Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia

1/21/2019 Uttar Pradesh - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 26.85°N 80.91°E
Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh (/ˌʊtər prəˈdɛʃ/; IAST: Uttar Pradeś [ˈʊtːəɾ pɾəˈdeːʃ] ( listen)) is a
state in northern India. Abbreviated as UP, it is the most populous state in the
Uttar Pradesh
Republic of India as well as the most populous country subdivision in the world. It State
is located in the northern region of the Indian subcontinent, has over 200 million
inhabitants. It was created on 1 April 1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and
Oudh during British rule, and was renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950. The state is
divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital being Lucknow. The main
ethnic group is the Hindavi people, forming the demographic plurality. On 9
November 2000, a new state, Uttarakhand, was carved out from the state's
Himalayan hill region. The two major rivers of the state, the Ganges and Yamuna,
join at Allahabad (Prayagraj) and then flow as the Ganges further east. Hindi is the
most widely spoken language and is also the official language of the state.
The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and
Delhi to the northwest, Uttarakhand and Nepal to the north, Bihar to the east,
Madhya Pradesh to the south, and touches the states of Jharkhand and
Chhattisgarh to the southeast. It covers 243,290 square kilometres (93,933 sq mi),
equal to 7.33% of the total area of India, and is the fourth-largest Indian state by
area. The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fourth-largest state economy in India
with ₹14.89 lakh crore (US$210 billion) in gross domestic product and a per capita
GDP of ₹55,000 (US$770).[7] Agriculture and service industries are the largest parts
of the state's economy. The service sector comprises travel and tourism, hotel
industry, real estate, insurance and financial consultancies. President's rule has
been imposed in Uttar Pradesh ten times since 1968, for different reasons and for a
total of 1,700 days.[17]
The natives of the state are generally called Uttar Bhartiya, or more specifically
either Awadhi, Bageli, Bhojpuri, Braji, Bundeli, or Rohilkhandi by their region of
Clockwise from top:
origin. Hinduism is practised by more than three-fourths of the population, with
New Yamuna Bridge, Fatehpur Sikri, Manikarnika
Islam being the next largest religious group. Uttar Pradesh was home to powerful Ghat, Taj Mahal, Sarnath, Agra Fort
empires of ancient and medieval India. The state has several historical, natural, and
religious tourist destinations, such as Agra, Ayodhya, Vrindavan (Mathura),
Varanasi and Allahabad.
Contents Emblem
History
Prehistory
Ancient and classical period
Delhi Sultanate
Medieval and early modern period
British India era
Post-independence
Geography
Climate
Flora and fauna
Divisions, Districts and Cities
Demographics
Languages
Government and administration
Location of Uttar Pradesh in India
Crime
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh 1/30
Economy
Transportation
Sports
Education
Tourism
Healthcare
Culture
Language and literature
Music and dance
Fairs and festivals
Cuisine
Attire
Coordinates: 26.85°N 80.91°E
Media
Country India
See also
Statehood 24 January
References
1950[1]
External links
Capital and largest Lucknow
city
Districts 75[2][3]
History Government
• Governor Ram Naik[4]
Prehistory • Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath
(BJP)
Modern human hunter-gatherers have been in Uttar Pradesh[18][19][20] since • Deputy Chief Keshav Prasad
between around[21] 85,000 and 72,000 years ago. There have also been Ministers Maurya (BJP)
prehistorical finds in Uttar Pradesh from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic dated to Dinesh Sharma
(BJP)
21,000–31,000 years old[22] and Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer
• Chief Secretary Anup Chandra
settlement, near Pratapgarh, from around 10550–9550 BC. Villages with Pandey,
domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as IAS[11][12][13]
6000 BC, and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BC beginning with • Director General O. P. Singh,
the Indus Valley Civilisation and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period and of Police IPS[14][15][16]
extending into the Iron Age.[23][24][25] Area
• Total 243,290 km2
(93,930 sq mi)
Ancient and classical period Area rank 4th
The kingdom of Kosala, in the Mahajanapada era, was located within the regional Population (2011)[5][6]
boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh.[26] According to Hindu legend, the divine • Total 199,812,341
king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya, the capital of Kosala.[27] • Rank 1st
Krishna, another divine king of Hindu legend, who plays a key role in the • Density 820/km2
Mahabharata epic and is revered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) of the Hindu (2,100/sq mi)
god Vishnu, is said to have been born in the city of Mathura, in Uttar Pradesh.[26] Demonym(s) Uttar Pradeshi
The aftermath of the Mahabharata yuddh is believed to have taken place in the area GDP (2018–19)[7]
between the Upper Doab and Delhi, (in what was Kuru Mahajanapada), during the • Total ₹14.89 lakh crore
reign of the Pandava king Yudhishthira. The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to (US$210 billion)
the Black and Red Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of the • Per capita ₹55,339
(US$770)
Iron Age in northwest India, around 1000 BC.[26]
Languages[8]
Control over Gangetic plains region was of vital importance to the power and • Official Hindi
stability of all of India's major empires, including the Maurya (320–200 BC), • Additional official Urdu
Kushan (AD 100–250), Gupta (350–600), and Gurjara-Pratihara (650–1036) Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)
empires.[28] Following the Huns' invasions that broke the Gupta empire, the
UN/LOCODE IN-UP
Ganges-Yamuna Doab saw the rise of Kannauj.[29] During the reign of
Vehicle registration UP XX—XXXX
Harshavardhana (590–647), the Kannauj empire reached its zenith.[29] It spanned
HDI (2017) 0.583[9]
from Punjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and Odisha
medium · 35th
in the south.[26] It included parts of central India, north of the Narmada River and it
Literacy (2011) 67.68%[10]
encompassed the entire Indo-Gangetic plain.[30] Many communities in various
Sex ratio (2011) 912 ♀/1000 ♂[10]
parts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj.[31] Soon after Website Official Website
Harshavardhana's death, his empire disintegrated into many kingdoms, which were (http://up.gov.in)
invaded and ruled by the Gurjara-Pratihara empire, which challenged Bengal's Pala
Empire for control of the region.[30] Kannauj was several times invaded by the south
Indian Rashtrakuta Dynasty, from the 8th century to the 10th century.[32][33]
Delhi Sultanate
Parts or all of Uttar Pradesh were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate for 320 years (1206–
1526). Five dynasties ruled over the Delhi Sultanate sequentially: the Mamluk dynasty
(1206–90), the Khalji dynasty (1290–1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1414), the
Sayyid dynasty (1414–51), and the Lodi dynasty (1451–1526).[34]
Medieval and early modern period

