N ' L M I: Ewton S Aws of Otion

NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION I
Intended Learning Outcomes – after this lecture you will learn:

1. the concept of frame of reference and relative velocity
2. to use the Newton’s three laws of motion to solve problems.
3. the concept of inertial frame of reference.
4. the meanings of apparent weight and weightlessness.
Reference frame – An observer making observation/measurement forms a reference frame

e.g.
Reference Frame A Reference Frame B
1st observer A, 2nd observer B,
standing still on the sitting still inside
platform the train
𝑟𝑃/𝐴 = 𝑟𝐵/𝐴 + 𝑟𝑃/𝐵
⇒ 𝑣𝑃/𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵/𝐴 + 𝑣𝑃/𝐵
velocity of P
measured in velocity of velocity of P
frame A frame B measured in
measured in frame B
frame A
PHYS1112 Lecture 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion I P. 1
Newtons’ first law of motion
A body acted on by no net force moves with constant velocity
⃗ = 0 body in equilibrium
𝑭
may be moving
Inertial Frame of Reference
Passenger (in roller skate) accelerates inside the train, but net force is zero. Violate Newton’s
first law?? The train is not an inertial frame.
Definition: a frame of reference in which Newton’s first law is valid is called an inertial frame
Note: 1.Is the earth an inertial frame? Only approximately
2. Given an inertial frame A,
P ⃗ 𝑷/𝑨 = 𝒗
𝒗 ⃗ 𝑷/𝑩 + 𝒗
⃗ 𝑩/𝑨
⃗ 𝑷/𝑨
𝒗 ⃗ 𝑷/𝑩
𝒗 no net force
⇒ 𝒗⃗ 𝑃/𝐴 constant
⃗ 𝑩/𝑨
𝒗 B ⇒ ⃗𝒗𝑃/𝐵 constant provided ⃗𝒗𝐵/𝐴 constant
A
⃗ 𝐵/𝐴 (can be zero) is also an inertial frame
any frame B moving with constant 𝒗

In a non-inertial frame of reference, may
feel like being acted on by a (non-existing)
force.
feel like a force pushing

you aside
Question: In which of the following situations is there zero net force on the body?
a) an airplane flying due north at a steady speed and at a constant altitude, assuming that the
earth is flat and is an inertial frame;
b) a car driving straight up a hill with constant slope at constant speed;
c) a hawk circling at constant speed and constant height above an open field;
d) a box with slick, frictionless surfaces in the back of a truck as the truck accelerates forward
on a level road at constant acceleration.
Demonstration: Relative motion
Superposition of forces
Forces are vectors and can be added up
⃗⃗ is called the net or resultant force

𝑹
The SI unit of force is newton,

1 N = 1 kg m/s2

Newton’s second law
If a net external force acts on a body, the body accelerates according to

⃗𝑭 = 𝑚𝒂
⃗ inertial mass – how reluctant the body is to change its velocity
Make sure ⃗ is the net force, see Demonstration: fan car

𝑭
Question: Suppose an astronaut landed on a planet where g= 19.6 m/s2. Compared to earth, it
would be (easier / harder / just as easy) for her to walk around. It would be (easier / harder / just
as easy) for her to catch a ball that is moving horizontally at 12 m/s.
Newton’s third law of motion

If body A exerts a force on body B (an “action”), then body B exerts a force on body A (a
“reaction”). These two forces have the same magnitude but are opposite in direction. These two
forces act on different bodies.
Question: Since action and reaction are equal and opposite, should they cancel each other?
Example
Action and reaction forces acting on an apple sitting on a table
Question: The buoyance force experienced by a scuba diver is one half of an action-reaction pair.
What force is the other half of this pair?
a) the weight of the diver;
b) the forward thrust force;
c) the backward drag force;
d) the downward force that the swimmer exerts on the water.

Example: Tension in an elevator cable
An elevator, mass 800 kg, moving downwards at 10.0 m/s
If it comes to a stop in a distance of 25.0 m
To find deceleration 𝑎𝑦
2
𝑣𝑦2 = 𝑣0𝑦 + 2𝑎𝑦 (𝑦 − 𝑦0 )
0 m/s -10.0 m/s 25.0 m
⟹ 𝑎𝑦 = 2.00 m/s2
Tension in the cable

𝐹𝑦 = 𝑇 − 𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑚 𝑔 + 𝑎𝑦 = 9440 N
Apparent weight and weightlessness

A person standing on a scale in an elevator, reading of the scale is 𝑛
𝐹𝑦 = 𝑛 − 𝑚𝑔 = 𝑚𝑎𝑦
⇒ 𝑛 = 𝑚(𝑔 + 𝑎𝑦 ) apparent
weight of the person
What if free falling, i.e., 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔?

