List of formulas

1. Probabilities revisited

Prob. mass function p for x = xi pi = probability of reali-

f(x) = P(X = x) = � i sation xi
0 otherwise

Binomial distribution n X = ∑ni=1 Bi where Bi is

P(X = x) = � � πx (1 − π)n−x
x a binary 0/1 varia-
E(X) = nπ ble
Var(X) = nπ (1 - π) π = probability of suc-
cess (P(Bi = 1) = π)
n= number of replica-
tions
n n!
� �=
x (n
x! − x)!

Expected value (discrete k k = number of possible

random variable) E(X) = μ = � xi pi realisations
i=1

Variance (discrete random k

variable) Var(X) = σ² = �(xi −μ)²pi
i=1

Standard deviation σ = �Var(X)

xb
Density function
P(xa < X ≤ xb ) = � f(x)dx
xa

Standardisation of X X−μ
Z=
σ

�
Standardisation of X � − E(X
X �) � − μx�
X �) = E(X) and
With E(X
Z= = 2
�)
�Var(X σx� �) = σ
Var(X n

Standardisation of P P − E(P) P − μp With E(P) = π and

Z= = π(1−π)
�Var(P) σp Var(P) = n

1
2. Analysing individual variables
2.1. Descriptive Statistics

Mean N i = 1, … N elements of
1
�
X= � xi the population
N
i=1

Population Variance N i = 1, … N elements of

1
S² = �(xi − �
X)2 the population
N
i=1

(Population) Standard S = �S²

deviation

α-percentile x[α] = F −1 (α) F = cumulative frequen-

cy distribution

The value of X where the cumulative frequency distribution exceeds α

for the first time. If the cumulative frequency distribution exactly reach-
es α the percentile is the average between the corresponding value and
the following value.

Central moment of the N

1
order r mr = �(xi − �
X)r
N
i=1

Skewness m3 Stata works with a

Sk =
slightly different formu-
�m32 la.

Kurtosis m4
Ku =
m22

2.2.1 Point estimation of mean, proportion and variance

Population Unbiased estimator Variance of the Unbiased estimator of

parameter θ ( θ� with E(θ
� ) = θ) estimator Var(θ�) the variance of the
estimator
n
1 σ² S²
E(X) = μ � = � Xi
μ� = X �) = σ2x� =
Var(X σ2x� = Sx2� =
�
n n n
i=1
n
1
Var(X) = σ² �² = S² =
σ �(X i − �
X)2 not discussed here
n−1
i=1
n
1 Var(P) = σ2P
π
� = P = � Bi P(1 − P)
E(Bi) = π n π(1 − π) σ2P =
�
i=1 = n
Bi: Bernoulli distributed n

2
2.2.2 Hypothesis test for the mean and the proportion

Test statistic for the mean �

X − μ0 �X − μ0
μ Tn−1 = = √n
Sx� S

Test statistic for the pro- P − πo P − πo

Z= =
portion π σp
�πo (1 − πo )
n

3. Relationship between two variables

3.2 Strength of relationship

Correlation Cov(X, Y) σxy Cov(X,Y) = covariance

ρ= = ρ = corr. coeff. in the
�Var(X)Var(y) σx σy population
∑(xi − x�)(yi − y� ) R = unbiased estimator
R=
�∑(xi − x�)2 ∑(yi − y� )2

Test on the correlation R√n − 2

coefficient Tn−2 =
√1 − R2

Spearman’s rank correla- Cov(rg(X), rg(Y)) rg(X), rg(Y) = rank

tion ρR = order
�Var(rg(X))Var(rg(Y))
∑�rg(Xi ) − �������
rg(X)�(rg(Yi ) − �������
rg(Y))
R=
�∑(rg(Xi ) − �������
rg(X))2 ∑(rg(Yi ) − �������
rg(Y))²

Pearson’s chi-square sta- r c expected 2 i = 1,…,r rows

�fij − fij � j = 1, …, c columns
tistic C² = � � expected expected
fij fij = expected
i=1 j=1
counts under independ-
ence

Cramer’s V
C2
V= �
n ∙ min(r − 1, c − 1)

Chi-square test
C²~χ2(r−1)(c−1)

