Chapter 7

Basics of Python
Programming

Computer Science
 Basics of Python Programming
Structure of a python program

Program
|->Module -> main program
| -> functions
| ->libraries
|->Statements -> simple statement
| ->compound statement
|->expressions -> Operators
| -> expressions
|----objects ->data model

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 Python basics
Python 3.0 was released in 2008. Although this version is
supposed to be backward incompatibles, later on many of its
important features have been back ported to be compatible
with version 2.7
Python Character Set
A set of valid characters recognized by python. Python uses the
traditional ASCII character set. The latest version recognizes the Unicode
character set. The ASCII character set is a subset of the Unicode
character set.
Letters :– A-Z,a-z
Digits :– 0-9
Special symbols :– Special symbol available over keyboard
White spaces:– blank space,tab,carriage return,new line, form feed
Other characters:- Unicode

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 Input and Output

var1=‘Computer Science'
var2=‘Informatics Practices'
print(var1,' and ',var2,' )
Output :-
Computer Science and Informatics Practices
raw_input() Function In Python allows a user to give input to a program
from a keyboard but in the form of string.
NOTE : raw_input() function is deprecated in python 3
e.g.
age = int(raw_input(‘enter your age’))
percentage = float(raw_input(‘enter percentage’))
input() Function In Python allows a user to give input to a program from a
keyboard but returns the value accordingly.
e.g.
age = int(input(‘enter your age’))
C = age+2 #will not produce any error
NOTE : input() function always enter string value in python 3.so on need
int(),float() function can be used for data conversion.

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 Indentation
Indentation refers to the spaces applied at the beginning of a
code line. In other programming languages the indentation
in code is for readability only, where as the indentation in
Python is very important.
Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code or used
in block of codes.
E.g.1
if 3 > 2:
print(“Three is greater than two!") //syntax error due to not indented

E.g.2
if 3 > 2:
print(“Three is greater than two!") //indented so no error

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 Token

Smallest individual unit in a program is known as

token.
1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
3. Literals
4. Operators
5. Punctuators/Delimiters

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 Keywords
Reserve word of the compiler/interpreter which can’t
be used as identifier.
and exec not

as finally or

assert for pass

break from print

class global raise

continue if return

def import try

del in while

elif is with

else lambda yield

except

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 Identifiers
A Python identifier is a name used to identify a
variable, function, class, module or other object.
* An identifier starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an
underscore (_) followed by zero or more letters,
underscores and digits (0 to 9).
* Python does not allow special characters
* Identifier must not be a keyword of Python.
* Python is a case sensitive programming language.
Thus, Rollnumber and rollnumber are two different
identifiers in Python.
Some valid identifiers : Mybook, file123, z2td,
date_2, _no
Some invalid identifier : 2rno,break,my.book,data-cs
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 Identifiers-continue
Some additional naming conventions
1. Class names start with an uppercase letter. All
other identifiers start with a lowercase letter.
2. Starting an identifier with a single leading
underscore indicates that the identifier is private.
3. Starting an identifier with two leading underscores
indicates a strong private identifier.
4. If the identifier also ends with two trailing
underscores, the identifier is a language-defined
special name.

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 Literals
Literals in Python can be defined as number, text, or
other data that represent values to be stored in
variables.

Example of String Literals in Python

name = ‘Johni’ , fname =“johny”
Example of Integer Literals in Python(numeric literal)
age = 22
Example of Float Literals in Python(numeric literal)
height = 6.2
Example of Special Literals in Python
name = None
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 Literals
Escape sequence/Back slash character
constants Escape Sequence Description
\\ Backslash (\)

\' Single quote (')

\" Double quote (")

\a ASCII Bell (BEL)

\b ASCII Backspace (BS)

\f ASCII Formfeed (FF)

\n ASCII Linefeed (LF)

\r ASCII Carriage Return (CR)

\t ASCII Horizontal Tab (TAB)

\v ASCII Vertical Tab (VT)

\ooo Character with octal value ooo

\xhh Character with hex value hh

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 Operators
Operators can be defined as symbols that are used
to perform operations on operands.

