9

Science
Quarter 4- Week 3 - Module 3
IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

AIRs - LM
 Target

In this module, the focus is one of the key topics in topics in mechanics –
motion. Everything around us moves. Movements never stops.In the study of
mechanics, you deal with both simple and complex movements.
An example of a simple movement is when you are moving in a straight line.
Here, objects move at constant velocity, either speed up or slow down depending on
the forces that were acting on them.
Moreover, in this unit, you will deal with linear momentum and impulse to
analyze the behavior of moving objects. The forces involved in collisions are
extremely large so it is usually convenient to study the impact problems from the
standpoint of momentum.

After going through this module, you are expected to attain the following
objectives:

Most Essential Learning Competency

• Relate impulse and momentum to collision of objects (e.g., vehicular collision)

(S9FE-IVb-36)
• Infer that the total momentum before and after collision is equal.(S9FE-IVb-
37)
Subtasks
• Describe momentum and impulse and relate it to collisions.
• Relate the effects of collisions in real-life situations.
Pre-Test
Multiple Choice. Read the following questions and write the letter of your answer
on a separate sheet of paper. Label your paper Quarter 4 Module 3 Pre-test.

1. Which quantities do not occur in equal and opposite pairs when two
objects interact?
A. accelerations B. forces C. impulse D. transfers of momentum

2. Which of the following statements are true about momentum?

A.The standard unit on momentum is the Joule.
B.An object with mass will have momentum.
C. An object can be traveling eastward and slowing down; its momentum
is westward.
D. The momentum of an object varies directly with the speed of the object

3. Which of the following statements are true about impulse?

A. Impulse is a force.
B.Impulse is a vector quantity.
C.The Newton is the unit for impulse.
D.Objects involved in collisions encounter impulses

4. A truck driving along a highway road has a large quantity of momentum.

If it moves at the same speed but has twice as much mass, its momentum
is ________________.
A. doubled B. quadrupled C. unchanged D. zero

5. A ball is dropped from the same height upon various flat surfaces. For the
same collision time, impulses are smaller when the most bouncing take place.
A. False B. True C. Both A and B D. None of the two

6. Suppose that you're driving down the highway and a moth crashes into the
windshield of your car. Which undergoes the greater change is momentum?
A. the moth B. your car C. both the same D. driver

7. Which of the following statements are true about collisions?

A. Two colliding objects will exert equal forces upon each other even if their
mass is significantly different
B. While individual objects may change their velocity during a collision, the
overall or total velocity of the colliding objects is conserved.
C. In a collision between two objects of identical mass, the acceleration values
could be different.
D. During a collision, the impulse which an object experiences is equal to its
velocity change.

8. Which of the following statements are true about elastic and inelastic
collisions?
A. Most collisions tend to be partially to completely elastic.
B. Momentum is conserved in an elastic collision but not in an inelastic
collision.
C. The kinetic energy of an object remains constant during an elastic collision.
D. Elastic collisions occur when the collision force is a non-contact force.
9. A physics cart rolls along a low-friction track with considerable momentum. If it
rolls at the same speed but has twice as much mass, its momentum is ____.
A. four times as large B .twice as large. C.unchanged D.zero

10. A bus and a car are travelling along EDSA having the same velocity. Which
of the two vehicles would have a greater momentum?
A. the bus B. both have the same momentum
C.the car D.cannot be easily determined

11. Two identical cars are travelling along EDSA. Which of the two cars would
have a greater momentum?
A. the slower car B. the faster car
C. both have the same momentum D.cannot be easily determined

12. Which of the following is a necessary condition for the total momentum of a
system to be conserved?
A. Kinetic energy must not change.
B.No net external force acts on the system.
C.The system must be at rest.
D. Only the force of gravity acts on the system

For numbers 13 and 14: Two 0.5 kg balls approach each other with the same speed of 1.0
m/s.
13. What is the total momentum of the system before collision?
A.0 B.0.50 kg m/s C.1.0 kg m/s D.-1.0 kg m/s

14. If there is no external force acting on the system, what the total momentum of
the system after collision?
A.0 B.0.50 kg m/s C.1.0 kg m/s D.-1.0 kg m/s

15. A lady tennis player hits an approaching ball with a force of 750 N. If
she hits the ball in 0.002 s, how much impulse is imparted to the tennis ball?
A. 0 N s B.1.5 N s C.3.0 N s D. 6.0 Ns
 Lesson
Impulse and Momentum
1
There are two things that come to mind when we say collision – crashes and
billiards. These are the negative and positive instances of intersecting objects. What
affects the strength of a collision?Why did it cause so much damage? Hopefully by
learning the concepts of momentum, impulse, and the conservation laws, you get to
understand the properties of collision and use it to our advantage.

