Applications

of Newton’s
Laws
• Force models

• Friction

• Tension

• Springs

• Circular motion and

Centripetal Acceleration
 Reading Quiz

• Circular motion

• Connected objects and multi-pulley systems

• Static vs kinetic friction

• Translational equilibrium
 Friction is the force than an object feels
because it is in contact with a (1) surface
or (2) a viscous fluid like air or water

Surfaces interacting
Cyclists in wind tunnel
 Small imperfections have electric
attraction to peaks in the bottom surface
In general, smoother surfaces have less friction, but its
complicated (too smooth and it gets sticky again!)

For friction from fluids, rough surface lead to more

turbulence, and reduced friction
We have a model for how friction forces work.
A model is a mathematical representation of the
force of friction that’s “good enough.”
If we need more, we revise the model!
fk = µk N µk is the coefficient of kinetic friction.

The friction force always

opposes the motion along
the surface providing the
friction.

PhET
Static friction is the friction force opposing motion
when the surfaces are not moving relative to each
other (e.g., car tires).
“Coefficient of static friction”

Friction always opposes forces

trying to move the object along the
surface

fs  µs N

µs is a number >0 and usually <1

Hence, no units!
 Friction always opposes forces
fs  µs N trying to move the object along the
surface

The static friction force always

exactly balances the pulling/
pushing force. Up to a limit!

Hence the ≤ sign which sets the

upper limit.

Static friction applies until motion

occurs. Then kinetic friction takes
over.
Usually
µ s > µk
 epoll.srv.ualberta.ca code:LGJ
Q1: You are pushing a box across a concrete floor
at a constant speed. You decide to turn the box
on its side so only half the area is in contact with
the floor. In the new orientation, the new force
required to maintain the same speed is:

A. four times as great as the old force

B. twice as great as the old force
C. equal to the old force.
D. half as great as the old force.
E. one-fourth as great as the old force.
Q1: You are pushing a box across a concrete floor
at a constant speed. You decide to turn the box
on its side so only half the area is in contact with
the floor. In the new orientation, the new force
required to maintain the same speed is:

A. four times as great as the old force

B. twice as great as the old force
C. equal to the old force.
D. half as great as the old force.
E. one-fourth as great as the old force.
Q2: Behold, a rock at rest on a ramp. The rock has
mass of 1 kg, µs = 0.8, µk = 0.2 and θ=30°. What is the
magnitude of the static friction force keeping the rock
in place? Assume g=10 m/s2.

A. 5.0 N
B. 6.9 N epoll: LGJ
C. 10. N
D. 14. N
E. 20. N
Q2: Behold, a rock at rest on a ramp. The rock has
mass of 1 kg, µs = 0.8, µk = 0.2 and θ=30°. What is the
magnitude of the static friction force keeping the rock
in place? Assume g=10 m/s2.

A. 5.0 N
B. 6.9 N
C. 10. N
D. 14. N
E. 20. N
Q3: If we needed to measure μs, we put a
massive block on a ramp and tilt it to an angle θ
when it begins to slide. What’s μs for this
system?
A. µs = cos
m
B. µs = m cos

C. µs = mg cos

D. µs = mg sin

E. µs = tan
Q3: If we needed to measure μs, we put a
massive block on a ramp and tilt it to an angle θ
when it begins to slide. What’s μs for this
system?
A. µs = cos
m
B. µs = m cos

C. µs = mg cos

D. µs = mg sin

E. µs = tan
 Demo Time
Q4: Which block will start moving at a smaller angle?

A. Felt with 500 g mass

B. Felt with no mass
C. Wood with 500 g mass
D. Wood with no mass
E. A-B at same angle, smaller than C-D (same
angle)
F. The whole experiment will fail and the instructor
will get injured
A wooden block of mass m is travelling along a
frictionless surface at v0 until it encounters a wooden
ramp inclined at angle θ to the horizontal. How far up
the ramp will it travel? μk for wood-on-wood is non-
zero.

