c h apter

3 PAIR OF LINEAR
EQUATIONS IN
TWO VARIABLES

Syllabus
¾¾ Pair of linear equations in two variables and graphical method of their solution,
consistency/inconsistency.
¾¾ Algebraic conditions for number of solutions. Solution of a pair of linear equations in
two variables algebraically: by substitution, by elimination and by cross-multiplication
method. Simple situational problems. Simple problems on equations reducible to linear
equations.

Trend Analysis
2018 2019 2020
List of Concepts Delhi Outside Delhi Outside Delhi Outside
Delhi Delhi Delhi
Graphical Solution of Linear equations 2 Q (2 M) 2 Q (2 M) 1 Q (1 M) 1 Q (1 M)
in two variables and relation with 1 Q (3 M)
consistency or inconsistency
Algebraic methods to solve pair of Linear 1 Q (2 M) 2 Q (3 M) 2 Q (2 M) 1 Q (3 M) 1 Q (3 M)
equations 1 Q (4 M) 1 Q (4 M)

TOPIC - 1
Graphical Solution of Linear Equations in
Two Variables
Revision Notes

 Linear equation in two variables: An equation in the form of ax + by + c =

0, where a, b and c are real numbers and a and b are not zero, is called a linear
equation in two variables x and y.
General form of a pair of linear equations in two variables is:
a1x + b1y + c1 = 0
and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0,
where a1, a2, b1, b2, c1 and c2 are real numbers, such that
a1, b1 ≠ 0 and a2, b2 ≠ 0.
e.g., 3x – y + 7 = 0,
and 7x + y = 3
are linear equations in two variables x and y.
  There are two methods of solving simultaneous linear equations in two variables:
(i) Graphical method, and
(ii) Algebraic methods.
1. Graphical Method:
(i) Express one variable (say y) in terms of the other variable x, y = ax + b, for the
given equation.
(ii) Take three values of independent variable x and find the corresponding values
of dependent variable y, take integral values only.
(iii) Plot these values on the graph paper in order to represent these equations.
(iv) If the lines intersect at a distinct point, then point of intersection will be the
unique solution for given equations. In this case, the pair of linear equations is
consistent.
a b
If 1 ≠ 1 , then the pair of linear equations is consistent with a unique solution.
a 2 b2
a 1x
+ b1
y=
c1

a2 x
+
b2 y
=
c2

Intersecting Lines
(v) If the lines representing the linear equations coincides, then system of equations has infinitely many
solutions. In this case, the pair of linear equations is consistent and dependent.
a b c
If 1 = 1 = 1 , then the pair of linear equations is consistent with infinitely many solutions.
a 2 b2 c 2

Coincident Lines
(vi) If the lines representing the pair of linear equations are parallel, then the system of equations has no

solution and is called inconsistent.
a b c
If 1 = 1 ≠ 1 , then the pair of linear equations is inconsistent with no solution.
a 2 b2 c 2

a1 x
a2 x +
b1 y
+
b2 y = c
= 1
c2

Parallel Lines
  Possibilities of solutions and Inconsistency:
Pair of lines a1 b1 c1 Compare the Graphical Algebraic Conditions for
a2 b2 c2 ratios representation interpretation solvability

1 -2 0 a1 b1 Exactly one
x – 2y = 0 ≠ Intersecting System is
3 -4 -20 a 2 b2 solution or
3x – 4y – 20 = 0 lines consistent
Unique solution

2x + 3y – 9 = 0 2 3 -9 a1 b1 c1 Coincident
= = Infinitely many System is
4 6 -18 a 2 b2 c 2
4x + 6y – 18 = 0 lines solutions consistent

x + 2y – 4 = 0 1 2 -4 a1 b1 c1 Parallel
= ≠ System is
2 4 -12 a 2 b2 c 2 No solution
2x + 4y – 12 = 0 lines inconsistent

Know the Formulae

 If a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 is a pair of linear equations in two variables x and y such that:
(i) System has unique solution
a1 b
if ≠ 1
a2 b2

