maintained in
proper working order and that all welding is carried out in accordance with this
Specification. He shall provide approved means of identification by means of
an identification mark to enable all welds to be traced to the welding operators
responsible for the work.
14.8.5 The steelwork shall be erected and fixed in accordance with the agreed
programme under the direct supervision of competent staff fully experienced in
this class of work.
14.9 Welders Qualification
14.9.1 The Contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that every welding operator
employed on the fabrication and/or site work is a competent welder. The
competence shall be first assessed by testing to procedures laid down in this
Specification or as stipulated in relevant Eurocdes.
14.9.2 Every welding operator before he carries out any welding for this contract, shall
pass or shall have passed, qualifying tests in accordance with B.S. 4871 to
verify his competence for the type or types of welds that he will be called upon
to make. The tests shall be as specified or such other equivalent tests as the
Engineer may at his discretion specify from time to time.
14.9.3 The Contractor shall provide, free of cost, all material and facilities for the tests
on each and every welder and for each procedure employing different welding
methods.
14.9.4 The names of all operators qualified as aforesaid and particulars of the tests
shall be recorded by the Contractor and agreed by the Engineer and shall
subsequently be made available as and when required. The Engineer shall
have the right to require the immediate suspension by the Contractor of any
operator whose standard of workmanship is unsatisfactory regardless of his
having previously passed the agreed tests but the Contractor may submit the
operator for retest if he has received further instructions.
14.9.5 All welders shall be tested and qualified for each type of process on which he is
to be engaged.
14.9.6 All welders shall qualify for fillet and butt weld tests on approved test
specimens.
14.10 Test Fillet Welds
14.10.1 Test fillet welds shall be 25mm fillet welds on 25mm thick plates lapping by
200mm x 200mm, both plates in the vertical plane, centre lines of plates
horizontal, weld all round.
14.10.2 Two test welds shall be made with the maximum size single-pass fillet welds
and one with minimum size multipass fillet welds that will be used in
construction.
14.11 Test Butt Welds
14.11.1 Test butt welds shall be single V on 25mm thick plates with backing strip, one
test weld of each type, as follows:
x horizontal weld from top in T joint, butting plate vertical on top.
x vertical weld in T joint, both plates vertical
x horizontal overhead weld in T joint, butting plate vertical at underside.
14.11.2 All welders engaged in the welding of tubes shall in addition, qualify in the
following butt weld tests on tubes.
14.12 Tube to Tube Butt Welds with Backing Ring
14.12.1 150mm O.D., 4mm thick tubes, both tubes horizontal.
14.12.2 100mm O.D., 3mm thick tubes, both tubes horizontal.
14.12.3 150mm O.D., 4mm thick tubes, both tubes at 450 to vertical.
14.12.4 100mm O.D., 3mm thick tubes, both tubes at 450 to vertical.
14.13 Tube to Tube Junction Butt Welds
14.13.1 150mm chord tube horizontal, 100mm butting tube at top at 400 to horizontal.
14.13.2 150mm tube vertical, butting tube 100mm at 400 to vertical, upwards from joint.
14.13.3 100mm chord tube horizontal, 100mm butting tube at 400 to horizontal at
underside.
14.14 Welders engaged in the welding of suspension units shall be subject to additional
qualification tests on full size test pieces simulating those to be welded, as prescribed
by the Engineer.
14.15 If joint details differ from those shown on the tender drawings are proposed by the
Contractor, all welders engaged in the welding of such joints shall be subject to
additional qualification tests prescribed by the Inspector, at the Contractor's expense.
14.16 For curved members, full sized bending/curving tests shall be performed to the
satisfaction of the Inspector.
14.17 Radiographic ultrasonic and penetrant dye tests shall be applicable to the test welds, as
required by the Engineer. The test specimen shall then be subjected to destructive
testing as directed by the Engineer and/or Inspector. The cost of destructive testing of
test samples shall be deemed to be included in the Contract. The destructive tests shall
be carried out at any approved laboratory and paid for by the Contractor. Any NDT on
test samples shall be done by the Inspector.
15.0 NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION OF WELDS
15.1 The Contractor shall satisfy the Inspector that all production welding is of sound quality.
During production of welded tubes at least one radiograph approximately 300mm long
shall be required on a circumferential and a longitudinal weld respectively in each
completed length as a spot check on quality. If the results of any weld test do not
conform to the specified requirements, two additional tests on the same member shall
be carried out at the Contractor's costs.
15.2 In addition, the Inspector shall carry out radiographic, eddy current, magnetic particle
ultrasonic and/or radiographic tests on butt/fillet welds in the structure in accordance
with the relevant specification except that the number of tests shall be as specified
herein or as directed by the Engineer.
15.3 The inspector shall visually inspect all welds.

15.4 The inspector shall also carry out the following random tests to ensure the quality of
welds :
Weld Type Inspection
Full penetration butt 100% ultrasonic and 100% magnetic particle or

welds penetrant inspection
Partial penetration minimum 30% ultrasonic and minimum 30%

butt welds magnetic particle inspection
Fillet welds minimum 30% magnetic particle or penetration

inspection
15.5 Radiographic or ultrasonic inspection or both shall be used when the overall soundness
of the weld cross section is to be evaluated. Magnetic-particle or dye-penetrant
inspection or both shall be used when investigating the outer surface of welds or as a
check of intermediate weld passes such as root passes and of chipped, ground or
gouged joints prior to depositing subsequent passes.
15.6 The final non-destructive testing shall be delayed to accommodate the occurrence and
detection of delayed cracking. Weld run-on or run-off tabs may be used where practical
and be sectioned for examination. The practice of taking weld plugs or samples by
machining or cutting from the welded structure shall be used only in the absence of
other suitable inspection methods. When such weld plugs or samples are removed
from the welded structure, the holes or cavities thus formed shall be properly prepared
and welded, using a suitable welding procedure as established for the original joint.
15.7 Where welds do not meet a standard to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the defective
portion with the Engineer's permission may be removed and then re-welded and
submitted for approval.
15.8 The results of all such tests shall be submitted to the Engineer for his inspection and the
Contractor shall, at his own cost, also prepare etched sections of welds for examination
when required by the Engineer or Inspector.
15.9 A single weld circumferential butt joint with backing strip may be radiographed without
removing the backing strip, provided it is not to be removed subsequently and provided
the image of the backing strip does not interfere with the interpretation of the resultant
radiographs.
15.10 Principal welds in bedplates shall be examined radiographically or ultrasonically.
15.11 An alternative approved method of test may be used in lieu of the radiographic
inspection of pipe joints, where the latter cannot be applied.
16.0 CORROSION PROTECTION
16.1 General
16.1.1 All steel works surfaces, except where the members are to be encased in
concrete, shall be suitably prepared, degreased, primed and painted in
accordance with CP 2008.
16.1.2 For all other steelwork as encased surface preparation shall comprise sand
blasting SA 2½.
16.2 Surface Preparation
16.2.1 After inspection and approval and before leaving the workshop, all steel work to
be encased in concrete shall be thoroughly cleaned, by effective means, of all
loose mill scale, rust, spatter, slag, or flux deposit, oil, dirt and other foreign
matter. Cleaning shall be by power tools and/or shot blasting. All other
steelwork not encased in concrete shall be degreased as agreed with the
Engineer, and sandblasted to SA 2½. Where sandblasting is not possible,
surface preparation shall be at least ST2 standard.
16.2.2 Any surface laminations, shelling, cracks, crevices, inclusions, surface flaws,
burrs or sharp edges shall be removed before coating.
16.2.3 Friction grip bolted, end bearing and similar contact surfaces shall be cleaned
by power tools/brushing, before assembly, but not painted.
16.2.4 If rusting occurs after the completion of the surface preparation, the surface
shall again be cleaned as specified.
16.3 Coating System
16.3.1 After surface preparation, inspection and approval and before leaving the shop
all steelwork shall be primed and painted as specified. The primer shall be one
coat of Intergard 251 to be 75 microns dry film thickness DFT. Where surface
preparation does not comply with SA 2½, Interplus 256 series to 100 microns
DFT shall be used. The contractor may propose approved equivalent coating
system.
16.3.2 The priming coat shall, except where masked, be completed prior to despatch
from the workshop. Surfaces encased in concrete shall not be painted.
16.3.3 The finishing coat shall be Intergard 410 to 125 microns DFT or approved
equivalent epoxy based paint, unless otherwise specified.
16.3.4 Exposed areas where good gloss and colour retention is important, an
additional finishing coat of Interthane 990 polyurethane shall be applied at 50
microns DFT.
16.3.5 Galvanised surface shall be degreased with oil and grease remover before
applying a coat of Interprime 160 etching primer at 6 microns DFT. Similar
finish coats shall be applied as para 16.3.2 and 16.3.3.
16.3.6 Fireproofed steel structure shall be blasted to SA 2½ and coated with Intergard
251 zinc phosphate epoxy primer at 75 microns DFT.
16.3.7 Each coat shall be applied as recommended by the manufacturer at an interval

that ensures the proper hardening or curing of the previous coat and provided
the specified dry film thickness without detriment to the surface finish.
16.3.8 Generally various surfaces shall be primed and painted as follows:
x Surfaces to be encased in concrete shall not be painted. This includes all

columns and king posts.
x All other structural steel except where encased (see above) shall be
primed.
x Finishing paint shall be required for all other steelwork and roof structure
where it is exposed to view and areas without ceilings. Where the structure
is protected by fireproof spray, finishing paint shall not be required.
16.4 Surface Treatment for Bolts and HSFG Bolt Connections
16.4.1 The treatment for the surfaces of bolts, nuts, screws and other parts of
connections shall ensure that such surfaces have a standard of protection
against corrosion at least equal to that provided for the steelwork being
connected. All bolts, nuts and washers exposed to weather must be hot dip
galvanised. No black bolts are to be used. Facing surfaces of structural
connections joined by HSFG bolts shall be masked for temporary protection.
The masking shall be removed immediately before assembly and shall be of
such type as to ensure non-contamination by adhesives. The edges on both
facing surfaces shall be painted for a width of 15mm inside the perimeter of the
connection. Crevices where load indicating washers are used shall be sealed
with paint after final tightening of the bolts.
16.5 Welded Work and Other Surfaces in Contact
16.5.1 The surface after preparation within 20mm of welds to steelwork and other
steel surfaces to be in contact with each other shall be masked for temporary
protection prior to assembly. Alternatively after the specified surface
preparation has been carried out, approved primer coatings which have been
proved to have no deleterious effects on the production of satisfactory welds
and the subsequent paintwork may be used in lieu of masking.
16.6 Internal Surfaces of Sealed Tubes
16.6.1 The internal surfaces of hermetically sealed steel tubes shall be exempt from
the specified requirements for corrosion protection but shall be protected
against ingress of water or other corrosive substances prior to sealing and at all
other times.
16.7 Painting at Site