Step 1: draw a free body diagram for the block once it

is on the ramp. Write down the magnitude of each
forces.

Do this for when it’s on the ramp!

Step 2: calculate the net force in the x, y directions

Step 3: use 1D kinematics to find how far the block

has travelled when it comes to rest.

v 2 = 0 = v02 + 2ax (x x0 )
+y
+x
 Strings, Ropes, and Pulleys
We initially model ropes as massless exerting a
tension force along the rope.

…pulls on the other

Exerting a force end with a tension
on one end… force with the same
magnitude.
~
F ~ =F
T ~
 Strings, Ropes, and Pulleys
Massless means the tension force is the same all
along the rope. Imagine the forces pulling on a
small (blue) piece of the massless rope.

~1
T ~2
T

X
Fx = T 2 T1 = max
ŷ
T2 T1 = 0
x̂ =) T2 = T1
Tension in a rope / string /
cable pulls on the ends of
the rope along the
direction of the rope.

The tension in the blue rope will pull

down on the cow and pull up on the
peas.

If the rope is massless the tension

force magnitude is the same.
Pulleys
 Pulleys
Massless pulleys change the direction of tension
forces but not their magnitude.

~1
T ~2
T
Constrained accelerations: Objects can be linked
together physically so their accelerations are the
same magnitude.

But not direction!

1
Q5: Which statement would be true here?

A. a1y = a2y x

B. a1y = a2y
2
C. a1y = a2x

D. a1y = a2x
1
Q5: Which statement would be true here?

A. a1y = a2y x

B. a1y = a2y
2
C. a1y = a2x

D. a1y = a2x
1
 The Atwood Machine

For masses of mA = 500 g and mB=502 g, demo of

the acceleration of the masses after release.
Translational Equilibrium

• When net force is zero, acceleration is zero.

X
~ = 0 = m~a
F
• This means that an object is at rest or moving at a
constant velocity.
 Consider this pulley system
which is being used by
someone to raise a big bag
of wasabi peas upward.
100 kg
F epoll.srv.ualberta.ca
code:AIF
Q1: Draw a free body diagram for the RED PULLEY.
Assume all the pulleys are frictionless and massless.

A B C D E
 Consider this pulley system
which is being used by
someone to raise a big bag
of wasabi peas upward.
100 kg
F

Q1: Draw a free body diagram for the RED PULLEY.

Assume all the pulleys are frictionless and massless.

A B C D E
 Consider this pulley system
which is being used by
someone to raise a big bag
of wasabi peas upward at a
constant speed. What is the
100 kg
F magnitude force F they are
pulling on the rope with?

The fine print: pulleys and ropes are massless and frictionless. Oh,
and g totally equals 10 m/s2 here.

Answer: 500 N
 y

x
Accelerations in pulley
systems are NOT necessarily
the same for both objects.
 y y If cow moves up by ∆y,
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2 <latexit sha1_base64="PfR+Il2sBJ/96RlwdfPamhw4nK0=">AAAB+3icbZDLSsNAFIYnXmu9xbp0M1gEVyUpgi6LunBZwV6gCWUyPWmHTiZhZiKGkFdx40IRt76IO9/GaZuFtv4w8PGfczhn/iDhTGnH+bbW1jc2t7YrO9Xdvf2DQ/uo1lVxKil0aMxj2Q+IAs4EdDTTHPqJBBIFHHrB9GZW7z2CVCwWDzpLwI/IWLCQUaKNNbRrXigJzb1b4JrgrMibxdCuOw1nLrwKbgl1VKo9tL+8UUzTCISmnCg1cJ1E+zmRmlEORdVLFSSETskYBgYFiUD5+fz2Ap8ZZ4TDWJonNJ67vydyEimVRYHpjIieqOXazPyvNkh1eOXnTCSpBkEXi8KUYx3jWRB4xCRQzTMDhEpmbsV0QkwY2sRVNSG4y19ehW6z4Rq+v6i3rss4KugEnaJz5KJL1EJ3qI06iKIn9Ixe0ZtVWC/Wu/WxaF2zyplj9EfW5w/qKZRY</latexit>
2 the peas move down
by ∆y/2.