In the 16th century, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from
Fergana Valley (modern-day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and founded
the Mughal Empire, covering India, along with modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan
and Bangladesh.[35] The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian Fortified wall (revetment) made of baked
Turks (with significant Mongol admixture). In the Mughal era, Uttar Pradesh became bricks , constructed In 2nd century BC for
the heartland of the empire.[31] Mughal emperors Babur and Humayun ruled from defence of the ancient city of Kaushambi,
Delhi.[36][37] In 1540 an Afghan, Sher Shah Suri, took over the reins of Uttar Pradesh an important centre of Jainism.
after defeating the Mughal king Humanyun.[38] Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah
ruled Uttar Pradesh from their capital at Gwalior.[39] After the death of Islam Shah
Suri, his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and the western parts of Bengal.
He was bestowed the title of Hemchandra Vikramaditya (title of Vikramāditya adopted from Vedic Period) at his formal coronation
took place at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556.A month later, Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat, and Uttar Pradesh
came under Emperor Akbar's rule.[40] Akbar ruled from Agra and Fatehpur Sikri.[41] In the 18th century, after the fall of Mughal
authority, the power vacuum was filled by the Maratha Empire, in the mid-18th century, the Maratha army invaded the Uttar Pradesh
region, which resulted in Rohillas losing control of Rohilkhand to the Maratha forces led by Raghunath Rao and Malharao Holkar.
The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with the arrest of Ghulam Qadir, the grandson of
Najeeb-ud-Daula, who was defeated by the Maratha general Mahadaji Scindia. In 1803, following the Second Anglo-Maratha War,
when the British East India Company defeated the Maratha Empire, much of the region came under British suzerainty.[42]
British India era

Starting from Bengal in the second half of the 18th century, a series of battles for north Timeline of reorganization
Indian lands finally gave the British East India Company accession over the state's
& name changes of UP[43]
territories.[44] Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms were also included in this northern territory,
1807 Ceded and Conquered
which was named the "North-Western Provinces" (of Agra). Although UP later became the
Provinces
fifth-largest state of India, NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indian
empire.[45] Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad.[46] 14 Presidency of Agra
November
Due to dissatisfaction with British rule, a serious rebellion erupted in various parts of 1834
North India, which became known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857; Bengal regiment's
1 January North-Western
sepoy stationed at Meerut cantonment, Mangal Pandey, is widely considered as its starting
1836 Provinces
point.[47] After the revolt failed, the British divided the most rebellious regions by
reorganising their administrative boundaries, splitting the Delhi region from 'NWFP of 3 April Oudh taken under
Agra' and merging it with Punjab, while the Ajmer- Marwar region was merged with 1858 British control, Delhi
Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state. The new state was called the North taken away from NWP
Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh, which in 1902 was renamed as the United Provinces and merged into
of Agra and Oudh.[48] It was commonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym Punjab
UP.[49][50] 1 April Ajmer, Merwara & Kekri
1871 made separate
In 1920, the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad to Lucknow. The high court commissioner-ship
continued to be at Allahabad, but a bench was established at Lucknow. Allahabad
15 Oudh added to North-
continues to be an important administrative base of today's Uttar Pradesh and has several
February Western Provinces
administrative headquarters.[51] Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics 1877

and was especially important in modern Indian history as a hotbed of the Indian 22 March Renamed United
independence movement. Uttar Pradesh hosted modern educational institutions such as 1902 Provinces of Agra and
the Benaras Hindu University, Aligarh Muslim University and the Darul Uloom Deoband. Oudh
Nationally known figures such as Ram Prasad Bismil and Chandra Shekhar Azad were
3 January Renamed United
among the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh, and Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal
1921 Provinces of British
Nehru, Madan Mohan Malaviya and Gobind Ballabh Pant were important national leaders
India
of the Indian National Congress. The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed at the
Lucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936, with the famous nationalist Swami 1 April Renamed United
Sahajanand Saraswati elected as its first President,[52] in order to address the longstanding 1937 Provinces
grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against the zamindari landlords attacks on 1 April Self rule granted
their occupancy rights, thus sparking the Farmers movements in India.[53] During the Quit 1946
India Movement of 1942, Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an 15 August Part of independent
independent administration under Chittu Pandey. Ballia became known as "Baghi Ballia" 1947 India
(Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in India's independence movement.[54]
24 Renamed Uttar
January Pradesh
Post-independence 1950
After India's independence, the United Provinces were renamed "Uttar Pradesh" 9 Uttaranchal state, now
("northern province"), preserving UP as the acronym,[55][56] notification regarding this was November known as Uttarakhand,
done in union gazette on 24 January 1950.[57] The state has provided nine of India's prime 2000 created from part of
ministers, including current Prime Minister Narendra Modi who is MP from Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh
which is more than any other state and is the source of the largest number of seats in the
Lok Sabha. Despite its political influence since ancient times, its poor record in economic development and administration, poor
governance, organised crime and corruption have kept it amongst India's backward states. The state has been affected by repeated
episodes of caste and communal violence.[58] In Ayodhya in December 1992 the disputed Babri Mosque was demolished by radical
Hindu activists, leading to widespread violence across India.[59] In 2000, northern districts of the state were separated to form the
state of Uttarakhand.[60]
Geography
Uttar Pradesh, with a total area of 243,290 square kilometres (93,935 sq mi), is India’s
fourth-largest state in terms of land area and is roughly of same size as United Kingdom. It
is situated on the northern spout of India and shares an international boundary with
Nepal. The Himalayas border the state on the north,[61] but the plains that cover most of
the state are distinctly different from those high mountains.[62] The larger Gangetic Plain
region is in the north; it includes the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, the Ghaghra plains, the
Ganges plains and the Terai.[63] The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region is in the
south.[64] It is characterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of hills, plains,
valleys and plateaus. The Bhabhar tract gives place to the terai area which is covered with
A part of the Gangetic Plain
tall elephant grass and thick forests interspersed with marshes and swamps.[65] The
sluggish rivers of the bhabhar deepen in this area, their course running through a tangled
mass of thick undergrowth. The terai runs parallel to the bhabhar in a thin strip. The entire alluvial plain is divided into three sub-
regions.[65] The first in the eastern tract consisting of 14 districts which are subject to periodical floods and droughts and have been
classified as scarcity areas. These districts have the highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land. The other two
regions, the central and the western are comparatively better with a well-developed irrigation system.[65] They suffer from
waterlogging and large-scale user tracts.[65] In addition, the area is fairly arid. The state has more than 32 large and small rivers; of
them, the Ganges, Yamuna, Saraswati, Sarayu, Betwa, and Ghaghara are larger and of religious importance in Hinduism.[66]
Cultivation is intensive.[67] The valley areas have fertile and rich soil. There is intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopes, but
irrigation facilities are deficient.[68] The Siwalik Range which forms the southern foothills of the Himalayas, slopes down into a
boulder bed called 'bhadhar'.[69] The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called the terai and bhabhar area.
It has rich forests, cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging torrents during the monsoon.[70]
Climate
Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons.[71] The
winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May and the
monsoon season between June and September.[72] Summers are extreme with
temperatures fluctuating anywhere between 0 °C and 50 °C in parts of the state coupled
with dry hot winds called the Loo.[73] The Gangetic plain varies from semiarid to sub-
humid.[72] The mean annual rainfall ranges from 650 mm in the southwest corner of the
state to 1000 mm in the eastern and southeastern parts of the state.[74] Primarily a
summer phenomenon, the Bay of Bengal branch of the Indian monsoon is the major
bearer of rain in most parts of state. After summer it is the south-west monsoon which
Monsoon clouds over Lucknow
brings most of the rain here, while in winters rain due to the western disturbances and
north-east monsoon also contribute small quantities towards the overall precipitation of
the state.[71][75]
Climate data for Uttar Pradesh
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average 29.9 31.9 35.4 37.7 36.9 31.7 28.4 27.4 29.4 31.4 30.1 28.9 31.6
high °C (°F) (85.8) (89.4) (95.7) (99.9) (98.4) (89.1) (83.1) (81.3) (84.9) (88.5) (86.2) (84.0) (88.9)
Average low 11.0 12.1 15.8 19.9 22.4 22.9 22.2 21.6 20.8 18.5 14.4 11.5 17.8
°C (°F) (51.8) (53.8) (60.4) (67.8) (72.3) (73.2) (72.0) (70.9) (69.4) (65.3) (57.9) (52.7) (64.0)
Average
0 3 2 11 40 138 163 129 155 68 28 4 741
precipitation
(0) (0.1) (0.1) (0.4) (1.6) (5.4) (6.4) (5.1) (6.1) (2.7) (1.1) (0.2) (29.2)
mm (inches)
Average
precipitation 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.1 3.3 10.9 17.0 16.2 10.9 5.0 2.4 0.3 67.8
days
Mean
monthly
291.4 282.8 300.7 303.0 316.2 186.0 120.9 111.6 177.0 248.44 270.0 288.3 2,896.34
sunshine
hours
Source: [76]
Anandabodhi tree in Jetavana