(ii) System has infinite number of solutions
a1 b1
if =
a2 b2

c1
=
c2

(iii) System has no solution
a1 b1 c1
if = ≠
a2 b2 c 2

Mnemonics

Algebra Methods

1. Concept:
a1 b1
System has unique solution ≠
a2 b2

For unique feature Audi A1 and A2 are not same as BMW B1 and B2
Interpretation:
A1 = a1
A2 = a2
B1 = b1
B2 = b2
 How is it done on the GREENBOARD?
Q.1. From the given pair of linear ⇒ a1 = 3, b1 = a, c1 = – 50
equations and a2 = 9, b2 = – 21, c2 = – 15
Step II: For lines to be parallel
3x + ay = 50 a1 b c
= 1 ≠ 1
and 9x – 21y = 15, a2 b2 c 2

find the value of a for them to be
3 a −501
parallel Step III: = ≠
9 −21 −15
Solution 1 × (–21)
Step I: Given 3x + ay = 50 and ⇒ a=
3
9x – 21y = 15
So, a=–7

Very Short Answer Type Questions 1 mark each

Q. 1. For what value of k, the pair of linear equations

3x + y = 3 and 6x + ky = 8 does not have a solution. COMMONLY MADE ERROR
 A [CBSE SQP, 2020-21]
Sol. System has no solution if
 Some students used wrong condition for
the solution of linear equations.
a1 b c
= 1 ≠ 1
a2 b2 c 2

ANSWERING TIP
3 1 3
= ≠  ½
6 k 8
 Candidates must be familiar with all three
3 1
= conditions for solvability like unique,
6 k infinitely many solutions and no solution.
k = 2 ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020-21] Q. 2. For what value of k, the pair of linear equations
Detailed Solution: x + y – 4 = 0 and 2x + ky = 3 does not have a solution.
Given equation are:  A + U [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]
3x + y – 3 = 0 ...(i)
Sol. Given equations:
and 6x + ky – 8 = 0 ...(ii)
Comparing eq. (i) with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and eq. (ii) x+y–4 =0
with a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, we get, and 2x + ky – 3 = 0
a1 = 3, a2 = 6, b1 = 1, b2 = k, c1 = – 3 and c2 = – 8 a1 1 b 1 c −4 4
Since, given equations has no solution. Here = , 1 = and 1 = = ½
a2 2 b2 k c2 −3 3
a1 b c 
So, = 1 ≠ 1 ½
a2 b2 c 2
Q System has no solution
3 1 −3 a1 b c
⇒
= ≠ \
= 1 ≠ 1
6 k −8 a2 b2 c 2
1 1 3 1 1 4
⇒
= ≠ ⇒
= ≠
2 k 8 2 k 3
1 1 1 3
Either = or ≠ 3
2 k k 8 ⇒
k = 2 or k ≠ ½
4
3
⇒ k = 2 or k ≠ Hence, the value of k is 2.
8
Hence, the value of k is 2. ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020]
 Q. 3. Find the value of k for which system of linear Q. 4. For which value (s) of p, will the lines represented
equations x + 2y = 3, 5x + ky + 7 = 0 is inconsistent by the following pair of linear equations be
 [CBSE OD Set-I, 2020] parallel:
3x – y – 5 = 0
Sol. We have,
6x – 2y – p = 0 R [CBSE SQP, 2020]
x + 2y – 3 = 0 ...(i)
Sol. All real values except 10.
and 5x + ky + 7 = 0 ...(ii)
[CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020]
Comparing eq. (i) with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and eq. (ii)
with a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, we get. Detailed Solution:

a1 = 1, a2 = 5, b1 = 2 and b2 = k, c1 = – 3, c2 = 7 Given, 3x – y – 5 = 0 ...(i)
6x – 2y – p = 0 ...(ii)
Since, system is inconsistent, then ½
Comparing eq. (i) with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and eq. (ii)
a1 b c with a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, we get,
= 1 ≠ 1
a2 b2 c 2 a1 = 3, a2 = 6, b1 = –1, b2 = – 2, c1 = – 5 and c2 = – p ½

We know that, for parallel lines
1 2 −3 a1
⇒
= ≠ b c
5 k 7 = 1 ≠ 1
a2 b c
2 2
1 2 2 −3 3 1 5
Either = or ≠ = ≠ 
5 k k 7 6 2 p

−14 From (i) and (ii),
⇒
10 = k or k ≠
3 p ≠ 10
Hence, the value of k = 10. ½ So, p can have any number other than 10. ½