The relative
<latexit sha1_base64="og39ilORVlIhIq8DBOizzP9SYLQ=">AAAB73icbZBNS8NAEIYn9avWr6pHL4tF8FQSEfRY1IPHCrYW2lA220m7dLOJuxshhP4JLx4U8erf8ea/cdvmoK0vLDy8M8POvEEiuDau++2UVlbX1jfKm5Wt7Z3dver+QVvHqWLYYrGIVSegGgWX2DLcCOwkCmkUCHwIxtfT+sMTKs1jeW+yBP2IDiUPOaPGWp3eDQpDSdav1ty6OxNZBq+AGhRq9qtfvUHM0gilYYJq3fXcxPg5VYYzgZNKL9WYUDamQ+xalDRC7eezfSfkxDoDEsbKPmnIzP09kdNI6ywKbGdEzUgv1qbmf7VuasJLP+cySQ1KNv8oTAUxMZkeTwZcITMis0CZ4nZXwkZUUWZsRBUbgrd48jK0z+qe5bvzWuOqiKMMR3AMp+DBBTTgFprQAgYCnuEV3pxH58V5dz7mrSWnmDmEP3I+fwCXC4+p</latexit>
y accelerations are in
proportion to the
y relative distances
moved.
x
Cow accelerates 2× as
Accelerations in pulley
fast as peas.
systems are NOT necessarily
the same for both objects.
 Calculate the
acceleration of the peas.

aCy = 2aP y

mP

y mC

x
Q2: What mass should I
suspend from the pulley
system to keep the
system in balance if I
hang 50 g on the loose
end?
A. 50 g code:AIF
B. 66 g
C. 100 g
D. 200 g
E. 300 g
Q2: What mass should I
suspend from the pulley
system to keep the
system in balance if I
hang 50 g on the loose
end?
A. 50 g
B. 66 g
C. 100 g
D. 200 g
E. 300 g
 Springs: Hooke’s Law
Spring forces are modelled with Hooke’s
Law

F = k(x x0 )

k (the spring constant) has units of

force/distance (N/m). The displacement is
measured as a change from the equilibrium
length (x0).
Your book uses x0 = 0.
https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/hookes-law/latest/hookes-law_en.html
Example: A spring is hung from a ceiling and a
1 kg mass is suspended from it. The spring
constant k is 200 N/m. How long will it be
stretched by?
Assume g=10 m/s2.
Extra: Gravity on Earth is not uniform!
Places at Earth’s surface where
gravity is stronger results in extra
pull on a spring. Map below shows
the gravity anomalies (i.e. variations
in gravity compared to averaged
9.81 m/s2 and after removing
elliptical component)
mgal 100 mgal =
80 0.001 m/s2
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
Extra: The whole Earth deforms elastically (like a spring!)
under the influence of the Moon and the Sun’s
gravity. (Oceans deform even more!).
Amplitude of deformation at surface ~ 30 cm
Uniform Circular Motion
To maintain an object travelling at speed v on a circular
path of radius r, it must have an acceleration toward the
centre of circle of magnitude

2
v
ac =
r

Unbalanced forces in the free-body diagram must

provide this acceleration.
Now

Later

Image Credit: Google Maps

 Now Later
v(t) v(t + t)

Acceleration
a

But how big is the acceleration? Is it related to

how big the circle is?

Probably...

big circles = less acceleration.

Now
r(t)
r
r(t + t)

Later

Image Credit: Google Maps

 Now Later r(t)
v(t) v(t + t) r

Acceleration r(t + t)
a

These triangles are similar in the geometry sense.

| v| | r| v| r| | v| v| r|
= | v| = =
v r r t r t

v2
Pointing toward the centre of the
|a| =
r circle.
This acceleration is called the centripetal
acceleration (Latin: centre seeking).