16.7.1 Before assembly of the steelwork at the site, the Contractor shall clean, prepare
and prime all components of connections not otherwise treated and touch up all
areas of previously primed members damaged during delivery.
16.7.2 The unpainted areas shall then be surface prepared and the zinc rich priming
coat and the finishing undercoat applied to such areas as specified. He shall
then apply the final coat of finishing paint in accordance with the Specification
to the whole of the steelwork to be so treated including all connections. After
erection any areas of the structure damaged during the erection processes
including site welding shall be prepared and painted by the Contractor to the full
requirements of this Specification.
16.7.3 On the parts of structural members which are completely inaccessible after
assembly, the second finishing coat shall be applied before assembly.
16.7.4 After assembly of the steelwork, all exposed bolt heads shall be cleaned and
painted as specified. The paintwork wherever damaged or deteriorated shall
be touched up and made good by the Contractor.
16.8 Acceptability and Inspection of Coatings
16.8.1 The finished coating shall be generally smooth, of a dense and uniform texture
and free from sharp protuberances, voids, bubbles, pinholes, sags, dimpling or
curtaining.
16.8.2 Any coat damaged by subsequent processes or which has deteriorated to an

extent such that proper adhesion of the coating may not be obtained or
maintained shall be recleaned to the original standard and recoated with the
specified sequence of coats.
16.8.3 The completed coating shall be checked for continuity by an approved

magnetic thickness gauge and Holiday detector by the inspector as well as the
paint manufacturer's representative. DFT of each coat shall be checked.
16.8.4 The completed coatings shall also be checked for adhesion by driving a sharp
carpenter's chisel flat through the coating and along the steel surface. The
coatings shall be acceptably bonded if no separation is apparent between coats
and if it can be seen adhering in the depressions on the exposed metal surface.
17.0 HOT DIP GALVANIZING
17.1 Where noted "Galvanized" on the drawings or as specified, steelwork may be

chemically descaled and cleaned, so that all rust, mill scale, oil, grease and other
foreign matter be removed leaving a clean surface of metal. Galvanizing shall conform
to BS 729.
17.2 All holding down bolts cast in concrete have to be hot dip galvanized after fabrication.
17.3 Steel shall then be immersed in a bath of molten zinc so that when withdrawn, the zinc
coating solidifies to a dry film thickness of 100 micrometres. Allow a 48-hour curing
period before transporting steelwork.

17.4 All transport and erection abrasions, site welds, etc, are to be reinstated by thoroughly
wire brushing all affected areas to achieve a clean sound substrate and patch coating
with an inorganic zinc silicate primer equivalent in equality to Dimetcote 6 to a dry film
thickness of 110 micrometres.
18.0 MARKING FOR ERECTION
18.1 Every separate member shall be plainly and permanently marked with paint to show
position and direction as necessary for easy identification and correct placing.
18.2 Loose pieces of connections shall be attached to their respective members.
18.3 Bolts, where not in holes, shall be metal tagged each type and size in a separate
container.
18.4 Connections which are to be made by High Strength Bolts shall be given a 75mm wide
distinctive flash of colour clear of faying surfaces for easy identification.
18.5 The extent and size of all fillet welds which are to be made in the field shall be clearly
marked.
18.6 Where welds are to be made between dissimilar steels they shall be given a distinctive
flash of colour.
18.7 Where priming coats will not receive a finishing coat of decorative paint, members shall
be marked in a position which will not be visible after erection is completed and cladding
- if any - attached. Where this is not possible, the member shall be marked using a
metal tag wired to the member.
19.0 ERECTION
19.1 General
19.1.1 Safety requirements, erection cranes, equipment, scaffolding and staging, shall
meet the requirements of the Building Operations and Works of Engineering
Construction Regulations, 1977, or other controlling authorities.
19.1.2 The Contractor shall adopt an erection procedure such that all members can be
placed and fixed in position without distortion.
19.1.3 The Contractor shall take full responsibility for the Safety and Stability of the
steelwork during erection and until such time as it is finally completed and
handed over, must take all precautions including temporary bracings necessary
to ensure stability of the partially assembled structure against wind forces, and
those stresses exerted due to erection equipment and its operation tending to
distort or deform the framework.
19.1.4 The Contractor shall allow for the cost of temporary erection bracing required
and any professional advice required in connection with such bracing.
19.1.5 As each section of steel is erected, all members shall be lined, levelled and
plumbed before final bolting up or welding commences. The ties, jacks braces,
etc, used in lining, levelling and plumbing the steelwork shall be left in position
until all bolts have been finally tightened.
19.1.6 Where high strength friction grip bolts are called for, they shall be tightened
using load indicating washers. The procedure for tightening HSFG bolts must
be agreed with the Inspector beforehand. Grade 4.6 bolts shall be snug tight to
the Inspector's satisfaction.
19.1.7 The Contractor shall submit a detailed proposal for assembly, erection, fixing of
the roof structure for the approval of the Engineer.
19.1.8 Erection shall be monitored by the Inspection agency approved by the

Engineer. The Inspector shall check the following :
x identify and check incoming steel for erection.
x check dimensions, alignment, plumb, etc, during and after erection.
x check anchors and other bolts especially HSFG bolts.
x final welding, site welds and shear studs.
x site painting and touch up.
20.0 TOLERANCES
20.1 Builder shall erect, fix, adjust and maintain all members in their intended vertical and
lateral alignment and level. Members which do not meet the specified tolerances shall
be liable to rejection. Where no specific tolerances are specified herein, these shall
comply with applicable Eurocodes, AS or AISC.
20.2 Position
Variations from the intended position shall be :-
20.2.1 For Beams and Trusses ~
3mm when measured at the support in a horizontal direction. In this instance

the position is relative to the supporting member or structure. 3mm when
measured at the support in a vertical direction.
20.2.2 For Columns ~
At the column base 1.5mm at the top of the column or at points of connection
with other members .... 1/1000 of the distance between the point considered
and the base of the column.
20.2.3 Other Compression Members ~
At ends of the member ... 3mm at points of connection with other members ...
1/500 of the distance between the point considered and the nearer end, with a
maximum of 3mm.
20.3 Straightness
20.3.1 Deviation from straight line, unless cambered shall not exceed 1/1000 between
Points of Supports.
20.3.2 Struts (columns, compression members). The maximum deviations from a

straight line between points of lateral support, between alternate points of
lateral support and between the ends of the member, shall be 1/1000 of the
distance between the respective points, with a maximum of 3mm.
20.4 Holding Down Bolts
20.4.1 Holding down bolts shall be set in position by the Contractor.
20.4.2 The bolts shall be preset in their correct position using templates in a true
vertical line and firmly held by an approved method before concrete encasing
the H.D. bolts. Tolerance on position + 3mm.
20.5 Bedding and Grouting
20.5.1 Where steelwork is supported by concrete, masonry or like material, it shall be

set up on packing or wedges to facilitate alignment and permit subsequent
grouting. Such packs, if permanent, shall be of grout of similar strength to the
permanent grout. All other packs shall be removed before completion of
grouting.
20.5.2 All grouting shall conform with methods in B.S. 449 Part 2, Clause 76, and this
section unless shown otherwise on the drawings.
20.5.3 Permanent grout shall be of non-shrink type and of approved quality with a
minimum strength of 40 N/mm2 at 28 days. The Contractor shall obtain
approval from the Engineer for the type of non-shrink grout to be used.
20.5.4 The Contractor shall be responsible for the grouting of all base plates, bearing
plates and for end connections where shown on diagrams. Grout shall be
neatly finished and tapered at the edges by steel trowelling.
20.6 Site Cutting, Drilling and Welding
20.6.1 During erection, steel members shall not be cut, burnt, welded or drilled without
approval. Drifting may only be used for bringing parts into position, not to
match unfair holes, or enlarge holes, or distort metal.
21.0 FIRE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL STEELWORK
21.1 General
21.1.1 All structural steelwork where specified shall be protected by approved fire
proofing material which must also be approved by the local authorities.
21.1.2 The sprayed fireproofing material shall be a vermiculite cementitious mixture

type fireproofing unless noted otherwise. All manufactured material shall be
delivered in original, unopened packages bearing the name of the
manufacturer, the brand, and a recognised testing body's label verifying
compliance with said body's quality control inspection programme and the
appropriate fire resistance ratings. Unless otherwise approved, fireproofing
material shall comprise Mandolite CP20.
21.1.3 The materials shall be kept dry until ready for use. The packages of materials
shall be kept off the ground, under cover, and away from sweating walls and
other damp surfaces. Material that has been exposed to water before actual
use shall be discarded. Stock is to be rotated and used before its expiration
date.
21.2 Quality Testing and Criteria
21.2.1 The Contractor shall control the thickness, utilising a workable depth gauge to
meet the minimum thickness as required. The Contractor shall co-operate with
the Engineer in furnishing samples for tests.
21.3 Application
21.3.1 The application of the sprayed fireproofing shall be in strict accordance with the
printed instructions of the manufacturer and the fire test report information.
21.3.2 All surfaces to which sprayed fireproofing is to be applied shall be free of oil,
grease, dirt, loose paint, mill scale or any other matter which would impair the
bond. Primed steel surfaces may require a test application of the sprayed
fireproofing to determine that the primer formulation will not impair adhesion. It
is the Contractor's responsibility to verify the compatibility of the fireproofing
with the primer mentioned elsewhere in the specification, and to inform the
Engineer of any problems arising in this regard.
21.3.3 All clips, hangers, supports, sleeves and other attachments to the fireproofing
substrates, as covered under other sections of the Specification, are to be
placed prior to the application of the fireproofing material, where these
attachments can be anticipated in advance. All patching and repairing of
sprayed fireproofing, due to cutting by the Contractor and/or his Sub-
Contractor, shall be made good to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
21.4 Ventilation
21.4.1 Provision shall be made for natural ventilation to properly dry the fireproofing
during the period subsequent to its application. In enclosed areas or buildings
lacking openings for natural ventilation, interior air shall be circulated and
exhausted to the outside by use of temporary circulators, exhaust fans, or the
air-conditioning system.
21.5 Acceptance and Performance Criteria
21.5.1 The fireproofing spray shall provide 2 hours fire rating unless noted otherwise .
The material for spray shall have prior approval of the Singapore Building
Control and Fire Brigade. If material proposed is not already approved for use
in Singapore, it will be Contractor's responsibility to provide necessary test
certificate and seek approval from local authorities.
21.5.2 The fireproofing material shall not be subject to losses from the finished
application by sifting, flaking or dusting. This performance shall be measured
by the results of a test for erosion resistance when subjected to high velocity air
flow across the surface of dried samples. The Contractor shall provide a
manufacturer's test certificate in this respect.
22.0 INSPECTION CERTIFICATES
22.1 The inspection agency selected by the Engineer under clause 1.3 shall be under the
direct control of the Engineer. The inspection agency shall receive all instructions from
the Engineer, execute them and report to the Engineer without going through the
Contractor.
22.2 The inspection agency shall carry out all the shop inspections, non-destructive testing
specified herein, review all test certificates and materials, undertake full-time
inspections of the &RQWUDFWRU¶s erection work on site, supervise ZHOGHU¶s qualification
tests, inspect and test surface coatings/galvanisation and fire protection of structural
steelwork as specified in this Specification. The inspection agency shall submit
certificates for the various sections of the work directly to the Engineer which shall form
the basis of acceptance and/or rejection by the Engineer of the &RQWUDFWRU¶s work,
subject to sole discretion of the Engineer.
WATERPROOFING OF BASEMENTS AND BELOW-GRADE STRUCTURES
WATERPROOFING OF BASEMENTS AND