Short Answer Type Questions-I 2 marks each

Q. 1. Find c if the system of equations cx + 3y + (3 – c)

⇒ c2 – 12c + 36 = 0 ½
2
= 0; 12x + cy – c = 0 has infinitely many solutions ?
⇒ c – 6c – 6c + 36 = 0
 U + R [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2019]
⇒ c(c – 6) – 6(c – 6) = 0

⇒ (c – 6)(c – 6) = 0
Sol. System of equations has infinitely many solutions

⇒ c = 6, 6  ½
c 3 3−c
\ = = ½ b1 c1
12 c −c
and for, =
b2 c 2
2
⇒ c = 36 ⇒ c = 6 or c = –6 ...(1) ½
3 3-c
Also –3c = 3c – c2 ⇒ c = 6 or c = 0 ...(2) ½
⇒ =
c -c
From equations (1) and (2)

⇒ –3c = 3c – c2
c = 6. ½

⇒ c2 – 6c = 0
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]

⇒ c (c – 6) = 0
Detailed Solution:

⇒ c = 6 or c = 0
The given equations are:

Hence, the value of c is 6, for which the given

cx + 3y + (3 – c) = 0 equations have infinitely many solutions. ½

and 12x + cy – c = 0
a1 c b1 3 c1 3 − c COMMONLY MADE ERROR

Here, = , = , =
a2 12 b2 c c 2 −c

For infinitely many solutions:  Students often get confused between
a1 b c the conditions of unique, Infinite and no
= 1 = 1 solution.

a 2 b 2 c 2  ½
a1 c1
= ANSWERING TIP
a2 c2

\ For,
c
⇒ = 3-c  Understand the difference between the
12 -c
conditions of Unique solution, infinite

⇒ –c2 = 36 – 12c solutions and no solution and apply the
2

⇒ –c +12c – 36 = 0 same carefully.
 Q. 2. For what value of k, the following pair of linear
a1=1, a2 = 3, b1 = 2, b2 = k, c1 = – 5 and c2 = 15
equations have infinitely many solutions:
Since, given equations have unique solution, So,
2x + 3y = 7 and (k + 1)x + (2k – 1)y = 4k + 1 a1 b1
 A [CBSE Delhi Set-II, 2019]
≠
a2 b2
Sol. The given equations are: 1 2
2x + 3y = 7 i.e. ≠
3 k
and (k + 1)x + (2k – 1)y = 4k + 1 ⇒ k ≠ 6
a 2 b1 3
Hence, for all values of k except 6, the given pair of
Here 1 = , =
a2 k + 1 b2 2k − 1 equations have unique solution.
c1 −7
and = COMMONLY MADE ERROR
c2 −( 4 k + 1)

For infinitely many solutions,  Many students make mistakes while
a1 b c applying condition of unique solution.
= 1 = 1
a2 b2 c2 They forget to insert the 'not equals to'

sign (≠).
2 3 7
i.e., = = ½
k +1 2k − 1 4k + 1 
2 3 ANSWERING TIP
For =
k +1 2k − 1
⇒
2(2k – 1) = 3(k + 1)  It is necessary to practice more such
questions for better understanding of the
⇒
4k – 2 = 3k + 3
condition of unique solution.
⇒
4k – 3k = 3 + 2
⇒
k = 5 ½ Q. 4. For what value of k, will the following pair of
2 7 equations have infinitely many solutions:
and for, = 2x + 3y = 7 and (k + 2)x – 3(1 – k)y = 5k +1
k +1 4k + 1
 U [CBSE OD Set-2, 2019]
⇒
2(4k + 1) = 7(k + 1)
Sol. Given equation are:
⇒
8k + 2 = 7k + 7
2x + 3y = 7 ...(i)
⇒
8k – 7k = 7 – 2
and (k + 2)x – 3(1 – k)y = 5k + 1 ...(ii)
⇒
k = 5 ½ Comparing eq. (i) with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and eq.
3 7 (ii) with a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, we get
and for, =
2k − 1 4k + 1 a1 = 2, b1 = 3, c1 = – 7, a2 = k + 2, b2 = – 3(1 – k) and
⇒ 7(2k – 1) = 3(4k + 1) c2 = – (5k + 1)
⇒ 14k – 7 = 12k + 3 For infinitely many solutions,
⇒ 14k – 12k = 3 + 7 a1 b c
= 1 = 1 ½
⇒ 2k = 10 a2 b2 c2

