SELF-LEARNING PACKAGE IN

RESEARCH 9
Module 4 Week 4
Conduct an actual experiment

SSP-RS9-IM-Ig-h-3
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 Ready to Launch!

This self-learning module will introduce you to the steps in conducting an actual
experiment. A researcher involved in conducting a research project generally goes through
the steps of the scientific method, from making sure that the hypothesis is valid and testable
to using controls and statistical tests.
Research, like Science, revolves around experiments, and learning the best way of
experimenting is crucial to obtaining useful and valid results. Whilst all scientists use
reasoning, operationalization, and the steps of the scientific process, it is not always a
conscious process. Experience and practice mean that many scientists follow an instinctive
process of experimenting, the 'streamlined' scientific process. Following the basic steps will
usually generate valid results, but where experiments are complex and expensive, it is
always advisable to follow the rigorous scientific protocols.
When conducting research, scientists use the scientific method to collect
measurable, empirical evidence in an experiment related to a hypothesis with the goal in
mind of supporting or contradicting a theory. Research, relative to Science, should also be
taught in a logical and systematic approach discovering how and why things happen as they
occur. With the purpose/question in mind, doing a background check of the research
project, formulation of hypothesis, recording of data, and coming up with a conclusion, all
these steps ensure that the researcher is on the right track. With the aid of this self-learning
module, a novice researcher like you would further explore the world of Research.

Aim at the Target!

This self-learning module generally aims to:

o Conduct an actual experiment (SSP-RS7SA-Ia-c-1)

Furthermore, it specifically aims to:

 Familiarize the key concepts, methodologies, and terminologies in designing
and conducting an experiment.

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Experimental research is a study that strictly adheres to scientific research design. It
includes a hypothesis, a variable that can be manipulated by the researcher, and variables
that can be measured, calculated, and compared.
Try to answer the activity below to review your prior knowledge in designing an
experiment.
Experimental Design Review
A. For each of the following problem statements, identify the independent variable,
dependent variable, and constants. Then, write a hypothesis following the If-the-because
format. Use a separate sheet of paper and write your answers following the same format.

Read the paragraphs describing an experiment. Then, answer the questions that follow.
1. How does temperature affect a football player's performance?
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Constants:
Hypothesis:
If_____________________________________________________,
then_________________________________________________________
because______________________________________________________.

2. Ms. Wagner loves to eat tomatoes. She wants to plant a garden and is trying to
figure out how to grow plants with more tomatoes. She plants three different pots
of tomato plants and gives them different amounts of fertilizer. She keeps everything
else the same (the amount of water, the amount of soil, amount of sun the plants
get). For one month, she records how many tomatoes each plant produces.

Independent Variable:

Dependent Variable:

Constants:

Hypothesis:
If_____________________________________________________,

then___________________________________________________________

because________________________________________________________.

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B. Identify the variables (dependent or independent) and experimental groups (control or
experimental) for the given experiments below.
1. A study was created to test the effects of jazz on people’s sleep patterns. The hypothesis
of the experiment was that if people listened to jazz music as they fall asleep, they will
sleep for longer periods. For the experiment, 2 groups were created. One group was
placed in a quiet room where they went to sleep, and they were timed on how long they
slept. The other group was placed in a room where jazz music played softly as they began
to sleep and played throughout the night. As each group awoke, their sleep times were
monitored.
Dependent Variable: ________________ Control Group: __________________ ___
Independent Variable: _______________ Experimental Group: _______________
2. A study was created to test the effects of fear in children. The hypothesis was that if a
were exposed to fuzzy bunnies and at the same time a loud cymbal was struck behind
them, then those children would be afraid of all fuzzy things. Another group of children
would be exposed to bunnies without any loud noises. The study was carried out as
planned and as a result, hundreds of young children developed a fear of all cute furry
bunny rabbits.
Dependent Variable: ________________ Control Group: __________________ ___
Independent Variable: _______________ Experimental Group: _______________

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ACTIVITY

The road to a successful research project is through rigorous planning and decision-
making. To better gauge you on the variables and experimental design that you need to
utilize in your chosen research project, here are some videos for you to watch.

Click the link description below:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJTqGRQeT8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10ikXret7Lk&t=89s

ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

CRD or RCBD?
Determine the appropriate type of experimental design to be used and determine the type
of inferential statistics to be used in the given experiment. Use a separate paper to write
your answer in this activity.

