Indian Dykes

Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N. V. Chalapathi Rao

© 2008, Narosa Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India

Petrology and Geochemistry of Paleoproterozoic

High-Magnesian Norite and Dolerite Dyke Swarms
from the Halagur-Satnur areas, Eastern Dharwar
Craton, Southern India
M.
1
JAYANANDA1*, N. MAHESHA1, RAJESH K. SRIVASTAVA2, B. MAHABALESWAR1 and S. BLAIS3
Department of Geology, Bangalore University, Bangalore 560 056, India
2
Department of Geology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
3
Géosciences Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, F-35042 Rennes, France

Abstract

A number of mafic dykes belonging to two distinct petrological and geochemical characteristics are
reported around the Halagur-Satnur area in the Eastern Dharwar Craton. Although no radiometric age
data is available for the studied dykes, their emplacement age is estimated ~2.4 Ga on the basis of field
relationships and geochronological data available on the mafic dykes of the adjoining area. These
dykes are classified as olivine-norite, olivine-dolerite and quartz-dolerite. On AFM and total-alkali and
silica (TAS) diagrams these dykes show sub-alkaline basalt/basaltic andesite geochemical
characteristics. Geochemical data classify these dykes into two groups; Group1 (olivine-norite) dykes
show high-SiO2, high MgO and low-TiO2 contents, whereas Group 2 (mostly quartz-dolerites and few
olivine-dolerite) show tholeiitic characteristics. Both groups show different crystallisation trends
suggesting their derivation from different magmas. Trace element, including REE, signatures suggests
a primitive fertile and metasomatised refractory mantle source for the dolerite and norite respectively;
dolerite dykes are derived from a tholeiitic magma, whereas high-Mg norite dykes are believed to be
derived from a boninitic magma. Similar tholeiite-norite (boninite) associations are reported globally
in space and time and suggest a large-scale mantle heterogeneity during the Paleoproterozoic. This
also leads to support the existence of late Archaean Dravida supercontinent (Expanded Ur, which
contains many parts of East Gondwana) and Arctica (which contains many parts of Laurasia) during
the Paleoproterozoic. This is also supported by metamorphic cooling and cratonisation of Archaean
crust during 2.5-2.4 Ga spatially associated with development of regional extensional fracture system
up to mantle depth. Development of such extensional fracture system causes decompression melting of
mantle at different depths thereby resulting in the generation of mafic magmas. The emplacement of
the studied mafic dykes appears to have spatial link to the fragmentation of late Archaean Dravida
supercontinent as revealed by 2.4Ga global mafic magmatism in the form of mafic dyke swarms.

Keywords: Mafic dykes, Paleoproterozoic, Petrology, Dolerite-Norite (Boninite), Eastern Dharwar

craton, Southern India.
____________________
*e-mail: mjayananda@rediffmail.com
2 Indian Dykes; Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N.V. Chalapathi Rao

Introduction
Mafic dykes provide chemical probes into evolution of lithospheric mantle. They have also
been considered as markers of tectonic events, cratonisation processes and supercontinent
history. Several generations of mafic dykes are reported from all the Archaean cratons of the
Indian shield (Murthy, 1987, 1995). Studies conducted during the last two decades have
contributed to our understanding of field, petrographic and geochemical characteristics of
mafic dykes in the Archaean and Proterozoic terrains of southern India (Radhakrishna et al.,
2007 and references therein). However, most of the studies mainly focused on the dolerite
dykes of southern high grade terrain in the Agali-Coimbatore, Kerala Khodolite belt, in the
southwestern margin of Cuddapah basin (Radhakrishna and Joseph, 1996; Radhakrishna et
al., 1994, 1999, 2003; Devaraju, 1995; Halls et al., 2007). Devaraju et al. (1995) have
presented a detailed field, petrographic, Rb-Sr whole rock isochron and geochemical data for
the Neoproterozoic alkaline dykes from southern Karnataka. On the other hand detailed field,
petrographic and geochemical studies on the dolerite dykes are rather sparse except those of
Devaraju and Sadashivaiah (1966) and Ikramuddin and Steuber (1976). Paleoproterozoic
norite (which have very close bulk-rock geochemical similarities to boninites)-tholeiite
intrusions, occur in many Archaean terrains, chiefly emplaced in intracratonic settings (e.g.
Srivastava, 2007). The best examples of such norite-tholeiite associations occur in the
southern West Greenland (Hall and Hughes, 1987, 1990), East Antarctica (Collerson and
Sheraton, 1986; Sheraton et al., 1987), Wyoming (Snyder et al., 1985; Hall et al., 1987), NW
Scotland (Weaver and Tarney, 1981; Tarney and Weaver, 1987), and the eastern
Fennoscandian shield (Vuollo et al., 1995).
The main purpose of the present paper is to present field relationships, petrological and
geochemical data for the distinct mafic dykes from the Halagur-Satnur area of southern
Karnataka (Fig. 1) in order to discuss their petrogenetic processes, possible mantle sources,
their geodynamic context of emplacement and their link to cratonisation processes and
supercontinent fragmentation.