⇒ k = 5 ½ 2 3 −7
i.e., = =
Hence, the value of k is 5, for which the given k+2 −3(1 − k ) −( 5k + 1)
equations have infinitely many solutions.
2 3
 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] For =
k+2 −3(1 − k )
Q. 3. Find the value(s) of k so that the pair of equations
x + 2y = 5 and 3x + ky + 15 = 0 has a unique ⇒ 2 × [– 3(1 – k)] = 3(k + 2)
solution. A [CBSE OD-I, 2019] ⇒ – 6(1 – k) = 3(k + 2)
⇒ – 6 + 6k = 3k + 6
1 2
Sol. For unique solution ≠ 1 ⇒ 6k – 3k =6+6
3 k ⇒ 3k = 12
⇒
k ≠6 1 ⇒ k = 4 ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] 3 7
and for, =
Detailed Solution: −( 3 − 3k ) 5k + 1

Given equations are ⇒
7(– 3 + 3k) = 3(5k + 1)

x + 2y – 5 = 0 ...(i) ⇒
– 21 + 21k = 15k + 3

and 3x+ ky + 15 = 0 ...(ii) ⇒
21k – 15k = 3 + 21

Comparing eq (i) with a1x + b1y +c1 = 0 and eq (ii) ⇒
6k = 24
with a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, we get ⇒
k = 4. ½
 Q. 6. Find the value (s) of k for which the pair of linear
2 7

and for, = equations kx + y = k2 and x + ky = 1 have infinitely
k+2 5k + 1
many solutions. C + U [CBSE SQP, 2017]
⇒
7(k + 2) = 2(5k + 1)
Sol. Given equation are:
⇒
7k + 14 = 10k + 2
kx + y – k2 = 0 ...(i)
⇒
7k – 10k = 2 – 14
and x + ky – 1 = 0 ...(ii)
⇒
– 3k = – 12
Comparing eq. (i) with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and eq. (ii)
⇒
k = 4 ½
with a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, we get
Hence, the value of k is 4, for which the given
equations have infinitely many solutions. a1 = k, b1 = 1, c1 = – k2, a2 = 1, b2 = k and c2 = – 1

[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019] For infinitely many solutions, ½
Q. 5. For what value of p will the following pair of linear a1 b c
= 1 = 1
equations have infinitely many solutions. a2 b2 c2

(p – 3)x+ 3y = p
2
and px + py = 12 k 1 −k
i.e., = =
C + U [CBSE SQP, 2018] 1 k −1

Sol. Given equation are: k 1

=
For 1 k
(p – 3)x + 3y – p = 0 ...(i)
and px + py – 12 = 0 ...(ii) ⇒
k2 = 1
Comparing eq. (i) with a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and eq.
i.e., k = ± 1 ½
(ii) with a2x + b2y + c2 = 0, we get.
1 k2

a1 = p – 3, b1 = 3, c1 = – p, a2 = p, b2 = p and c2 = – 12 and for, =
k 1
For infinitely many solutions,
⇒
k3 = 1
a1 b c
= 1 = 1 \
k = 1 ½
a2 b2 c2
2
k k
p−3 3 −p and for, =
= ½ 1 1

i.e., =
p p −12 
⇒
k2 = k
2
p−3 3 ⇒
k –k =0
For, =
p p ⇒
k(k – 1) = 0
⇒
k = 0 or 1 ½
⇒
p2 – 6p = 0
Hence, the value of k is 1, for which the given
⇒
p(p – 6) = 0 ½
equations have infinitely many solutions.
p = 0, p = 6
Q. 7. Given the linear equation 3x + 4y = 9. Write
3 p another linear equation in these two variables such
and for, =
p 12 that the geometrical representation of the pair so
formed is:
⇒
p2 = 36
(i) intersecting lines
⇒
p = ± 6 ½
(ii) coincident lines.  R [Board Term-1, 2016]
p−3 p
and for, = a1 b1
p 12 Sol. (i) For intersecting lines ≠
a 2 b2
⇒
p2 = 12p – 36
So, one of the possible equation is 3x – 5y = 10 1
2
⇒
p – 12p + 36 = 0 a b c
(ii) For coincident lines 1 = 1 = 1
⇒ p2 – 6p – 6p + 36 = 0
a 2 b2 c 2
⇒ p(p – 6) – 6(p – 6) = 0
So, one of the possible equation is 6x + 8y = 18 1
⇒
p = 6, 6 ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
Hence, the value of p is 6, for which the given Q. 8. Find whether the lines represented by 2x + y
equations have infinitely many solutions. = 3 and 4x + 2y = 6 are parallel, coincident or
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] intersecting. U [Board Term-1, 2016]
 Sol. Here, a1 = 2, b1 = 1, c1 = – 3 3x + 2y = 8
and a2 = 4, b2 = 2, c2 = – 6 and 6x – 4y = 9
a1 b c  U [Board Term-1, 2016]
If = 1 = 1,
a2 b2 c2
3 2
Then the lines are coincident. 1 Sol. Since, ≠
6 −4
2 1 3
Clearly, = = 1
4 2 6 a1 b

