Chapter 3 :

Informatics
Practices
Class XI Python
Fundamenta
ls

By:- Abhisar Kumar Singh

PGT Computer Science
Introduction
Python 3.0 was released in 2008. Although this
version is supposed to be backward incompatibles,
later on many of its important features have been
back ported to be compatible with version 2.7
Python Character Set
A set of valid characters recognized by python. Python uses the
traditional ASCII character set. The latest version recognizes the
Unicode character set. The ASCII character set is a subset of the
Unicode character set
Letters :– A-
Z,a-z Digits :–
0-9
Special
symbols :–
Special symbol
available over
Toke
n
Smallest individual unit in a program is known as token.
1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Literals
4. Operators
5. punctuators
Keywords
Reserve word of the compiler/interpreter which can’t be
used as identifier.

and exec not

as finally or

assert for pass

break from print

class global raise

continue if return

def import try

del in while

elif is with

else lambda yield

except
Identifiers
A Python identifier is a name used to
identify a variable, function, class,
module or other object.
*An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to
z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or
more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
* Python does not allow special characters
* Python is a case sensitive programming
language.
* Identifier must not be a keyword of Python.
Thus, Rollnumber and rollnumber are two
different identifiers in Python.
Some valid identifiers : Mybook, file123, z2td, date_2,
Identifiers-continue
Some additional naming conventions
1. Class names start with an uppercase letter. All other
identifiers start with a lowercase letter.

2. Starting an identifier with a single leading

underscore indicates that the identifier is private.

3. Starting an identifier with two leading

underscores indicates a strong private identifier.

4. If the identifier also ends with two trailing

underscores, the identifier is a language-defined
special name.
Literals
Literals in Python can be defined as number, text, or
other data that represent values to be stored in variables.

Example of String Literals in Python

name = ‘Johni’ , fname =“johny”

Example of Integer Literals in Python(numeric literal)

age = 22

Example of Float Literals in Python(numeric literal)

height = 6.2

Example of Special Literals in Python

name = None
Literals
Escape sequence
Escape Sequence Description

\\ Backslash (\)

\' Single quote (')

\" Double quote (")

\a ASCII Bell (BEL)

\b ASCII Backspace (BS)

\f ASCII Formfeed (FF)

\n ASCII Linefeed (LF)

\r ASCII Carriage Return (CR)

\t ASCII Horizontal Tab (TAB)

\v ASCII Vertical Tab (VT)

\ooo Character with octal value

ooo
\xhh Character with hex value hh
Operators
Operators can be defined as symbols that are used to
perform operations on operands.

Types of Operators

1. Arithmetic Operators.
2. Relational Operators.
3. Assignment Operators.
4. Logical Operators.
5. Bitwise Operators
Operators continue
1. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Operators are used to perform arithmetic operations like
addition, multiplication, division etc.
Operators Description Example

+ perform addition of two number a+b

- perform subtraction of two number a-b

/ perform division of two number a/b

* perform multiplication of two a*b

number

% Modulus = returns remainder a%b

Floor Division = remove digits

// a//b
after the decimal point

** Exponent = perform raise to power a**b

Operators continue
2. Relational Operators
Relational Operators are used to compare the values.

Operators Description Example

== Equal to, return true if a equals to b a == b

!= Not equal, return true if a is not equals a != b

to b
Greater than, return true if a is greater
> a>b
than
b
Greater than or equal to , return true
>= a >= b
if a is greater than b or a is equals
to b
< Less than, return true if a is less than b a < b

Less than or equal to , return true

<= a <= b
if a is less than b or a is equals to
b
Operators continue
3. Assignment Operators
Used to assign values to the variables.
Operators Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand a=b

+= Add 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a = a+b

/= Divides 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a = a/b

*= Multiply 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a = a*b

-= Subtracts 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a = a-b

%= modulus 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a = a%b

//= Perform floor division on 2 numbers and assigns the result to left a = a//b
operand.

**= calculate power on operators and assigns the result to left a = a**b
operand.
Operators continue
4. Logical Operators
Logical Operators are used to perform logical operations on the
given two variables or values.