Geological Setting
The Halagur-Satnur areas forms amphibolite-granulite facies transition zone (Fig. 1).
Towards north this terrain bounded by N-S trending Closepet granite whilst to the south by
Cauvery river. The Archaean basement comprises amphibolite to granulite facies TTG
gneisses, high grade supracrustal rocks with interlayered mafic granulites and sheets/dykes of
the Closepet granites. Rb-Sr whole rock isochron and U-Pb zircon data indicate the magmatic
protoliths of amphibolite facies gneisses to granulite facies gneisses accreted during 3.4-2.96
Ga (Buhl, 1987; Friend and Nutman, 1991; Mahabaleswar et al., 1995). On the other hand
Closepet granites emplaced close to 2.52 Ga (Friend and Nutman, 1991; Jayananda et al.,
1995) which corresponds to a major late Archaean tectonothermal event of juvenile
magmatic accretion, reworking of old crust, shear deformation and granulite facies
metamorphism (Chardon and Jayananda, 2007). Published P-T estimates indicate 700-8000C
Mafic dykes in Halagur-Satnur areas, eestern Dharwar craton: M. Jayananda and others 3

and 5-7 kb pressures (Janardhan et al., 1982; Hansen et al., 1984). The detailed regional
geology of the basement is already presented by many workers (Friend and Nutman, 1991;
Jayananda et al., 1995, 2000; Mahabaleshwar et al., 1995; Chardon and Jayananda, 2007).

Figure 1: Geological map of the Halagur-Satnur areas, eastern Dharwar craton, southern India
(Modified after Mahabaleswar et al., 1995). Width of dykes are exaggerated for clarity.

Two prominent sets of mafic dykes show NNW-SSE to N-S and ENE-WSW to E-W
trending which cuts across the basement as well as the Closepet granite (Fig. 1). Due to soil
cover and inaccessible region it is difficult to observe field-relationships between the
different dykes. They range in thickness from meters to about 100mt and have strike lengths
from few hundred meters to several kilometers. Towards north in Harohalli-Bidadi area these
dyke swarms forms dominant lithologies. They show sharp contacts with the surrounding
basement. Frequently chilled margins can be observed.

Timing of Emplacement

In the Dharwar craton published isotopic age data indicate several events of dyke
emplacement during 2.4-1.65 Ga. In the northern part of EDC Sm-Nd whole rock-mineral
isochron indicate an age of 2173±64 Ma (Pandey et al., 1997). More recently Radhakrishna
et al. (2007) using paleomagnetic constants recalculated the Sm-Nd data of Pandey et al.
(1997) and estimated ages of 2424±290 Ma and 2135±82 Ma. U-Pb date of zircons from E-
W trending dykes in the area between Penukonda and Harohalli indicate ages close to 2366
4 Indian Dykes; Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N.V. Chalapathi Rao

Ma (Jason French per comm. to T. Radharishna as cited in Radhakrishna et al., 2007).

Further south in the Kolar and Tiruvannamalai area mafic dykes define ages close to 1.65 Ga
(Sarkar and Mallick, 1995; Radhakrishna et al., 1999). No published age data available for
the dykes of the present study. However, Ikremuddin and Steuber (1976) present Rb-Sr
whole rock age of 2420±118 Ma for north-south trending dykes of adjoining areas in the
Closepet-Harohalli region. More recent U-Pb baddeleyite dating of E-W dykes immediately
about 40 km south of present study indicate an age of 2367±1 Ma (Halls et al., 2007).
Consequently the studied dykes possibly emplaced close to 2.4 Ga which corresponds to a
major regional dyke emplacement event in the eastern Dharwar craton. This fact is also in
agreement with the field observation as studied dykes cut 2.52 Ga Closepet granites.

Petrography
Petrographically studied mafic dykes are classified into three types viz. olivine-norite dykes,
olivine dolerite dykes, and quartz-dolerite dykes.

Olivine Norite Dykes

Olivine norites are medium to coarse grained and exhibit sub-ophitic to ophitic texture and
occasionally poikilitic texture. For better understanding of mineralogy of norite dykes EPMA
analyses of major mineral phases are presented in Table 1.

Orthopyroxene

In thin section they occur as large crystals. Some of these show zoning. It is pale pink and
feebly pleochroic. The chemical composition of orthopyroxene when plotted on MgSiO3-
FeSiO3 and CaSiO3 compositional diagram they plot in the field of bronzite and enstatite. The
XMg values range from 0.866 to 0.711.

Olivine

In thin section olivine occur as equant or slightly elongated crystals. Olivine is frequently
surrounded by rim of orthopyroxene and rarely by augite. Some of the olivine is wrapped up
with black opaque dust of magnetite giving clouded appearance and purplish colour and they
show feeble pleochroism. The chemistry of olivine indicates that they are essentially MgO
rich varieties, with XMg values ranging from 0.813 to 0.559. Compositionally they are mainly
chrysolite (MgO content varies from 43 to 39%) with some being hortonolites (MgO 37 to
26%).

Clinopyroxene

They occur as anhedral to equant crystals in thin section and are usually fresh and clear.
Compositionally they are sub-calcic augite to augite.
Mafic dykes in Halagur-Satnur areas, eestern Dharwar craton: M. Jayananda and others 5

Pigeonite

In thin section they occur as intratelluric crystals, microphenocrysts and as minute grains.
Chemistry of these pigeonites indicates that they are Mg-Pigeonites.

Plagioclase

Plagioclase constitutes an abundant felsic mineral in all the dykes. It occurs as well formed
laths and showing well developed twinning. The twinning is most commonly after albite,
carlsbad and albite-carlsbad laws. The plagioclase are clouded, the clouding may be due to
the action of deuteric solutions containing iron. Chemical composition of plagioclase
indicates that they are essentially bytwonite to labrodorites with An content 71 to 54%.

Olivine Dolerite Dykes

These dykes are medium to coarse grained and exhibit ophitic to sub-ophitic texture and are
essentially composed of clinopyroxene which is essentially sub-calcic augite and augite,
olivine, orthopyroxene of bronzite composition and plagioclase of labrodorite composition.