Types of Operators
1. Arithmetic Operators.
2. Relational Operators.
3. Assignment Operators.
4. Logical Operators.
5. Bitwise Operators
6. Membership Operators
7. Identity Operators

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 Operators continue
1. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic Operators are used to perform arithmetic
operations like addition, multiplication, division etc.
Operators Description Example

+ perform addition of two number x=a+b

- perform subtraction of two number x=a-b

/ perform division of two number x=a/b

* perform multiplication of two number x=a*b

% Modulus = returns remainder x=a%b

Floor Division = remove digits after the

// x=a//b
decimal point

** Exponent = perform raise to power x=a**b

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 Operator continue
Arithmatic operator continue
e.g.
x=5
y=4
print('x + y =',x+y)
print('x - y =',x-y)
print('x * y =',x*y)
print('x / y =',x/y)
print('x // y =',x//y)
• Write a program in python to calculate
print('x ** y =',x**y) the simple interest based on entered
amount ,rate and time
OUTPUT
('x + y =', 9)
('x - y =', 1)
('x * y =', 20)
('x / y =', 1)
('x // y =', 1)
('x ** y =', 625)

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 Operator continue
Arithmatic operator continue

# EMI Calculator program in Python

def emi_calculator(p, r, t):

r = r / (12 * 100) # one month interest
t = t * 12 # one month period
emi = (p * r * pow(1 + r, t)) / (pow(1 + r, t) - 1)
return emi

# driver code
principal = 10000;
rate = 10;
time = 2;
emi = emi_calculator(principal, rate, time);
print("Monthly EMI is= ", emi)

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 Operator continue
Arithmatic operator continue
How to calculate GST
GST ( Goods and Services Tax ) which is included in
netprice of product for get GST % first need to calculate GST
Amount by subtract original cost from Netprice and then apply
GST % formula = (GST_Amount*100) / original_cost

# Python3 Program to compute GST from original and net prices.

def Calculate_GST(org_cost, N_price):
# return value after calculate GST%
return (((N_price - org_cost) * 100) / org_cost);

# Driver program to test above functions

org_cost = 100
N_price = 120
print("GST = ",end='')
print(round(Calculate_GST(org_cost, N_price)),end='')
print("%")
* Write a Python program to calculate the standard deviation

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 Operators continue
2. Relational Operators/Comparison Operator
Relational Operators are used to compare the values.
Operators Description Example

== Equal to, return true if a equals to b a == b

!= Not equal, return true if a is not equals to b a != b

Greater than, return true if a is greater

> a>b
than b

Greater than or equal to , return true if a is

>= a >= b
greater than b or a is equals to b

< Less than, return true if a is less than b a<b

Less than or equal to , return true if a is

<= a <= b
less than b or a is equals to b

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 Operator continue
Comparison operators continue
e.g.
x = 101
y = 121
print('x > y is',x>y)
print('x < y is',x<y)
print('x == y is',x==y)
print('x != y is',x!=y)
print('x >= y is',x>=y)
print('x <= y is',x<=y)

Output
('x > y is', False)
('x < y is', True)
('x == y is', False)
('x != y is', True)
('x >= y is', False)
('x <= y is', True)

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 Operators continue
3. Augmented Assignment Operators
Used to assign values to the variables.
Operators Description Example

= Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand a=b

+= Add 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a+=b

/= Divides 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a/=b

*= Multiply 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. A*=b

-= Subtracts 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. A-=b

%= modulus 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a%=b

//= Perform floor division on 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a//=b

**= calculate power on operators and assigns the result to left operand. a**=b

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 Operators continue
4. Logical Operators
Logical Operators are used to perform logical operations on
the given two variables or values.
Operators Description Example
return true if both condition are
and x and y
true
return true if either or both
or x or y
condition are true
not reverse the condition not(a>b)

a=30
b=20
if(a==30 and b==20):
print('hello')

Output :-
hello
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 Operators continue
6. Membership Operators
The membership operators in Python are used to validate whether a value is
found within a sequence such as such as strings, lists, or tuples.
Operators Description Example
in return true if value exists in the sequence, else false. a in list
return true if value does not exists in the sequence, else
not in a not in list
false.

E.g.
a = 22
list = [22,99,27,31]
In_Ans = a in list
NotIn_Ans = a not in list
print(In_Ans)
print(NotIn_Ans)
Output :-
True
False
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 Operators
7. Identity Operators
continue
Identity operators in Python compare the memory locations of two objects.
Ope
Exam
rator Description
e.g. ple
s
a = 34
b=34 returns true if two variables point
is a is b
if (a is b): the same object, else false
print('both a and b has same identity') returns true if two variables point a is
is not
else: the different object, else false not b
print('a and b has different identity')
b=99
if (a is b):
print('both a and b has same identity')
else:
print('a and b has different identity')
Output :-
both a and b has same identity
a and b has different identity

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 Operator continue
Operators Precedence :
highest precedence to lowest precedence table. Precedence is used to
decide ,which operator to be taken first for evaluation when two or more
operators comes in an expression.
Operator Description
** Exponentiation (raise to the power)
~+- Complement, unary plus,minus(method names for the last two are+@and -@)
* / % // Multiply, divide, modulo and floor division
+- Addition and subtraction
>> << Right and left bitwise shift
& Bitwise 'AND'td>
^| Bitwise exclusive `OR' and regular `OR'
<= < > >= Comparison operators
<> == != Equality operators
= %= /= //= - Assignment operators
= += *= **=
is is not Identity operators
in not in Membership operators
not or and Logical operators
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 Punctuators/Delimiters

Used to implement the grammatical and structure of a

Syntax.Following are the python punctuators.

