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10/11/2017 Java URL Processing

JAVA - URL PROCESSING

https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_url_processing.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com

URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator and represents a resource on the World Wide Web, such as a Web page
or FTP directory.

This section shows you how to write Java programs that communicate with a URL. A URL can be broken down
into parts, as follows −

protocol://host:port/path?query#ref

Examples of protocols include HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and File. The path is also referred to as the filename, and the
host is also called the authority.

The following is a URL to a web page whose protocol is HTTP −

https://www.amrood.com/index.htm?language=en#j2se

Notice that this URL does not specify a port, in which case the default port for the protocol is used. With HTTP,
the default port is 80.

URL Class Methods

The java.net.URL class represents a URL and has a complete set of methods to manipulate URL in Java.

The URL class has several constructors for creating URLs, including the following −

Sr.No. Method & Description

public URLS tringprotocol, S tringhost, intport, S tringf ile throws

1 MalformedURLException

Creates a URL by putting together the given parts.

public URLS tringprotocol, S tringhost, S tringf ile throws MalformedURLException

2
Identical to the previous constructor, except that the default port for the given protocol is used.

public URLS tringurl throws MalformedURLException

3
Creates a URL from the given String.

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4 public URLU RLcontext, S tringurl throws MalformedURLException

Creates a URL by parsing together the URL and String arguments.

The URL class contains many methods for accessing the various parts of the URL being represented. Some of the
methods in the URL class include the following −

Sr.No. Method & Description

public String getPath

1
Returns the path of the URL.

public String getQuery

2
Returns the query part of the URL.

public String getAuthority

3
Returns the authority of the URL.

public int getPort

4
Returns the port of the URL.

public int getDefaultPort

5
Returns the default port for the protocol of the URL.

public String getProtocol

6
Returns the protocol of the URL.

7
public String getHost

Returns the host of the URL.

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public String getHost

8
Returns the host of the URL.

public String getFile

9
Returns the filename of the URL.

public String getRef

10
Returns the reference part of the URL.

public URLConnection openConnection throws IOException

11
Opens a connection to the URL, allowing a client to communicate with the resource.

Example
The following URLDemo program demonstrates the various parts of a URL. A URL is entered on the command
line, and the URLDemo program outputs each part of the given URL.

// File Name : URLDemo.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

public class URLDemo {

public static void main(String [] args) {

try {
URL url = new URL("https://www.amrood.com/index.htm?language=en#j2se");

System.out.println("URL is " + url.toString());

System.out.println("protocol is " + url.getProtocol());
System.out.println("authority is " + url.getAuthority());
System.out.println("file name is " + url.getFile());
System.out.println("host is " + url.getHost());
System.out.println("path is " + url.getPath());
System.out.println("port is " + url.getPort());
System.out.println("default port is " + url.getDefaultPort());
System.out.println("query is " + url.getQuery());
System.out.println("ref is " + url.getRef());
}catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}

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}
}

A sample run of the this program will produce the following result −

Output

URL is https://www.amrood.com/index.htm?language=en#j2se
protocol is http
authority is www.amrood.com
file name is /index.htm?language=en
host is www.amrood.com
path is /index.htm
port is -1
default port is 80
query is language=en
ref is j2se

URLConnections Class Methods

The openConnection method returns a java.net.URLConnection, an abstract class whose subclasses represent
the various types of URL connections.

For example −

If you connect to a URL whose protocol is HTTP, the openConnection method returns an
HttpURLConnection object.

If you connect to a URL that represents a JAR file, the openConnection method returns a
JarURLConnection object, etc.

The URLConnection class has many methods for setting or determining information about the connection,
including the following −

Sr.No. Method & Description

Object getContent
1
Retrieves the contents of this URL connection.

Object getContentC lass[]classes

2
Retrieves the contents of this URL connection.

3
String getContentEncoding

Returns the value of the content-encoding header field.

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int getContentLength
4
Returns the value of the content-length header field.

String getContentType
5
Returns the value of the content-type header field.

int getLastModified
6
Returns the value of the last-modified header field.

long getExpiration
7
Returns the value of the expired header field.

long getIfModifiedSince
8
Returns the value of this object's ifModifiedSince field.

public void setDoInputbooleaninput

9 Passes in true to denote that the connection will be used for input. The default value is true because
clients typically read from a URLConnection.

public void setDoOutputbooleanoutput

10 Passes in true to denote that the connection will be used for output. The default value is false
because many types of URLs do not support being written to.

public InputStream getInputStream throws IOException

11
Returns the input stream of the URL connection for reading from the resource.

12

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public OutputStream getOutputStream throws IOException

Returns the output stream of the URL connection for writing to the resource.

public URL getURL

13
Returns the URL that this URLConnection object is connected to.

Example
The following URLConnectionDemo program connects to a URL entered from the command line.

If the URL represents an HTTP resource, the connection is cast to HttpURLConnection, and the data in the
resource is read one line at a time.