Quartz Dolerite Dykes

These are by far the most aboundant group of dykes in the area. These dykes are medium to
coarse grained and exhibit a variety of textures including typical ophitic and sub-ophitic
texture and porphyritic to glameroporphyritic texture. All these dykes are characterized by
modal quartz, which occur as micropegmatitic intergrowths, or as small discrete grains.
These are essentially made up of clinopyroxene (augite and sub-calcic augite), Mg-
pigeonites, plagioclase and quartz.

Thermometry

Co-existing Ca-poor and Ca-rich pyroxenes have been recognised as a potential

geothermometer and consequently there have been several attempts to calibrate the
temperature dependence of pyroxene solutions (Wood and Banno, 1973). The dolerites of the
present study have Ca-rich and Ca-poor pyroxene as coexisting phases, and hence these
pyroxenes have been used to estimate the temperature of crystallisation of these phases. The
temperatures calculated are after the calibrations of Wood and Banno (1973), Kretz (1982),
Brey and Kohler (1990). The temperatures obtained are in the range from 916 to 1457ºC.

Analytical Methods
Mineral analysis performed by using Cameca CAMEBAX Microbeam microprobe at
Universite de Brest. Analysis were performed with an accelerating potential of 20kV, a beam
current, measured at a Faraday cage, of ~20nA, and a focused electron beam of ~1µm in
6 Indian Dykes; Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N.V. Chalapathi Rao

diameter. Data were processed with an on-line ZAF correction program. Representative
analyses are presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Representative EPMA analysis of minerals from the Halagur-Satnur mafic dykes.

Olivines
Point 3 2 8 9 14 16 20 22 27 29
Location Core Border Core Border Core Border Border Core Core Border
SiO2 37.70 37.14 39.63 39.64 40.56 39.54 34.55 34.90 39.67 39.57
Al2O3 0.04 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.08 - - 0.01
FeO 28.82 26.08 21.15 22.62 17.91 20.74 37.51 35.39 17.80 18.95
MnO 0.37 0.16 0.34 0.20 0.20 0.31 0.62 0.46 0.21 0.19
MgO 37.85 34.72 40.22 39.65 42.69 41.24 26.64 29.22 43.32 41.86
CaO 0.49 1.91 0.22 0.07 0.32 0.23 0.64 0.08 0.04 0.10
Na2O 0.02 0.02 0.02 - 0.04 0.01 - 0.01 - -
K2O - - - - 0.02 0.02 - - - -
TiO2 - - - 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.05 0.04 - -
Cr2O3 0.11 0.09 0.05 - - 0.08 0.01 - 0.17 -
Total 101.40 100.23 101.64 102.20 101.85 102.20 100.10 100.10 101.21 100.68

Number of ions on the basis of 4 oxygens

Si 0.982 0.988 1.006 1.006 1.011 0.997 0.976 0.973 0.997 1.004
Al 0.001 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.000 0.000 0.000
Fe 0.540 0.580 0.449 0.480 0.373 0.438 0.886 0.825 0.374 0.402
Mn 0.008 0.004 0.007 0.004 0.004 0.007 0.015 0.011 0.004 0.004
Mg 1.469 1.377 1.522 1.500 1.586 1.550 1.121 1.214 1.622 1.583
Ca 0.014 0.054 0.006 0.002 0.009 0.006 0.019 0.002 0.001 0.003
Na 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.000
K 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Ti 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000
Cr 0.002 0.002 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.000

XMg 0.731 0.703 0.772 0.757 0.809 0.780 0.559 0.595 0.813 0.797
XFe 0.269 0.297 0.228 0.243 0.191 0.220 0.441 0.405 0.187 0.203

Plagioclases
Point 5 8 9 13 18 19 22 23 24 62
SiO2 54.76 46.83 48.88 52.17 49.77 56.20 55.40 53.08 49.43 49.75
Al2O3 28.40 27.53 30.83 29.79 30.60 27.73 27.92 29.99 31.12 30.33
FeO 0.77 2.64 0.52 0.70 0.40 0.86 0.89 0.81 0.68 0.45
MnO - 0.06 - - 0.04 - - 0.06 0.02 0.01
MgO 0.16 4.14 0.10 0.11 0.13 0.05 0.17 0.05 0.17 0.12
CaO 11.85 12.14 14.43 12.65 14.17 11.02 11.55 12.82 14.52 13.24
Na2O 4.72 2.62 3.11 4.45 3.24 5.17 5.04 4.35 3.24 3.91
K2O 0.10 0.08 0.20 0.11 0.22 0.11 0.13 0.06 0.29 0.10
TiO2 0.03 0.03 - 0.05 - - - 0.03 0.11 0.03
Cr2O3 - 0.04 0.05 0.09 0.04 - - 0.05 0.08 -
Total 100.79 96.11 98.12 100.12 98.61 101.14 101.10 101.30 99.66 97.94

Number of ions on the basis of 32 oxygens

Si 9.844 9.002 9.119 9.491 9.221 10.040 9.931 9.537 9.097 9.267
Al 6.019 6.239 6.781 6.389 6.683 5.840 5.900 6.353 6.752 6.661
Fe 0.116 0.424 0.081 0.107 0.062 0.128 0.133 0.122 0.105 0.070
Mn 0.000 0.010 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.003 0.002
Mafic dykes in Halagur-Satnur areas, eestern Dharwar craton: M. Jayananda and others 7

Mg 0.043 1.186 0.028 0.030 0.036 0.013 0.045 0.013 0.047 0.033
Ca 2.283 2.501 2.885 2.466 2.813 2.109 2.218 2.468 2.863 2.643
Na 1.645 0.977 1.125 1.570 1.164 1.791 1.752 1.516 1.156 1.412
K 0.023 0.020 0.048 0.026 0.052 0.025 0.030 0.014 0.068 0.024
Ti 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.007 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.015 0.004
Cr 0.000 0.006 0.007 0.013 0.006 0.000 0.000 0.007 0.012 0.000

