Elements, Mixtures and Compounds

Elements, Mixtures and Compounds
✓ Element-it is a substance made up of one kind of atoms .e.g Copper (Cu), calcium (Ca).
✓ Compound- it is a substance made up of two or more atoms of different elements
chemically combined. Examples are; Methane (CH4), Ammonia (NH3), Glucose
(C6H12O6), etc.
✓ Mixture- A substance made of two or more elements or compounds physically
combined.
Examples of mixtures
Mixture Components
Air
Milk
Seawater
Crude oil
Alloy
Differences between mixtures and compounds

Mixture Compound
Separation Separated physically; Separated by chemical means
filtration, decantation,
Formation Physically chemically
Composition Keeps on changing/not Does not change/fixed
fixed
Boiling and melting Not fixed. Properties of They are fixed.
points individual substances
maintained
Temperature change Does not change during Temperature increases
during formation formation. (exothermic) or decreases
(endothermic reactions).
1
Separation of mixtures
1. FILTRATION
for separating insoluble solids from the mixture using a filter paper. .eg. sand and water.
Experimental set up.
2. SEPARATING FUNNEL
used to separate immiscible liquids. Immiscible liquids are liquids which do not mix
with each other hence forming layers like cooking oil and water.
Procedure
i. Shake the mixture let the mixture settle
ii. Remove the lid and open the tap to let water out
iii. Close the tap as soon as all water is out
2
3. DECANTATION
can also be used to separate immiscible liquids by carefully pouring one layer out and
leaving another one behind.
4. Separation of miscible substances-Substances which mix together completely like

ethanol and water can be separated according to their boiling points.
a. SIMPLE DISTILLATION
used to separate solutes from their solutions obtaining both the solute and the solvent.
Experimental setup
3
b. FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
used to separate miscible liquids (liquids that mix). The method uses different boiling
points of the substances. eg. Crude oil, water and alcohol
Experimental setup.
5. CENTRIFUGATION
separation of insoluble solids from a mixture by spinning the mixture at high speed
until the solid particles settles at the bottom. It is mostly used where normal filtration
does not work well.
Experimental setup
4
6. CRYSTALIZATION
obtaining crystals of a compound by evaporating the solvent.
Procedure
i. Heat the solution to saturation
ii. Let the solution to cool (for the formation of crystals)
iii. Filter to remove excess water
iv. Dry on a filter paper
7. CHROMATOGRAPHY
separation of mixtures of pigments such as ink or dye into separate chemicals from which
they are made.
In a typical experiment, a single drop of the mixture is applied at one end of a strip of filter paper. The filter paper
is then placed in a shallow layer of solvent or solvent mixture in a jar or beaker. Since the filter paper is permeable
to liquids, the solvent begins to rise by capillary action. As the solvent rises to the level at which the spot of
mixture was applied, the components of the spot that are completely soluble will be moving along with the solvent
upward (refer to Figure 1). The net effect is that the components separate from each other and spread out into a
series of bands or new spots.
Figure 1. experimental set up
5
Results
The starting line is marked using a pencil (not pen). Why?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
RETENTION FACTOR
The different components can be identified by using their retention factors ( Rf value). The
retention factor is defined as:
Rf = distance traveled by spot

distance traveled by solvent (solvent front)
Example for calculating the Rf value
Colorless chromatograms can be visualized by using a locating agent.
• A chemical such as ninhydrin can be used to visualize the spots. Eg. Proteins form colorless spots
of amino acids.
• The colorless chromatogram can also be viewed under ultraviolet (uv) radiation
6
Exercise
The diagram below shows a chromatogram for three dyes (blue, green and red) and other four solutions
A, B, C and D.
● ● ●
● ● ● ●
● ● ●
.
A B C D blue green red
Which solutions A, B, C and D contain the following,
i) One dye only?............................................................................................................
ii) Three dyes?................................................................................................................
iii) Green and red?...........................................................................................................
iv) A dye other than blue, red and green?......................................................................

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Elements, Mixtures and Compounds

Differences between mixtures and compounds

Experimental set up.

4. Separation of miscible substances-Substances which mix together completely like

Figure 1. experimental set up

The starting line is marked using a pencil (not pen). Why?

Rf = distance traveled by spot

Example for calculating the Rf value

Colorless chromatograms can be visualized by using a locating agent.

Which solutions A, B, C and D contain the following,

i) One dye only?............................................................................................................

ii) Three dyes?................................................................................................................

iii) Green and red?...........................................................................................................

iv) A dye other than blue, red and green?......................................................................

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