Experiment Scenario
Four different concentrations of alkaloids extract will be tested for pesticide activity against
black rice bugs living in rice plants in simulated field tests.
Guide Questions
1. What particular design is suitable for the experiment?
______________________________________________________________
2. How are you going to group the sample to their treatments? Include a diagram.
______________________________________________________________

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3. What is the correct inferential statistics are you going to use to compare data? Why?
_______________________________________________________________
4. Note: 16 rice plants will be used as habitats for the rice bugs and four (4) treatments or
concentrations will be used in the experiment.
5. How many rice bugs will be used as samples per treatment? _______
6. Complete the diagram for the correct experimental design for this situation.
7. Cut the treatment placards and assign them to their appropriate rice plots.
8. Cut the black rice bugs below and distribute them to their specific treatments.

Figure 1. Treatment placards and rice plots

Figure 2. Black rice bugs

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ABSTRACTION AND GENERALIZATION
Designing and Conducting an Experiment
An experiment is a set of procedures that are used by the investigator to be able to collect
the necessary information that is needed to verify or test the truthfulness of the hypothesis or to
answer the research questions. In an experiment, all the essential conditions are controlled so that
the results can only be attributed to the independent variable.
You must also be able to choose proper experimental design so that the data you can
collect will be valid and reliable.
Basic Concepts of Experiment

Experiments, as mentioned earlier, are done under controlled conditions, so that desired
results can be achieved. Important concepts must be considered in learning about designing and
conducting experiments.

 Independent variable is the factor that affects the other variable. This is also the factor that
causes a particular effect or condition. This factor is manipulated by the experimenter.
 Dependent variable is the factor or condition that might be affected. The effect that is
observed or measured.
 Controlled variables are the factors that are maintained in the experiment. This is done to
avoid other factors to intervene in the results.
 Replication is the number of samples used per treatment
 An experimental group is a group that receives the variable being tested in an experiment.
 The control group is the group in an experiment that does not receive the variable you are
testing.
 Experimental design is the major plan on how to distribute each sample to the treatments
(independent variable) in a random or randomized manner. This plan deals with how
samples are to be selected for the experimental and control groups, the ways through which
variables are to be manipulated and controlled, how extraneous variables are to be
controlled, how observations are to be made, and the type of statistical analysis to be
employed.
 A completely randomized design (CRD) is the simplest design for comparative experiments, as
it uses only two basic principles of experimental designs: randomization and replication.

A completely randomized design (CRD) is one where the treatments are assigned
completely at random so that each experimental unit has the same chance of receiving any
one treatment. For the CRD, any difference among experimental units receiving the same
treatment is considered as experimental error. Hence, CRD is appropriate only for
experiments with homogeneous experimental units, such as laboratory experiments, where
environmental effects are relatively easy to control.

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Randomized Block Design
With a randomized block design, the experimenter divides subjects into subgroups called blocks,
such that the variability within blocks is less than the variability between blocks. Then, subjects
within each block are randomly assigned to treatment conditions. Compared to a completely
randomized design, this design reduces variability within treatment conditions and potential
confounding, producing a better estimate of treatment effects.
Statistics is widely used in research for specific purposes like to show a relationship between
variables or to compare results from which different independent variables were applied. Some use
statistics to help them conclude which treatment or treatments performed better and even to find
out where the difference in the performance between treatments come from.
An Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test is a way to find out if the survey or experiment results
are significant. In other words, they help you to figure out if you need to reject the null hypothesis
or accept the alternate hypothesis.
Types of Tests
There are two main types: one-way and two-way. Two-way tests can be with or without replication.
One-way ANOVA between groups: used when you want to test two groups to see if there’s a
difference between them.
Two way ANOVA without replication: used when you have one group and you’re double-testing
that same group. For example, you’re testing one set of individuals before and after they take
medication to see if it works or not.
Two way ANOVA with replication: Two groups and the members of those groups are doing more
than one thing. For example, two groups of patients from different hospitals trying two different
therapies.

APPLICATION
Pandemic brought us unexpected difficulties in life, losing a job is one.
Ben has been working for almost 5 years. Due to the pandemic, the company was forced to
retrenched employees and one of them is Ben. Ben is fond of collecting fishes. Upon losing his job,
he is thinking of possible ways to earn a living using his collection.
If you were Ben, what are you going to do in order to produce a unique variety of fishes that you
can sell and can compete with the present varieties in the market?