Ab 41.643 27.927 27.728 38.652 28.889 45.622 43.794 37.912 28.285 34.625
An 57.776 71.511 71.098 60.720 69.820 53.739 55.462 61.744 70.049 64.793
Or 0.581 0.561 1.173 0.629 1.291 0.639 0.743 0.344 1.666 0.583

Clinopyroxenes
Point 1 7 14 20 21 25
SiO2 53.13 53.43 52.38 53.54 51.77 53.26
Al2O3 1.99 1.93 1.95 2.67 2.04 2.87
FeO 9.57 16.44 11.52 11.09 19.63 7.36
MnO 0.25 0.54 0.37 0.27 0.39 0.33
MgO 20.33 19.31 18.78 19.34 16.70 19.76
CaO 14.37 9.95 14.48 14.12 10.12 16.32
Na2O 0.14 0.20 0.17 0.25 0.16 0.14
K2O - - - - - 0.02
TiO2 0.20 0.25 0.26 0.24 0.44 0.10
Cr2O3 0.73 - 0.24 0.26 0.08 1.13
Total 100.71 102.05 100.15 101.78 101.33 101.29

Number of ions on the basis of 6 oxygens

Si 1.932 1.949 1.934 1.933 1.935 1.918
Al 0.085 0.083 0.085 0.114 0.090 0.122
Fe 0.291 0.502 0.356 0.335 0.614 0.222
Mn 0.008 0.017 0.012 0.008 0.012 0.010
Mg 1.102 1.050 10.033 1.041 0.930 1.061
Ca 0.560 0.389 0.573 0.546 0.405 0.630
Na 0.010 0.014 0.012 0.018 0.012 0.010
K 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001
Ti 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.012 0.003
Cr 0.021 0.000 0.007 0.007 0.002 0.032

XMg 0.791 0.677 0.744 0.757 0.603 0.827

XFe 0.209 0.323 0.256 0.243 0.397 0.173
XAl 0.043 0.041 0.042 0.057 0.045 0.061

Pigeonites
Points 2 3 12 13 24 27
SiO2 54.21 55.09 53.36 54.98 56.92 51.97
Al2O3 1.53 0.85 2.26 1.12 1.09 1.90
FeO 12.27 12.54 14.44 16.00 10.89 17.79
MnO 0.34 0.38 0.28 0.34 0.29 0.55
MgO 25.10 27.19 23.17 24.87 29.22 21.19
CaO 6.07 4.31 6.45 4.66 3.87 6.23
Na2O 0.07 0.03 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.15
K2O - - - - - -
TiO2 0.16 0.15 0.22 0.13 0.05 0.27
Cr2O3 0.41 0.21 0.17 0.24 0.43 0.01
Total 100.16 100.75 100.46 102.41 102.83 100.06
8 Indian Dykes; Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N.V. Chalapathi Rao

Number of ions on the basis of 6 oxygens

Si 1.955 1.966 1.939 1.961 1.969 1.931
Al 0.065 0.0.6 0.097 0.047 0.044 0.083
Fe 0.370 0.374 0.439 0.477 0.315 0.553
Mn 0.010 0.011 0.009 0.010 0.008 0.017
Mg 1.349 1.446 1.255 1.322 1.506 1.174
Ca 0.235 0.165 0.251 0.178 0.143 0.248
Na 0.005 0.002 0.008 0.005 0.005 0.011
K 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Ti 0.004 0.004 0.006 0.003 0.001 0.008
Cr 0.012 0.006 0.005 0.007 0.012 0.000

XMg 0.785 0.794 0.741 0.735 0.827 0.680

XFe 0.215 0.206 0.259 0.265 0.173 0.320
XAl 0.033 0.018 0.048 0.024 0.022 0.042

Orthopyroxenes
Points 4 8 14 29 34 53 57 59 60 61
SiO2 55.28 54.28 54.61 51.04 53.01 53.84 52.78 52.39 52.56 53.06
Al2O3 2.05 2.36 2.38 3.34 2.37 2.26 2.28 3.89 4.41 2.52
FeO 8.66 12.91 9.10 17.92 10.46 9.29 14.54 13.02 10.06 13.09
MnO 0.13 0.16 0.22 0.24 0.34 0.36 0.32 0.35 0.13 0.20
MgO 31.35 28.46 30.29 24.72 29.40 30.84 27.04 26.79 29.16 27.77
CaO 2.28 2.38 2.46 2.06 2.53 2.30 2.30 2.26 2.28 2.43
Na2O 0.02 0.08 0.02 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.12 0.04
K2O 0.04 - - - - 0.02 0.03 0.01 - 0.01
TiO2 0.01 0.17 0.01 0.22 0.14 0.03 0.05 0.27 0.03 0.05
Cr2O3 0.89 0.07 0.78 0.28 0.93 0.60 0.13 0.54 0.43 0.23
Total 100.71 100.87 99.87 99.85 99.24 99.60 99.52 99.57 99.18 99.43