Jumpstart

Stand at rest on a skateboard and throw a basketball forward and backward.

What did you notice?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________

Repeat this throwing action within the same ball, but this time do not let go the ball.
What Happened?
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
 Discover

MOMENTUM
Momentum is another way of looking at how objects affect each others'
motion. Rather than looking at how forces change over the time of the interaction,
we can look at how objects are moving before they interact and then after they
interact.

If a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball are each moving with a velocity of
5 mph, you intuitively understand that it will require more effort to stop the bowling
ball than the ping pong ball because of the greater mass of the bowling ball.
Similarly, if you have two bowling balls, one moving at 5 mph and the other moving
at 10 mph, you know it will take more effort to stop the ball with the greater speed.
It is clear that both the mass and the velocity of a moving object contribute to what
is necessary to change the motion of the moving object. The product of the mass
and velocity of an object is called its momentum. Momentum is a vector quantity
that has the same direction as the velocity of the object and is represented by a
lowercase letter p. p=mv
The momentum of a 0.500 kg ball moving with a velocity of 15.0 m/s will be?
Solution:
p=mv
= (0.500 kg)(15.0 m/s)
= 7.50 kg⋅m/s
You should note that the units for momentum are kg·m/s.

According to Newton’s first law, the velocity of an object cannot change

unless a force is applied. If we wish to change the momentum of a body, we must
apply a force. The longer the force is applied, the greater the change in momentum.
A common misconception is that when two objects collide, the smaller object is hit
harder or experiences more force than the larger object.

The impulse is the quantity defined as the force multiplied by the time
it is applied. It is a vector quantity that has the same direction as the force. The
units for impulse are N·s but we know that Newtons are also kg·m/s2 and so N·s =
(kg·m/s2)(s) = kg·m/s. Impulse and momentum have the same units; when an
impulse is applied to an object, the momentum of the object changes and the change
of momentum is equal to the impulse.

Ft=Δmv

Example 1
A 0.15 kg ball is moving with a velocity of 35 m/s. Find the momentum of the ball.
p=mv

=(0.15 kg)(35 m/s)

=5.25 kg⋅m/s
Example 2

If a ball with mass 5.00 kg has a momentum of 5.25 kg⋅m/s, what is its velocity?

v=pm

=5.25 kg⋅m/s5.00 kg

=1.05 m/s

It should be clear from the equation relating impulse to change in

momentum, Ft=Δmv, that any amount of force would (eventually) bring a moving
object to rest. If the force is very small, it must be applied for a long time, but a
greater force can bring the object to rest in a shorter period of time.

If you jump off a porch and land on your feet with your knees locked in
the straight position, your motion would be brought to rest in a very short period of
time and thus the force would need to be very large – large enough, perhaps, to
damage your joints or bones.

Suppose that when you hit the ground, your velocity was 7.0 m/s and
that velocity was brought to rest in 0.05 seconds. If your mass is 100. kg, what force
was required to bring you to rest?

F=Δmvt
=(100. kg)(7.0 m/s)0.050 s
=14,000 N
If, on the other hand, when your feet first touched the ground, you
allowed your knees to flex so that the period of time over which your body was
brought to rest is increased, then the force on your body would be smaller and it
would be less likely that you would damage your legs.

Suppose that when you first touch the ground, you allow your knees to
bend and extend the stopping time to 0.50 seconds. What force would be required to
bring you to rest this time?

F=Δmvt

=(100. kg)(7.0 m/s)0.50 s

=1400 N

With the longer period of time for the force to act, the necessary force is reduced to
one-tenth of what was needed before.

