Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
19 views

Python Fundamentals

Uploaded by

philemontirkey852007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views

Python Fundamentals

Uploaded by

philemontirkey852007
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 6

Python Fundamentals

Python character set: Character set is a set of valid Characters that a language can
recognize.

 Letters: A-Z, a-z


 Digits: 0-9
 Special symbols: Space, + - * / \** () [] {} // + != == < , ? > .’ “ ‘’’ ; : % # _ etc.
 Whitespaces: blank space, tab, carriage return, new line
 Other characters: python can process all ASCII and Unicode characters

TOKENS IN PYTHON
The smallest individual unit in a program is known as Token.

Tokens in Python are Keywords, identifiers, Literals, Operators, Punctuators

Keywords:

A keyword is a word having special meaning reserved by programming language.

Examples: True, False, None, for, while, if, else, or, elif, break, is, in, with, import
etc.

Identifiers (Names):

Identifiers are the names given to different parts of the program.


Examples: variables, objects, classes, functions, list etc.

Naming rules:

 The first character must be a letter or underscore ( _ ).


 The digits 0 through 9 can be part of the identifier.
 Python is case sensitive as it teats upper and lower case character differently.
 An identifier must not be a keyword of Python.
 An identifier cannot contain any special character except underscore ( _ ).
Valid identifiers invalid identifiers
Name=”Rahul” 6Name=”Rahul”

_name=”anuj” s.name=”anuj”

Class_sec=”XI F” Class sec=”XI F”

Num1std=”sunil kumar” for=”sunil kumar”

Literals:

Literals are data items that have a fixed/constant value.


Types of Literals:

 String Literals
 Numeric Literals
 Boolean Literals
 Special Literal None

String Literals:
A string literal is a sequence of characters surrounded by quotes.

Example: ‘ops’, “oxford”

Nongraphic character:

Nongraphic characters are those characters that cannot be typed directly from
keyboard.

Example: newline, tab, carriage return etc.

Nongraphic characters can be represented by using escape sequences. An escape


sequence is represented by backlash (\) followed by characters.

Escape sequences in Python:

\\ - Backslash (\)
\’ -Single quote (‘)

\” -Double quote (“)


\n - New line

\t - Horizontal tab
String type in Python

 Single line strings


 Multiline strings

>>> s='''ops >>> s=''ops\


ranchi''' Ranchi"
>>> s >>> s
'ops\nranchi' 'opsranchi'
>>> len(s) >>> len(s)
10 9

Numeric Literals

 Integer
 Floating point
 Complex numbers

Integer: Integer Literals are whole number without any fractional part. It may
contain either + or – sign. A number with no sign is assumed to be positive.

Python allows three types of integer literals:

i) Decimal Integer : 25, 200,+30,-157


ii) Octal Integer : A sequence of digits starts with 0o is taken to be an octal
integer. Example:- Decimal integer 23 will be written as 0o27 or 0O27.
iii) Hexadecimal Integer: A sequence of digits starts with 0x is taken to be an
hexadecimal Integer. Example: Decimal int 23 will be written as 0x17 or
0X17
Floating point: Floating literals are also called real literals. Floating literals are
numbers having fractional parts.
Fractional form : 30.5, -50.5, 0.25

Exponent form:
A real literal in Exponent form consists of two parts: mantissa and exponent

Example: 7.5=0.75x101=0.75E01,

Complex numbers: python represents complex numbers in the form A+Bj, python
uses j or J in place of traditional i.

X=0+5.5j Y=2.3+5j

print(x)=5.5j print(y)= (2.3+5j)


x.real=0.0 y.real=2.3

x.imag=5.5 y.imag=5.0

Boolean Literals: True or False

Special Literal: None


Operators:
Operators are tokens that trigger some computation/ action when applied to variables and
other objects in an expression.
Unary operators: the operators that act on one operand are referred to as unary
operators.
Unary+, and Unary –
Example: 4, -4, -3.5
Binary operators: operators that act upon two operands are referred to as Binary
operators.
 Arithmetic operators:+ - * / % // **
Example: 3+3= 6, 3*3= 9, 5-2= 3, 5/2= 2.5, 2**2=4, 2**2**3=256, (2**2)**3=64
5//2= 2, -5//2= -3, 14%3= 2, -14%-3= -2, 14%-3= -1, -14%3= 1

 Relational operators: < <= > >= != ==


Examples: 5<6-True, 5==8- False , 4!=3- True, 5>=3- True
 Assignment operators:=, /=, +=, **=
Example: a=5, (a=a+5 or a+=5)
 Identity operators: is is not
Examples:
>>>A=5 >>>A=5 >>>A=5 >>>A=”ops”

>>>B=6 >>>B=5 >>>B=5 >>>B=”ops”

>>>A is B >>>A is B >>>A is not B >>>A is B

False True False True

 Logical Operators: and or not

Examples:
>>> 5 and 6 >>> 5 or 6 >>> 5 or 6 and 0 >>> not 5
6 5 5 False
>>> 0 and 5 >>> 0 and 5 >>> 0 and 5 or 2 >>> not (0 and 2 or 0)
0 5 2 True
Truth value (False): 0, 0.0, 0j, False, None, ‘’, *+, ,-, ()

 Bitwise operators: & | ^ (xor) ~ complemets


Examples:
>>> 10 & 12 >>> 10 | 12 >>> 10 ^12 >>> ~12
8 14 6 -13
>>> 20 & 10 >>> 20 | 10 >>> 20 ^ 10 >>> ~20
0 30 30 -21

 Membership operators: in not in


Examples:
>>> "s" in "school" >>> "s" not in "school" >>> "S" not in "school"
True False True
>>> "p" in "school" >>> "p" not in "school" >>> "P" not in "school"
False True False

Punctuators:
Punctuators are symbols that used in programming languages to organize sentence
structure, statement, program structure etc.
Examples:
# \( )*+ ,-: = ‘“

You might also like