i.e., ≠ 1 1
Hence, lines are coincident. a2 b2
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
Q. 9. Find whether the following pair of linear equations Hence, the pair of linear equations is consistent. 1
is consistent or inconsistent: [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]

Short Answer Type Questions-II 3 marks each

Q. 1. Determine graphically the coordinates of the Sol. x + 3y  = 6 ...(i)

vertices of triangle, the equations of whose sides and 2x – 3y = 12 ...(ii)
are given by 2y – x = 8, 5y – x = 14 and y – 2x = 1. 6−x
For equation (i): y=
3
 A + E [CBSE Delhi Set-I, 2020]
Sol. Given, 2y – x = 8 x 6 0 3
⇒ x = 2y – 8 y 0 2 1
y 0 4 5 A(6, 0), B(0, 2)
x = 2y – 8 –8 0 2 ½ 2 x − 12
Equation (ii): y=
5y – x = 14 3
⇒ x = 5y – 14
y 3 4 2 x 6 0 3

x = 5y – 14 1 6 –4 ½ y 0 –4 –2
and y – 2x = 1
A(6, 0), C(0, – 4) 1
⇒ y = 1 + 2x
Vertices A(6, 0), B(0, 2) and C(0, – 4)
x 0 1 2
1 1
\
Area of DABC =  × 2 × 6 + × 4 × 6 km2
y = 1 + 2x 1 3 5 ½ 2 2 
Plotting the above points and drawing lines joining
them, we get the graphical representation: = (6 + 12) km2
= 18 km2 1

 1


Hence, the coordinates of the vertices of the triangle
ABC are A(1, 3), B(2, 5) and C(–4, 2). ½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2020]
Q. 2. Three lines x + 3y = 6, 2x – 3y = 12 and x = 0
Q. 3. Represent the following pair of linear equations
are enclosing a beautiful triangular park. Find the
points of intersection of the lines graphically and graphically and hence comment on the condition
the area of the park, if all measurements are in km. of consistency of this pair. A
 AE [Board Term-1, 2015] x – 5y = 6, 2x – 10y = 12 .

Sol. Given, x – 5y = 6
x−6
Þ y=
5 

x 6 1 –4
2
0y = 1
y 0 –1 –2 1 2x – 1
)
and 2x – 10y = 12 (–4, –2
x−6
Þ
y=
5

x 6 1 –4
Since, the lines are coincident, so the system of
linear equations is consistent with infinitely many
y 0 –1 –2 1 solutions.  1

Long Answer Type Questions 5 marks each

Q. 1. For what values of m and n the following system Sol. Let amounts contributed by two sections X-A and
of linear equations has infinitely many solutions. X-B be ` x and ` y.
3x + 4y = 12 x + y = 1,500 ...(i)
and (m + n)x + 2(m – n)y = 5m – 1 and y – x = 100 ....(ii) 1
 A [CBSE Comp. Set I/II/III 2018] From (i), y = 1500 – x
 [Board Term-1, 2015]
Sol. For infinitely many solutions,
3 4 − 12
= = 2
m+n 2( m − n) −( 5m − 1)
From (ii), y = 100 + x 1

3 4
=
m+n 2( m - n)

⇒ m – 5n = 0 ...(1) 1
4 12 0
= ...(2) 10
2( m − n) 5m − 1
y=
⇒ m – 6n = – 1 1 x+
Solving (1) and (2), we get, m = 5 and n = 1 1
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
0)
, 10 x + y = 1500
(0
COMMONLY MADE ERROR X' 0 1