Extending the period of time over which a force acts in order to lessen
the force is a common practice in design. Padding in shoes and seats allows the time
to increase. The front of automobiles are designed to crumple in an accident; this
increases the time the car takes to stop. Similarly, barrels of water or sand in front
of abutments on the highway and airbags serve to slow down the stoppage time.
These changes all serve to decrease the amount of force it takes to stop the
momentum in a car crash, which consequently saves lives.

Example 3
An 0.15 kg baseball is thrown horizontally at 40. m/s and after it is struck by a bat,
it is traveling at -40. m/s.

(a) What impulse did the bat deliver to the ball?

(b) If the contact time of the bat and bat was 0.00080 seconds, what was the average
force the bat exerted on the ball?
(c) Calculate the average acceleration of the ball during the time it was in contact
with the bat.

We can calculate the change in momentum and give the answer as impulse because
we know that the impulse is equal to the change in momentum.

(a) p=mΔv
=(0.15 kg)(−40. m/s−40. m/s)
=(0.15 kg)(−80. m/s)
=−12 kg⋅m/s

The minus sign indicates that the impulse was in the opposite direction of the original
throw.

(b) F=Δmvt
=−12 kg⋅m/s0.00080 s
=−15000 N
Again, the negative sign indicates the force was in the opposite direction of the
original throw.
(c) a=Fm
=−15000 N0.15 kg
=−100,000 m/s2
 Explore

To intensify your understanding of the topic do the activities bellow.

ACTIVITY 1: Investigating Momentum

Objective:
• Identify the factors that affect momentum.

Materials Needed:
Board or plank (at least 1.0 m long) Books
Block of wood Masking tape Protractor
Ruler / meterstick
toy cars/trucks, one at least twice as heavy as the other
Procedure:
1.Place several books on top of a table and position the plane board at an angle
of about 15o from the horizontal.
2. Using masking tape and marker, label distances of every 20 cm starting from
the lower portion of the inclined plane up to the other edge of the inclined
plane.

3. Place the block of wood about 10 cm from the foot of the inclined plane. Label
this as the block’s initial position.

80 cm

60 cm
40 cm
20 cm
10 cm
30 *

Figure 1. A toy car on an inclined plane

Source: Science 9 Leaarner’s Module
4. Measure how far the block moved. Record this as the stopping distance.

Table 1 Stopping Distance and Time of the Toy Cars

Initial Stopping Distance Stopping Distance

Distanc (cm) of Small (cm) of Big toy
e (cm) toy car car
20
40
60
80
100
 5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 while varying only the initial position /
distance for 40 cm, 60 cm, 80 cm,
6. Do steps 3 to 5, this time using the bigger toy vehicle. Record your data in
the table. How will you compare their stopping distances?

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
1. How will you compare their stopping distance.
2. Did the two toy car immediately stop as they hit the block of wood?
Describe the stopping distances of the two toy cars as their point of release
Increases.
3. What do you think happens to the velocity of the two toy cars as thepoint of
releases increases.
4. If momentum is a measure of how difficult it is to stop a moving object
wthich of the two cars had a greater momentum for the same point of
releases?
5. How will iy be possible for the two bodies of different masses to have equal
momentum?

ACTIVITY 2 Catching the Egg

Objective:
• Identify the factors that affect the time of impact of moving objects.
Materials Needed:
1 raw egg
Clear plastic bag where an egg can be inserted Piece of cloth / large
handkerchief
Procedure:
1. Look for an open space in your school where you can perform this activity.
2. Place the raw egg inside the clear plastic bag and tie the plastic bag
securely. This is needed to prevent the egg contents from splattering in case
the egg breaks.
3. Have a companion (friend,brother,sister) stand three meters away from
each other.. Each pair should have one large handkerchief or“bandana”.
4. The objective of the game is to have the eggs travel back and forth from
each other without breaking the egg. The players are only allowed to throw
the egg in a curved path.
5.You are not allowed to use your hands in throwing and catching the egg.
Instead, you will use the cloth or handkerchief.

Figure 2. Playing egg volleyball

https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrwS23q7StgFVUAWpG1Rwx.;_ylu=c2VjA

6.Increase the distance by 1 meter between the two team in order to make
the game more interesting and challenging.
7.The pair who is able to catch and throw the most number of eggs without
breaking would be declared as the winner.
Guide questions:
Q1.Was the handkerchief able to protect the egg from breaking?
Q2.Did the egg break immediately when it hit the ground?
Q3.How was the impact force lessened by the use of the handkerchief?