// File Name : URLConnDemo.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

public class URLConnDemo {

public static void main(String [] args) {

try {
URL url = new URL("https://www.amrood.com");
URLConnection urlConnection = url.openConnection();
HttpURLConnection connection = null;
if(urlConnection instanceof HttpURLConnection) {
connection = (HttpURLConnection) urlConnection;
}else {
System.out.println("Please enter an HTTP URL.");
return;
}

BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(

new InputStreamReader(connection.getInputStream()));
String urlString = "";
String current;

while((current = in.readLine()) != null) {

urlString += current;
}
System.out.println(urlString);
}catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

A sample run of this program will produce the following result −

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Output

$ java URLConnDemo

.....a complete HTML content of home page of amrood.com.....

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10/11/2017 Java Networking

JAVA - NETWORKING
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_networking.htm Copyright © tutorialspoint.com

The term network programming refers to writing programs that execute across multiple devices computers , in
which the devices are all connected to each other using a network.

The java.net package of the J2SE APIs contains a collection of classes and interfaces that provide the low-level
communication details, allowing you to write programs that focus on solving the problem at hand.

The java.net package provides support for the two common network protocols −

TCP − TCP stands for Transmission Control Protocol, which allows for reliable communication between
two applications. TCP is typically used over the Internet Protocol, which is referred to as TCP/IP.

UDP − UDP stands for User Datagram Protocol, a connection-less protocol that allows for packets of data
to be transmitted between applications.

This chapter gives a good understanding on the following two subjects −

Socket Programming − This is the most widely used concept in Networking and it has been explained in
very detail.

URL Processing − This would be covered separately. Click here to learn about URL Processing in Java
language.

Socket Programming
Sockets provide the communication mechanism between two computers using TCP. A client program creates a
socket on its end of the communication and attempts to connect that socket to a server.

When the connection is made, the server creates a socket object on its end of the communication. The client and
the server can now communicate by writing to and reading from the socket.

The java.net.Socket class represents a socket, and the java.net.ServerSocket class provides a mechanism for the
server program to listen for clients and establish connections with them.

The following steps occur when establishing a TCP connection between two computers using sockets −

The server instantiates a ServerSocket object, denoting which port number communication is to occur on.

The server invokes the accept method of the ServerSocket class. This method waits until a client connects to
the server on the given port.

After the server is waiting, a client instantiates a Socket object, specifying the server name and the port
number to connect to.

The constructor of the Socket class attempts to connect the client to the specified server and the port
number. If communication is established, the client now has a Socket object capable of communicating
with the server.

On the server side, the accept method returns a reference to a new socket on the server that is connected to
the client's socket.

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After the connections are established, communication can occur using I/O streams. Each socket has both an
OutputStream and an InputStream. The client's OutputStream is connected to the server's InputStream, and the
client's InputStream is connected to the server's OutputStream.

TCP is a two-way communication protocol, hence data can be sent across both streams at the same time.
Following are the useful classes providing complete set of methods to implement sockets.

ServerSocket Class Methods

The java.net.ServerSocket class is used by server applications to obtain a port and listen for client requests.

The ServerSocket class has four constructors −

Sr.No. Method & Description

public ServerSocketintport throws IOException

1 Attempts to create a server socket bound to the specified port. An exception occurs if the port is
already bound by another application.

public ServerSocketintport, intbacklog throws IOException

2 Similar to the previous constructor, the backlog parameter specifies how many incoming clients to
store in a wait queue.

public ServerSocketintport, intbacklog, I netAddressaddress throws IOException

3 Similar to the previous constructor, the InetAddress parameter specifies the local IP address to bind
to. The InetAddress is used for servers that may have multiple IP addresses, allowing the server to
specify which of its IP addresses to accept client requests on.

public ServerSocket throws IOException

4 Creates an unbound server socket. When using this constructor, use the bind method when you are
ready to bind the server socket.

If the ServerSocket constructor does not throw an exception, it means that your application has successfully
bound to the specified port and is ready for client requests.

Following are some of the common methods of the ServerSocket class −

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Sr.No. Method & Description

public int getLocalPort

1 Returns the port that the server socket is listening on. This method is useful if you passed in 0 as the
port number in a constructor and let the server find a port for you.

public Socket accept throws IOException

2 Waits for an incoming client. This method blocks until either a client connects to the server on the
specified port or the socket times out, assuming that the time-out value has been set using the
setSoTimeout method. Otherwise, this method blocks indefinitely.

public void setSoTimeoutinttimeout

3
Sets the time-out value for how long the server socket waits for a client during the accept.

public void bindS ocketAddresshost, intbacklog

4 Binds the socket to the specified server and port in the SocketAddress object. Use this method if you
have instantiated the ServerSocket using the no-argument constructor.

When the ServerSocket invokes accept, the method does not return until a client connects. After a client does
connect, the ServerSocket creates a new Socket on an unspecified port and returns a reference to this new Socket.
A TCP connection now exists between the client and the server, and communication can begin.

Socket Class Methods

The java.net.Socket class represents the socket that both the client and the server use to communicate with
each other. The client obtains a Socket object by instantiating one, whereas the server obtains a Socket object
from the return value of the accept method.