Monastery, Sravasti
A hybrid nasturtium (Tropaeolum

majus) showing nectar spur, found
mainly in Hardoi district
Average High and Low temperatures for various Uttar Pradesh Cities
City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Lucknow[77] 73/44 79/49 90/58 101/69 105/76 102/81 92/79 90/78 92/76 91/66 79/53 75/45
Kanpur[78] 91/71 92/72 92/75 93/78 92/78 85/74 84/73 84/72 88/78 88/74 89/74 90/71
Ghaziabad[79] 70/45 73/50 84/59 97/70 102/79 100/82 93/81 91/79 93/75 91/66 82/55 73/46
Allahabad[80] 74/47 81/52 92/62 103/73 108/80 104/83 93/79 91/78 92/77 92/69 86/57 77/49
Agra[81] 72/45 75/51 90/60 101/72 107/80 105/84 95/79 91/78 93/76 93/67 85/55 75/47
Varanasi[82] 74/47 80/52 92/61 102/72 106/80 102/83 92/79 91/79 91/77 90/69 85/57 76/49
Gorakhpur[83] 74/49 80/53 91/72 103/77 99/79 92/78 91/78 91/76 91/70 85/59 76/51 76/49
Ayodhya 74/59 80/53 91/52 90/77 99/79 92/78 91/78 91/76 91/70 85/59 76/51 46/49
Bareilly[84] 71/47 77/57 88/60 99/70 105/77 102/81 93/79 91/78 92/76 90/67 83/56 74/48
The rain in UP can vary from an annual average of 170 cm in hilly areas to 84 cm in Western U.P.[71] Given the concentration of most
of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon, excess rain can lead to floods and shortage to droughts. As such, these two
phenomena, floods and droughts, commonly recur in the state. The climate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a
mean annual rainfall between 1000 and 1200 mm, most of which comes during the monsoon.[72] Typical summer months are from
March to June, with maximum temperatures ranging from 30 to 38 °C (86 to 100 °F). There is low relative humidity of around 20%
and dust-laden winds blow throughout the season. In summers, hot winds called loo blow all across Uttar Pradesh.[71]
Flora and fauna

The state has an abundance of
natural resources.[87] In 2011 State symbols of Uttar
the recorded forest area in the
Pradesh[85][86]
state was 16,583 km2
State Swamp
animal deer
(6,403 sq mi) which is about
6.88% of the state's State Sarus
View of the Terai region
geographical area.[88] In spite bird crane
of rapid deforestation and State
poaching of wildlife, a diverse Ashoka
tree
flora and fauna continue to
State
exist in the state. Several Palash
flower
species of trees, large and
State
small mammals, reptiles, and Kathak
dance
insects are found in the belt of
Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is found in the Ganges river
temperate upper mountainous State Field
forests. Medicinal plants are sport hockey
found in the wild[89] and are also grown in plantations. The Terai-Duar savanna and grasslands
support cattle. Moist deciduous trees grow in the upper Gangetic plain, especially along its riverbanks. This plain supports a wide
variety of plants and animals. The Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of large and small reptiles, amphibians, fresh-water fish,
and crabs. Scrubland trees such as the babool and animals such as the chinkara are found in the arid Vindhyas.[90][91]
Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains. Since much sunlight reaches the ground, shrubs and grasses are also
abundant.[92] Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation. Tropical thorny forests, consisting of widely scattered
thorny trees, mainly babool are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state.[93] These forests are confined to areas which have
low annual rainfall (50–70 cm), a mean annual temperature of 25–27 °C and low humidity.
Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna.[94] The most common birds which are found in the state are doves, peafowl,
junglefowl, black partridges, house sparrows, songbirds, blue jays, parakeets, quails, bulbuls, comb ducks, kingfishers, woodpeckers,
snipes, and parrots. Bird sanctuaries in the state include Bakhira Sanctuary, National Chambal Sanctuary, Chandra Prabha Sanctuary,
Hastinapur Sanctuary, Kaimoor Sanctuary, and Okhla Sanctuary.[95][96][97][98][99][100][101]
Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards, cobras, kraits, and gharials. Among the wide variety of fishes, the most
common ones are mahaseer and trout. Some animal species in Uttar Pradesh have gone extinct in recent years, while others, like the
lion from the Gangetic Plain and the rhinoceros from the Terai region, have become endangered.[102] Many species are vulnerable to
poaching despite regulation by the government.[103]
Divisions, Districts and Cities

Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions:[104]
1. Saharanpur 10. Agra

2. Moradabad 11. Kanpur
3. Bareilly 12. Faizabad
4. Lucknow 13. Azamgarh
5. Devipatan 14. Jhansi
6. Basti 15. Chitrakoot
7. Gorakhpur 16. Allahabad
8. Meerut 17. Varanasi
9. Aligarh 18. Mirzapur
The following is a list of top districts from state of Uttar Pradesh by population.[105]
Rank Growth Sex Ratio Literacy

(in District Population Rate (Females per Rate
India) (%) 1000 Males) (%)
13 Allahabad 5,954,391 20.63 901 72.32
26 Moradabad 4,772,006 25.22 906 56.77
27 Ghaziabad 4,681,645 42.27 881 78.07
30 Azamgarh 4,613,913 17.11 1019 70.93
31 Lucknow 4,589,838 25.82 917 77.29
Divisions of Uttar Pradesh
Kanpur
32 4,581,268 9.92 862 79.65
Nagar
50 Bareilly 4,448,359 22.93% 887 58.5
Each district is governed by a District Magistrate, who is an Indian