Deepen
A. Given the following data, solve for momentum using the formula p = mv.

Objec Mass Velocity Momentum

t (kg) (m/s) (kg- m/s)
Bird 0.03 18
Basketball player 100 5
Bullet .004 600
Baseball .14 30
Frog .9 12
B. Applying the equation learned, answer the following problems.
1. How much force is applied during a 0.30 second 210 N∙s impulse?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. How much force is required to stop a 0.145 kg baseball traveling at 44
m/s in 0.020 seconds?
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 Lesson
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
2

Jumpstart
Conservation of Momentum
Read each clue and fill in the appropriate answer in the corresponding space. Do
NOT use spaces in your answer.

Discover
 Figure 3 The Skaters
Credit: User:Paolakorn/It.Wikipedia;Christopher Auyeung
Source: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skateboard_1613.jpg ; CK-12 Foundation
License: CC BY 2.0; CC BY-NC 3.0
These skaters are racing each other at Newton’s Skate Park. The first skater
in line, the one on the left, is distracted by something he sees. He starts to slow
down without realizing it. The skater behind him isn’t paying attention and keeps
skating at the same speed.

Q: Can you guess what happens next?

A: Skater 2 runs into skater 1.

Conserving Momentum

When skater 2 runs into skater 1, he’s going faster than skater 1 so he has more
momentum. Momentum is a property of a moving object that makes it hard to stop.
It’s a product of the object’s mass and velocity. At the moment of the collision,
skater 2 transfers some of his momentum to skater 1, who shoots forward when
skater 2 runs into him. Whenever an action and reaction such as this occur,
momentum is transferred from one object to the other. However, the combined
momentum of the objects remains the same. In other words, momentum is
conserved. This is the law of conservation of momentum. Watch the video below to
learn more: https://youtu.be/2E9fY8H6O1g

Modeling Momentum

The Figure below shows how momentum is conserved in the two colliding skaters.
The total momentum is the same after the collision as it was before. However, after
the collision, skater 1 has more momentum and skater 2 has less momentum than
before.

Figure 4. How momentum is conserved in the two colliding skaters.

Credit: Laura Guerin;User:Paolakorn/It.Wikipedia;Christopher Auyeung
Source: CK-12 Foundation ; http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skateboard_1613.jpg
License: CC BY-NC 3.0; CC BY 2.0
Q: What if two skaters have a head-on collision? Do you think momentum is conserved then?
A: As in all actions and reactions, momentum is also conserved in a head-on collision.

What is the principle of conservation of momentum?

In physics, the term conservation refers to something which doesn't change.
This means that the variable in an equation which represents a conserved quantity
is constant over time. It has the same value both before and after an event.
There are many conserved quantities in physics. They are often remarkably useful
for making predictions in what would otherwise be very complicated situations. In
mechanics, there are three fundamental quantities which are conserved. These
are momentum, energy, and angular momentum. Conservation of momentum is
mostly used for describing collisions between objects.
Just as with the other conservation principles, there is a catch: conservation of
momentum applies only to an isolated system of objects. In this case an isolated
system is one that is not acted on by force external to the system—i.e., there is
no external impulse. What this means in the practical example of a collision
between two objects is that we need to include both objects and anything else that
applies a force to any of the objects for any length of time in the system.

Why is momentum conserved?

Conservation of momentum is actually a direct consequence of Newton's third law.
Consider a collision between two objects, object A and object B. When the two
objects collide, there is a force on A due to B—FAB but because of Newton's
third law, there is an equal force in the opposite direction, on B due to A—FBA.

FAB=−FBA
The forces act between the objects when they are in contact. The length of time for
which the objects are in contact—tAB and tBA, depends on the specifics of the
situation. For example, it would be longer for two squishy balls than for two billiard
balls. However, the time must be equal for both balls.
tAB=tBA
Consequently, the impulse experienced by objects A and B must be equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.
FAB⋅tAB=–FBA⋅tBA
If we recall that impulse is equivalent to change in momentum, it follows that the
change in momenta of the objects is equal but in the opposite directions. This can
be equivalently expressed as the sum of the change in momenta being zero.
mA⋅ΔvA= −mB⋅ΔvB
mA⋅ΔvA+mB⋅ΔvB=0
 Explore

To intensify your understanding of the topic do the activities bellow.