We also define the period (T) of circular

motion as how long it takes to complete one
revolution.
d 2 r Circumference
T = =
v v of a circle

Centrifugal force only occurs in non-

Centrifugal force inertial reference frames. In this course,
we stick to centripetal force/acceleration.
Extra:
For an observer in a rotating frame, there is a force
pushing you outward: this is the centrifugal force
(rant: often called a fictitious force. I don’t like it,
makes it sound like an optical illusion)
Extra:
Earth is elliptical in shape (and so are all planets)
because it is rotating.

In the reference frame of the rotating Earth, the

shape of the Earth is determined by a balance
between gravitational (red) and centrifugal forces
(orange).
Equatorial radius = 6378 km
Polar radius = 6357km
Difference = 21 km
Extra:
Q3: Here is a car with nice rubber tires on a road.
The driver steps on the gas pedal. What force makes
this car accelerate?

A. The force of the engine on the Earth

B. The force of the tires on the Earth
C. The force of the engine on the tires
D. The friction force of the Earth pushing on the car
E. The force of the fuel
F. I prefer to ride a bicycle
Q3: Here is a car with nice rubber tires on a road.
The driver steps on the gas pedal. What force makes
this car accelerate?

A. The force of the engine on the Earth

B. The force of the tires on the Earth
C. The force of the engine on the tires
D. The friction force of the Earth pushing on the car
E. The force of the fuel
F. I prefer to ride a bicycle
 v Q4: This is a top-down view of a
car in a traffic circle, travelling in
uniform circular motion. What is
the free-body diagram for the
car at this time (also seen from
the top down)?
Fc
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=centripetal force fs
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=static friction

A. B. C. D.
N
Fc Fc
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fs fs fs
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mg
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 v Q4: This is a top-down view of a
car in a traffic circle, travelling in
uniform circular motion. What is
the free-body diagram for the
car at this time (also seen from
the top down)?
Fc
<latexit sha1_base64="1z/PrVLwYXR7JvDUuH1draQy9xM=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqMeiIB4r2g9oQ9lsJ+3SzSbsboQS+hO8eFDEq7/Im//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgpr6xubW8Xt0s7u3v5B+fCopeNUMWyyWMSqE1CNgktsGm4EdhKFNAoEtoPxzcxvP6HSPJaPZpKgH9Gh5CFn1Fjp4bbP+uWKW3XnIKvEy0kFcjT65a/eIGZphNIwQbXuem5i/Iwqw5nAaamXakwoG9Mhdi2VNELtZ/NTp+TMKgMSxsqWNGSu/p7IaKT1JApsZ0TNSC97M/E/r5ua8MrPuExSg5ItFoWpICYms7/JgCtkRkwsoUxxeythI6ooMzadkg3BW355lbQuqp5b9e4vK/XrPI4inMApnIMHNajDHTSgCQyG8Ayv8OYI58V5dz4WrQUnnzmGP3A+fwALTI2g</latexit>
=centripetal force fs
<latexit sha1_base64="BsXdtI9pNxrWFaekCeHdQNztpEk=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/oh69LBbBU0lE0GPRi8eK9gPaUDbbSbt0swm7G6GE/gQvHhTx6i/y5r9x2+agrQ8GHu/NMDMvTAXXxvO+ndLa+sbmVnm7srO7t3/gHh61dJIphk2WiER1QqpRcIlNw43ATqqQxqHAdji+nfntJ1SaJ/LRTFIMYjqUPOKMGis9RH3dd6tezZuDrBK/IFUo0Oi7X71BwrIYpWGCat31vdQEOVWGM4HTSi/TmFI2pkPsWippjDrI56dOyZlVBiRKlC1pyFz9PZHTWOtJHNrOmJqRXvZm4n9eNzPRdZBzmWYGJVssijJBTEJmf5MBV8iMmFhCmeL2VsJGVFFmbDoVG4K//PIqaV3UfK/m319W6zdFHGU4gVM4Bx+uoA530IAmMBjCM7zCmyOcF+fd+Vi0lpxi5hj+wPn8AVRMjdA=</latexit>
=static friction