 Many candidates are not able to solve this 

problem because of not having the basic Point of intersection = (700, 800) 1
idea of unique solution, infinitely many Hence, X-A contributed ` 700 and X-B contributed
solutions and no solution. = ` 800. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016] 1
Q. 3. Determine graphically whether the following pair
ANSWERING TIP of linear equations:
3x – y = 7
 Candidates must be familiar with all and 2x + 5y + 1 = 0, has:
three condition for solvability like unique (i) a unique solution or
solution, infinitely many solutions and no
(ii) infinitely many solutions or
solution.
(iii) no solution.  A [Board Term-1, 2015]
Q. 2. For uttarakhand flood victims two sections A and
Sol. Given equations are:
B of class X contributed ` 1,500. If the contribution
of X-A was ` 100 less than that of X-B, find 3x – y = 7 ...(i)
graphically the amounts contributed by both the and 2x + 5y + 1 = 0 ...(ii)
sections. A [Board Term-1, 2016]
From (i), y = 3x – 7
 x 0 2 3
x 1 3 5
y –7 –1 2
and from (ii), 1 y 2 1 0
2x + 5y + 1 = 0
-1 - 2 x and 2x – 3y = – 4
Þ y=
5 2x + 4
Þ
y=
3 
x 2 –3 7
y –1 1 –3 x –2 1 4

1 y 0 2 4 1
Thus, the lines meet X-axis at (5, 0) and (– 2, 0)
respectively. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2
Q. 5. Solve graphically the pair of linear equations:
3x – 4y + 3 = 0
and 3x + 4y – 21 = 0.
2 Find the co-ordinates of the vertices of the
triangular region formed by these lines and
X-axis. Also, calculate the area of this triangle.
A [Board Term-1, 2015]
Sol. Given, 3x – 4y + 3 = 0
3x + 3
Þ
y=
4
Since, point of intersection is (2, – 1). Hence, it has
unique solution. x 3 7 –1
Hence, x = 2 and y = – 1. 1 y 3 6 0
Q. 4. Draw the graphs of the pair of linear equations:
and 3x + 4y – 21 = 0
x + 2y = 5
and 2x – 3y = – 4. 21 - 3x
Þ
y=
Also, find the points where the lines meet the 4 
X-axis. A [Board Term-1, 2014, 2015]
x 3 7 11
Sol. Given, x + 2y = 5
y 3 0 –3 1
5-x
Þ
y=
2 Y
0
3=
Y y+
–4
3x

–4
y =
–3
2x (–1, 0)
X' X 2
3x
+
4y
–2
1=
0

X' X

Y'
(i) These lines intersect each other at point (3, 3).
Hence, x = 3 and y = 3. 1
(ii) The vertices of triangular region are (3, 3), (–1, 0)
and (7, 0). 1
1
(iii) Area of ∆ = ×8×3
Y' 2

 1 Hence, Area of obtained D = 12 sq. units.

 TOPIC - 2
Algebraic Methods to Solve Pair of
Linear Equations

Revision Notes

 Algebraic Method: We can solve the linear equations algebraically by substitution method,
elimination method and cross-multiplication method.
1. Substitution Method:
(i) Find the value of one variable (say y) in terms of the other variable i.e., x from either of
the equations.
(ii) Substitute this value of y in other equation and reduce it to an equation in one variable.
(iii) Solve the equation so obtained and find the value of x.
(iv) Put this value of x in one of the equations to get the value of variable y.
2. Elimination Method:
(i) Multiply given equations with suitable constants, make either the x-coefficients or the y-coefficients of the
two equations equal.
(ii) Subtract or add one equation from the other to get an equation in one variable.
(iii) Solve the equation so obtained to get the value of the variable.
(iv) Put this value in any one of the equation to get the value of the second variable.
Note:
(a) If in step (ii), we obtain a true equation involving no variable, then the original pair of equations has
infinitely many solutions.
(b) If in step (ii), we obtain a false equation involving no variable, then the original pair of equations has no
solution i.e., it is inconsistent.
3. Cross-multiplication Method: If two simultaneous linear equations a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 and a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 are
given, then a unique solution is given by:
x y 1
= =
b1c 2 - b2 c1 c1a2 - c 2 a1 a1b2 - a2 b1

b1c 2 - b2 c1 c a -c a
Then, x = and y = 1 2 2 1
a1b2 - a2 b1 a1b2 - a2 b1

Note: To obtain the above result, following diagram may be helpful:

The arrows between the two numbers indicate that they are to be multiplied. The product with upward arrows
are to be subtracted from the product with downward arrows.
 Equations reducible to a pair of Linear Equations in two variables: Sometimes, a pair of equations in two
variables is not linear but can be reduced to linear form by making some suitable substitutions. Here, first we find
the solution of new pair of linear equations and then find the solution for the given pair of equations.
Steps to be followed for solving word problems
S. No. Problem type Steps to be followed
1. Age Problems If the problem involves finding out the ages of two persons, take the present
age of one person as x and of the other as y. Then, ‘a’ years ago, age of 1st
person was ‘x – a’ years and that of 2nd person was ‘y – a’ and after ‘b’ years,
age of 1st person will be ‘x + b’ years and that of 2nd person will be ‘y + b’ years.
Formulate the equations and then solve them.
 2. Problems based on Let the digit in unit’s place be x and that in ten’s place be y. The two-digit
Numbers and Digits number is given by 10y + x. On interchanging the positions of the digits, the
digit in unit’s place becomes y and in ten’s place becomes x. The two digit
number becomes 10x + y.
Formulate the equations and then solve them.
3. Problems based on Let the numerator of the fraction be x and denominator be y, then the fraction
Fractions is x .
y
Formulate the linear equations on the basis of conditions given and solve for x
and y to get the value of the fraction.
4. Problems based on Distance
Distance, Speed and Speed =
Time
Time
Distance
or Distance = Speed × Time and Time = .
Speed
To solve the problems related to speed of boat going downstream and upstream,
let the speed of boat in still water be x km/h and speed of stream be y km/h. Then,
the speed of boat in downstream = (x + y) km/h and speed of boat in upstream
= (x – y) km/h.
5. Problems based For solving specific questions based on commercial mathematics,
on commercial l To the fare of 1 full ticket may be taken as ` x and the reservation charges
Mathematics may be taken as ` y, so that one full fare = x + y and one half fare
x
= + y.
2
l To solve the questions of profit and loss, take the cost price of 1st article as
` x and that of 2nd article as ` y.
l To solve the questions based on simple interest, take the amount invested
as ` x at some rate of interest and ` y at some other rate of interest as per
given in question.
6. Problems based l Make use of angle sum property of a triangle (∠A + ∠B + ∠C = 180°) in
on Geometry and case of a triangle.
Mensuration l In case of a parallelogram, opposite angles are equal and in case of a cyclic
quadrilateral, opposite angles are supplementary.

How is it done on the GREENBOARD?

Q.1. Solve the following system of 2x + y = 4, we get
equations by substitution method. 2(5 – 2y) + y =4
x + 2y = 5 and 2x + y = 4 10 – 4y + y =4
Solution: 3y = 10 – 4
Step I: Given equations are 6
x + 2y = 5 ...(i) y = =2
3
and 2x + y = 4 ...(ii)
Setp IV: On putting this value of y in
Step II: From x + 2y = 5, we get
eq. (iii)
x = 5 – 2y ...(iii)
Also x = 5 – 2(2)
Step III: Putting this value of x in
other equation x =1
∴ x = 1 and y = 2.
 Very Short Answer Type Questions 1 mark each

Q. 1. If 3 chairs and 1 table costs ` 1500 and 6 chairs and ⇒ x =3 ½

1 table costs ` 2400. Form linear equations to represent Substituting x = 3 in eq. (ii), we get
this situation. U + C [CBSE SQP, 2020-21] 3+y =4
⇒ y =4–3=1
Sol. Let the cost of 1 chair be ` x and the cost of 1 table
be ` y, then cost of 3 chairs + cost of 1 table = 1500 If x = a and y = b is the solution of given equations,
⇒ 3x + y = 1500 ½ then.
Similarly, Cost of 6 chairs + cost of 1 table = 2400 a = x = 3 and b = y = 1. ½
⇒ 6x + y = 2400. ½ Hence, a = 3 and y = 1.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2021] Q. 3. Aruna has only ` 1 and ` 2 coins with her. If the
Q. 2. If x = a and y = b is the solution of the pair of total number of coins that she has is 50 and the
equations x – y= 2 and x + y = 4, find the values of amount of money with her is ` 75. then find the
a and b. U [CBSE Comptt. Set I/II/III, 2018] number of ` 1 and ` 2 coins are, respectively
Sol. Let the number of ` 1 coins = x and the number of
Sol. Solving for x and y and getting x = 3 and y = 1
\ a = 3 and b = 1. 1 ` 2 coins = y
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] So, according to the question,
Detailed Solution:        x + y = 50 ...(i)
x + 2y = 75 ...(ii) ½
Given equations are:
Subtracting equation (i) from (ii),
x–y =2 ...(i)
y = 25
and x+y =4 ...(ii)
Substituting value of y in (i),
Adding eq. (i) and (ii), we get
x = 25
2x = 6 So, y = 25 and x = 25. ½