ACTIVITY 1 Balloon Rocket

Objectives:
•Describe how a balloon rocket works and how conservation of momentum
explains rocket motion.
Materials Needed:
balloon(long shape) tape
string (nylon, if available) paper clip
straw pinch of starch
Procedure:
1. Insert the string into the straw before stretching it over two posts. You can
use chairs or iron stands as posts. Make sjure that the string is taut
2.Put a pinch of starch inside the balloon before inflating it. Twist the opened
end and temporarily secure it with a paper clip.
3.Tape the straw to the balloon such that it is aligned with the balloon’s
opening (see Figure ).

Figure 5. Balloon rocket set up.

Source:Science 9 Learner’s Resource

4. Position the balloon at the middle of the string.

5.Release the air from the balloon by removing the paper clip and observe
carefully .
6.Draw a diagram showing the momentum vectors of your balloon rocket and
the air.
GUIDE QUESTIONS
Q1.What can you say about the initial momentum of the system before
releasing the air from the balloon?
Q2. What did you observe after releasing the air from the balloon?
Q3.What is the direction of the balloon compared to the direction of air
coming out from the balloon?
Q4. How do their momenta compare after releasing the air?
Q5. From your answer in Q4,how does the velocity of the air that is pushed
 of the rocket compare to the velocity of the balloon rocket?
ACTIVITY 2:Conservation of Mass
A. Applying the equation learned, answer the following problems.
1. When these two freight cars of different mass collide and couple, what will
be their resultant velocity?

Sourcehttps://akademiexcel.com/momentum-worksheet-answers/worksheet-conservation-of-momentum-2/
A large locomotive with a mass 4 kg collides into a 1kg motionless railroad car
collides and couples together. What is their combined speed after the collision?

Source: https://pfernandessite.files.wordpress.com/2017/12/conservation_of_momentum_problems-answers_2016.pdf

Deepen
1.Make two event chains showing what happens when a rolling ball
(Ball 1) hits a resting ball (Ball 2). Use the phrases: gains momentum, hits Ball
2, is hit by Ball 1, loses momentum, rests, rolls, slows down, starts rolling.
BALL 1 BALL 2
 Lesson
COLLISION
3

Jumpstart
All the pictures are the different types of collision. Identify the different
types of collision that illustrated by the picture. Choose your answer in the box.
ELASTIC COLLISION INELASTIC COLLISION
PERPECTLY INELASTIC COLLISION

1.____________________ 3.______________
SOURCE: https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/image SOURCE:https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_

2.___________________ 4._______________
SOURCE: https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ SOURCE: https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_

Discover
As you go about your day-to-day activities, you probably witness
many collisions without really thinking about them. In some collisions,
two objects collide and stick together so that they travel together after the impact.
An example of this action is a collision between football players during a tackle, In
an isolated system, the two football players would both move together after the
collision with a momentum equal to the sum of their momenta (plural of
momentum) before the collision. In other collisions, such as a collision between a
tennis racket and a tennis ball, two objects collide and bounce so that they move
away with two different velocities. The total momentum remains constant in any
type of collision. However, the total kinetic energy is generally not conserved in a
collision because some kinetic energy is converted to internal energy when the
objects deform.
TYPES OF COLLISION
PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISIONS
Perfectly inelastic collisions can be analyzed in terms of momentum. When
two objects, such as the two football players, collide and move together as one
mass, the collision is called a perfectly inelastic collision. Likewise, if a meteorite
collides head on with Earth, it becomes buried in Earth and the collision is
perfectly inelastic. Perfectly inelastic collisions are easy to analyze in terms of
momentum because the objects become essentially one object after the collision.
The final mass is equal to the combined masses of the colliding objects. The
combination moves with a predictable velocity after the collision. Consider two cars
of masses m1 and m2 moving with initial velocities of v 1,i and v 2,i along a
straight line, as shown in Figure 3.2. The two cars stick together and move with
some common velocity, v f , along the same line of motion after the collision. The
total momentum of the two cars before the collision is equal to the total momentum
of the two cars after the collision.
Perfectly Inelastic Collision
m1 v 1,i + m2 v 2,i = (m1 + m2) v f
This simplified version of the equation for conservation of momentum is
useful in analyzing perfectly inelastic collisions. When using this equation, it is
important to pay attention to signs that indicate direction. In Figure 3.2, v1,i has a
positive value (m1 moving to the right), while v2,i has a negative value (m2 moving
to the left).
Sample Problem: A 1850 kg luxury sedan stopped at a traffic light is struck from
the rear by a compact car with a mass of 975 kg. The two cars become entangled as
a result of the collision. If the compact car was moving at a velocity of 22.0 m/s to
the north before the collision, what is the velocity of the entangled mass after the
collision?