Million Plus Cities of Uttar Pradesh by
Administrative Service officer appointed Government of Uttar
population (2011 Census)
Pradesh and reports to Divisional Commissioner of the division in
which his district falls.[106] The Divisional Commissioner is an IAS Name Population Name Population
officer of high seniority. Each district is divided into subdivisions, Kanpur 2,920,067 Lucknow 2,901,474
governed by a sub-divisional magistrate, and again into Blocks. Ghaziabad 2,358,525 Agra 1,746,467
Blocks consists of panchayats (village councils) and town
Varanasi 1,435,113 Meerut 1,424,908
municipalities.[107] These blocks consists of urban units viz. census
towns and rural units called gram panchayat.[106]
Allahabad 1,216,719 Bareilly 979,933
Uttar Pradesh has more metropolitan cities than any other state in India.[108][109] The absolute urban population of the state is 44.4
million, which constitutes 11.8% of the total urban population of India, the second-highest of any state.[110] According to the 2011
census, there are 15 urban agglomerations with a population greater than 500,000.[111] There are 14 Municipal Corporations,[112][113]
while Noida and Greater Noida in Gautam Budh Nagar district are specially administered by statutory authorities under the Uttar
Pradesh Industrial Development Act, 1976.[114][115]
In 2011, state's cabinet ministers headed by the then Chief Minister Mayawati announced the separation of Uttar Pradesh into four
different states of Purvanchal, Bundelkhand, Avadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh with twenty-eight, seven, twenty-three and
seventeen districts, respectively, later the proposal was turned down when Akhilesh Yadav lead Samajwadi Party came to power in the
2012 election.[116]
Demographics
Uttar Pradesh has a large population and a high population growth rate. From 1991 to
Population Growth
2001 its population increased by over 26%.[118] Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in
India, with 199,581,477 people on 1 March 2011.[119] The state contributes 16.16% of India's Census Pop. %±
population. The population density is 828 people per square kilometre, making it one of 1951 60,274,000 —
the most densely populated states in the country.[6] 1961 70,144,000 16.4%
The sex ratio in 2011, at 912 women to 1000 men, was lower than the national figure of 1971 83,849,000 19.5%
943.[10] The state's 2001–2011 decennial growth rate (including Uttrakhand) was 20.09%, 1981 105,137,000 25.4%
higher than the national rate of 17.64%.[120][121] Uttar Pradesh has a large number of 1991 132,062,000 25.6%
people living below the poverty line.[122] Estimates released by the Planning Commission
2001 166,198,000 25.8%
for the year 2009–10 revealed that Uttar Pradesh had 59 million people below the poverty
line, the most for any state in India.[122][123] 2011 199,581,477 20.1%
Source:Census of India
As per 2011 census, Uttar Pradesh, the most populous state in India, is home to the highest
numbers of both Hindus and Muslims.[124] By religion, the population in 2011 was Hindus
79.73%, Muslims 19.26%, Sikhs 0.32%, Christians 0.18%, Jains 0.11%, Buddhists 0.10%, and
Others 0.30%.[125] The literacy rate of the state at the 2011 census was 67.7%, which was below
the national average of 74%.[126][127] The literacy rate for men is 79% and for women 59%. In
2001 the literacy rate in Uttar Pradesh stood at 56.27% overall, 67% for men and 43% for
women.[128]
Languages
Hindi is the official language of Uttar Pradesh and is spoken by the majority of the population
(94.08%), although different regions have their own dialects.[8] These include Awadhi spoken
Religions in Uttar Pradesh
in the Awadh region of eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bhojpuri spoken in the Bhojpuri region of
(2011)[117]
eastern Uttar Pradesh, and Braj Bhasha spoken in the Braj region western Uttar Pradesh.
Urdu is given the status of a second official language.[8] Hinduism (79.73%)
Islam (19.26%)
Government and administration Sikhism (0.32%)
The state is governed by a parliamentary system of representative democracy. Uttar Pradesh is Christianity (0.18%)
one of the seven states in India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two Jainism (0.11%)
houses: the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) and the Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Buddhism (0.10%)
Council).[130][131] The Legislative Assembly consists of 404 members who are elected for five- Others (0.30%)
year terms. The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 100 members with one-third (33
members) retiring every two years. Since Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of legislators
to the national Parliament, it is often considered to be one of the most important states with
respect to Indian politics.[132] The state contributes 80 seats to the lower house of the Indian
Parliament, Lok Sabha and 31 seats to the upper house of the Indian Parliament, Rajya
Sabha.[133][134][135][136]
Uttar Pradesh government is a democratically elected body in India with the Governor as its
constitutional head and is appointed by the President of India for a five-year term.[137] The
leader of the party or coalition with a majority in the Legislative Assembly is appointed as the
Chief Minister by the Governor, and the Council of Ministers are appointed by the Governor
on the advice of the Chief Minister. The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state, while
the Chief Minister and his council are responsible for day-to-day government functions. The
Languages of Uttar Pradesh
council of ministers consists of Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS). The
(2011)[129]
Secretariat headed by the Chief Secretary assists the council of ministers.[138][139] The Chief
Secretary is also the administrative head of the government.[138][139] Each government Hindi (94.08%)
department is headed by a Minister, who is assisted by an Additional Chief Secretary or a
Urdu (5.42%)
Principal Secretary, who usually is an officer of Indian Administrative Service, the Additional
Punjabi (0.25%)
Chief Secretary/Principal Secretary serve as the administrative head of the department they
are assigned to.[138][139] Each department also has officers of the rank of Secretary, Special Bengali (0.12%)
Secretary, Joint Secretary etc. assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief Others (0.13%)
Secretary/Principal Secretary.[138][139]
For purpose of administration, the state is divided