3
3.3 Comparing groups

Variance ratio test S12 the index 1 indicates the

Fn1 −1,n2 −1 = category with the high-
S22 er variance

t-test for comparison of �1 − X

(X �2)
two means Tdf =
Sx�1 −x�2

- equal variance
1 1
Sx�1 −x�2 = �Sp2 � + �
n1 n2

df = n1 + n2 - 2

(n1 − 1)S12 + (n2 − 1)S22

Sp2 = pooled variance
n1 + n2 − 2

- unequal variance
S12 S22
Sx�1 −x�2 = � +
n1 n2

2
s2 s2
�n1 + n2 �
1 2
df = 2 2
s2 s2
�n1 � � 2�
n2
1
n1 − 1 + n2 − 1

nj
Analysis of variance
1 mean of category j
�
X j = � X ij
nj
i=1

k k = number of catego-
2 ries
�j − X
SSB = � nj �X ��
j=1

k nj
2
�j�
SSW = � ��Xij − X
j=1 i=1

test statistic (analysis of SSB dfB = k − 1

variance) MSSB df dfW = n − k
Fk−1,n−k = = B
MSSW SSW
dfW

4
3.4 Simple regression

Simple linear regression Yi = β0 + β1 Xi + εi εi = residual

model E(ε|X) = 0 exogeneity assumption

estimated model yi = b0 + b1 xi + ei ei = observed residual

fitted model y� i = b0 + b1 xi y� i = yi − ei

OLS estimator Cov(X, Y)

β�1 = , β�0 = Y
� − β�1 X
�
Var(X)

4 Multiple regression

multiple regression Yi = β0 + β1 X1i + ⋯ +βm Xmi + εi

model E(ε|X1 , X 2 , … , X m) = 0 exogeneity assumption

estimated model yi = b0 + b1 x1i + ⋯ +bm xmi + ei

fitted model y� i = b0 + b1 x1i + ⋯ bm xmi y� i = yi + ei

OLS estimator ∑r�ij Yi r�ij is the residual from

β�j =
∑ r�ij2 the regression of
Xj on the other re-
gressors

SS(Total) SST = � (yi − y� )2

dfT = n – 1
i

SS(Model) SSM = � (y� i − y� )2

dfM_ = m
i

SS(Residual) SSR = � (yi − y� i )2 = � ei 2

dfR = n – m – 1
i i

Coefficient of determina- SSM SSR

R² = =1−
tion SST SST

5
Adjusted coefficient of SSR
SSR/dfR n − m−1
determination R2adj =1− =1−
SST/dfT SST
n−1

Standard error of the es-

1 SSR
timate �=�
σ � e2i = �
n−m−1 df (Residual)

Estimated standard error 2

σ2
� SSTj = ∑�xj − x��
of regression coef. �βj
σ =�
SSTj (1 − R2j ) R2j = coefficient of
determination
from a regression
of xj on all other
regressors

t-test (H0: βj = 0) β�j

Tn−m−1 =
�βj
σ

Partial F-test SSMu − SSMr q = number of coeffi-

q cients tested for 0
Fq,n−m−1 = m = total number of
SSR u
n−m−1 regressors in the
unrestricted model
u = unrestricted model
r = restricted model

F-test SSM/dfM
Fm, (n−m−1) =
SSR/dfR
SSM/m
=
SSR/(n − m − 1)

Variance inflation factor 1 R2j = coefficient of

VIFj =
1 − R2j determination
from a regression
of xj on all other
regressors

Logistic regression Si = β0 + β1 X1i + ⋯ +βm Xmi Si = Score

eS i Pi = P(Yi = 1|X1i , . , X mi)
Pi = E(Yi |X1i , … , X mi ) = =response probability
1 + eS i