ANALYZE
Given: m1 = 1850 kg
m2 = 975 kg
v 1,i = 0 m/s
v 2,i = 22.0 m/s to the north
Unknown: vf
=?
SOLVE
Use the equation for a perfectly inelastic collision.
m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i = (m1 + m2) vf

vf =m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i

m1 + m2

vf = (1850 kg)(0 m/s) + (975 kg)(22.0 m/s north)

1850 kg + 975 kg
vf = 7.59 m/s to the north
ELASTIC COLLISION
In an elastic collision, two objects collide and return to their original shapes
with no loss of total kinetic energy. After the collision, the two objects move
separately. In an elastic collision, both the total momentum and the total kinetic
energy are conserved.
Momentum and Kinetic Energy Are Conserved in an Elastic Collision

m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i = m1v 1,f + m2v 2,

1 /2 m1v1,i2 + 1/ 2 m2v2,i2 =1/ 2 m1v1,f2 + /1 2 m2v2,f
Remember that v is positive if an object moves to the right and negative if it moves
to the left.

Sample Problem: A 0.015 kg marble moving to the right at 0.225 m/s makes an
elastic head-on collision with a 0.030 kg shooter marble moving to the left at 0.180
m/s. After the collision, the smaller marble moves to the left at 0.315 m/s. Assume
that neither marble rotates before or after the collision and that both marbles are
moving on a frictionless surface. What is the velocity of the 0.030 kg marble after
the collision?
ANALYZE
Given:
m1 = 0.015 kg m2 = 0.030 kg
v 1,i = 0.225 m/s to the right, v1,i = +0.225 m/s
v 2,i = 0.180 m/s to the left, v2,i = −0.180 m/s
v 1,f = 0.315 m/s to the left, v1,f = −0.315 m/s
Unknown: v2,f = ?
PLAN
Choose an equation or situation:
Use the equation for the conservation of momentum to find the final
velocity of m2, the 0.030 kg marble.
m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i = m1v 1,f + m2v2,f
Rearrange the equation to isolate the final velocity of m2.
m2v2,f = m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i − m1v 1,f
v2,f = m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i –t m1v 1,f
m2

SOLVE
Substitute the values into the equation and solve: The rearranged
conservation-of-momentum equation will allow you to isolate and solve for
the final velocity.
v2,f = (0.015 kg)(0.225 m/s) + (0.030 kg)(−0.180 m/s) − (0.015 kg)(−0.315 m/s)
0.030 kg
v2,f = (3.4 × 10−3 kg•m/s) + (−5.4 × 10−3 kg•m/s) − (−4.7 × 10−3 kg•m/s)
0.030 kg
v2,f = 2.7 × 10 -3 kg•m/s
3.0 × 10 -2 kg
v2,f = 9.0 × 10 −2 m/s to the right

INELASTIC COLLISIONS
An inelastic collision is such a type of collision that takes place between two
objects in which some energy is lost. In the case of inelastic collision, momentum is
conserved but the kinetic energy is not conserved. Most of the collisions in daily life
are inelastic in nature.
Inelastic collision in two dimensions, conservation of momentum is applied
separately along each axis. Since Momentum is a vector equation and there is one
conservation of momentum equation per dimension. Similarly, there is only one
conservation of energy equation.
Most of the collision we see in our day to day life falls under inelastic collision.
Some of them are listed below.
Real World Examples Of Inelastic Collision
• The ball is dropped from a certain height and it is unable to rise to its
original height.
• When soft mudball is thrown against the wall, it will stick to the wall.
• The accident of two vehicles
• A car hitting a tree
In the case of inelastic collision, the kinetic energy is not conserved. The loss of
kinetic energy is due to internal friction. It may turn into vibrational energy of the
atoms, causing a heating effect and the bodies are deformed.
When two objects collide under inelastic condition, the final velocity with which the
object moves is given by.