Number of ions on the basis of 6 oxygens

Si 1.930 1.927 1.928 1.880 1.903 1.911 1.918 1.890 1.877 1.917
Al 0.084 0.099 0.099 0.145 0.100 0.095 0.098 1.165 0.186 0.107
Fe 0.253 0.383 0.269 0.552 0.314 0.276 0.442 0.393 0.300 0.395
Mn 0.004 0.005 0.007 0.007 0.010 0.011 0.010 0.011 0.004 0.006
Mg 1.632 1.505 1.594 1.357 1.573 1.632 1.465 1.441 1.552 1.495
Ca 0.085 0.091 0.093 0.081 0.097 0.087 0.090 0.087 0.087 0.094
Na 0.001 0.006 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.003 0.008 0.003
K 0.002 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000 0.000
Ti 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.006 0.004 0.001 0.001 0.007 0.001 0.001
Cr 0.025 0.002 0.022 0.008 0.026 0.017 0.004 0.015 0.012 0.007

XMg 0.866 0.797 0.856 0.711 0.834 0.855 0.768 0.786 0.838 0.791
XFe 0.134 0.203 0.144 0.289 0.166 0.145 0.232 0.214 0.162 0.209
XAl 0.042 0.049 0.050 0.073 0.050 0.047 0.049 0.083 0.093 0.054

Fresh samples (7 samples from the norite dykes and 11 samples from the dolerite dykes)
were selected for the whole rock major and trace element analyses. All the analyses were
determined at Geosciences Rennes, Universite de Rennes I (France) by using Philips XRF
1404 Spectrometer. The analytical precisions are as follows: SiO2 1%, Al2O3 1.5-3%, Fe2O3
2-3%, MnO 10%, MgO 1-3%, CaO 2-5%, TiO2 2-5%, P2O5 3-5%. The concentrations of
REE were determined by neutron activation at P.Sue laboratory (Saclay). Powder placed in
an aluminum wrapper is deposited in a cadmium tube to absorb the neutrons with energy
Mafic dykes in Halagur-Satnur areas, eestern Dharwar craton: M. Jayananda and others 9

lower than 0.5 eV. The powder was then irradiated for 18 hours in a reactor (Osiris) by 2.5
10-14 neutrons cm2s-1 flow. Measurements are accurate to 2% for Sm and Eu, 3 percent for
Tb, 4 percent for La, 5 percent for Ce and Yb and 10 percent for Nd and Lu. Whole rock
major oxides and trace element data of the studied dykes is presented in Table 2 and rare-
earth elements data is presented in Table 3.

Geochemistry
Based on MgO, SiO2 contents and CIPW normative mineralogy the studied mafic dykes can
be classified into two groups. Group1 is olivine normative high-Mg norites characterised by
high MgO (>11%) and Mg# (~66 - ~75), low TiO2 (≤0.5 wt %), high SiO2 (~50 wt %),
whereas Group 2 is mostly quartz normative dolerites and contains significant variation in
SiO2 contents (48.8-52.8 wt %) with comparatively low MgO (4.91-6.94 wt %) and Mg#
(<53). All the analysed samples show sub-alkaline nature and range in composition from
basaltic to basaltic andesite on total alkalis silica (TAS) diagram (Fig. 2a); Group1 dyke
samples plot in basaltic field whilst Group 2 plots on basaltic and basaltic andesite fields. The
AFM diagram (Fig. 2b) also supports tholeiitic nature of these dykes but the Group1 dykes
clearly show their derivation from high–Mg magma. To evaluate further high-Mg mafic
rocks are plotted on the Zr-TiO2 diagram (Fig. 3a). This diagram clearly separates different
high-Mg mafic rocks. On this diagram studied samples very clearly show their geochemical
characteristics similar to the Paleoproterozoic high-Mg norites of the world. They also show
their affinity with the boninites. On MgO-Cao-Al2O3 triangular plot (Fig. 3b) most of the
studied samples show close geochemical similarities to the Phanerozoic boninites, whilst few
samples show komatiitic affinity. However on the basis of petrography and overall
geochemical characteristics these high-Mg mafic rocks can clearly be classified as high-Mg
norites having boninitic affinity.
On the binary diagrams major elements are plotted against MgO (Fig. 4). In all the plots
both groups show very different geochemical crystallisation behaviour. With differentiation
(decreasing MgO contents) the high-Mg norite dykes show positive correlation with Al2O3,
total alkalis, TiO2 and P2O5 whilst flat trend is observed with Fe2O3. Silica contents decrease
with decreasing MgO. On the other hand it is very difficult observe any clear trends in
dolerite dykes but certainly distinct from the noritic samples. Strong differentiation trends are
observed in TiO2 and P2O5 but others do not show any trend. Trace element variations are
shown in Figure 5. Again both Groups show different trace element compositions. Most of
the dolerite samples show higher concentrations of characteristic trace elements than the
noritic samples. Except Cr other trace elements in norites show negative correlation with
MgO; Cr shows positive correlation. A sharp negative correlation is observed in Zr and Y
with MgO in dolerite samples. Other elements in dolerites do not show any trend but
certainly different from the norites. Several workers (e.g. Riley et al., 2005) considered that
Zr can be used as effective index of differentiation in magmas that do not crystallise zircon.
Considering this in the present study some incompatible trace and minor elements, Cr and
Mg# are projected against Zr (Fig. 6). All the incompatible elements display positive
correlation with Zr; although dolerites show considerable spread. This crudely suggests some
10 Indian Dykes; Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N.V. Chalapathi Rao

genetic correlation between norites and dolerites but Zr-Cr and Zr-Mg# plots preclude this
possibility. In both the plots both types show different differentiation trends and suggest their
derivation from two different magmas.

Table 2: Whole rock major oxides (wt%) and trace elements (in ppm) analyses of the norite and
dolerite dykes from the Halagur-Satnur area.