The Socket class has five constructors that a client uses to connect to a server −

Sr.No. Method & Description

1
public SocketS tringhost, intport throws UnknownHostException, IOException.

This method attempts to connect to the specified server at the specified port. If this constructor does
not throw an exception, the connection is successful and the client is connected to the server.

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public SocketI netAddresshost, intport throws IOException

2 This method is identical to the previous constructor, except that the host is denoted by an
InetAddress object.

public SocketS tringhost, intport, I netAddresslocalAddress, intlocalP ort throws

IOException.
3
Connects to the specified host and port, creating a socket on the local host at the specified address
and port.

public SocketI netAddresshost, intport, I netAddresslocalAddress, intlocalP ort throws

IOException.
4
This method is identical to the previous constructor, except that the host is denoted by an
InetAddress object instead of a String.

public Socket
5
Creates an unconnected socket. Use the connect method to connect this socket to a server.

When the Socket constructor returns, it does not simply instantiate a Socket object but it actually attempts to
connect to the specified server and port.

Some methods of interest in the Socket class are listed here. Notice that both the client and the server have a
Socket object, so these methods can be invoked by both the client and the server.

Sr.No. Method & Description

public void connectS ocketAddresshost, inttimeout throws IOException

1 This method connects the socket to the specified host. This method is needed only when you
instantiate the Socket using the no-argument constructor.

2
public InetAddress getInetAddress

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This method returns the address of the other computer that this socket is connected to.

public int getPort

3
Returns the port the socket is bound to on the remote machine.

public int getLocalPort

4
Returns the port the socket is bound to on the local machine.

public SocketAddress getRemoteSocketAddress

5
Returns the address of the remote socket.

public InputStream getInputStream throws IOException

6 Returns the input stream of the socket. The input stream is connected to the output stream of the
remote socket.

public OutputStream getOutputStream throws IOException

7 Returns the output stream of the socket. The output stream is connected to the input stream of the
remote socket.

public void close throws IOException

8 Closes the socket, which makes this Socket object no longer capable of connecting again to any
server.

InetAddress Class Methods

This class represents an Internet Protocol I P address. Here are following usefull methods which you would need
while doing socket programming −

Sr.No. Method & Description

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1 static InetAddress getByAddressbyte[]addr

Returns an InetAddress object given the raw IP address.

static InetAddress getByAddressS tringhost, byte[]addr

2
Creates an InetAddress based on the provided host name and IP address.

static InetAddress getByNameS tringhost

3
Determines the IP address of a host, given the host's name.

String getHostAddress
4
Returns the IP address string in textual presentation.

String getHostName
5
Gets the host name for this IP address.

static InetAddress InetAddress getLocalHost

6
Returns the local host.

String toString
7
Converts this IP address to a String.

Socket Client Example

The following GreetingClient is a client program that connects to a server by using a socket and sends a greeting,
and then waits for a response.

Example

// File Name GreetingClient.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

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public class GreetingClient {

public static void main(String [] args) {

String serverName = args[0];
int port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);
try {
System.out.println("Connecting to " + serverName + " on port " + port);
Socket client = new Socket(serverName, port);

System.out.println("Just connected to " + client.getRemoteSocketAddress());

OutputStream outToServer = client.getOutputStream();
DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(outToServer);

out.writeUTF("Hello from " + client.getLocalSocketAddress());

InputStream inFromServer = client.getInputStream();
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(inFromServer);

System.out.println("Server says " + in.readUTF());

client.close();
}catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Socket Server Example

The following GreetingServer program is an example of a server application that uses the Socket class to listen for
clients on a port number specified by a command-line argument −

Example

// File Name GreetingServer.java

import java.net.*;
import java.io.*;

public class GreetingServer extends Thread {

private ServerSocket serverSocket;

public GreetingServer(int port) throws IOException {

serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port);
serverSocket.setSoTimeout(10000);
}

public void run() {

while(true) {
try {
System.out.println("Waiting for client on port " +
serverSocket.getLocalPort() + "...");
Socket server = serverSocket.accept();

System.out.println("Just connected to " + server.getRemoteSocketAddress());

DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(server.getInputStream());

System.out.println(in.readUTF());

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DataOutputStream out = new DataOutputStream(server.getOutputStream());

out.writeUTF("Thank you for connecting to " + server.getLocalSocketAddress()
+ "\nGoodbye!");
server.close();

}catch(SocketTimeoutException s) {
System.out.println("Socket timed out!");
break;
}catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
break;
}
}
}

public static void main(String [] args) {

int port = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
try {
Thread t = new GreetingServer(port);
t.start();
}catch(IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Compile the client and the server and then start the server as follows −

$ java GreetingServer 6066

Waiting for client on port 6066...

Check the client program as follows −

Output

$ java GreetingClient localhost 6066

Connecting to localhost on port 6066
Just connected to localhost/127.0.0.1:6066
Server says Thank you for connecting to /127.0.0.1:6066
Goodbye!

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