V=(M1V1+M2V2)(M1+M2)
Where,
V= Final velocity
M1= mass of the first object in kgs
M2= mas of the second object in kgs
V1= initial velocity of the first object in m/s
V2= initial velocity of the second object in m/s

Sample Problem:Shankha is going by a slippery snowy hill. He has a mass of

20kg, and he is sliding the hill at a velocity of 5m/s. Shankha’s elder brother has a
mass of 30kg. His brother is moving slower with a velocity of 2m/s. Shankha
collides to his brother. Then both of them keep going down the hill as one unit.
Calculate the resulting velocity of Shankha.

Solution:
Given,
M1= 20kg V1= 5m/s
M2= 30kg V2= 2m/s
V=(20kg)×(5m/s)+(30kg)×(2m/s)(20kg+30kg)
=100kg.m/s+60kg.m/s50kg
=160kg.m/s50kg
=3.20m/s
Thus, after Shankha collides, the combined velocity of Shankha and his brother is
3.20m/s.
 Explore

ACTIVITY 1 :Bouncy Balls

Objectives
• Classify a collision as perfectly elastic, slightly inelastic, moderately
inelastic, highly inelastic, or perfectly inelastic.
•
Materials Needed:
4-5 types of balls(e.g. clay ball, marble, etc)
3 different surfaces (e.g., tiled, wood, concrete, grass)
Meter stick or tape measure (any measuring material available at home)

Procedure:

1.Drop each ball from a distance of 1 meter onto the surface and record how high it
bounces in meters (example: 0.46 meters).

Figure 6 Which ball bounces the best?

Source:((print screen- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7miTzc0W3kk)

2.Note whether the ball and surface showed perfectly elastic, or perfectly inelastic
collision. Classify the collision as follows:
• If the ball bounces up more than 1 meter then, it is elastic.
• If it bounces up less than 1 meter, then it is inelastic.
1. Repeat steps 1, 2 and 3 for the two other surfaces.
Table 9. Data on the Height of the Bounced Ball

Surface Mass Bounce Degree of

(m) Elasticity
A Ball 1
B
C
A Ball 2
B
C
A Ball 3
B
C
A Ball 4
B
C
A
B
C Ball 5

GUIDE QUESTIONS:
Which ball is generally more elastic? Which surface is generally more elastic? Was
there an elastic collision? Was there a perfectly inelastic collision?

ACTIVITY 2 Understanding Elastic And Inelastic Collisions

Applying the equation learned, answer the following problems.

1. A 2200kg car travelling at 30ms collides with another 2200kg car that is at
rest. The two bumpers lock and the cars move forward together. What is
their final velocity?
2. A 10kg ball moving at 13ms strikes a 20kg ball at rest. After the collision the
10kg ball is moving with a velocity of 7ms. What is the velocity of the second
ball?
3. Hockey puck A (2kg) travels with a velocity of 40ms to the right when it
collides with hockey puck B (1.6kg), which was originally at rest. After the
collision, puck A is stationary. Assume no external forces are in play and
that the momentum of the pucks are conserved. What is the final velocity of
puck B after the collision?
 Deepen

Directions: Read each statement carefully. Write letter T on the line if you think a
statement it TRUE. Write an F on the line if you think the statement
is FALSE.
__________1. In any collision between two objects, the colliding objects exert equal
and opposite force upon each other. This is simply Newton's law of action-reaction.
__________2. In a collision, there is a collision force which endures for some amount
of time to cause an impulse. This impulse acts upon the object to change its
momentum.
__________3.Two colliding objects will only experience the same velocity change if
they have the same mass and the collision occurs in an isolated system. However,
their momentum changes will be equal if the system is isolated from external
forces.
__________4.Two colliding objects will exert equal forces upon each other. If the
objects have different masses, then these equal forces will produce different
accelerations.
___________5. It the colliding objects have different masses, the equal force which
they exert upon each other will lead to different acceleration values for the two
objects.
___________6.Total momentum is conserved only if the collision can be considered
isolated from the influence of net external forces.
___________7. In any collision, the colliding objects exert equal and opposite forces
upon each other as the result of the collision interaction. There are no exceptions
to this rule.
__________8. In any collision, the colliding objects will experience equal (and
opposite) momentum changes, provided that the collision occurs in an isolated
system.
__________9. In any collision, the colliding objects exert equal and opposite forces
upon each other as the result of the collision interaction. There are no exceptions
to this rule.
__________10. In any collision, the colliding objects will experience equal (and
opposite) momentum changes, provided that the collision occurs in an isolated
system.
 Gauge