𝑛 = 0 apparent weightlessness
Her feet effectively lose contact
with the floor
𝑚𝑔
Question: One of your very clever classmates says, “If your elevator has a broken cable and is
falling freely to the ground, you can save yourself by jumping up at the instant the elevator hits
the ground.” Will this work?
Question: astronaut orbiting Both are under the gravitational

around the earth attraction of the earth. Why does
the person have weight but the
earth person standing on
astronaut is weightless?
the surface of the
eartth

Clicker Questions:
Q3.12
The pilot of a light airplane with an airspeed of 200 km/h wants to fly due west.
There is a strong wind of 120 km/h blowing from the north.
If the pilot points the nose of the airplane north of west so that her ground track is
due west, what will be her ground speed?
A. 80 km/h
B. 120 km/h
C. 160 km/h
D. 180 km/h
E. It would impossible to fly due west in this situation.
Q4.6
An elevator is being lowered at constant speed by a steel Motor

cable attached to an electric motor. There is no air
resistance, nor is there any friction between the elevator
and the walls of the elevator shaft. Cable
The upward force exerted on the elevator by the cable v
has the same magnitude as the force of gravity on the
elevator, but points in the opposite direction. Why?
Elevator
A. Newton’s first law

B. Newton’s second law
C. Newton’s third law

Q4.12
A woman pulls on a 6.00-kg crate,
which in turn is connected to a
4.00-kg crate by a light rope. It is
given that both crates have non-
zero accelerations and the light
rope remains taut.
Compared to the 6.00-kg crate, the lighter 4.00-kg crate
A. is subjected to the same net force and has the same acceleration.
B. is subjected to a smaller net force and has the same acceleration.
C. is subjected to the same net force and has a smaller acceleration.
D. is subjected to a smaller net force and has a smaller acceleration.
E. none of the above
Q4.14
A woman pulls on a 6.00-kg crate,
which in turn is connected to a
4.00-kg crate by a light rope. It is
given that both crates have non-
zero accelerations and the light
rope remains taut.
A. the 6.00-kg crate exerts more force on the 4.00-kg crate than the 4.00-kg
crate exerts on the 6.00-kg crate.
B. the 6.00-kg crate exerts less force on the 4.00-kg crate than the 4.00-kg crate
exerts on the 6.00-kg crate.
C. the 6.00-kg crate exerts as much force on the 4.00-kg crate as the 4.00-kg
crate exerts on the 6.00-kg crate.

For more information see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Newton

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NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION I

Intended Learning Outcomes – after this lecture you will learn:

Reference frame – An observer making observation/measurement forms a reference frame

𝑟𝑃/𝐴 = 𝑟𝐵/𝐴 + 𝑟𝑃/𝐵

⇒ 𝑣𝑃/𝐴 = 𝑣𝐵/𝐴 + 𝑣𝑃/𝐵

PHYS1112 Lecture 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion I P. 2

feel like a force pushing

⃗⃗ is called the net or resultant force

The SI unit of force is newton,

PHYS1112 Lecture 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion I P. 3

If a net external force acts on a body, the body accelerates according to

Make sure ⃗ is the net force, see Demonstration: fan car

Newton’s third law of motion

PHYS1112 Lecture 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion I P. 4

0 m/s -10.0 m/s 25.0 m

Tension in the cable

Apparent weight and weightlessness

What if free falling, i.e., 𝑎𝑦 = −𝑔?

Question: astronaut orbiting Both are under the gravitational

PHYS1112 Lecture 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion I P. 5

An elevator is being lowered at constant speed by a steel Motor

A. Newton’s first law

PHYS1112 Lecture 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion I P. 6

Compared to the 6.00-kg crate, the lighter 4.00-kg crate

PHYS1112 Lecture 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion I P. 7

PHYS1112 Lecture 2 Newton’s Laws of Motion I P. 8

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