Norite dykes
S.No. 1 8 10 24 64 82 83
SiO2 49.71 50.41 50.73 50.43 49.96 50.01 49.93
TiO2 0.51 0.49 0.39 0.41 0.48 0.52 0.54
Al2O3 11.66 9.67 10.24 10.75 11.94 13.45 13.40
Fe2O3 12.94 12.67 11.85 11.44 12.08 12.19 12.08
MnO 0.20 0.21 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18
MgO 14.08 16.67 16.84 14.61 13.97 11.04 11.57
CaO 8.51 8.34 8.08 10.15 9.36 10.25 9.75
Na2O 1.37 1.11 1.08 1.16 1.31 1.58 1.55
K2O 0.35 0.30 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.36 0.33
P2O5 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.07
Total 99.40 99.93 99.68 99.44 99.62 99.66 99.40
Cr 1460 1864 1957 1744 1285 682 1019
V 207 204 204 219 216 199 207
Ni 428 489 557 401 425 282 360
Rb 10 7 5 9 9 12 10
Sr 79 69 59 68 77 104 88
Ba 78 59 56 77 59 87 80
Zr 49 43 40 45 48 62 53
Nb 4 5 4 4 5 5 5
Y 12 11 10 11 13 17 13
Cs 0.26 0.52
Sc 32.28 33.13
U 0.30 0.30
Th 1.08 1.54
Ta 0.13 0.13
Hf 0.96 1.15

Dolerite dykes
S.No. 38 40 60 65 72 84 85 87 90 91 94
SiO2 52.14 52.60 48.87 50.95 52.40 51.12 51.52 51.91 51.08 51.40 52.83
TiO2 1.58 1.32 1.90 0.89 0.76 1.15 1.16 1.10 1.50 1.02 0.83
Al2O3 12.31 12.31 13.45 14.18 14.20 14.40 14.45 14.30 13.68 13.93 14.83
Fe2O3 15.81 14.37 18.05 14.08 13.00 14.90 14.89 14.11 16.01 14.31 12.36
MnO 0.20 0.20 0.24 0.20 0.19 0.20 0.19 0.19 0.23 0.19 0.18
MgO 5.48 6.15 5.28 6.38 6.94 4.91 4.91 4.93 5.14 6.31 5.57
CaO 8.25 8.70 9.12 10.19 9.17 9.32 9.36 9.01 9.13 10.04 9.26
Na2O 3.02 2.89 2.41 2.08 2.45 2.55 2.55 2.69 2.65 2.26 2.57
K2O 1.06 0.97 0.85 0.52 0.90 0.88 0.88 1.08 0.81 0.66 0.92
P2O5 0.17 0.16 0.23 0.09 0.14 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.21 0.14 0.12
Total 100.02 99.67 100.40 99.56 100.15 99.61 100.09 99.51 100.44 100.26 99.47
Cr 302 363 55 184 442 103 111 109 56 118 179
V 255 265 371 279 221 358 103 361 366 348 227
Ni 122 148 38 124 174 91 88 91 38 100 123
Mafic dykes in Halagur-Satnur areas, eestern Dharwar craton: M. Jayananda and others 11

Rb 32 26 27 14 26 26 9 26 17 24 26
Sr 309 293 224 156 212 143 132 141 217 144 239
Ba 261 238 343 87 215 228 105 226 270 208 228
Zr 131 113 127 66 94 94 73 92 115 87 97
Nb 8 9 10 6 6 6 6 7 9 6 6
Y 26 23 36 19 22 34 25 33 34 30 21
Cs 0.95 0.77 0.33 0.22
Sc 25.61 27.82 37.57 38.40
U 0.86 0.69 0.18 0.25
Th 2.94 2.65 0.75 1.80
Ta 0.52 0.29 0.44
Hf 3.62 2.29 1.82 3.13

Figure 2: (a) Total-alkali silica (TAS) diagram (after Le Maitre, 2002). Dotted line divides subalkaline
basalts from alkaline basalts (after Irvin & Baragar 1971). (b) AFM diagram(after Irvine and
Berger, 1971). Symbols: norites (open circles) and dolerites (open triangles).
12 Indian Dykes; Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N.V. Chalapathi Rao

Figure 3: (a) Zr – TiO2 variation diagram for Halgur-Satnur high-Mg mafic rocks and their
comparison with SHMB, Phanerozoic boninites, Archaean basalts and komatiites, and
Paleoproterozoic high-Mg norites. Different fields are taken from Poidevin (1994),
Piercey et al. (2001), and Smithies (2002). Data of norites from the southern Bastar Craton
(filled circles; Srivastava, 2006) are also plotted for comparison. (b) CaO-MgO-Al2O3
triangular plot (Hall and Hugues, 1990). Symbols are as Figure 2.
Mafic dykes in Halagur-Satnur areas, eestern Dharwar craton: M. Jayananda and others 13

Table 3: Rare-earth element (in ppm) analyses of the norite and dolerite dykes from the Halagur-
Satnur area.

S.No. 1 38 72 83 85 90 94
La 4.94 19.46 12.45 5.69 6.69 13.96 13.92
Ce 11.91 40.62 21.48 11.75 13.61 28.16 25.88
Sm 1.26 5.52 2.82 1.68 2.75 4.36 3.22
Eu 0.47 1.24 0.95 1.35 1.22 1.37 1.06
Tb 0.27 0.70 0.44 0.30 0.49 0.75 0.44
Yb 1.44 1.89 1.54 1.40 1.94 2.84 1.18
Lu 0.23 0.31 0.39 0.23 0.36 0.69 0.25

Figure 4: Major oxides (wt%) variations with respect to MgO (wt%). Symbols are as Figure 2.