A. B. C. D.
N
Fc
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<latexit

Fc
<latexit sha1_base64="1z/PrVLwYXR7JvDUuH1draQy9xM=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqMeiIB4r2g9oQ9lsJ+3SzSbsboQS+hO8eFDEq7/Im//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgpr6xubW8Xt0s7u3v5B+fCopeNUMWyyWMSqE1CNgktsGm4EdhKFNAoEtoPxzcxvP6HSPJaPZpKgH9Gh5CFn1Fjp4bbP+uWKW3XnIKvEy0kFcjT65a/eIGZphNIwQbXuem5i/Iwqw5nAaamXakwoG9Mhdi2VNELtZ/NTp+TMKgMSxsqWNGSu/p7IaKT1JApsZ0TNSC97M/E/r5ua8MrPuExSg5ItFoWpICYms7/JgCtkRkwsoUxxeythI6ooMzadkg3BW355lbQuqp5b9e4vK/XrPI4inMApnIMHNajDHTSgCQyG8Ayv8OYI58V5dz4WrQUnnzmGP3A+fwALTI2g</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="1z/PrVLwYXR7JvDUuH1draQy9xM=">AAAB6nicbVBNS8NAEJ3Ur1q/qh69LBbBU0lEqMeiIB4r2g9oQ9lsJ+3SzSbsboQS+hO8eFDEq7/Im//GbZuDtj4YeLw3w8y8IBFcG9f9dgpr6xubW8Xt0s7u3v5B+fCopeNUMWyyWMSqE1CNgktsGm4EdhKFNAoEtoPxzcxvP6HSPJaPZpKgH9Gh5CFn1Fjp4bbP+uWKW3XnIKvEy0kFcjT65a/eIGZphNIwQbXuem5i/Iwqw5nAaamXakwoG9Mhdi2VNELtZ/NTp+TMKgMSxsqWNGSu/p7IaKT1JApsZ0TNSC97M/E/r5ua8MrPuExSg5ItFoWpICYms7/JgCtkRkwsoUxxeythI6ooMzadkg3BW355lbQuqp5b9e4vK/XrPI4inMApnIMHNajDHTSgCQyG8Ayv8OYI58V5dz4WrQUnnzmGP3A+fwALTI2g</latexit>

fs fs fs
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mg
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Q5: If a car (m=1000 kg) is travelling around a traffic
circle (r=50 m) with a speed of 15 m/s, what is the
magnitude of the friction force that keeps it from
slipping (assume µs = 0.8 and g=10 m/s2)?

A. 300 N
B. 1000 N
C. 2000 N
D. 4500 N
E. 8000 N
Q5: If a car (m=1000 kg) is travelling around a traffic
circle (r=50 m) with a speed of 15 m/s, what is the
magnitude of the friction force that keeps it from
slipping (assume µs = 0.8 and g=10 m/s2)?

A. 300 N
B. 1000 N
C. 2000 N
D. 4500 N
E. 8000 N
What is the max speed
that allows the car to take
the roundabout without
skidding?
 d

A car is travelling around a banked curve. The

car can turn the curve without assistance from
friction (i.e. without tuning the wheels) if the
angle of the slope is just right!
 y

aC
X

Key point: the centripetal acceleration is toward the centre of the

circle… NOT DOWN THE RAMP!
 d
A car is travelling around a banked curve. There
is static friction μs between the car and the
surface. The car is a distance d from the centre
of the curve. What is the minimum speed that
the car can travel around the circle without
slipping?
Non-uniform circular motion
If there is a change in the
component of the velocity in
the direction tangential the the
circular motion, then there
v r must also be an acceleration in
the direction tangential to the
aT aC circular motion.

atotal The total acceleration is then

no longer pointing towards the
centre.