6
 Standard normal distribution Fst(z)= P(Z < z)

z 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
−3. .0013 .0010 .0007 .0005 .0003 .0002 .0002 .0001 .0001 .0000
−2.9 .0019 .0018 .0017 .0017 .0016 .0016 .0015 .0015 .0014 .0014
−2.8 .0026 .0025 .0024 .0023 .0023 .0022 .0021 .0021 .0020 .0019
−2.7 .0035 .0034 .0033 .0032 .0031 .0030 .0029 .0028 .0027 .0026
−2.6 .0047 .0045 .0044 .0043 .0041 .0040 .0039 .0038 .0037 .0036
−2.5 .0062 .0060 .0059 .0057 .0055 .0054 .0052 .0051 .0049 .0048
−2.4 .0082 .0080 .0078 .0075 .0073 .0071 .0069 .0068 .0066 .0064
−2.3 .0107 .0104 .0102 .0099 .0096 .0094 .0091 .0089 .0087 .0084
−2.2 .0139 .0136 .0132 .0129 .0126 .0122 .0119 .0116 .0113 .0110
−2.1 .0179 .0174 .0170 .0166 .0162 .0158 .0154 .0150 .0146 .0143
−2.0 .0228 .0222 .0217 .0212 .0207 .0202 .0197 .0192 .0188 .0183
−1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0238 .0233
−1.8 .0359 .0352 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0300 .0294
−1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
−1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
−1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0570 .0559
−1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0722 .0708 .0694 .0681
−1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
−1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
−1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
−1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
−.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
−.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
−.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2297 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
−.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
−.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
−.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
−.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
−.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
−.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
−.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641
.0 .5000 .5040 .5080 .5120 .5160 .5199 .5239 .5279 .5319 .5359
.1 .5398 .5438 .5478 .5517 .5557 .5596 .5636 .5675 .5714 .5753
.2 .5793 .5832 .5871 .5910 .5948 .5987 .6026 .6064 .6103 .6141
.3 .6179 .6217 .6255 .6293 .6331 .6368 .6406 .6443 .6480 .6517
.4 .6554 .6591 .6628 .6664 .6700 .6736 .6772 .6808 .6844 .6879
.5 .6915 .6950 .6985 .7019 .7054 .7088 .7123 .7157 .7190 .7224
.6 .7257 .7291 .7324 .7357 .7389 .7422 .7454 .7486 .7517 .7549
.7 .7580 .7611 .7642 .7673 .7703 .7734 .7764 .7794 .7823 .7852
.8 .7881 .7910 .7939 .7967 .7995 .8023 .8051 .8078 .8106 .8133
.9 .8159 .8186 .8212 .8238 .8264 .8289 .8315 .8340 .8365 .8389
1.0 .8413 .8438 .8461 .8485 .8508 .8531 .8554 .8577 .8599 .8621
1.1 .8643 .8665 .8686 .8708 .8729 .8749 .8770 .8790 .8810 .8830
1.2 .8849 .8869 .8888 .8907 .8925 .8944 .8962 .8980 .8997 .9015
1.3 .9032 .9049 .9066 .9082 .9099 .9115 .9131 .9147 .9162 .9177
1.4 .9192 .9207 .9222 .9236 .9251 .9265 .9278 .9292 .9306 .9319
1.5 .9332 .9345 .9357 .9370 .9382 .9394 .9406 .9418 .9430 .9441
1.6 .9452 .9463 .9474 .9484 .9495 .9505 .9515 .9525 .9535 .9545
1.7 .9554 .9594 .9573 .9582 .9591 .9599 .9608 .9616 .9625 .9633
1.8 .9641 .9648 .9656 .9664 .9671 .9678 .9686 .9693 .9700 .9706
1.9 .9713 .9719 .9726 .9732 .9738 .9744 .9750 .9756 .9762 .9767
2.0 .9772 .9778 .9783 .9788 .9793 .9798 .9803 .9808 .9812 .9817
2.1 .9821 .9826 .9830 .9834 .9838 .9842 .9846 .9850 .9854 .9857
2.2 .9861 .9864 .9868 .9871 .9874 .9878 .9881 .9884 .9887 .9890
2.3 .9893 .9896 .9898 .9901 .9904 .9906 .9909 .9911 .9913 .9916
2.4 .9918 .9920 .9922 .9925 .9927 .9929 .9931 .9932 .9934 .9936
2.5 .9938 .9940 .9941 .9943 .9945 .9946 .9948 .9949 .9951 .9952
2.6 .9953 .9955 .9956 .9957 .9959 .9960 .9961 .9962 .9963 .9964
2.7 .9965 .9966 .9967 .9968 .9969 .9970 .9971 .9972 .9973 .9974
2.8 .9974 .9975 .9976 .9977 .9977 .9978 .9979 .9979 .9980 .9981
2.9 .9981 .9982 .9982 .9983 .9984 .9984 .9985 .9985 .9986 .9986
3 .9987 .9990 .9993 .9995 .9997 .9998 .9998 .9999 .9999 1.0000

7
 t-distribution

df: degrees of freedom

The density function of the t-distribution is symmetric.