BELOW-GRADE STRUCTURES
CLAUSE Page
1.0 General Conditions ......................................................................................................1
2.0 Performance Guarantee ..............................................................................................1
3.0 Shop Drawings .............................................................................................................2
4.0 Concrete Conditioning .................................................................................................2
5.0 Concrete Surface Preparation .....................................................................................2
6.0 Material ........................................................................................................................4
7.0 Method Of Construction ...............................................................................................6
8.0 Membrane Flashing .....................................................................................................7
9.0 Joints ............................................................................................................................8
10.0 Membrane Protection...................................................................................................8
11.0 Water Testing ...............................................................................................................8
12.0 Waterproofing To Tanks And Lift Pits ..........................................................................9

WATERPROOFING OF BASEMENTS AND

BELOW-GRADE STRUCTURES
1.1 The Contractor shall be completely responsible for the supply and proper
installation of the specified waterproof membrane system, or its equivalent, to
make the basement structure absolutely watertight. All membrane material
shall be new and shall comply with the specified material requirements. The
Contractor shall produce testing certificates to verify that the membrane meets
the specification and is suitable for the end use intended.
1.2 The Contractor shall engage a qualified waterproofing specialist as a sub-

contractor to supply, install and protect the waterproof membrane system, all in
accordance with the membrane manufacturer's recommendations. The
waterproofing specialist shall be approved by the Engineer and shall be
selected on the basis of past track record, technical reliability, capability and
willingness to supply technical assistance, and reputation for standing behind
his product and work. The Contractor shall submit the name of his Specialist
Contractor at the time of tender.
1.3 All basement and below-grade structures (including lift pits, water tanks, fuel
tanks, etc) shall be protected by a water proof membrane all round, of the type
complying with clause 6.
1.4 The Contractor shall be responsible for the implementation and maintenance
of a temporary dewatering system to keep the Site dry at all times for proper
installation of the membrane system. Where relief holes and/or relief panels
are required to be left in the basement structure to prevent hydro-static uplift
during the construction stage, these shall be cast back with full water proofing
treatment following completion of the superstructure and/or when directed by
the Engineer.
2.0 PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE
2.1 The Contractor shall provide a ten (10) year guarantee for watertightness of
the basement, swimming pools (if any) and/or other below-grade structures
(including lift pits), effective from the date of completion of the whole Works.
The guarantee shall be submitted in the specified format and shall be subject
to the approval and acceptance by the Employer.
2.2 Should any leak, moist lines, points or patches occur during the guarantee
period, the Contractor shall immediately carry out the necessary remedial
Works to restore the watertightness of the structure at no cost to the Employer.
2.3 The Contractor shall make good damages to all finishes (such as plaster,
paint, panelling, tiling, etc) electrical or other installations, or other property,
caused by water leakage or dampness. Alternatively, he shall reimburse the
Employer for making good such damages.

3.0 SHOP DRAWINGS
3.1 The Contractor shall provide the Engineer with comprehensive shop drawings
showing all details and procedures for the relevant parts of the Works.
Reasonable time shall be allowed for checking by the Engineer in
programming the production of shop drawings. Delays caused by the late
submission of shop drawings or repeated amendments of drawings due to
inadequate or inaccurate drawings will not be recognised as a reason for
extension to the contract time.
3.2 The manufacturer's standard application details shall be used only as a guide
for the preparation of shop drawings. The Contractor is deemed to have taken
due consideration of the particular requirements of this contract based on the
tender documents. Where necessary, the Contractor is expected to improve
upon the manufacturer's standard details to suit the project requirements and
such amendments shall be shown in shop drawings for approval by the
Engineer. The Contractor shall not be entitled to extra contract cost and/or time
in this respect.
4.0 CONCRETE CONDITIONING
4.1 The membrane material shall be compatible with the surface of concrete. The
use of curing compounds, release coatings on concrete forms, or admixtures in
the concrete that interfere with the adhesion of the barrier material to concrete
shall not be permitted.
4.2 Curing compounds shall not be used on concrete surfaces unless the
Contractor can conduct field tests to demonstrate that complete removal of the
compound can be achieved before application of the membrane. Alternatively,
the Contractor may perform field tests to establish the compatibility of the
compound with the membrane materials and the concrete surface.
4.3 Release agents such as oil, wax, grease and silicone which transfer to the
concrete surface during placement, and contribute to poor adhesion between
membrane system and concrete, shall not be used. The use of proprietary
paint systems applied to forms and formulated to prevent contamination of the
concrete surface, or the use of polyethylene lined forms, may be considered.
4.4 Special purpose admixtures, such as water-immiscible chemicals intended to

retard evaporation of water during cure, may create adhesion problems and
shall not be used.
5.0 CONCRETE SURFACE PREPARATION
5.1 Surface defects, including tie holes, unless otherwise specified in the Contract
Documents, shall be repaired immediately after form removal. All
honeycombed and defective concrete areas shall be removed down to sound
concrete which shall then be cleaned. If chipping is necessary, the edges shall

be perpendicular to the surface or slightly undercut. No feather edges shall be

permitted.
5.2 Unless specifically recommended by the membrane material manufacturer,
normal mix portland cement-based patching materials shall not be used for the
repair of small surface voids and rutted cracks on account of their relatively
poor adhesion to cured concrete. Such repair shall be effected with suitable
resin-based materials composed of the same resin found in the protective
membrane material mixed with inert fillers, but the specific recommendation of
the membrane system manufacturer shall be obtained before using such
materials for patching. Coarse aggregate shall be omitted.
5.3 Large surface voids and rutted cracks shall be dry packed with graded
aggregate and pressure grouted with suitable non-shrink cementitious mortar.
5.4 The quantity of mixing water shall be limited to that necessary for handling and
placing. The patching material shall be thoroughly mixed to the extent that it is
the stiffest consistency that will permit placing.
5.5 The area to be patched and a band at least 150mm wide surrounding it shall
be dampened to prevent absorption of water from the patching mortar. After
surface water has evaporated from the area to be patched, an approved
bonding agent shall be well brushed into the prepared surface. The premixed
patching mortar shall be thoroughly consolidated into place, struck off so as to
leave the patch slightly higher than the surrounding surface and left
undisturbed for at least 1 hour to allow for some initial shrinkage before being
finally finished. The patched area shall be kept damp for 7 days.
5.6 Proprietary compounds may be used in lieu of, or in addition to, the foregoing
patching procedures. Such compounds must be used strictly in accordance
with the manufacturer's recommendations. Specific approval from the
membrane manufacturer shall be obtained before proprietary compounds are
used for patching. These materials shall be compatible with the membrane
system and the concrete, and not interfere with good adhesion between the
two.
5.7 Fins, protrusions or similar irregularities projecting from the concrete surface
shall be removed back to the surface by chipping, bushhammering,
needlegunning, or wire brushing. Care shall be exercised to obtain a
reasonably planar surface for application of the membrane system. Sharp
offsets in the surface, such as those caused by formwork misalignment, shall
be mechanically abraded to provide gradual and smooth transitions between
the offset surfaces.
5.8 The Contractor shall employ a suitable method of repair to stop any seepage
or flow of water into or through the concrete structure prior to application of the
membrane system. The method of repair shall depend on the type of defects
present in the concrete and the source of water.
5.9 Generally, surfaces shall be dry and must be newly exposed concrete, free of
chemical contaminants and loose, weak or unsound materials.

6.0 MATERIAL
6.1 The waterproofing membrane shall be a 2.0mm thick ethylene co-polymer

bitumen ³(CB´) membrane Type 2 (Durabit X20T or an approved equivalent).
It shall comply to German Standards DIN 16729 for waterproofing of
underground structures subject to hydrostatic pressure.
The 2.0mm thick waterproofing membrane shall be civil engineering/tunnelling

grade suitable for waterproofing of underground structures subject to
hydrostatic pressure according to DIN 18195. It shall not contain any fillers or
plasticizers, have a signal layer to facilitate detection of damages and have
been used with the same composition for at least 10 years. Joining of seams
shall be only by hot air welding without any use of adhesives or solvents.
Proper accessories such as preformed corners, outlets, pipe collars and
terminations shall be used.
6.2 The 2.0mm thick waterproofing membrane shall have high biaxial strength,
elongation and puncture resistance. It shall be resistant to most chemicals
including all ground chemicals and be root-impenetrable. All joints shall be hot
air welded with double seams with a test channel for integrity verification. The
membrane shall have a damage indication ³VLJQDl´ layer to facilitate the
detection of membrane damage during installation.
6.3 The waterproofing membrane shall also allow for anchoring to the underside of
the basement slab by welding to ECB single anchor strips and therefore
ensuring the waterproofing integrity is independent of the substrate integrity.
6.4 The waterproofing membrane shall be terminated at the top of vertical walls,
pile caps, etc. by heat-welding to ECB double anchor strips or mechanical
fastening by using an adhesive underlay (Heatseal or an approved equivalent).
The adhesive underlay shall be capable of providing an excellent bond
between the waterproofing membrane and substrate. Termination using only
liquid-applied sealants is not acceptable.
6.5 The waterproofing membrane for walls shall be covered by a HDPE dimpled
protection/drainage sheeting (Delta MS or an approved equivalent). The
dimpled sheeting shall be manufactured from virgin material and have a
2
compressive strength of >250 kN/m and shall be resistant to ground
chemicals, root penetration and rodents.
6.6 Prior to commencement of waterproofing treatment, the Contractor shall

submit shop drawings for each waterproofing detail and endorsed by the
manufacturer or his approved representative. These are to be approved by the
Engineer. The shop drawing shall be on a CAD-recognisable format and A1 or
AO size.

6.7 Properties of Type 2 ECB membrane
PROPERTY TEST RESULTS

METHOD
2
Tensile strength DIN 53455 12 / 11 N/mm
Elongation at break DIN 53455 781 / 892%
2
Modulus of elasticity DIN 53457 141/150 N/mm
2
Tear propagation DIN 53363 230/194 N/mm
O
Dimensional changes @ 80 C/6 h DIN 53377 <2.0%
Slit pressure resistance DIN 53454 passed
2
Seam strength DIN 16726 8.0 N/mm
Water absorption @ 28 days DIN 53495 0.14%
Storage in lime-link
Variation of tensile strength DIN 16726 -5.4 to 14.6%
Variation of elongation DIN 16726 -2.9 to 10.4%
Storage in sulphurous acid
Variation of tensile strength DIN 16726 3.3 / 11.4%
Variation of elongation DIN 16726 7.3 / 6.1%
Methane permeability @ 5 bar/28 d - Impermeable
6.8 Properties of adhesive underlay
PROPERTY RESULT
Thickness (mm) 2.63mm
2
Tensile Strength 2.73 / 2.5 N/mm
Elongation at Maximum Force 2.5 / 2.4%
Elongation at Break 65.4 / 81.3%
Tensile Shear Strength at Joints 445.4 N
*UEAtc MOAT No 31 : 1984 General Directive for Assessment of SBS Bitumen

Waterproof Coverings.