Primitive mantle (Mc Donough et al., 1992) normalised multi-elements and chondrite
(Evensen et al., 1978) normalised rare-earth elements patterns for the studied mafic dykes are
presented in Figure 7. Different patterns are observed for both the types. Multi-element
patterns of norite dykes show enrichment of LILE, HFSE but negative Ta anomalies. On the
14 Indian Dykes; Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N.V. Chalapathi Rao

other hand dolerite dykes also show moderate to strong enrichment in LILE, HSFE but slight
negative Ta and Nb anomalies. The HREE and Y are flat but fractionated compare to LILE
LREE and HFSE. In general the dolerite samples have higher concentration of REE and other
incompatible elements than the norite samples. Norite dykes show enriched LREE and
almost flat (slightly higher) HREE patterns, whereas dolerites show overall inclined REE
patterns with higher Lu contents. REE patterns of norites also exhibit U-shaped patterns
which is characteristic feature of boninite derived rocks.

Figure 5: Trace element variations with respect to MgO (wt%). Symbols are as Figure 2.

Discussion
It is observed that the studied dykes are not affected by metamorphism and deformation.
Both groups of dykes are fresh and are not affected by post-magmatic alteration processes.
Petrographic observations also reveal primary mineralogy with out significant low
temperature alteration of primary mineralogy. On the Harker’s binary diagrams more mobile
elements (e.g. K, Rb) do not show large scattering. Mineralogic thermometry indicate
temperatures of 900-1400oC for magmatic crystallisation.
Mafic dykes in Halagur-Satnur areas, eestern Dharwar craton: M. Jayananda and others 15

Figure 6: Variation diagram of Zr versus few minor trace/minor elements and Mg#. Symbols are as
Figure 2.

The Group 1 dykes display norite mineralogy and contain low K2O, Rb, Ba and REE
together with smooth trends without any scattering on the binary diagrams which suggests no
significant crustal contamination. Major and trace element characteristics corresponding to
the boninite-norite like rocks reported from Paleoproterozoic terrains (Srivastava, 2007). For
comparison trace elements of studied norite samples are plotted with known Paleoproterozoic
norites of the globe (Fig. 8). A very good correlation is observed between these (also see Fig.
3a). The positive correlation of Ni with magnesium (not presented) suggests involvement of
olivine as fractionating phase whilst strong negative correlation of Al2O3 with MgO indicate
plagioclase is not important fractionating phase. The positive or absence of Eu anomalies
also suggests plagioclase was liquidus phase during magmatic differentiation. The low Y and
Zr content coupled with their positive correlation suggests residual garnet in the source
implying the generation of magmas in the garnet stability field at greater depth (~100 km).
Their low to moderate contents LILE, HFS and REE on multi-element diagrams suggests
their derivation from source similar to primitive mantle or metasomatised refractory depleted
mantle which is also corroborated by Zr/Y versus Nb/Y plot (Fig. 9) wherein these samples
16 Indian Dykes; Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N.V. Chalapathi Rao

plot close to primitive mantle. In summary the Group 1 dykes derived from a primitive
mantle source with significant garnet in the source residue.

Figure 7: Primitive mantle normalised multi-elements and chondrite normalised rare-earth elements
patterns for the studied mafic dykes. Primordial-mantle and chondrite values are taken from
McDonough et al. (1992) and Evensen et al. (1978), respectively.

The Group 2 dykes show ophitic/sub-ophitic textures with dolerite mineralogy. They
show moderately to weakly fractionated trends on most of the binary plots. Trends of TiO2
and Fe2O3 against MgO do not suggest significant fractionation of olivine, clinopyroxene, Fe-
Ti oxides. The weak to moderate negative correlation of compatible elements such as Cr
verses incompatible elements Zr also do not suggest fractionation of olivine and pyroxenes.
The large spread with weak positive correlation of incompatible elements (Ti, P, Nb, and Y)
against Zr indicate no significant role of plagioclase, garnet, zircon as fractionating phases.
Further higher Y contents and large spread versus Zr preclude garnet involvement as a
residue. Lower MgO contents (6.9-4.9 of %) coupled with higher TiO2 (0.7-1.6) and Al2O3
(12.3 to 14.8%) contents compare to Group 1 dykes implying their derivation from distinct
mantle sources relatively shallower depth. Their higher Y contents and large spread on Y-Zr
plot preclude residual garnet in source. Their higher incompatible elements (LILE, LREE and
HREE) cannot be explained their derivation from depleted mantle sources and imply their
derivation from primitive or enriched mantle sources.
Mafic dykes in Halagur-Satnur areas, eestern Dharwar craton: M. Jayananda and others 17

Figure 8: Comparison of Halgur-Satnur high-Mg mafic dykes with other Paleoproterozoic norites of
the world (Hall and Hughes, 1987; Srivastava, 2007).

Figure 9: Zr/Y versus Nb/Y plot showing sources close to primitive mantle (Riley et al., 2005).
Symbols are as Figure 2.