into 18 divisions and 75 districts. Divisional
Commissioner, an IAS officer is the head of
administration on the divisional
level.[138][140][141][142][143][144][145] The
administration in each district is headed by a
District Magistrate, who is an IAS officer and is
assisted by a number of officers belonging to state
services.[138][144][145][146][147][148][149] Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha), the lower house of the
bicameral legislature
The Uttar Pradesh Police is headed by an IPS
officer of the rank of Director General of Police.
There are 8 Police Zones, 18 Police Ranges and 75 police districts in the state. An IPS officer in the rank of Additional Director General
of Police heads the zones, whereas an IPS officer of the rank of Inspector General of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police
heads the ranges. A Superintendent of Police, an IPS officer and assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh Police Service, is
entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district.
The judiciary in the state consists of the Allahabad High Court in Allahabad, the Lucknow Bench of Allahabad High Court, district
courts and session courts in each district or Sessions Division, and lower courts at the tehsil level.[138][150] The President of India
appoints the chief justice of the High Court of the Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of
India as well as the Governor of Uttar Pradesh.[65][138] Other judges are appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Chief
Justice of the High Court.[138][150] Subordinate Judicial Service, categorized into two divisions viz. Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services
and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service is another vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh.[65][138] While the Uttar Pradesh civil
judicial services comprise the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial
Magistrate, the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service comprises civil and sessions judges.[138] The Subordinate judicial service (viz.
The district court of Etawah and the district court of Kanpur Dehat) of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District
Judge.[65][138][151]
Politics in Uttar Pradesh has been dominated by four political parties, the Samajwadi Party, the Bahujan Samaj Party, the Indian
National Congress, and the Bharatiya Janata Party. Politicians from Uttar Pradesh have played prominent roles in Union Government
of India with some of them having held the high positions of Prime Minister. Uttar Pradesh has been called India's under-achiever
because it has provided India with eight prime ministers while remaining a poor state.[152]
Crime
According to the National Crime Records Bureau (2011 data), Uttar Pradesh has the highest
number of crimes among any state in India, but due to its high population, the actual per capita
crime rate is low.[154] Because of this, the NCRB states that UP is the third safest state in the
country to live in. The value of human development index in Uttar Pradesh has steadily increased
over time.[155][156] The Uttar Pradesh Police, governed by the Department of Home, is the largest
police force in the world.[157][153][158]
Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deaths—23,219—due to road and rail accidents
in 2015, according to NCRB data. This included 8,109 deaths due to careless driving.[159]
Between 2006 and 2010, the state has been hit with three terrorist attacks, including explosions in Logo of Uttar Pradesh
a landmark holy place, a court and a temple. The 2006 Varanasi bombings were a series of Police, the largest police
bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on 7 March 2006. At least 28 force in the world[153]
people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured.[160][161]
In the afternoon of 23 November 2007, within a span of 25 minutes, six consecutive serial blasts occurred in the Lucknow, Varanasi,
and Faizabad courts, in which 28 people were killed and several others injured.[162] The blasts came a week after the Uttar Pradesh
police and central security agencies busted Jaish-e-Mohammed terrorists who had planned to abduct Rahul Gandhi. The Indian
Mujahideen has claimed responsibility for these blasts in an email sent to TV stations five minutes before the blast.[163][164][165]
Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010, the blast occurred at Sheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed
and several others injured.[166][167]
Economy
In terms of net state domestic product Net State Domestic Product at

(NSDP), Uttar Pradesh is the second-largest Factor Cost at Current Prices
economy in India after Maharashtra, with (2011–12 Base)
an estimated gross state domestic product figures in crores of Indian Rupees
of ₹14.89 lakh crore (US$210 billion),[7] and
hence contributes 8.406% of India. Net State Domestic
Year
Agriculture is the leading occupation in Product[168]
Uttar Pradesh.[169] According to the report 2011-
Located in the rich fertile Indo- 229,074
generated by India Brand Equity 12
Gangetic Plain, Agriculture is the
largest employment generator in the Foundation (IBEF), in 2014–15, Uttar 2012-
256,699
state. Pradesh has accounted for 19% share in the 13
country’s total food grain output. The state 2013-
294,031
has experienced a high rate of economic 14
growth in the past few years. Food grain production in the state in 2014–15 stood at 2014-
332,352
47,773.4 thousand tonnes. Wheat is the state's principal food crop and sugarcane is the 15
main commercial crop particularly in Western Uttar Pradesh.[170] About 70% of India's 2015-
384,718
sugar comes from Uttar Pradesh. Sugarcane is the most important cash crop as the 16
state is country’s largest producer of Sugar (http://www.ibef.org/download/Uttar%20P 2016-
radesh-November-2015.pdf). As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills
453,020
17
Association (ISMA), total sugarcane production in India was estimated to be 28.3
2017- ₹1,446,000 crore
million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 which includes 10.47 million tonnes 18 (US$200 billion)[7] (est.)
from Maharashtra and 7.35 million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh[171]
State industries are localised in the Kanpur region, the fertile purvanchal lands and the Noida region. The Mughalsarai is home to a
number of major locomotive plants. Major manufacturing products include engineering products, electronics, electrical equipment,
cables, steel, leather, textiles, jewellery, frigates, automobiles, railway coaches, and wagons. Meerut is sports capital of India and also a
jewelry hub. More small-scale industrial units are situated in Uttar Pradesh than in any other state, with 12 per cent of over 2.3 million
units.[169] With 359 manufacturing clusters, cement is the top sector of SMEs in UP.[172]
The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation (UPFC) was established in the year 1954 under
the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop small- and medium-scale industries in the
state.[174] The UPFC also provides working capital to existing units with a sound track
record and to new units under a single window scheme.[175] As of July 2012, due to
financial constraints and directions from the state government, lending activities have
been suspended except for State Government Schemes.[176] The state has reported total
private investment worth over Rs. 25,081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016.[177]
According to a recent report of World Bank on Ease of Doing Business in India, Uttar
Pradesh was ranked among the top 10 states and first among Northern states.[178]
Varanasi's Dashashwamedh Ghat;
Tourism is important sector of Uttar In 2009–10, the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest
Pradesh economy and holy cities of
contributor to the gross domestic product of the state, contributing 44.8% of the state
Varanasi, Mathura and Ayodhya
attracts pilgrims from all over the domestic product compared to 44% from the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, and
world.[173] tourism) and 11.2% from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing).[179][180]
MSME sector is the second-largest employment generator in Uttar Pradesh, the first being
agriculture and employs over 92 lakh people across the state. Under the leadership of
Akhilesh Yadav, Uttar Pradesh has exceeded 11 five-year plan targets and has established several Micro Small and Medium
Enterprises (MSMEs) and generated 6.5 lakh employment opportunities across the state.[1] (http://tari.co.in/wp-content/uploads/20
16/04/UP-MSME_Eng.pdf) During the 11th five-year plan (2007–2012), the average gross state domestic product (GSDP) growth
rate was 7.28%, lower than 15.5%, the average for all states of the country.[181][182] The state’s per capita GSDP was ₹29,417 (US$410),
lower than the national per capita GSDP of ₹60,972 (US$850).[183] The state's total financial debt stood at ₹2,000 billion
(US$28 billion) in 2011.[184] Labour efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25. The economy also benefits
from the state's tourism industry.[185]
The state is attracting foreign direct investment which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields; Noida and Lucknow are
becoming major hubs for the information technology (IT) industry and house the headquarters of most of the major corporate, media
and financial institutions. Sonebhadra, a district in eastern Uttar Pradesh, has large-scale industries. Its southern region is known as
the Energy Capital of India.[186] In May 2013 Uttar Pradesh had the largest number of mobile subscribers in the country, a total of
121.60 million mobile phone connections out of 861.66 million in India, according to the telecom regulator, Telecom Regulatory
Authority of India (TRAI).[187][188][189][190]
Transportation
The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative
terms has only sixth-highest railway density despite its plain topography
and largest population. As of 2011, there were 8,546 km (5,310 mi) of rail
in the state.[191] Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central
Railway[192] and Gorakhpur is the headquarters of the North Eastern
Railway.[193][194] Other than Zonal Headquarters of Allahabad and
Gorakhpur, Lucknow and Moradabad serve as divisional Headquarters of
the Northern Railway Division. Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express, the
second fastest shatabdi train, connects the Indian capital of New Delhi to
Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Express near New Delhi.
Lucknow. This was the first train in India to get the new German LHB
coaches.[195] The railway stations of Lucknow NR, Kanpur Central,
Varanasi Junction, Agra Cantt, Gorakhpur Junction, Mathura Junction
included in the Indian Railways list of 50 world-class railway stations.[196]
The state has a large,