6.9 Properties of dimpled protective sheeting
PROPERTY TEST METHOD RESULTS

Material - high density
polyethylene
Thickness DIN 53370 0.6mm
Stud Height DIN 53370 8mm
2
Compressive Strength DIN 53576 >250 kN/mm
Drainage Capacity DIN 53377 5 l/s.m.
Fachhochschule 300 l/min.m
Karisruhe
Fachhochschule 18,000 l/h.m
Karisruhe
2
Fachhochschule 5.3 l/m
Karisruhe
o o
Air Volume between Studs - -30 C to 80 C
Temperature Resistance -
Chemical Properties - resistant to chemicals,
rot-proof and neutral
towards drinking water
Root Penetration Impenetrable
Fire Resistance DIN 4102 B2
7.0 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
7.1 Generally, the application procedures shall be consistent with the

Manufacturer's recommendations.
7.2 The procedure of work shall be as follows unless otherwise modified by the
Engineer to suit the site and project requirements.
7.2.1 At formation level, install subsoil drainage where shown in the

Contract Drawings. Lay concrete screed as specified. Concrete
surface shall be smooth wood float finish.
7.2.2 The concrete surface shall be prepared in accordance with the

requirements of the clause headed ³&RQFUHWe Surface Preparation´ in
this Specification. The surface shall be free of sharp projections such
as nail heads, concrete ribs, etc.
7.2.3 The waterproofing shall be a well designed system installed by a

single Specialist Waterproofing Contractor with a CIDB rating of at
least L3 (Waterproofing) strictly according to the recommendations of
the manufacturer.

7.2.4 The waterproofing membrane shall be identified with the

PDQXIDFWXUHU¶s inscriptions on the packaging.
7.2.5 The waterproofing membrane shall be rolled out lengthwise and

aligned with an adjoining membrane to form an overlap joint of 50mm.
A special hand operated hot-air welding gun or versions of the
automatic welding machine shall then be used to fuse the membranes
together and weld the overlap.
7.2.6 If required, ECB single anchor strips shall be welded to the

waterproofing membrane bi-directionally to provide structural
anchoring to the base slab and create watertight compartments at not
more than 100 sq.m grid.
7.2.7 The waterproofing membrane may be terminated to pile caps, ground

beams using ECB double anchor strips or an adhesive underlay.
7.2.8 If an adhesive underlay is used for termination, the concrete surface

shall be primed with an approved primer prior to the installation of the
adhesive underlay. The waterproofing membrane shall be terminated
by using an adhesive underlay to bond the membrane to the structure
and thereafter mechanical fastening it. The minimum widths for the
termination using adhesive underlay shall be 250mm at ground
beams, pile caps. The membrane shall be terminated using the same
termination methods.
7.2.9 The waterproofing membrane shall be terminated at the top of the

vertical walls at least a 300mm minimum above ground level by only
using ECB double anchor strips.
7.2.10 For horizontal areas, the waterproofing membrane shall be protected

with a minimum 25mm thick 1:3 cement and sand screed render prior
to the commencement of further construction activities.
7.2.11 For vertical surfaces, the waterproofing membrane shall be covered

with the approved protection material prior to backfilling.
8.0 MEMBRANE FLASHING
8.1 Flashing shall be provided at the line or joint where the membrane will
terminate, particularly at the diaphragm walls and pile foundations. The
flashing material used shall be of approved and durable type, and shall be
resistant to weathering and mechanical damage. The flashing material shall be
compatible with all other material employed in the membrane system and shall
not cause chemical reactions when in contact with the latter.
8.2 The surface of adjoining building elements that are used to form the terminus
of the waterproofing membrane shall meet the same requirements as the
surfaces that receive the barrier. A treated timber nailer or equivalent device
shall be used to mechanically secure the top edge of the flashing material
according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Reglets shall not be used
as a substitute for a nailing strip or device.

8.3 Flashing materials shall be the same as or compatible with those used in the
waterproofing system. Compatibility shall be determined by the membrane
manufacturer.
9.0 JOINTS
9.1 The waterproofing specialist shall give careful consideration to the design of
membrane details at expansion, contraction and construction joints in the
concrete substrate to minimise damage to the membrane due to differential
movement.
9.2 Where the movement of soil substrate supporting horizontal membrane is likely
to occur, the waterproofing specialist in association with the Contractor shall
take appropriate measures as necessary to ensure the integrity of the
membrane is not compromised.
10.0 MEMBRANE PROTECTION
10.1 Membrane protection shall be applied immediately following the application

and testing of the waterproofing membrane. No membrane material shall be
left permanently exposed for any period of time after installation.
10.2 The Contractor shall take immediate steps to cover up the Works following the
application of membrane protection. If for any reason the Works cannot be
covered up immediately, the Contractor shall be responsible for taking all
necessary and approved measures required either to protect the membrane
material from damage or if damage of the material has occurred, to make good
all such damage, for the duration of exposure of the Works prior to covering
up.
11.0 WATER TESTING
11.1 Watertightness test of below-grade holding structures shall be carried out in full
compliance with BS EN 1992-3 Section 9, all at the ContractoU¶s expense
within contract period. Any leaks found shall be rectified at the CRQWUDFWRU¶V
expense and re-tested to the EngiQHHU¶s satisfaction.
11.2 Where required by the Engineer, water testing shall be carried out to check the
performance of horizontal membrane applications. The area to be tested shall
be flooded with at least 25mm of water. Drains shall be plugged and kerbings
(temporary or permanent) shall be formed to retain the water for a period of at
least 24 hours. Any leaks found during this period shall be repaired in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and the area shall then
be retested. Before repairing the surfaces, they shall be dry.
11.3 Where it is impractical to water test an area because the slope of the substrate
would produce excessive water depths, the membrane shall be tested by
allowing water to run continuously over the area for a period of at least 8 hours.
During the 8 hour period, the whole area shall be kept completely immersed.

11.4 Where water testing is not possible because of job conditions, location, etc, a
thorough inspection shall be carried out to check all laps, terminations and
flashings for any evidence of 'fish mouths', incomplete adhesion or other
conditions that may be detrimental to the watertight integrity of the membrane.
12.0 WATERPROOFING TO TANKS AND LIFT PITS
12.1 Lift Pits and Non-Potable Water Tanks
12.1.1 All lift pits (bases and walls up to first storey level) shall be constructed
using waterproof concrete. The waterproofing shall be effected by
incorporation of an approved waterproofing additive.
12.1.2 The internal faces of lift pits in contact with the ground and of concrete
tanks holding non-potable water, including the underside of tank roofs,
shall be made watertight with Tricolastic 2-component sealing mortar
from Styrotek Industries or other approved equivalent.
12.1.3 Preparation of the concrete substrate and the method of application

shall be carried out strictly in accordance with the manufacturer's
directions. The substrate shall be well saturated with water but the
concrete surface is to be kept matt damp and free of ponding before
mortar application. The sealing mortar shall be applied in 3 coats of
1.0 - 1.5mm each. The preceding coat shall be allowed to set before
applying the next coat but the time lapse between successive coatings
shall not be more than 2 days. the total dry coat thickness of
Tricolastic sealing mortar (3 coats combined) shall not exceed 3mm.
12.2 Potable Water Tanks
12.2.1 The waterproofing system provided to internal face of concrete tanks

holding potable water for consumption shall be of a type which is non-
toxic and approved for such use by the local governmental and/or
health authorities. The Contractor shall provide test certificates issued
by an approved and accredited testing authority as proof of non-
toxicity and fit for the intended use.
12.2.2 The Contractor shall allow for 240mm central bulb water bar for all
walls installed in accordance with the earlier requirements of the
Concrete Specification.

EXTERNAL WORKS ± SURFACE DRAINAGE
EXTERNAL WORKS
SECTION C : SURFACE DRAINAGE
CLAUSE PAGE
1.0 Reinforced Concrete Pipe Culverts .............................................................................1
2.0 Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts ..............................................................................2
3.0 Baffle Drops, Rectangular Inclined Drops....................................................................2
4.0 Precast Concrete Drain Sections.................................................................................3
5.0 Weepholes Sub-Soil Drainage.....................................................................................4
6.0 Temporary Drainage ....................................................................................................4

EXTERNAL WORKS
SECTION C : SURFACE DRAINAGE
1.0 REINFORCED CONCRETE PIPE CULVERTS
1.1 Precast Drainage Pipes
Precast concrete pipes with rebated joints used for the construction of culverts under
roads shall be centrifugally spun cast and comply with Australian Standard
Specification No. AS 1342 or BS 5911. All pipes shall be Class 'Z' unless otherwise
specified.
Pipes shall not be despatched from the place of manufacture until the approval of
the Engineer has been given. Notwithstanding the approval of the Engineer of pipes
at the place of manufacture, the Contractor will remain responsible for any faults
found in the pipes on Site.
The Contractor may submit an alternative Specification to the Engineer for approval.
1.2 Excavation and Backfilling
All excavation and backfilling of reinforced culverts shall be in accordance with

Earthwork and/or Roadwork Specifications.
Before laying pipes or box culverts backfilling up to road formation level shall be
completed and approved by the Engineer. Culverts shall be laid in trench after filling
works are completed and then backfilled as specified. All costs associated with
such work shall be deemed to be included in the Contract Sum.
1.3 Handling Culverts
At every point of loading or unloading, culverts must be handled by approved lifting

tackle. Unloading by rolling down planks or any other form of inclined ramp will not
be allowed. Culverts are to be carefully stacked on site with timber packings under
and between the culverts.
1.4 Laying and Jointing
Concrete culverts as specified above shall be laid from the downstream end of the
line, true to line and level, each culvert being separately boned between sight rails.
Pipe joint shall be as shown on drawings for spigot and socket type with flexible
rubber ring. The rubber ring shall be fixed as per the manufacturer's instruction to
ensure a watertight joint. Any joint not fixed to the satisfaction of the Engineer shall
be refixed as instructed. Any earth, cement or other material shall be thoroughly
cleaned out of the pipes by drawing a tight-fitting wad through them as the work
proceeds, or by other approved means.

1.5 Bedding, Haunching and Surround to Culverts
Bedding, surrounding or, haunching of culverts shall be carried out using granular
material as shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer.
Granular material shall consist of hard, durable crushed rock free from clay or other
deleterious substances. All the material shall pass a 19mm B.S. Sieve but not more
than 10 percent shall pass a 0.075mm BS Sieve.
In carrying out this work the Contractor shall take care to pack the granular material
or the concrete under and around the pipes to ensure even bedding and solidity on
the material used. The granular material or concrete shall not be thrown directly on
the pipes. When concrete is used, the upper surface of the concrete shall be struck
off with a wooden screed or template and neatly finished off. No granular material or
concrete shall be placed around the pipes until the pipe joints have been inspected
and approved.
2.0 REINFORCED CONCRETE BOX CULVERTS
Precast Reinforced Concrete box culverts shall be designed to take a proof test load of 9027
kg applied over an area of 380mm x 75mm on any position of the cover of 6m of earthfill
whichever is higher. The culverts shall comply with AS 1597 Part 1 or its equivalent, if
approved by the Engineer.
Culverts shall be handled according to the manufacturer's instructions. Any damage will be
made good or the culvert replaced at the Contractor's cost.
The wing wall, bottom slabs, head walls, shall be constructed as shown on the Drawings.
The Contractor may suggest and propose alternative construction, and if so, submit detail
drawings and calculations to the Engineer for approval.
3.0 BAFFLE DROPS, RECTANGULAR INCLINED DROPS
These shall be constructed to lines, levels and grades as shown on the drawings or as
directed. The concrete, reinforcement and formwork shall comply with Section 4 of the
Specification.