P(T<t)
0.75 0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.975 0.99 0.995 0.9995
df
1 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.706 31.821 63.657 636.619
2 .816 1.061 1.386 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.598
3 .765 .978 1.250 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12.941
4 .741 .941 1.190 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610
5 .727 .920 1.156 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.859

6 .718 .906 1.134 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959

7 .711 .896 1.119 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.405
8 .706 .889 1.108 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041
9 .703 .883 1.100 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781
10 .700 .879 1.093 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587

11 .697 .876 1.088 1.363 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437

12 .695 .873 1.083 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.318
13 .694 .870 1.079 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.221
14 .692 .868 1.076 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140
15 .691 .866 1.074 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.073

16 .690 .865 1.071 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.015

17 .689 .863 1.069 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.965
18 .688 .862 1.067 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922
19 .688 .861 1.066 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.883
20 .687 .860 1.064 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.850

21 .686 .859 1.063 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.819

22 .686 .858 1.061 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.792
23 .685 .858 1.060 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.767
24 .685 .857 1.059 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.745
25 .684 .856 1.058 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.725

26 .684 .856 1.058 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.707

27 .684 .855 1.057 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.690
28 .683 .855 1.056 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.674
29 .683 .854 1.055 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.659
30 .683 .854 1.055 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.646

40 .681 .851 1.050 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.551

60 .679 .848 1.046 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460
120 .677 .845 1.041 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373
∞ .674 .842 1.036 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291

8
 Chi-square distribution

df: degrees of freedom

1-α (right-
tailed)
0.0050 0.010 0.025 0.050 0.950 0.975 0.990 0.995
df
1 .000 .000 .001 .004 3.841 5.024 6.635 7.879
2 .010 .020 .051 .103 5.991 7.378 9.210 10.597
3 .072 .115 .216 .352 7.815 9.348 11.345 12.838
4 .207 .297 .484 .711 9.488 11.143 13.277 14.860
5 .412 .554 .831 1.145 11.070 12.832 15.086 16.750

6 .676 .872 1.237 1.635 12.592 14.449 16.812 18.548

7 .989 1.239 1.690 2.167 14.067 16.013 18.475 20.278
8 1.344 1.646 2.180 2.733 15.507 17.535 20.090 21.955
9 1.735 2.088 2.700 3.325 16.919 19.023 21.666 23.589
10 2.156 2.558 3.247 3.940 18.307 20.483 23.209 25.188

11 2.603 3.053 3.816 4.575 19.675 21.920 24.725 26.757

12 3.074 3.571 4.404 5.226 21.026 23.337 26.217 28.300
13 3.565 4.107 5.009 5.892 22.362 24.736 27.688 29.819
14 4.075 4.660 5.629 6.571 23.685 26.119 29.141 31.319
15 4.601 5.229 6.262 7.261 24.996 27.488 30.578 32.801

16 5.142 5.812 6.908 7.962 26.296 28.845 32.000 34.267

17 5.697 6.408 7.564 8.672 27.587 30.191 33.409 35.718
18 6.265 7.015 8.231 9.390 28.869 31.526 34.805 37.156
19 6.884 7.633 8.907 10.117 30.144 32.852 36.191 38.582
20 7.434 8.260 9.591 10.851 31.410 34.170 37.566 39.997

21 8.034 8.897 10.283 11.591 32.671 35.479 38.932 41.401

22 8.643 9.542 10.982 12.338 33.924 36.781 40.289 42.796
23 9.260 10.196 11.689 13.091 35.172 38.076 41.638 44.181
24 9.886 10.856 12.401 13.848 36.415 39.364 42.980 45.558
25 10.520 11.524 13.120 14.611 37.652 40.646 44.314 46.928

26 11.160 12.198 13.844 15.379 38.885 41.923 45.642 48.290

27 11.808 12.879 14.573 16.151 40.113 43.194 46.963 49.645
28 12.461 13.565 15.308 16.928 41.337 44.461 48.278 50.993
29 13.121 14.256 16.047 17.708 42.557 45.722 49.588 52.336
30 13.787 14.953 16.791 18.493 43.773 46.979 50.892 53.672