multimodal transportation
system with the largest road Inside view of the new airport terminal building
network in the country.[197]
The state is well connected to
its nine neighbouring states and almost all other parts of India through the national
highways (NH). It boasts 42 national highways, with a total length of 4,942 km (9.6% of
the total NH length in India). The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation was
New Yamuna Bridge in Allahabad is
established in 1972 to provide economical, reliable, and comfortable transportation in the
part of National Highway 30
state with connecting services to adjoining states[198] and boasts as being the only State
Transport Corporation that runs in profit in the entire nation. All cities are connected to
state highways, and all district headquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry traffic between major centres
within the state. One of them is Agra Lucknow Expressway, which is a 302 km (188 mi) controlled-access highway constructed by
Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority[199] (UPEIDA) to reduce vehicular traffic in previously congested roads.
This expressway is country’s largest Greenfield Expressway which reduced the travel time between Lucknow and Agra from 6 hours to
3.30 hours.[200] Other district roads and village roads provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as also the means to
transport agriculture produce from village to nearby markets. Major district roads provide a secondary function of linking between
main roads and rural roads.[201] Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India, (1,027 km per 1000 km2) and the largest
surfaced urban-road network in the country (50,721 km).[202]
The state has two international airports located in Lucknow (Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport) and Lal Bahadur Shastri
International Airport in Varanasi.[203] and four domestic airports located at Agra, Allahabad, Gorakhpur and Kanpur. The Lucknow
Airport is the second-busiest airport in North India after the Indira Gandhi International Airport, New Delhi. The state has also
proposed creating the Taj International Airport at Kurikupa near Hirangaon, Tundla in Firozabad district.[204][205] Two more
international airports have been proposed to be built at Kushinagar and Jewar, Greater Noida.[206][207] TheLucknow Metro, is being
constructed in the city of Lucknow, and Kanpur Metro as an alternative mode of transport. The capital cities are witnessing a swift rise
in the number of immigrants and this has called for the transformation of Public modes of transport.[208]
Sports
Traditional sports, now played mostly as a pastime, include wrestling, swimming, kabaddi, and track-sports or water-sports played
according to local traditional rules and without modern equipment. Some sports are designed to display martial skills such as using a
sword or 'Pata' (stick).[209] Due to lack of organised patronage and requisite facilities, these sports survive mostly as individuals'
hobbies or local competitive events. Among modern sports, field hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced some of the finest
players in India, including Dhyan Chand and, more recently, Nitin Kumar[210] and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay.[211]
Recently, cricket has become more popular than field hockey. Uttar Pradesh won its first Ranji
Trophy tournament in February 2006, beating Bengal in the final.[212] It can also boast of routinely
having 3 or 4 players on the national side. Green Park Stadium in Kanpur, the only internationally
recognised cricket stadium in the state, has witnessed some of India's most famous victories. Uttar
Pradesh Cricket Association (UPCA) has headquarters in Kanpur. An International Cricket Stadium
with a capacity of 50,000 spectators, is being set up in the capital city of Uttar Pradesh.
Greater Noida Cricket Stadium is another newly built international cricket stadium.[213] The Buddh
International Circuit hosted India’s inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011.[214] The 5.14-
kilometre-long (3.19-mile) circuit was designed by German architect and racetrack designer
Herman Tilke to compete with other world-class race circuits.[215] However, races were only held
three times before being cancelled due to falling attendance and lack of government support. The
government of Uttar Pradesh considered Formula One to be entertainment and not a sport, and
thus imposed taxes on the event and participants.[216]
Indian hockey legend Major

Education Dhyan Chand
Uttar Pradesh has a long tradition of education,

although historically it was primarily confined to the elite class and religious schools.[217]
Sanskrit-based learning formed the major part of education from the Vedic to the Gupta
periods. As cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledge
with them, adding Pali, Persian and Arabic scholarship to the community. These formed
the core of Hindu-Buddhist-Muslim education until the rise of British colonialism. The
present schools-to-university system of education owes its inception and development in
the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreign Christian missionaries and the British
colonial administration.[218] Schools in the state are either managed by the government or
JRHU is the world's first school for
by private trusts. Hindi is used as a medium of instruction in most of the schools except
handicap
those affiliated to the CBSE or the Council for ICSE boards.[219] Under the 10+2+3 plan,
after completing secondary school, students typically enroll for 2 years in a junior college,
also known as pre-university, or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated with the Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and
Intermediate Education or a central board. Students choose from one of three streams, namely liberal arts, commerce, or science.
Upon completing the required coursework, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs.
Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,[220] including 5 central universities,