4.0 PRECAST CONCRETE DRAIN SECTIONS
4.1 General
Precast concrete drain sections shall be of the dimensions shown on the Drawings.
They shall be laid in granular bedding, concrete bedding or in cascade to the lines,
levels and grades as shown on the Drawings or as directed by the Engineer.
All materials and workmanship for precast concrete drain section shall comply with
all the provisions of this section of the Specification with the addition of the following
amplifications and amendments.
4.2 Casting
Each precast section shall be cast in one continuous operation and be clearly
marked with the date of casting.
4.3 Formwork
Plywood or steel lined formwork shall be used for the precast sections.
4.4 Handling
Lifting and handling of precast sections shall be carried out in a manner that will
avoid damage by overstressing. Should any section in the opinion of the Engineer
be so damaged by mishandling as to be inadequate for its purpose the Engineer
may order its removal from the site and its replacement shall be at the Contractor's
expense.
4.5 Storage
Precast sections shall be stacked in such manner that no damage is caused to

them.
4.6 Jointing
Joints between adjacent precast concrete drain sections shall be neatly jointed with
1:3 cement sand mortar, and expansive material at expansion/contraction joints
where specified.

5.0 WEEPHOLES SUB-SOIL DRAINAGE
5.1 Material
(a) Pipes for Weepholes/ Sub-soil drainage
The pipes used for weepholes shall be UPVC pipes and shall comply with
BS 4660: 1989: SPECIFICATION FOR UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL
CHLORIDE PIPES AND PLASTICS FITTINGS OF NOMINAL SIZES 110
AND 160 FOR BELOW GROUND GRAVITY DRAINAGE AND
SEWERAGE.
(b) Graded Filter Material
The stones shall be clean, sound and durable and supplied in a well-
balanced range of sizes. All the material shall pass a 50mm B.S. Sieve but
not more than 10 percent shall pass a B.S. No. 10 Sieve.
5.2 Installation
Weepholes shall be installed where indicated on the Drawings or as directed by the

Engineer. The pipes shall be correctly positioned and embedded in concrete lining
or rubble pitching.
They shall extend 25mm into the graded filter materials at the back faces of the
structures and fitted at the ends with 380mm by 380mm geo-textile membrane to
prevent ingress of backfill material. The dimensions of the graded filter material
shall be 300mm x 300mm x 300mm unless otherwise indicated on drawings.
6.0 TEMPORARY DRAINAGE
The Contractor shall provide and install whatever culverts, cut-off drains, pumping
arrangements and anything else that is deemed necessary to maintain the site in a workable
and safe condition throughout construction of the permanent culverts. Any such temporary
works shall be removed prior to commencement of roadwork construction.

EXTERNAL WORKS - ROADWORKS
EXTERNAL WORKS
SECTION A : ROADWORKS
CLAUSE PAGE
1.0 Spreading And Finishing Plant....................................................................................... 1
2.0 Water Plant .................................................................................................................... 1
3.0 Compaction Plant........................................................................................................... 2
4.0 Pavement Thickness...................................................................................................... 2
5.0 Materials......................................................................................................................... 3
6.0 Stockpiling Prior To Delivery .......................................................................................... 9
7.0 Handling Of Materials .................................................................................................... 9
8.0 Conformity With Drawings ........................................................................................... 10
9.0 Laying........................................................................................................................... 11
10.0 Compaction .................................................................................................................. 12
11.0 Test Rolling .................................................................................................................. 12
12.0 Protection Of Compacted Layers................................................................................. 12
13.0 Surface Treatment Of Roadbase ................................................................................. 13
14.0 Miscellaneous .............................................................................................................. 13
15.0 Guard Rails .................................................................................................................. 14
16.0 Signage ........................................................................................................................ 15
17.0 Linemarking.................................................................................................................. 15

EXTERNAL WORKS
SECTION A : ROADWORKS
Roadworks and paved areas shall be constructed at locations and to the extent shown on Architect's
drawings or as directed by the Engineer. This section covers the requirements for construction plant,
construction materials, laying and compaction of the pavement. Other materials, methods, etc. may be
used subject to the approval of the Engineer which will be withdrawn if these prove unsatisfactory.
1.0 SPREADING AND FINISHING PLANT
1.1 Pavers
Pavers shall be self propelled. They shall be equipped with hoppers and distributing
screws of the counter-rotation type to place the material evenly in front of the screed.
The screed shall be adjustable to the required cross section and shall produce a
surface of uniform texture within the specified tolerances for line and level.
1.2 Graders
Graders shall be self propelled and have a mass of not less than 12 tonne. They shall
be capable of producing a surface of uniform texture within the specified tolerances for
line and level.
1.3 Automatic Level Control
When spreading and finishing plant fitted with automatic level control is used the
automatic level control shall be capable of operating both ends of the screed or blade
within tolerances of ±3 mm relative to the preset or established datum. The sensors
operating the automatic level control shall be capable of operating from one or more of
the following:
1.3.1 A fixed rail, or a tensioned stringline or wire, set to within ±3 mm of design

levels and supported on preset blocks or pegs spaced at intervals not greater
than 10 m. The maximum length between tensioning devices shall be not
greater than 250 m. On straight grades, sag vertical curves and on all
horizontal curves the wire or stringline shall be held in such a way that the
design alignment and profile are accurately followed. The sag of the rail, wire
or stringline across unsupported lengths shall not exceed 2 mm.
1.3.2 A levelling beam of minimum length 9 m.
1.3.3 A matching shoe travelling on a previously laid layer of material. The matching
shoe shall provide level control ensuring that the material being laid shall match
the level of the previously laid layer, at the junction of the two, after compaction
has been completed.
The mode of automatic level control to be used shall be as permitted by the
Engineer.
2.0 WATER PLANT

2.1 Watering plant shall have spray bars capable of uniformly distributing water on the road
and shall be fitted with rapid acting positive shut-off valves controlled from the operator's
cabin.
2.2 Watering plant used for construction of plant mixed wet-mix and cement treated
crushed rock courses shall be fitted with constant head devices or pumps, capable of
delivering a uniform rate of flow regardless of the quantity of water remaining in the tank.
3.0 COMPACTION PLANT
3.1 Smooth Steel Wheeled Rollers
Rollers for initial rolling shall be steel wheeled tandem rollers and shall have a mass of
not less than 6 tonne with a load intensity on the drive roll of not less than 3 tonne per
metre of width.
Other steel wheeled rollers shall have a mass of not less than 10 tonne with a load
intensity of not less than 5 tonne per metre of width on the rear wheels or drive rolls or
self propelled rollers or on the roll of drawn rollers, except that rollers for breaking
material to size on the roadbed shall be capable of being ballasted 12 tonne with a load
intensity of not less than 6 tonne per metre width of roll.
3.2 Grid and Segmented Roller
Grid and segmented rollers shall be capable of being ballasted to 12 tonne with a load
intensity of not less than 6 tonne per metre width of roll.
3.3 Pneumatic Tyred Rollers
Light pneumatic tyred rollers shall have a load per tyre of not less than 2.5 tonne, and
tyres shall be inflated to not less than 550 kPa.
Heavy pneumatic tyred rollers shall be capable of being ballasted to a load per tyre of
4.5 tonne and the inflation pressure of the tyre shall be adjustable between 400 kPa and
1,000 kPa from the operator's position.
3.4 Steel Wheeled Vibrating Rollers
Steel wheeled vibrating rollers other than hand-operated units shall have a total mass of
not less than 4 tonne and shall have a static load intensity on the vibrating roll of not
less than 2 tonne per metre width of roll.
4.0 PAVEMENT THICKNESS
4.1 The thickness of the various layers of the roadworks shall be as shown on the
Drawings. However, the Engineer may order variations in the thickness of the various
layers of the pavements as shown in the typical cross-section drawings as he may think
fit.

4.2 No work on roadwork construction shall commence without the approval of the
Engineer. Variation in roadwork thickness shall be completed with no extension to the
Contract Period.
5.0 MATERIALS
The source of all materials used in roadwork construction is subject to the approval of the
Engineer. The Engineer may order testing of materials from the nominated quarry source.
Samples of minimum 20 kg each for all materials proposed for use in the roadwork construction
shall be submitted to the Engineer two weeks prior to usage in construction.
Alternative gradings may be submitted to the Engineer for approval. Properties of

materials as specified in this Specification shall be tested by an approved laboratory and the
results submitted with the request for consideration of an alternative. No payment shall be
made for such tests.
5.1 Sub-Grades, Sub-Bases And Formations
5.1.1 Definition of Terms Used
x Sub-grade:-
The compacted soil beneath the pavement and shoulders but not including
the sub-base.
x Formation of Sub-base:-
The surface of the compacted sub-grade shaped and compacted to the
specified profile to receive the sub-base.
x Sub-base:-
The compacted selected granular material to depths as shown on the
drawings or as directed, forming the layer between the sub-grade and
concrete surfacing.
x Base Formation:-
The surface of the completed sub-base shaped and compacted to the
specified profile to receive the concrete surface.
5.2 Sub-Grade Soil
The soil used for the top 500mm of the sub-grade shall have a soaked CBR (California
Bearing Ratio) value of not less than the value as indicated on the plans or in this
Specification. In addition, the following requirements shall be complied with:
x Sub-grade in fill areas shall be formed of material defined as "suitable material" in

Earthworks Section of the Technical Specification.
x In cut areas where the soaked CBR value of the top 500mm of the sub-grade is
equal to or greater than the value as indicated on the plans or in this Specification,

the Contractor shall compact the top 500mm of the sub-grade to the density as
specified.
x In the event of the soaked CBR value of the top 500mm of the sub-grade being less
than the specified value, the Contractor shall remove and replace selected fill or
stabilise the in-situ soil by approved means to a depth as required by the SO. The
extra costs involved in replacing the soil or in improving the material shall be borne
by the Contractor. Maximum thickness of any one layer of fill material to be
compacted shall be 200 mm.
5.3 Sub-Base
The sub-base material shall be hard, durable and clean. It shall be granular material
such as gravel or crushed rock or sand and shall be free from organic material, clay
balls and any other deleterious substances.
The crushed rock, sand or gravel shall conform to one of the gradings given below.
5.3.1 Crushed Rock
The particle size distribution shall be follows:
BS Sieve Size Percentage By

(MM) Weight Passing
37.5 100
26.5 85 - 100
19.0 75 - 100
9.5 58 - 100
4.75 45 - 62
2.36 33 - 45
0.425 14 - 22
0.075 5 - 10
Other Required Properties:
Wet/Dry strength 35% maximum (passing 13.2 mm, retained 9.5 mm)
variation
Liquid Limit 28% maximum (passing 0.425 mm)
Plasticity Index 6% maximum (passing 0.425 mm)
Linear Shrinkage 1.5% maximum (passing 0.425 mm)
Flakiness Index 35% maximum (passing 13.2 mm, retained 9.5 mm)
C.B.R. Value
(soaked) 45% minimum
10% Fines Value 120 kN minimum (passing 13.2 mm, retained 9.5
mm)
(wet)
5.3.2 Sand
The sand shall conform to the gradings as follows:


(MM) Weight Passing
9.5 mm 100
4.75 mm 95 - 100
No. 14 45 - 80
No. 52 10 - 30
No. 100 2 - 10
5.3.3 Gravel
The particle size distribution shall be as follows:

(MM) Weight Passing
A B
53.0 100 100

37.5 85 - 100 100
19.0 55 - 90 80 - 100
9.5 40 - 70 55 - 90
4.75 30 - 55 40 - 70
2.36 20 - 45 30 - 55
0.425 10 - 25 12 - 30
0.075 4 - 15 5 - 20
Fines Ratio: For all gradings, the percentage passing the 0.075 mm sieve and
percentage passing the 0.425 mm sieve shall lie between a maximum of 0.65
and a minimum of 0.35.
Mixing: Materials shall not be mixed to produce a specified grading unless prior
approval has been given. Inconsistent mixes shall be liable to rejection.
Grading Separation: Place materials of different gradings or from different
sources in separate layers or separate sections of the work.
Liquid Limit 28% maximum

Plasticity Index 8% maximum
Linear Shrinkage 4.5% maximum
P.l x % of whole sample passing
0.425 mm sieve 200% maximum
L.S. x % of whole sample
passing 0.425 mm sieve 110% maximum
C.B.R. value (soaked) 45%
5.4 Base

The road base to be placed on top of the sub-base or subgrade shall be crushed rock.
The total compacted thickness shall be as shown on the Drawings and to the correct
line and levels as shown or as directed by the Engineer. The material shall be crushed
rock of hard durable particles or fragments of rock crushed to the correct size, and
comply with one of the alternatives given below:
5.4.1 Crushed Rock
The particle size distribution shall be as follows:

(MM) Weight Passing
Nominal 40 MM
53.0 100
37.5 95 - 100
26.5 80 - 90
19.0 66 - 82
9.5 44 - 64
4.75 29 - 49
2.36 21 - 37
0.425 10 - 17
0.075 5- 8
Los Angeles Abrasion Loss 25% maximum

Wet/Dry strength 30% maximum (passing
13.2mm, retained 9.5 mm)
variation
Liquid Limit 25% maximum (passing
0.425 mm)
Plasticity Index 4% maximum (passing
0.425 mm)
Linear Shrinkage 2.5% maximum (passing
0.425 mm)
Flakiness Index 35% maximum (passing
13.2 mm, retained 9.5 mm)
C.B.R. Value (soaked) 80% minimum
10% Fines Value (wet) 150 kN minimum (passing
13.2 mm, retained 9.5 mm)

5.4.2 Plant-Mixed Graded Granite Aggregate Base
The base aggregate shall comply with the requirements of SS31 : COARSE
AND FINE AGGREGATES FROM NATURAL SOURCES FOR CONCRETE
and have a particle size distribution as follows:

(MM) Weight Passing
50 mm 100
37.5 mm 95 - 100
20 mm 60 - 80
10 mm 40 - 60
5 mm 25 - 45
2.36 mm 15 - 35
425 mm 6 - 18
75 mm 0 - 10
That portion of the material which passes a 425 mm sieve shall have the
following properties:
Liquid Limit - not more than 25%

Plasticity Index - not more than 6%
Linear Shrinkage - not more than 3%
The sand equivalent of the material passing the 4.8 mm sieve shall not be less
than 30.
5.4.3 Coarse Granite Aggregate (Crusher-Run) Base
i Aggregate
The coarse aggregate shall be either crushed stone or crushed gravel

free from excess flat, elongated or disintegrated pieces, dirt or other
objectionable matter. The coarse aggregate shall have a percentage of
wear of not more than 45 at 500 revolutions as determined by
AASHTO T96 : LOS ANGELES RATTLER TEST and shall have a
particle size distribution as follows:

(MM) Weight Passing
90 mm 100
63 mm 80 - 100
37.5 mm 20 - 65
20 mm 0 - 15
The fine aggregate shall be screenings obtained from crushed stone,

gravel or other similar approved materials.
ii Spreading

The coarse aggregate shall be deposited and spread in lanes in a

uniform layer and without segregation of size to such loose depth that,
when compacted, the layer shall have the required thickness.
However, the maximum compacted thickness of any layer shall not
exceed 250mm when vibrating roller is used for compaction, and not
exceed 150mm when static roller is used. The aggregate shall be
spread by approved devices having positive thickness controls
preferably spreader box that shall spread the aggregate in the required
amount.
iii. Compacting
After spreading, the coarse aggregate shall be thoroughly compacted

by rolling. The rolling shall progress gradually from sides to the centre
of the lane under construction by lapping uniformly each preceding
rear-wheel track by one-half the width of such track. This process shall
continue and be repeated until the entire course has been rolled, the
stones are thoroughly keyed, the interstices of the material are reduced
to a minimum, and creeping of the stone ahead of the roller is no
longer visible.
iv. Applying Screenings
First Application of Screenings
After the layer of the coarse aggregate has been thoroughly keyed
and set by rolling, screenings in an amount equal to approximately
50% of that required to fill the interstices shall be applied gradually
over the surface. Rolling shall continue while the screenings are
being spread so that the jarring effect of the roller will cause them
to settle into the voids of the coarse aggregate. The screenings
shall not be dumped in piles on the coarse aggregate but shall be
spread in thin layer.
When necessary, hand brooms shall be used to distribute the

screenings and to sweep them into unfilled voids.
The spreading, rolling and brooming of screenings shall continue

until no more screenings can be forced into the unfilled voids of the
coarse aggregate.
Second Application of Screenings
The second application of screenings which consists of about 25%

of the total required amount shall then follow. The spreading,
rolling and brooming shall be carried out in the same manner as in
the first application.
Third Application of Screenings
The remaining 25% of the required screenings shall be applied

after the completion of the second application of screenings. The

spreading, rolling and brooming processes shall again be the

same as in the first application.
v. Sprinkling
Immediately after the voids of the coarse aggregate have been filled
with screenings, the surface of the base course layer shall be sprinkled
with water. This shall be followed by rolling. The sprinkling and rolling
shall continue and additional screenings applied where necessary until
all voids are completely filled and the coarse aggregate firmly set and
bonded.
6.0 STOCKPILING PRIOR TO DELIVERY
Crushed rock may be stockpiled prior to delivery subject to the approval of the Engineer and
provided the following requirements are fulfilled:
x The product, after recovery from the stockpile, complies with this specification.
x The stockpile site is clean, adequately paved, and well drained.
x The height of any stockpile does not exceed 4 m and, unless otherwise approved by the
Engineer, the quantity of any individual stockpile does not exceed 1500 tonne.
x If a stockpile is constructed in more than one layer, each layer is fully contained within the
area occupied by the upper surface of the preceding layer.
x The Engineer is given adequate assistance, including the use of front-end loaders, to take
samples from the stockpile.
x No cementitious filler is used.
7.0 HANDLING OF MATERIALS
7.1 General
Handling of materials, including the loading of trucks and stockpiling, shall be effected in
such a manner as to minimise segregation.
The particles sizes shall be determined in accordance with the requirements of B.S.
1377.
7.2 Delivery Dockets
The driver of the delivery vehicle shall hand to the Engineer or representative, at the
point of delivery, a docket showing the date, the name of the supplier, the registered
number of the vehicle, the nature and source of the material. When material is
scheduled for measurement by mass the docket shall, in addition, show the empty and
loaded masses of the vehicle.

8.0 CONFORMITY WITH DRAWINGS
Base and sub-base pavement courses, each consisting of one or more layers, shall be finished
to reasonably smooth and uniform surfaces and after compaction shall conform within the
following limits to the thickness and cross sections shown on the drawings or specified or
directed by the Engineer.
8.1 Thickness
The thickness of the base or subbase course at any point shall be not less than the
specified thickness by more than 10 mm and where the base consists of two or more
layers the thickness of the top layer at any point shall be not less than that specified by
more than 5 mm. The average thickness of base as determined from measurements at
6 sites selected at random by the Engineer over any 100 m on any lane shall be not
less than the specified thickness.
The combined thickness of subbase and base courses at any point shall be not less
than the specified thickness by more than 10 mm.
8.2 Tolerances in Surface Levels
The level of sub-base and base courses shall be determined from the true pavement
surface, which unless otherwise stated shall be the surface of wearing course of flexible
pavement or of the slab for concrete pavement, calculated from the pavement vertical
profile and cross-falls as shown on the plans. The vertical depth below the true
pavement surface of any point on the constructed surface of sub-base shall be within
the appropriate tolerances stated in the following table.

TOLERANCES IN SURFACE LEVELS OF SUB-BASE & BASE COURSES
Tolerance in Surface Levels
Base ±15 mm
Sub-base + 20 mm
For checking compliance with the above table, measurements of surface levels shall be
taken at a grid of points at 30m centres longitudinally, 10m centre on curves and 3 m
centres transversely starting 1m from the edge of the pavement. In any length of
pavement represented by the grid, compliance with the requirements of the above table
is deemed to have been met when not more than one measurement in ten exceeds the
tolerance permitted in the table.
8.3 Alignment
The edges of the bottom of pavement not placed against an edging shall be not more
than 50 mm inside, nor more than 100 mm outside, the designed offset from centreline
or design line. Within these tolerances, the rate of change of offset of the edge of the
layer shall be not greater than 25 mm in 10m.
8.4 Width
The width at the bottom of pavement not placed between edgings shall be not less than
the design width by more than 50 mm, nor greater than the design width by more than
100 mm, and the average width at the bottom over any 300 m shall be not less than the
design width. The face of the boxing shall be vertical or slope outwards to the least
practical extent.
8.5 Shape
No point on the surface of each layer of base or subbase shall lie more than 10 mm
below a 3 m straightedge laid parallel to the centreline of the pavement or below a
template placed at right angles to the centreline.
9.0 LAYING
Spreading of any layer of material shall not commence without the prior consent of the
Engineer.
All work on the portion of the subgrade or sub-base on which the road-base is to be laid shall be
properly shaped and compacted before the placing of the roadbase material. The preparation of
the subgrade or sub-base shall be completed for each section before the placing of the
roadbase material. The roadbase shall be constructed to the full compacted thickness as
shown on the Drawing or as directed by the Engineer.
All material shall be placed and spread evenly by a motor grader or other approved mechanical
plant to the full width of the road-base. The maximum compacted thickness of any one layer
shall not exceed 150 mm. When the specified compacted thickness of roadbase exceeds 150
mm it shall be constructed in two or more layers of approximately equal thickness.