The observed variation in chemical characteristics of both types of dykes could be

related to either their source composition and/or different degree of melting of similar source
mantle. From the petrological and geochemical characteristics presented here suggest that
norite dykes are probably derived from a primitive or metasomatised refractory mantle with
residual garnet implying magma generation >100 Km depth. On the other hand dolerite
dykes are attributed to melt generation at shallow mantle (60-80 km) without residual garnet
or garnet involved in melting. Trends of compatible and incompatible trace element may be
used to evaluate melting or differentiation processes (Rajamani et al., 1985; Condie et al.,
1987). This model, based on Ni and Zr suggests that rocks generated by different degrees of
melting of the same source should define similar trends to melting curves presented in Figure
10. Although with the limited data it is not possible to establish exact process of magma
18 Indian Dykes; Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N.V. Chalapathi Rao

generation, but at least this model suggests that two different magmas were responsible for
the norites and dolerites; probably high-Mg (boninitic?) magma generated by ~25 percent
melting of the mantle was responsible for the norite dykes and tholeiitic magma generated
~10-15 percent melting of a mantle followed by 30-40 percent fractional crystallisation fed
the doleritic dykes. Nb/Y versus Zr/Y diagram (Fig. 9; Riley et al., 2005) suggests primitive
to enriched mantle. Consequently it appears that magmas of the studied mafic dykes
generated by melting of primitive to slightly enriched mantle at different depths or formed by
different degree melting of similar source. Alternatively melting of metasomatised refractory
mantle can be considered. In the Eastern Dharwar craton Nd isotope data show large scale
extraction of juvenile crust during 2.7-2.5 Ga caused depletion of mantle (Peucat et al., 1993;
Jayananda et al., 1995, 2000). Melting of such depleted refractory mantle can not account
observed characteristics of the studied mafic dykes. Consequently refractory depleted mantle
need to be enriched by metasomatic processes. Indeed isotopic data of carbonitites from
southern margin of the Dharwar craton shows Paleoproterozoic mantle enrichment (Anil
Kumar et al., 1998, Miyazaki et al., 2000). The above arguments favour metasomatic
enrichment of refractory mantle during Paleoproterozoic. On the other hand it is suggested
that voluminous extraction of mafic magma may convert mantle into a refractory mantle and
melting of such refractory mantle may produce magma (boninitic) responsible for the noritic
dykes (Hall and Hughes, 1990). This is very common in many Paleoproterozoic high-Mg
norites (Srivastava, 2007).

Figure 10: Trace elements modelling based on Ni vs. Zr (after Rajamani et al. 1985). I and II:
calculated batch melting curves at 1850ºC, 50 kb and 1575ºC, 25 kb respectively, and are
marked with percentage of melting. III and IV: olivine fractionation trends at one
atmosphere with ticks, marking increments of 5% olivine fraction from previous tick.
Values for the mantle source (7.8 ppm Zr and 2000 ppm Ni) are taken from Taylor and
McLennan (1981) (source mode: 55% ol, 25% opx and 20% cpx; melting mode: 20% ol,
25% opx, 55% cpx). Symbols are as Figure 2.
Mafic dykes in Halagur-Satnur areas, eestern Dharwar craton: M. Jayananda and others 19

In the present case it is possible that extraction of basaltic magma (responsible for
dolerite dykes) had generated refractory mantle and later (may be after 40 to 50 Ma) melting
of this mantle produced boninite magma (responsible for norite dykes). But for any final
conclusion more data, particularly radiogeneic isotopes and geochronology, is required.

Implications for Supercontinent History

Several recent studies show episodic formation and break-up of supercontinents in the Earth
history (Rogers and Santosh, 2004). Published isotopic age data on crustal accretion,
reworking and thermal events in the Precambrian terrains of southern India provide important
information for the history of at least two major supercontinents. The late Archaean history
of the Dharwar craton correlates with accretion and thermal events in other continental
fragments i.e. 2.7-2.5 Ga Yilgarn craton (Nelson, 1997), Vestfold block in Antarctica (Black
et al., 1991; Hokada et al., 2003), 2.7-2.5 Ga north China craton (Wu et al., 2005), 2.7-2.5 Ga
granite-greenstone patterns in southern Africa (Bohlender et al., 1992; Berger and Rollinson,
1997; Maboko and Nakumara, 1996; Jelsma et al., 1996) and 2.6-2.5 Ga in central
Madagascar (Collins, 2001). In all these cratons 2.7-2.5 Ga is period of major continental
crust accretion and reworking which immediately followed by granulite facies metamorphism
and cratonisation of Archaean crust. All these continental fragments were once part of a
much larger ‘Dravida’ supercontinent (Jayananda and Peucat, 2004). Continued heating of
late Archaean supercontinent (cratonised crust) by mantle convection probably caused
development of extensional fracture system leading to decompression melting of
lithosphereic mantle at different depth. The Dravida supercontinent (extended Ur) probably
fragmented during Paleoproterozoic as evidenced by injection of global 2.4 Ga old mafic
dyke swarms (Heaman, 1997). Recently, Srivastava (2007) has correlated all the Neoarchean-
Paleoproterozoic noritic intrusions which are found to be closely associated with the
boninites in many Archean terrains around the world. The spatial and temporal distribution of
boninite-norite suite suggest existence of supercontinent such as ‘Dravida’ (expanded Ur and
Arctica) when many Archean terrains were united.

Conclusions
The conclusions of the present study can be summarised as follows:
1. Petrographic and geochemical data show two groups of mafic dykes viz. noritic and
quartz dolerite in the Halagur-Satnur area southern Karnataka, Eastern Dharwar
Craton.
2. This study for the first time report Paleoproterozoic noritic dyke derived from
boninite magma in the Dharwar craton
3. Mineralogic thermometry indicates temperatures in the ranges 916 to 1457oC for
magmatic crystallisation.
4. Major and trace element characteristics suggest that two group of dykes generated
either metasomatised refractory mantle at different depths.
20 Indian Dykes; Editors: Rajesh K. Srivastava, Ch. Sivaji and N.V. Chalapathi Rao

5. The studied dykes spatially linked to global mafic magmatism close to 2.4 Ga which
in turn spatially associated with fragmentation of late Archaean supercontinent.

Acknowledgement

This work was funded by DST project (ESS/16/212/2004). We are grateful to Dr. Ch. Sivaji
for support.

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