28 state universities, 8 deemed universities, 2 IITs in Varanasi and Kanpur, 1 IIM
in Lucknow, 1 NIT in Allahabad, 2 IIITs, 1 National Law University in Lucknow
and several polytechnics, engineering colleges and industrial training
institutes.[221] Prestigious institutes like the Aligarh Muslim University, Sanjay
Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology
(Kanpur),[222] Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), the Indian Institute of
Central Drug Research Institute, an
Management (Lucknow), Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology
autonomous multidisciplinary research
(Allahabad), Indian Institute of Information Technology (Allahabad), Indian institute
Institute of Information Technology (Lucknow), University Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Kanpur, King George's Medical University, Dr. Ram
Manohar Lohiya National Law University and the Harcourt Butler Technical University are known worldwide for their quality
education and research in their respective fields.[223] The presence of such institutions provides the students of the state with ample
opportunities for higher education.[224][225]
Other universities in the state include Banaras Hindu University, University of Allahabad, University of Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh
University of Medical Sciences, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh
University, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University,
Madan Mohan Malaviya University of Technology, Gautam Buddha University, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Indian
Veterinary Research Institute Bareilly, IMT Ghaziabad, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
Technical University, M.J.P. Rohilkhand University, Bundelkhand University, Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and
Technology, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Veer Bahadur Singh Purvanchal University, Bhartendu Academy of Dramatic
Arts, Siddharth University, Allahabad State University and Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti Urdu, Arabi~Farsi University.[226]
The Integral University, a state level institution, was established by the Uttar Pradesh Government to provide education in different
technical, applied science, and other disciplines.[227] The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies was founded as an autonomous
organisation by the national ministry of culture. Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University is the only university
established exclusively for the disabled in the world.[228] A large number of Indian scholars are educated at different universities in
Uttar Pradesh. Notable scholars who were born, worked or studied in the geographic area of the state include Harivansh Rai
Bachchan, Motilal Nehru, Harish Chandra and Indira Gandhi.
Tourism
Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India with more
than 71 million,[229][230] owing to its rich and varied topography, vibrant culture, festivals,
monuments, ancient places of worship, and viharas. Uttar Pradesh is also home to three
World Heritage Sites: the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, and the nearby Fatehpur Sikri.
Millions gather at Allahabad to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the
Ganges.[231] This festival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the
Kumbh Mela, where over 10 million Hindu pilgrims congregate in one of the largest
gatherings of people in the world.[232] Kumbh Mela 2013 at Sangam,
Allahabad
The historically important towns of Sarnath and Kushinagar are near to Gorakhpur and
are located not far from Varanasi.[233] Gautama Buddha gave his first sermon after his
enlightenment at Sarnath and died at Kushinagar; both are important pilgrimage sites for Buddhists. Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of
Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka, both important archaeological artefacts with national significance. At a distance of 80 km
from Varanasi, Ghazipur is famous not only for its Ghats on the Ganges but also for the tomb of Lord Cornwallis, the 18th-century
Governor of East India Company ruled Bengal Presidency. The tomb is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.[234] The
state also has a bird sanctuary in Etah district called Patna Bird Sanctuary.
Lucknow, the capital of the state, has several beautiful historical monuments.[235][236]
To promote tourism, the Directorate of Tourism was established in the 1972 with a Director General who is an IAS. officer. In 1974 the
Uttar Pradesh State Tourism Development Corporation was established to look after the commercial tourist activities.[237]
Healthcare
Uttar Pradesh has a large public as well as private healthcare infrastructure, but the
performance of the state on various health parameters is not encouraging. Although an
extensive infrastructural network of Medical and Health services in the government as well
as private sectors has been created over the years, the available health infrastructure is
inadequate to meet the demand for health services in the state. In 15 years to 2012–13, the
population of Uttar Pradesh increased by more than 25 per cent. However, the public
health centres, which are the frontline of the government’s health care system, decreased
by 8 per cent.[238] Smaller sub-centres, the first point of public contact, increased by no
more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015, a period when the population grew by more
District Hospital, Kanpur Dehat
than 51 per cent.[238]
A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighboring
state of Bihar, five years fewer than in Haryana and seven years fewer than in Himachal Pradesh. Uttar Pradesh contributed to the
largest share of almost all communicable and noncommunicable disease deaths, including 48 per cent of all typhoid deaths (2014); 17
per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of tuberculosis deaths (2015).[238] After Assam, Uttar Pradesh has India’s second-highest
maternal mortality rate, 285 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births (2013), with 62 percent of pregnant women unable to
access minimum ante-natal care.[238]
Around 42 per cent of pregnant women, more than 1.5 million, deliver babies at home. About two-thirds (61 per cent) of childbirths at
home in Uttar Pradesh are unsafe.[239] State has the highest child mortality indicators, from the neonatal mortality rate (NNMR) to
the under-five mortality rate of 64 children who die per 1,000 live births before five years of age, 35 die within a month of birth, and
50 do not complete a year of life.[240] A third of the rural population in the state has been deprived of primary healthcare
infrastructure, according to the norms of the Indian Public Health Standards.[241]
Culture
Language and literature

Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar Pradesh. The
festival of Guru Purnima is dedicated to Sage Vyasa, and also known as Vyasa Purnima as
it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he divided the Vedas.[242]
There is a long literary and folk Hindi-language tradition in the state. In the 19th and 20th
century, Hindi literature was modernised by authors such as Jaishankar Prasad, Maithili
Sharan Gupt, Munshi Premchand, Suryakant Tripathi Nirala, Babu Gulabrai,
Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan 'Agyeya', Rahul Sankrityayan, Harivansh Rai
Bachchan, Dharamvir Bharati, Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi,
Swami Sahajanand Saraswati, Dushyant Kumar, Hazari Prasad Dwivedi, Acharya Kuber The battle of Kurukshetra, folio from
the Mahabharata
Nath Rai, Bharatendu Harishchandra, Kamleshwar Prasad Saxena, Shivmangal Singh
Suman, Mahadevi Varma, and Vibhuti Narain Rai.[243]
The state is sometimes called the 'Hindi heartland of India'.[244] Hindi became the language of state administration with the Uttar
Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951. A 1989 amendment to the act added Urdu, as an additional language of the state.[245]
Linguistically, the state spreads across the Central, East-Central, and Eastern zones of the Hindi Belt, the major Hindi dialects of the
state being Awadhi, Bhojpuri, Bundeli, Braj Bhasha, Kannauji and the vernacular form of Khariboli.[246]
Music and dance

Uttar Pradesh has produced musicians, including Anup Jalota, Girija Devi, Kishan Maharaj[247] Naushad Ali, Ravi Shankar, Vikash
Maharaj, Shubha Mudgal, Siddheshwari Devi, Talat Mehmood, and Ustad Bismillah Khan. The Ghazal singer Begum Akhtar was a
native of Uttar Pradesh. The region's folk heritage includes songs called rasiya (especially popular in Braj), which celebrate the divine
love of Radha and Krishna. Other forms of music are kajari, sohar, qawwali, rasiya, thumri, birha, chaiti, and sawani. Traditional
dance and musical styles are taught at the Bhatkhande Music Institute University in Lucknow, named after the musician Pandit
Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande.[248]
Kathak, a classical dance form, owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh.[86] The dance form is connected to classical Hindustani
music where the rhythmic nimbleness of the feet is accompanied by either Tabla or Pakhawaj.[249] Four of the six schools of this dance
form, Lucknow gharana, Ajrara gharana, Farukhabad gharana and Benares gharana, are situated in Uttar Pradesh.[250][251]
Fairs and festivals