9
 F-distribution for α = 5% (right-tailed test)
df1 = degrees of freedom of the nominator, df2 = degrees of freedom of the denominator

df1
df2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 100 1000
1 161.45 199.50 215.71 224.58 230.16 233.99 236.77 238.88 240.54 241.88 245.95 248.01 249.26 250.10 251.14 251.77 252.20 252.50 253.04 254.19
2 18.51 19.00 19.16 19.25 19.30 19.33 19.35 19.37 19.38 19.40 19.43 19.45 19.46 19.46 19.47 19.48 19.48 19.48 19.49 19.49
3 10.13 9.55 9.28 9.12 9.01 8.94 8.89 8.85 8.81 8.79 8.70 8.66 8.63 8.62 8.59 8.58 8.57 8.57 8.55 8.53
4 7.71 6.94 6.59 6.39 6.26 6.16 6.09 6.04 6.00 5.96 5.86 5.80 5.77 5.75 5.72 5.70 5.69 5.68 5.66 5.63
5 6.61 5.79 5.41 5.19 5.05 4.95 4.88 4.82 4.77 4.74 4.62 4.56 4.52 4.50 4.46 4.44 4.43 4.42 4.41 4.37
6 5.99 5.14 4.76 4.53 4.39 4.28 4.21 4.15 4.10 4.06 3.94 3.87 3.83 3.81 3.77 3.75 3.74 3.73 3.71 3.67
7 5.59 4.74 4.35 4.12 3.97 3.87 3.79 3.73 3.68 3.64 3.51 3.44 3.40 3.38 3.34 3.32 3.30 3.29 3.27 3.23
8 5.32 4.46 4.07 3.84 3.69 3.58 3.50 3.44 3.39 3.35 3.22 3.15 3.11 3.08 3.04 3.02 3.01 2.99 2.97 2.93
9 5.12 4.26 3.86 3.63 3.48 3.37 3.29 3.23 3.18 3.14 3.01 2.94 2.89 2.86 2.83 2.80 2.79 2.78 2.76 2.71
10 4.96 4.10 3.71 3.48 3.33 3.22 3.14 3.07 3.02 2.98 2.85 2.77 2.73 2.70 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.59 2.54
15 4.54 3.68 3.29 3.06 2.90 2.79 2.71 2.64 2.59 2.54 2.40 2.33 2.28 2.25 2.20 2.18 2.16 2.15 2.12 2.07
20 4.35 3.49 3.10 2.87 2.71 2.60 2.51 2.45 2.39 2.35 2.20 2.12 2.07 2.04 1.99 1.97 1.95 1.93 1.91 1.85
25 4.24 3.39 2.99 2.76 2.60 2.49 2.40 2.34 2.28 2.24 2.09 2.01 1.96 1.92 1.87 1.84 1.82 1.81 1.78 1.72
30 4.17 3.32 2.92 2.69 2.53 2.42 2.33 2.27 2.21 2.16 2.01 1.93 1.88 1.84 1.79 1.76 1.74 1.72 1.70 1.63
40 4.08 3.23 2.84 2.61 2.45 2.34 2.25 2.18 2.12 2.08 1.92 1.84 1.78 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.64 1.62 1.59 1.52
50 4.03 3.18 2.79 2.56 2.40 2.29 2.20 2.13 2.07 2.03 1.87 1.78 1.73 1.69 1.63 1.60 1.58 1.56 1.52 1.45
60 4.00 3.15 2.76 2.53 2.37 2.25 2.17 2.10 2.04 1.99 1.84 1.75 1.69 1.65 1.59 1.56 1.53 1.52 1.48 1.40
70 3.98 3.13 2.74 2.50 2.35 2.23 2.14 2.07 2.02 1.97 1.81 1.72 1.66 1.62 1.57 1.53 1.50 1.49 1.45 1.36
100 3.94 3.09 2.70 2.46 2.31 2.19 2.10 2.03 1.97 1.93 1.77 1.68 1.62 1.57 1.52 1.48 1.45 1.43 1.39 1.30
1000 3.85 3.00 2.61 2.38 2.22 2.11 2.02 1.95 1.89 1.84 1.68 1.58 1.52 1.47 1.41 1.36 1.33 1.31 1.26 1.11