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 Barebone of a python
program
#function definition comment
def keyArgFunc(empname, emprole):
print ("Emp Name: ", empname) Function
print ("Emp Role: ", emprole) indentation
return;
A = 20 expression
print("Calling in proper sequence")
keyArgFunc(empname = "Nick",emprole = "Manager" )
print("Calling in opposite sequence") statements
keyArgFunc(emprole = "Manager",empname = "Nick")

A python program contain the following components

a. Expression
b. Statement
c. Comments
d. Function
e. Block &n indentation

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 Barebone of a python program
a. Expression : - which is evaluated and produce result. E.g. (20 + 4) / 4
b. Statement :- instruction that does something.
e.g
a = 20
print("Calling in proper sequence")
c. Comments : which is readable for programmer but ignored by python
interpreter
i. Single line comment: Which begins with # sign.
ii. Multi line comment (docstring): either write multiple line beginning with #
sign or use triple quoted multiple line. E.g.
‘’’this is my
first
python multiline comment
‘’’
d. Function
a code that has some name and it can be reused.e.g. keyArgFunc in
above program
d. Block & indentation : group of statements is block.indentation at same
level create a block.e.g. all 3 statement of keyArgFunc function

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 Variables
Variable is a name given to a memory location. A variable can consider as
a container which holds value. Python is a type infer language that means
you don't need to specify the datatype of variable.Python automatically get
variable datatype depending upon the value assigned to the variable.
Assigning Values To Variable
name = ‘python' # String Data Type
sum = None # a variable without value
a = 23 # Integer
b = 6.2 # Float
sum = a + b
print (sum)
Multiple Assignment: assign a single value to many variables
a = b = c = 1 # single value to multiple variable
a,b = 1,2 # multiple value to multiple variable
a,b = b,a # value of a and b is swaped

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 Variables
Variable Scope And Lifetime in Python Program
1. Local Variable
def fun():
x=8
print(x)

fun()
print(x) #error will be shown
2. Global Variable
x=8
def fun():
print(x) # Calling variable ‘x’ inside fun()

fun()
print(x) # Calling variable ‘x’ outside fun()

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 Variables
Concept of L Value and R Value in variable
Lvalue and Rvalue refer to the left and right side of the
assignment operator. The Lvalue (pronounced: L value)
concept refers to the requirement that the operand on the
left side of the assignment operator is modifiable, usually
a variable. Rvalue concept fetches the value of the
expression or operand on the right side of the assignment
operator. example:
amount = 390
The value 390 is pulled or fetched (Rvalue) and stored
into the variable named amount (Lvalue); destroying the
value previously stored in that variable.

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 Dynamic typing

Data type of a variable depend/change upon the value

assigned to a variable on each next statement.
X = 25 # integer type
X = “python” # x variable data type change to string on
just next line
Now programmer should be aware that not to write like
this:
Y = X / 5 # error !! String cannot be devided

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 Constants
A constant is a type of variable whose value cannot be changed. It
is helpful to think of constants as containers that hold information
which cannot be changed later.
In Python, constants are usually declared and assigned in a
module. Here, the module is a new file containing variables,
functions, etc which is imported to the main file. Inside the module,
constants are written in all capital letters and underscores
separating the words.
Create a constant.py:
PI = 3.14

Create a main.py:
import constant
print(constant.PI)
Note: In reality, we can not create constants in Python. Naming them in
all capital letters is a convention to separate them from variables,
however, it does not actually prevent reassignment, so we can change
its value.
 Input and Output
print() Function In Python is used to print output on the screen.
Syntax of Print Function - print(expression/variable)
e.g.
print(122)
Output :-
122
print('hello India')
Output :-
hello India

print(‘Computer',‘Science')
print(‘Computer',‘Science',sep=' & ')
print(‘Computer',‘Science',sep=' & ',end='.')

Output :-
Computer Science
Computer & Science
Computer & Science.