Diwali (celebrated between mid-October and mid-December) and Rama Navami are
popular festivals in Uttar Pradesh. Kumbh Mela, organised in the month of Maagha
(February—March), is a major festival held every twelve years in rotation at Allahabad,
Haridwar, Ujjain, on the river Ganges and Nasik on the Godavari river.[252] Lath mar Holi
is a local celebration of the Hindu festival of Holi. It takes place well before the actual Holi
in the town of Barsana near Mathura. Taj Mahotsav, held annually at Agra, is a colourful
display of the culture of the Braj area.[253] Buddha Purnima, which marks the birth of
Gautama Buddha, is a major Hindu and Buddhist festival, while Christmas is celebrated by Hindu priest saluting the sun in the
the minority Christian population. Other festivals are Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adhaa/Bakreed, Ganges, Varanasi
Vijayadashami, Makar Sankranti, Vasant Panchami, Ayudha Puja, Ganga Mahotsava,
Janmashtami, Sardhana Christian Fair, Maha Shivaratri, Mahavir Jayanti, Bārah Wafāṭ,
Chhath puja, Lucknow Mahotsav, Moharram, Kabob and Hanuman Jayanti.[254]
Cuisine
A typical day-to-day traditional vegetarian meal of Uttar Pradesh, like any other North Indian thali, consists of roti (flatbread),
chawal, dal, sabji, raita and papad. Many people still drink the traditional drink chaach (traditional Butter milk) with meals. On festive
occasions, usually 'tava' (flat pan for roti) is considered inauspicious, and instead fried foods are consumed. A typical festive thali
consists of Puri, Kachauri, sabji, pulav, papad, raita, salad and desserts (such as sewai or Kheer).
Many communities have their own particular style of cuisines, such as the Jains, Kayasths and
Muslims. There are also certain sub-regional delicacies. Awadhi cuisine is world-famous for
dishes such as kebab, biryani, keema and nihari. Sweets occupy an important place in the
Hindu diet and are eaten at social ceremonies. People make distinctive sweetmeats from milk
products, including khurchan, peda, gulabjamun, petha, makkhan malai, and chamcham. The
chaat in Lucknow and Banarasi Paan is known across India for its flavour and ingredients.[255]
Uttar Pradeshi thali with naan,
Awadhi cuisine is from the city of Lucknow. The cuisine consists of both vegetarian and non- sultani dal, raita, and shahi
vegetarian dishes. Awadh has been greatly influenced by Mughal cooking techniques, and the paneer
cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities to those of Central Asia, Kashmir, Punjab and
Hyderabad; and the city is known for Nawabi foods.[256] The bawarchis and rakabdars of
Awadh gave birth to the dum style of cooking or the art of cooking over a slow fire, which
has become synonymous with Lucknow today. Their spread consisted of elaborate dishes
like kebabs, kormas, biryani, kaliya, nahari-kulchas, zarda, sheermal, roomali rotis, and
warqi parathas. The richness of Awadh cuisine lies not only in the variety of cuisine but
also in the ingredients used like mutton, paneer, and rich spices including cardamom and
saffron.
Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial
Paan, (betel leaves) being served
kitchens of the Mughal Empire. It represents the cooking styles used in North India, with silver foil
especially Uttar Pradesh. The cuisine is strongly influenced by the cuisine of Central Asia,
and has in turn strongly similarities to the regional cuisines of Kashmir and the Punjab
region.[256] The tastes of Mughlai cuisine vary from extremely mild to spicy, and is often associated with a distinctive aroma and the
taste of ground and whole spices.
Attire
The people of Uttar Pradesh dress in a variety of traditional and Western styles.[257] Traditional styles of dress include colourful
draped garments—such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men—and tailored clothes such as salwar kameez for women and
kurta-pyjama for men.[257] Men often sport head-gear like different type of caps or turbans.[257] Sherwani is a more formal male dress
and is frequently worn along with chooridar on festive occasions.Western-style trousers and shirts are also common among the
men.[257]
Media
A number of newspapers and periodicals are published in Hindi, English, and Urdu. The Pioneer was founded in Allahabad in 1865 by
George Allen.[258] Amar Ujala, Dainik Bhaskar, Dainik Jagran, Rajasthan Patrika and Hindustan Dainik have a wide circulation,
with local editions published from several important cities. Major English language newspapers which are published and sold in large
numbers are The Telegraph, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Hindu, The Statesman, The Indian Express, and Asian Age.
Some prominent financial dailies like The Economic Times, Financial Express, Business Line, and Business Standard are widely
circulated. Vernacular newspapers such as those in Hindi, Nepali, Gujarati, Odia, Urdu, and Punjabi are also read by a select
readership.
Doordarshan is the state-owned television broadcaster. Multi system operators provide a mix of Hindi, English, Bengali, Nepali and
international channels via cable. Hindi 24-hour television news channels are NDTV India, DD News, Zee News Uttar Pradesh, Jan
TV, IBN-7, and ABP News. All India Radio is a public radio station. There are 32 private FM stations available in major cities like
Lucknow, Kanpur, Varanasi, Allahabad, Agra, and Noida.[259][260] Cell phone providers include Vodafone, Airtel, BSNL, Reliance Jio,
Reliance Communications, Telenor, Aircel,Tata Indicom, Idea Cellular, and Tata DoCoMo. Broadband internet is available in select
towns and cities and is provided by the state-run BSNL and by private companies.[261] Dial-up access is provided throughout the state
by BSNL and other providers.[262]
See also
Ayodhya
List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh
List of Governors of Uttar Pradesh
List of people from Uttar Pradesh
Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary
Outline of India
Social Mobilisation Network (SMNet)
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External links
Government
Official Website of Government of Uttar Pradesh (http://up.gov.in/)

Official Website of Department of Home of Government of Uttar Pradesh (http://uphome.gov.in)
Official Website of Department of Tourism of Government of Uttar Pradesh (http://www.uptourism.gov.in/)
General information
Uttar Pradesh (https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh) Encyclopædia Britannica entry

Uttar Pradesh (http://www.reraconsultants.com/rera-uttar-pradesh/) RERA Uttar Pradesh
Uttar Pradesh (https://curlie.org/Regional/Asia/India/Uttar_Pradesh) at Curlie
Geographic data related to Uttar Pradesh (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1942587) at OpenStreetMap
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Coordinates: 26.85°N 80.91°E

Medieval and early modern period

British India era

administrative headquarters.[51] Uttar Pradesh continued to be central to Indian politics 1877

Climate data for Uttar Pradesh

Anandabodhi tree in Jetavana

A hybrid nasturtium (Tropaeolum

Flora and fauna

Divisions, Districts and Cities

1. Saharanpur 10. Agra

Rank Growth Sex Ratio Literacy

Each district is governed by a District Magistrate, who is an Indian

For purpose of administration, the state is divided

In terms of net state domestic product Net State Domestic Product at

The state has a large,

Indian hockey legend Major

Uttar Pradesh has a long tradition of education,

Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities,[220] including 5 central universities,

Language and literature

Music and dance

Fairs and festivals

95. "Major wildlife sanctuaries and reserves of Uttar Pradesh" (https://sites.google.com/site/viveklpm/wild-and-zoo-animal-care-and-

113. "Uttar Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1959" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120324141206/http://sec.up.nic.in/acts_rules/MU

155. "Uttar Pradesh Human Development Report" (http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/india_uttar_pradesh_2007.pdf) (PDF). United

191. "total railway route length uttar pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120814075641/http://lko.railnet.gov.in/). Northern

210. "Indian Hockey Player" (http://www.stick2hockey.com/View-Bio-Data/Nitin%20Kumar/48.html). stick2hockey. Archived (https://we

Official Website of Government of Uttar Pradesh (http://up.gov.in/)

Uttar Pradesh (https://www.britannica.com/place/Uttar-Pradesh) Encyclopædia Britannica entry

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uttar_Pradesh&oldid=878950173"

This page was last edited on 18 January 2019, at 00:02 (UTC).

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