Operators Description Example

and return true if both condition are true x and y

or return true if either or both condition x or y

are true
not reverse the condition not(a>b)

a=3
0
b=2
0
if(a==30 and
b==20):
print('hello')

Output
Operators continue
6. Membership Operators
The membership operators in Python are used to validate whether a
value is found within a sequence such as such as strings, lists, or
tuples.
Operators Description Example

in return true if value exists in the sequence, else false. a in list

not in return true if value does not exists in the sequence, a not in list
else false.
E.g.
a = 22
list = [22,99,27,31]
In_Ans = a in list
NotIn_Ans = a not in
list print(In_Ans)
print(NotIn_Ans)
Output :-
True
False
Operators continue
7. Identity Operators
Identity operators in Python compare the memory locations of two
objects.

Operators Description Example

is returns true if two variables point the same object, else a is b

false
is not returns true if two variables point the different object, else a is not b
false
a=
37
b=34
if (a
is b):
print('both a and b has same
identity') else:
print('a and b has different
identity')

Output :-
Punctuators
Used to implement the grammatical and structure of a
Syntax.Following are the python punctuators.
Barebone of a python program
#function definition comment
def keyArgFunc(empname, emprole):
print ("Emp Name: ", Function
empname) print ("Emp Role: indentati
", emprole) return; on
A = 20 expression
print("Calling in proper sequence")
keyArgFunc(empname = "Nick",emprole =
"Manager" ) print("Calling in opposite statemen
sequence") keyArgFunc(emprole = ts
"Manager",empname = "Nick")

A python program contain the following

components
a. Expression
b. Statement
c. Comments
d. Function
e. Block &n indentation
Barebone of a python program
a. Expression : - which is evaluated and produce result. E.g. (20 +
4) / 4
b. Statement :- instruction that does something.
e.g
a = 20
print("Calling in proper sequence")
c. Comments : which is readable for programmer but ignored
by python interpreter
i. Single line comment: Which begins with # sign.
ii. Multi line comment (docstring): either write multiple line
beginning with # sign or use triple quoted multiple line. E.g.
‘’’this is
my
first
python multiline
comment ‘’’
d.Function
a code that has some name and it can be reused.e.g.
keyArgFunc in above program
d. Block & indentation : group of statements is
Variable
sariable is a name given to a memory location. A variable can
V
consider as a container which holds value. Python is a type infer
language that means you don't need to specify the datatype of
variable.Python automatically get variable datatype depending
upon the value assigned to the variable.
Assigning Values To Variable
name = ‘python' # String Data Type
a = None #
= 23
sum # a variable without value
b = 6.2 # Integer
sum = a Float
+ b print
Multiple Assignment: assign a single value to many
(sum)
variables a = b = c = 1 # single value to multiple
variable
a,b = 1,2 # multiple value to multiple
variable a,b = b,a # value of a and b
is swaped
Variable
sariable Scope And Lifetime in Python Program
V
1. Local Variable
def fun():
x=8
print(
x)

fun()
print(x)
#error will be
shown
2. Global
Variable
x=8
def fun():
print(
x) #
Callin
g
variab
Dynamic typing

Data type of a variable depend/change upon the value assigned to a

variable on each next statement.
X = 25 # integer type
X = “python” # x variable data type change to string on just next line
Now programmer should be aware that not to write like this:
Y = X / 5 # error !! String cannot be devided
Input and Output
print() Function In Python is used to print output on the
screen.
Syntax of Print Function
print(expression/variable)
e.g.
print(12
2)
Output :-
1
2
2

print('he
llo
India')
Output :-
h
e
l
l
o
Input and Output
var1=‘Computer Science'
var2=‘Informatics Practices'
print(var1,' and ',var2,' )
Output :-
Computer
Science and
Informatics
Practices

raw_input() Function In Python allows a user to give input to a

program from a keyboard but in the form of string.
NOTE : raw_input() function is deprecated in python 3
e.g.
age = int(raw_input(‘enter your age’))
percentage = float(raw_input(‘enter percentage’))
input() Function In Python allows a user to give input to a
program from a keyboard but returns the value accordingly.
e.g.
age = int(input(‘enter your age’))
C = age+2 #will not produce any error
NOTE : input() function always enter string value in python 3.so