Each layer shall be compacted to the required density before the next layer is placed. Care
shall be taken to prevent segregation of the material into the coarse and fine fractions.
Segregated surface areas of roadbase materials contaminated to such an extent that it no
longer complies with the required specification shall be removed and replaced with well graded
and satisfactory material at the expense of the Contractor.
10.0 COMPACTION
Compaction shall be completed as soon as possible after each layer has been spread and
shaped satisfactorily. Compaction operations shall begin along the edges and progress towards
the centre gradually in a longitudinal direction. On superelevated curves the rolling shall begin
at the low side and progress towards the high side. The rolling operation for each layer shall
continue until all rolling marks, ridges or cracks are eliminated. Any irregularities, segregation or
loose material which may develop in the surface during or after construction shall be corrected
or removed and the defective areas made good to the full thickness of layer and recompacted.
The surface of road base shall be well drained at all times. Compaction requirements are as
shown in the following Table.
Characteristic Value Action to be taken by

of Compaction
Base Subbase Contractor
More than 98.0 More than 95.0 Nil - lot will be accepted
97.0 to 97.9 94.0 to 94.9 Re-roll as directed by the Engineer
96.0 to 96.9 93.0 to 93.9 Re-roll and re-present for testing
Less than 96.0 Less than 93.0 Rip, re-work and
represent for testing
For work to be tested for compliance, the number of tests per lot shall be six. Testing shall be
according to Modified Compaction Test as specified in BS 1377.
11.0 TEST ROLLING
Pavement layers shall be so compacted that they are capable of withstanding, without visible
deformation or springing, test rolling with either a smooth wheeled roller of mass not less than
12 tonne and with a load intensity on the rear wheels of not less than 6 tonne per metre of width
or a pneumatic tyred roller having tyres inflated to 700 kPa and being loaded to not less than 4.5
tonne per tyre.
Test rolling shall be carried out by the Contractor to the presence of and to the satisfaction of the
Engineer prior to the placing of the next layer of pavement material. The final layer should be
test rolled immediately following completion of compaction, but it test rolled at some later date at
the choice of the Contractor, the entire surface shall be watered and given not less than eight
coverages of the test roller before the test rolling commences.
12.0 PROTECTION OF COMPACTED LAYERS
The surface of any compacted layer shall be kept sufficiently moist to maintain approximately
the appropriate optimum moisture content in that layer until any succeeding layer is placed or
until any subsequent pavement works under the Contract are commenced or the Engineer

accepts and takes responsibility for that area. Except where a pavement is being constructed
under traffic, construction or other traffic shall not use a compacted layer of pavement without
the approval of the Engineer. The pavement shall be kept in good order and condition by
grading and rolling and kept free of contamination.
13.0 SURFACE TREATMENT OF ROADBASE
13.1 Primer
Upon completion of an obtaining approval from the Engineer of the base course, a coat
of primer shall be applied by means of an approved type of mechanical sprayer only,
and shall be uniformly applied at the rate of 1.2 litres per square metre. The primer
shall be a medium curing cut-back bitumen complying with AS 2157 (AMCO).
Alternative primer specifications may be submitted to the Engineer for approval.
14.0 MISCELLANEOUS
14.1 Kerbing
Kerbing to main roadways shall be precast to the profiles shown on the drawing. They
shall all be of natural colour and of sound finish free from blow holes and imperfections.
They shall be laid on 12 mm mortar bedding with SRPC concrete foundation and
backing (minimum grade SC 25) as shown on the drawing, all on compacted sub-grade
in accordance with the specification. For bends of 15.0 m radius or less, kerbs specially
formed to that radius shall be used.
Upstand kerbing between main roadways and paving slab pathways shall be in 1.0 m
lengths and bedded on 12 mm mortar bed on concrete foundation and backing as
detailed all on the compacted sub-base. All kerbs shall be formed and manufactured
fully in accordance with the requirements of BS 340 with the exception of dimensional
sizes which are as given.
Flush concrete kerbing to car parking bays and access roads shall be of natural colour
precast units constructed on a sub-base layer as shown on drawing
Movement joints to kerbing shall be formed at maximum centres of 6000 mm to allow

for thermal and other effects. Movement joints shall be 20 mm wide with a sealant
material on a compressible backing. The sealant shall be suitable for use in the local
climatic conditions in order to be retained within the joint when under compression.
Movement joints to concrete paving and roads shall be as detailed on the contract
drawing.
14.2 Materials
Material for concrete work for kerbing and paving shall all be in accordance with Section
A - Concretor specification, and shall be hydraulically pressed. Concrete quality shall
not be less than grade C25.
14.3 Protection

The Contractor shall be responsible for protecting all finished and unfinished roadway
and other paved areas from any harmful effects as would be caused by movement of
heavy plant or other cause within his control.
In the event that construction is damaged then the Contractor shall carry out repair and
making good work to the satisfaction of the Architect.
14.4 Service Excavations
Where service installations or other works require excavation under roads and paved
areas the backfilling shall be as called for below.
All trenches and excavations shall be filled with compacted layers 300 mm maximum
thickness of approved fill material of the type used for the sub-base and fully compacted
so as to provide a suitable formation to the paved construction.
14.5 Kerbs, Channels, Edgings, Quadrants and Slabs
The manufacture of these units shall be carried out using a machine capable of exerting
a minimum hydraulic pressure of 7MN/m² (1000 lb/in²), over the entire surface receiving
the pressure.
Radius kerbs under 15 metre radius shall be formed with purpose made kerb moulds,
but these shall not necessarily by hydraulically pressed.
The cement to be used in the manufacture of the above products, including flooring
tiles, shall be ordinary Portland Cement, complying with the requirements of BS 12.
Physical properties shall be to the appropriate British Standards (Bs 340 and BS 368).
14.6 Open Car-Park Lots
Unless otherwise stated in the drawings construct open car park lots sub-base and on
hardcore bed as previously described. Perforated precast concrete slabs laid butt
jointed on 100mm thick (consolidated) hardcore bedding with cow grass turfing in slots
complete with top soil and sludge. Each piece of the perforated car park slab shall have
at least 25 to 35% of aeration area. Perforated pc slabs shall be "Hume" or other equal
and approved 450 x 450mm parking lot blocks.
15.0 GUARD RAILS
15.1 General
Guard rails shall be composed of hardwood steel posts, packer and steel rails provided
as shown on the Drawings and to local Authorities requirements.
15.2 Rail Element, Bolts and Post

The W-section guard rail beams shall conform to the requirements of AASHTO M180-
74 : CORRUGATED SHEET STEEL BEAMS FOR HIGHWAY GUARDRAIL or its
equivalent.
The Bolts shall be 16mm dia. and comply with the requirements of AASHTO M 180 and
ASTM A307 : SPECIFICATION FOR CARBON STEEL EXTERNALLY THREADED
STANDARD FASTENERS and galvanised to the Specifications of AASHTO M232 :
ZINC COATING (HOT DIP ON IRON AND STEEL HARDWARE) or other respective
equivalent.
The post shall be of mild steel channel 127mm x 64mm x 11.90 kg/m section or 125mm
x 175mm hardwood post.
15.3 Installation
The posts shall first be placed in the dug or drilled holes about 1000mm deep and
temporarily held in position. The beam elements shall then be loosely bolted to the
posts which shall also be left loose until the final alignment. The rail elements and post
shall then be checked for alignments. When correctly aligned, the bolts shall be
tightened and the holes filled with well compacted grade 20 concrete.
16.0 SIGNAGE
Signage shall be supplied and erected according to the drawings and the relevant Authority
Standard.
17.0 LINEMARKING
17.1 General
Linemarking shall be carried out according to the drawings and specification/ local
Authorities' requirements.
17.2 Thermoplastic Paint
17.2.1 General Requirements
The thermoplastic material used for roadline and pavement markings shall be
one of the following:
i. Hot-screeded thermoplastic material complying with the requirements

of BS 3262: 1989 HOT APPLIED THERMOPLASTIC ROAD
MARKING MATERIALS. The thickness of material laid shall not less
than 1/8" (3.15mm) or in excess of ¼" (6.3mm).
ii. Hot-sprayed thermoplastic material "SPRAY-PLASTIC" of other similar

approved material by the Engineer complying with the requirements of
BS 3262. The thickness of material laid shall also be in accordance
with BS 3263.

The constituents of the thermoplastic material shall be such that the material
does not deform in hot weather and does not discolour under the prevailing
conditions of temperature and light.
The properties, sampling, testing and application of the thermoplastic material

shall comply with the requirements of BS 3262.
The thermoplastic material shall be reflectorised with ballotini in accordance

with the relevant clauses of BS 3262.
17.2.2 Material Requirements
The material shall consist of a light coloured aggregate, pigment and extender
bound together with a thermoplastic resin, plasticized as necessary. The
material shall be reflectorised with ballotini of a suitable grading.
i. Aggregate
The aggregate shall consist of light coloured silica sand, calcite, quarta,
calcined flint, or other material approved by the Engineer.
ii. Pigment and Extender
The pigment shall be titanium dioxide complying with the requirements

of Type A (anatase) or Type B (rutile) of BS 1851 : 1978
SPECIFICATION FOR TITANIUM DIOXIDE PIGMENTS FOR
PAINTS.
The extender shall comply with whiting (i.e. calcium carbonate

prepared from natural chalk) complying with the requirements of BS
1795 : 1976 SPECIFICATION FOR EXTENDERS FOR PAINTS.
iii. Binder
The binder shall consist of synthetic hydrocarbon resin, or with the

approval of the Engineer, gum or wool resin, plasticized with mineral
oil.
iv. Ballotini
The incorporated ballotini shall be made of soda glass and shall all
pass a 1.70 mm sieve and not more than 10% shall pass a 425mm
sieve. Not less than 70% by mass of the ballotini shall be of
transparent glass, reasonable spherical and free from flaws.
17.2.3 Composition of Mixtures
The proportion of the constituents of the mixed materials as found on analysis

shall comply with the requirements of the following table.
PROPORTIONS OF CONSTITUENTS OF MIXTURE
Constituent Percentage of Mass

Min Max

Binder (resin & oil) 18 22

Pigment 6 -
Pigment & Extender 18 22
Ballotini 20 -
Aggregate Pigment 78 22
Extender
The grading of the combined aggregate, pigment, extender and ballotini as

found on analysis shall comply with the requirements of the following table.
GRADING OF COMBINED AGGREGATE PIGMENT, EXTENDER AND

BALLOTINI
Sieve Percentage by Mass Passing
2.80 mm 100
1.18 mm -
600 mm 75 - 95
17.3 Preparation of Site
All bituminous surface to receive markings must be clean and dry. The material shall
not be laid over loose detritus, mud or similar extraneous matter. If the road surface is
wet, it may be dried by a road heater, or if approved by the Engineer, be treated with a
tack coat.
17.4 Preparation of Material on Site
To avoid discolouration and embrittement due to heating at a temperature in excess of

that laid down by the manufacturer, the material shall be broken into pieces, each
weighing not more than 4kg, which shall be melted in a heater fitted with a mechanical
stirrer so that local overheating may be avoided. Once molten, the material shall be
used as expeditiously as possible. It shall not in any case remain molten for more than
6 hours for hydrocarbon resins or 4 hours for wood and gum resins and shall not
exceed the manufacturer's declared safe heating temperature during that time.
17.5 Laying
The application of the material to the road surface shall be carried out either by spraying
or screeding method using mechanical equipment approved by the Engineer. After
transfer to the laying equipment the material shall be laid at a temperature within the
range laid down by the manufacturer for the particular method of laying being used.
The surface produces shall be uniform in texture and thickness and appreciably free
from blisters and streaks.
17.6 Re-use Thermoplastic Material
At the end of the day's work, as much as possible of the material remaining in the
heater and/or laying apparatus shall be removed. This may be broken and used again
provided that the maximum heating temperature has not been exceeded and that the
total time during which it is in molten condition does not exceed the requirements of
Sub-Section 17.5.4 of this section.