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 F-distribution for α = 1% (right-tailed test)
df1 = degrees of freedom of the nominator, df2 = degrees of freedom of the denominator

df1
df2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 100 1000
1 4052.2 4999.5 5403.4 5624.6 5763.6 5859.0 5928.4 5981.1 6022.5 6055.8 6157.3 6208.7 6239.8 6260.6 6286.8 6302.5 6313.0 6320.6 6334.1 6362.7
2 98.50 99.00 99.17 99.25 99.30 99.33 99.36 99.37 99.39 99.40 99.43 99.45 99.46 99.47 99.47 99.48 99.48 99.48 99.49 99.50
3 34.12 30.82 29.46 28.71 28.24 27.91 27.67 27.49 27.35 27.23 26.87 26.69 26.58 26.50 26.41 26.35 26.32 26.29 26.24 26.14
4 21.20 18.00 16.69 15.98 15.52 15.21 14.98 14.80 14.66 14.55 14.20 14.02 13.91 13.84 13.75 13.69 13.65 13.63 13.58 13.47
5 16.26 13.27 12.06 11.39 10.97 10.67 10.46 10.29 10.16 10.05 9.72 9.55 9.45 9.38 9.29 9.24 9.20 9.18 9.13 9.03
6 13.75 10.92 9.78 9.15 8.75 8.47 8.26 8.10 7.98 7.87 7.56 7.40 7.30 7.23 7.14 7.09 7.06 7.03 6.99 6.89
7 12.25 9.55 8.45 7.85 7.46 7.19 6.99 6.84 6.72 6.62 6.31 6.16 6.06 5.99 5.91 5.86 5.82 5.80 5.75 5.66
8 11.26 8.65 7.59 7.01 6.63 6.37 6.18 6.03 5.91 5.81 5.52 5.36 5.26 5.20 5.12 5.07 5.03 5.01 4.96 4.87
9 10.56 8.02 6.99 6.42 6.06 5.80 5.61 5.47 5.35 5.26 4.96 4.81 4.71 4.65 4.57 4.52 4.48 4.46 4.41 4.32
10 10.04 7.56 6.55 5.99 5.64 5.39 5.20 5.06 4.94 4.85 4.56 4.41 4.31 4.25 4.17 4.12 4.08 4.06 4.01 3.92
15 8.68 6.36 5.42 4.89 4.56 4.32 4.14 4.00 3.89 3.80 3.52 3.37 3.28 3.21 3.13 3.08 3.05 3.02 2.98 2.88
20 8.10 5.85 4.94 4.43 4.10 3.87 3.70 3.56 3.46 3.37 3.09 2.94 2.84 2.78 2.69 2.64 2.61 2.58 2.54 2.43
25 7.77 5.57 4.68 4.18 3.85 3.63 3.46 3.32 3.22 3.13 2.85 2.70 2.60 2.54 2.45 2.40 2.36 2.34 2.29 2.18
30 7.56 5.39 4.51 4.02 3.70 3.47 3.30 3.17 3.07 2.98 2.70 2.55 2.45 2.39 2.30 2.25 2.21 2.18 2.13 2.02
40 7.31 5.18 4.31 3.83 3.51 3.29 3.12 2.99 2.89 2.80 2.52 2.37 2.27 2.20 2.11 2.06 2.02 1.99 1.94 1.82
50 7.17 5.06 4.20 3.72 3.41 3.19 3.02 2.89 2.78 2.70 2.42 2.27 2.17 2.10 2.01 1.95 1.91 1.88 1.82 1.70
60 7.08 4.98 4.13 3.65 3.34 3.12 2.95 2.82 2.72 2.63 2.35 2.20 2.10 2.03 1.94 1.88 1.84 1.81 1.75 1.62
70 7.01 4.92 4.07 3.60 3.29 3.07 2.91 2.78 2.67 2.59 2.31 2.15 2.05 1.98 1.89 1.83 1.78 1.75 1.70 1.56
100 6.90 4.82 3.98 3.51 3.21 2.99 2.82 2.69 2.59 2.50 2.22 2.07 1.97 1.89 1.80 1.74 1.69 1.66 1.60 1.45
1000 6.66 4.63 3.80 3.34 3.04 2.82 2.66 2.53 2.43 2.34 2.06 1.90 1.79 1.72 1.61 1.54 1.50 1.46 1.38 1.16

11