Multiple Choice. Read the following questions and write the letter of your answer
on a separate sheet of paper. Label your paper Quarter 4 Module 3 Gauge.

1. Which has more momentum, a heavy truck moving at 30 km/h or a light truck
moving at 30 km/h?
A. heavy truck B. Both have the same momentum
C. light truck D. Cannot be determined

2. Which is a necessary condition for the total momentum of a system to be

conserved?
A.Kinetic energy must not change.
B.No external force is present.
C. An object must be at rest.
D. Only the force of gravity acts on the system.

3. Which of the following statements are true about momentum?

A.The standard unit on momentum is the Joule.
B.An object with mass will have momentum.
C.An object can be traveling eastward and slowing down; its momentum is
westward.
D.The momentum of an object varies directly with the speed of the object.

4. Which of the following statements are true about impulse?

A.Impulse is a force.
B.Impulse is a vector quantity.
C. The Newton is the unit for impulse.
D. Objects involved in collisions encounter impulses.

5. Which of the following objects have momentum?.

A. An electron is orbiting the nucleus of an atom.
B. A UPS truck is stopped in front of the school building.
C.The high school building rests in the middle of town.
D. A Yugo (a compact car) is moving with a constant speed.

6. Suppose that you're driving down the highway and a moth crashes into the
windshield of your car. Which undergoes the greater change is force?
A. the moth B. your car C. both the same D. driver
7. Which of the following statements are true about collisions?
A. The velocity change of two respective objects involved in a collision will always
be equal.
B. During a collision, an object always encounters an impulse and a change in
momentum.
C. During a collision, the impulse which an object experiences is equal to its
velocity change.
D. The velocity change of two respective objects involved in a collision will always
be equal.

8. Two objects, A and B, have the same size and shape. Object A is twice as
massive as B. The objects are simultaneously dropped from a high window on a
tall building. (Neglect the effect air resistance.) The objects will reach the ground
at the same time but object A will have a greater ___________.
A. Acceleration B. collision c. momentum D. speed

9. Which of the following is a necessary condition for the total momentum of a

system to be conserved?
A. The system must be at rest.
B. Kinetic energy must not change.
C. No net external force acts on the system.
D.Only the force of gravity acts on the system

10. Two billiard balls approach each other with the same speed. If they collide in a
perfectly elastic collision, what would be their velocities after collision?
A. Zero
B.Same in magnitude and direction
C.Same in magnitude but opposite in direction
D.Different in magnitude and opposite in direction

11. A moderate force will break an egg. However, an egg dropped on the road
usually breaks, while one dropped on the grass usually doesn’t break.This is
because for the egg dropped on the grass_______.
A. the change in momentum is greater B.the change in momentum is less
C.the time interval for stopping is greater D.the time interval for stopping is less

12. A 4.0-kg object has a forward momentum of 20. kg•m/s. A 60. N•s impulse acts
upon it in the direction of motion for 5.0 seconds. A resistive force of 6.0 N then
impedes its motion for 8.0 seconds. Determine the final velocity of the object.
A. 6.0 m/s B. 7.0 m/s C. 8,0 m/s D. 9.0 m/s

For number 13,14 and 15. Alice and Bob are of equal mass (60kg). Alice has a
momentum of 60 kg*m/s. Bob is at rest. Alice runs into Bob and stops, while Bob
starts moving.
A. 0.5 N B.15 N C.1.0m/s D.1.6 m/s
13. What is Alice’s momentum after the collision?
14. What is Bob’s momentum after the collision?
15. How fast is Bob’s moving after the collision?