EXTERNAL WORKS - TESTING
EXTERNAL WORKS
SECTION B : EXAMINATION & TESTING OF MATERIALS & WORK
CLAUSE PAGE
1.0 Description ...................................................................................................................1
2.0 General ........................................................................................................................1
3.0 Allowance For Testing In Construction Programme ....................................................1
4.0 Preparation Of Test Sites.............................................................................................1
5.0 Lot Testing ...................................................................................................................2
6.0 Compaction Testing .....................................................................................................2
7.0 Material Testing............................................................................................................3
8.0 Refilling Test Holes ......................................................................................................4
9.0 Geotechnical Testing Engineer....................................................................................4
10.0 Bitumen Sampling At Asphalt Mixing Plants ................................................................5
11.0 Further Examination And Testing ................................................................................5
12.0 Contractor's Responsibility ..........................................................................................5

EXTERNAL WORKS
SECTION B: EXAMINATION & TESTING OF MATERIAL & WORKS
1.0 DESCRIPTION
This section covers some requirements relating to the examination and testing of materials and
work and specific requirements for facilities to be provided by the Contractor. Other
requirements relating to examination and testing are covered in the sections relevant to
particular materials and work.
2.0 GENERAL
The Contractor is responsible for organizing and carrying out all tests specified. The costs of
additional tests which fail to meet the specified requirements shall be borne by the Contractor.
The costs of satisfactory additional tests shall be borne by the Employer. Unless otherwise
specified or approved by the Engineer, all tests shall be in accordance with BS 1377 : 1975
METHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS FOR CIVIL ENGINEERING PURPOSES or other relevant
Standard. The results of all testing shall be submitted to the Engineer within two days of their
completion.
3.0 ALLOWANCE FOR TESTING IN CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME
The Contractor shall make allowance in the construction programme for the time necessary to
arrange for and to carry out particular tests, for the purpose of acceptance, on lots or sections of
materials or work. Such allowance shall include allowance for wet weather, or wet site
conditions following wet weather, which may prevent or hinder the proper performance of tests.
The Engineer shall be given two days notice prior to any test being carried out at which it is
specified that the Engineer shall be present.
4.0 PREPARATION OF TEST SITES
When directed by the Engineer, the surface of field density test sites shall be prepared by the
Contractor to present a plane smooth surface of sufficient area to accommodate the test
apparatus. No additional payment will be made for this work.

5.0 LOT TESTING
Unless otherwise specified, acceptance of work will be based on testing of the work in lots. A lot
will consist of a single layer or single batch of work which is considered by the Engineer to have
been constructed or produced under essentially uniform conditions and to be essentially
homogeneous with respect to material and appearance. The bounds of each lot to be tested will
be defined by the Engineer but the minimum number of tests and or samples per lot shall be six
unless otherwise approved by the Engineer.
For testing of compaction the lot will be inspected by the Engineer and shall be test rolled. Any
unstable area detected by test rolling or any area which is otherwise deemed unsuitable by the
Engineer will be excluded from the lot by the Engineer before testing commences. Excluded
areas shall be rectified by the Contractor using methods agreed to by the Engineer except that,
if the total of the excluded areas exceed 20% of the area of the lot for earthworks, or 10% of the
area of the lot for pavement works, the whole of the lot shall, unless otherwise approved or
directed by the Engineer, be re-worked as specified and re-presented for testing.
For each lot, sites or times for testing shall be selected on an essentially random basis.
6.0 COMPACTION TESTING
6.1 Characteristic Value
Relative compaction is defined as the ratio between the field dry density and the
maximum dry density obtained in the Standard or Modified compaction test as
appropriate expressed as a percentage.
The characteristic value of relative compaction of the lot will be calculated as X - 0.92S
for six tests per lot where X and S are respectively the mean and the standard deviation
of the individual relative compaction test values for the lot.
The standard deviation of relative compaction test values is defined by:
The sum of (X - x)² from i = 1 to i = n

S² = --------------------------------------------------------
n -1
where x, i = 1,2,3, ........n, is the individual relative compaction test value and n is the
number of tests per lot.
6.2 Test Methods
Compaction testing shall be carried out according to BS1377. Alternatively the

Contractor may submit a proposal for testing by Nuclear Testing Apparatus to the
Engineer for approval, however such approval will be entirely at the Engineers
discretion.
6.3 Test Numbers

As a general guide, compaction testing will be carried out at the rate of:
One test per 700m² per layer of material for all earthworks, pavement courses and
asphalt.
Notwithstanding such guide, the minimum number of tests per lot shall be six unless
otherwise approved by the Engineer. The Engineer may vary the number of tests at his
discretion but no claims for extra payment or time shall be allowed.
7.0 MATERIAL TESTING
7.1 Samples
Two samples of each type of material (pavement aggregates, asphalt aggregates,

bitumen, etc.) shall be delivered to the office of the Engineer's Representative two
weeks prior to incorporation in the works. Sample size shall be sufficient to carry out
testing in accordance with the relevant Standards and this Specification.
7.2 Test and Inspection Numbers
As a general guide material testing and inspections shall be carried out at the following
rates:
(a) Earthworks
- Atterberg Limit Test 1/1000 m³ of filling
- Grading Analysis 1/3000 m³ of filling
- Subgrade Level
- CBR Test (soaked) 1 per 100 linear metes
of road
(b) Sub-Base and Base Course
All properties as specified shall be tested at the rate of:
- 1 of each test/3000 m³ of material

- Visual inspection by the Engineer's Representative shall be at a rate of
two per day. The Contractor shall liaise with the Engineer's
Representative to establish a convenient time for such inspection.
(c) Asphalt
Properties for Aggregates, Bitumen and Mix as specified.
- Aggregates - all properties as specified - 1/500 tonnes of asphalt
- Bitumen & Bitumen Emulsion - all properties as specified - 1/500

tonnes of asphalt

- Sampling and Testing - all properties as specified - 1/150 tonnes of

asphalt
- Visual inspection by the Engineer's Representative of each truck load

of asphalt.
The Engineer may vary the number of tests at his discretion but no claims for
extra payment or time shall be allowed.
8.0 REFILLING TEST HOLES
The Contractor shall supply to the site, on request by the Engineer and without additional
payment, material suitable for refilling test holes. The Contractor shall be responsible for
backfilling test holes, to the approval of the Engineer.
9.0 GEOTECHNICAL TESTING ENGINEER
9.1 General
All testing shall be carried out by a Geotechnical Engineer approved by the Engineer.
The Geotechnical Engineer shall have a minimum of a Bachelor Degree in Civil
Engineering from a recognised tertiary education institution, and relevant experience.
The Contractor shall be the coordinator for all testing works. He shall liaise with and
assist the Geotechnical Engineer and ensure that on-site testing works can be timely
carried out.
The Contractor shall be deemed to have included all his incurred expenses for the
Geotechnical Engineer and all testing works.
9.2 On Site Testing
The following testing shall be carried out on site in an approved laboratory:
x Earthworks
Atterberg Limit Test
Grading Analysis
Compaction Test
x Sub-Base and Base Course

Compaction Test
x Asphalt
Compaction Test
9.3 Off Site Testing
The following testing may be carried out on or off site.

x Earthworks
Subgrade Level
CBR (soaked)
x Sub-Base and Base Course

All testing nominated in relevant sections.
x Asphalt
All testing nominated in relevant sections.
10.0 BITUMEN SAMPLING AT ASPHALT MIXING PLANTS
A cock of a type approved by the Engineer shall be installed in a suitable location between the
bitumen heating tank and the mixing plant to enable a representative sample of bitumen to be
obtained.
11.0 FURTHER EXAMINATION AND TESTING
Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein contained, the examination and testing of
materials and work by the Engineer and any consent to proceed resulting from such
examination and testing shall not be taken as preventing the Engineer from carrying out further
examination and testing of the materials and work and subsequently rejecting the materials and
work if shown by such examination and testing to not comply with the Contract.
12.0 CONTRACTOR'S RESPONSIBILITY
It is the Contractor's responsibility to ensure that all materials and work is in accordance with the
Specification and Drawings. Any materials or work which do not comply with the Specification
shall be rejected and replaced unless otherwise directed by Engineer. No additional payment
shall be made to the Contractor for replacement or re-working of any section of the work.

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GNG CONSULTANTS PTE. LTD.

3791 Jalan Bukit Merah, E-Centre @ Redhill #10-23, Singapore 159471

PROPOSED ADDITIONS & ALTERATIONS TO EXISTING 2

1.0 Consulting Engineer............................................................................................................ 1

2.0 General Conditions ............................................................................................................. 1

3.0 Eurocodes And Codes Of Practice ..................................................................................... 1

4.0 Contractor's Plant Attached To Building ............................................................................. 1

5.0 Loading In Excess Of Design Load .................................................................................... 2

6.0 Safety And Working Conditions .......................................................................................... 2

7.0 Setting Out .......................................................................................................................... 2

9.0 Defective Work.................................................................................................................... 3

1.0 CONSULTING ENGINEER

2.0 GENERAL CONDITIONS

3.0 EUROCODES AND CODES OF PRACTICE

4.0 CONTRACTOR'S PLANT ATTACHED TO BUILDING

5.0 LOADING IN EXCESS OF DESIGN LOAD

6.0 SAFETY AND WORKING CONDITIONS

7.0 SETTING OUT

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8.5 All materials or articles specified to be of proprietary manufacture may be substituted by

9.0 DEFECTIVE WORK

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PRECONDITION SURVEY, INSTRUMENTATION AND

2.0 Precondition Survey ................................................................................................................ 1

3.0 The Extent Of Instrumentation & Monitoring ........................................................................... 1

4.0 Installation Of Monitoring Instruments ....................................................................................4

5.0 Recording Of Data & Reporting .............................................................................................. 4

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PRECONDITION SURVEY, INSTRUMENTATION AND

1.1 Scope of Work

2.0 PRECONDITION SURVEY

3.0 THE EXTENT OF INSTRUMENTATION & MONITORING

The monitoring will include the following instrumentation :

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The requirements for the inclinometer are as follows :

x Depth of tube greater than temporary wall/diaphragm wall.

To protect the installation from accident or vandalism is of the utmost importance. It

Piezometers shall be installed and readings taken to PDQXIDFWXUHU¶s instructions.

3.3 Vibration Sensors

The threshold level of vibration to be determined by the contractors P.E. will be a

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3.4 Load Cells

Measurements of this type would also complement inclinometer readings.

3.5 Heave Points

When a soil is unloaded by excavation, it initially heaves elastically. If the excavation

3.6 Settlement Markers

Their purpose is to gather information on settlements caused by temporary and

Their position shall be selected carefully in the vicinity of services/structures likely to be

3.7 Manual Survey

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4.0 INSTALLATION OF MONITORING INSTRUMENTS

Correct installation of the instruments is a prerequisite to reliable functioning. It is therefore

5.0 RECORDING OF DATA & REPORTING

Settlement points shall be surveyed by a registered surveyor at intervals determined by the

x The drawing of instrumentation layouts

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GNG CONSULTANTS PTE LTD

1.0 Description Of Works .................................................................................................. 1

2.0 General Conditions...................................................................................................... 1

3.0 Boring And Field Investigation..................................................................................... 3