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 Take a break and ponder upon this global health crisis brought by the Covid-19
pandemic. Share your thoughts on this.
Margaret Harris told reporters in Geneva Friday that widespread vaccinations against
Covid-19 are not expected until the middle of next year, according to the World Health
Organization, which has stressed the importance of rigorous checks on their effectiveness
and safety.
Why do researchers cannot rush the Covid-19 vaccine?

Get more ideas in one of the experiment designs used in testing your research project- the
randomized complete block design (RCBD) by clicking the link description below.

https://www.slideshare.net/RioneDrevale/randomized-complete-
blockdesignrcbd?qid=742ac4e5-d275-4ed6-8d56-f3cc59d5d279&v=&b=&from_search=2

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 Direction: Read and understand the statements in each item. Choose the letter of the
correct answer. Write it on your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following is true?

A. Having more than one dependent variable allows the examination of interactions
between them.
B. There must be the same number of independent variables as there are dependent
variables.
C. An experiment can have more than one dependent variable.
D. An experiment can only have one dependent variable.
2. There are 30 students in each experimental condition in a 5x4 between-groups design,
how many participants would be needed in total?
A. 600
B. 20
C. 400
D. 30
3. ANOVA is a statistical method of comparing the ________ of several populations
A. variance
B. standard deviations
C. means
D. sample
4. Twenty (20) laboratory rats of the same species and gender were used to test
different dosages of a pain reliever drug. The rats were divided into four (4) groups
with five (5) rats per group. What particular experimental design was used in this
setup?
A. Complete randomized Design
B. Randomized Complete Block design
C. The given information is incomplete
D. None of the above
5. What special condition must the sample have for a complete randomized design?
I. Samples must come from a heterogeneous population
II. Samples must come from a homogeneous population
III. Samples must share similar characteristics
IV. Samples must have mixtures of different characteristics

A. II only
B. I & III
C. II & III
D. II, III & IV

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Lahorra, Oliver A. (2020) Module 11 Statistics in Scientific Research. Scientific Research for Junior
High School pages 100-108
Lahorra, Oliver A. (2020) Module 12 Experimental Designs. . Scientific Research for Junior High
School pages109-116, 151-152
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HK58SnOEq0kJ:mrsfelkerscience.weebly.co
m/uploads/3/8/3/9/38391365/experimental_design_review.docx+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ph
https://study.com/academy/lesson/experimental-group-definition-lesson-
quiz.html#:~:text=An%20experimental%20group%20is%20the,the%20variable%20you%20are%20testi
ng.
https://methods.sagepub.com/reference/encyc-of-research-design/n64.xml
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/hypothesis-testing/anova/
https://www.cnn.ph/world/2020/9/5/widespread-covid-vaccination-not-likely-available-until-mid-
2021.html
https://nptel.ac.in/content/storage2/courses/110105039/Assignment%2010_DOE.pdf
https://www2.hawaii.edu/~halina/ExpDesWk/ResSteps.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/RioneDrevale/randomized-complete-blockdesignrcbd?qid=742ac4e5-
d275-4ed6-8d56-f3cc59d5d279&v=&b=&from_search=2

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 ANSWER KEY
QUARTER 1 MODULE 4 WEEK 4
Try This

A.

1. Independent Variable: temperature Dependent Variable: performance

Constants: same performance task, same time of day for testing, same group of players (who
are at similar levels of ability), similar nutrition and sleep patterns
Hypothesis: If the temperature is higher, then performance will be decreased because the
increased temperature may lead to dehydration and therefore lowered ability.

2. Independent Variable: how much fertilizer the plants are given

Dependent Variable: how many tomatoes each plant produces

Constants: same amount of water, soil, sunlight; same plant species

Hypothesis: If a plant receives more fertilizer, then it will produce more tomatoes because it
has more nutrients with which to grow and produce fruits.
B.

1. Dependent Variable: how long they sleep

Independent Variable: whether or not jazz music is playing as they sleep

Control Group: group in a quiet room with no music

Experimental Group: group in a room where jazz music plays softly throughout the night

2. Dependent Variable: development of fear associated with fuzzy things

Independent Variable: whether or not children were exposed to loud sound while exposed to
bunnies

Control Group: group exposed to bunnies without any loud noises

Experimental Group: group exposed to fuzzy bunnies while a loud cymbal is struck behind them

Analysis

1. RCBD
2. Answers may vary
3. One-Way Analysis of Variance because there are four treatment used
4. Treatments are 1% 5% 10% 15%
5. Three (3)

Application
Answers may vary
Reflect
Answers may vary
Assess Your Learning
1. c 2.A 3. C 4. A 5. A

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