Short Answer Type Questions-I 2 marks each

Q. 1. The larger of two supplementary angles exceed the Sol. Let Son’s present age be x years
smaller by 18°. Find the angles. Then Sumit’s present age = 3x years. ½
 A [CBSE Outside Delhi-I, 2019] 5
\ 5 Years later, we have, 3x + 5 = (x + 5) ½
Sol. Let larger angle be x° 2
\ Smaller angle = 180° – x° ½ 6x + 10 = 5x + 25 ⇒ x = 15 ½
\ (x) – (180 – x) = 18 ½ \ Sumit’s present age = 45 years ½
2x = 180 + 18 = 198 ⇒ x = 99 ½ [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
\ The two angles are 99°, 81° ½
Detailed Solution:
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]

Let Sumit’s present age be x years and his son’s
Detailed Solution: present age be y years.

Let one angle be x.

According to given condition,

Then, other angle (it’s supplementary angle) = (180° – x)

x = 3y ...(i) ½

Given, x + 18° = (180° – x)

After five years,

⇒ 2x = 180° – 18°

Sumit’s age = x + 5

⇒ 2x = 162°

and His son’s age = y + 5

⇒ x = 81° 1

Now, again according to given condition,

Now, other angle = 180° – 81°
1

= 99° 1
x+5 = 2 (y + 5) ½
2

Hence, two required angles are 81° and 99°.
5
Q. 2. Sumit is 3 times as old as his son. Five years later,
⇒ x+5 = (y + 5)
he shall be two and a half times as old as his son. 2
How old is Sumit at present ?
⇒ 2(x + 5) = 5(y + 5)
 A [CBSE Outside Delhi-I, 2019]
⇒ 2x + 10 = 5y + 25

⇒ 2x = 5y + 15
Again, from eq. (i),

⇒ 2(3y) = 5y +15 [from eq (i)]
x = 3y

⇒ x = 3 × 15 = 45

⇒ 6y = 5y + 15

Hence, Sumit’s present age is 45 years. ½

⇒ y = 15 ½
Q. 3. Solve below simultaneous equations for x and y,
3x – 5y = 4
and    9x – 2y = 7. [CBSE Board Term, 2019]

Topper Answer, 2019

Sol.

Q. 4. In Fig., ABCD is a rectangle. Find the values of x and y.

A [CBSE Delhi & OD, 2018]

Sol. Since, AB = CD and BC = AD 1
⇒
x + y = 30
and x – y = 14
Solving to get x = 22 and y = 8. ½+½
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018]
Detailed Solution:

Topper Answer, 2018

Q. 5. The incomes of two persons A and B are in the y −1

⇒ =
ratio 8: 7 and the ratio of their expenditures is 19: 16 5 5
If their savings are ` 2550 per month, find their ⇒ x =4
monthly income. A ; E [Board Term-1, 2016] and y =–1 1
Sol. Let income of A = 8x and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2016]
income of B = 7x. Q. 7. Solve the following pair of linear equations by
Also their expenditures be 19y and 16y. substitution method:
⇒ 8x – 19y = 2550 ...(i) 3x + 2y – 7 = 0
and 7x – 16y = 2550 ...(ii) 1 and 4x + y – 6 = 0
Solving the equations U [Board Term-1, 2015]
x = 1530 and y = 510 Sol. Given, 3x + 2y – 7 = 0 ....(i)
\ Salary of A = 12240 and 4x + y – 6 = 0 ....(ii)
Salary of B = 10710 1 From eqn. (ii), we have
Q. 6. Solve the following pair of linear equations by y = 6 – 4x ...(iii) ½
cross multiplication method:
On putting this value of y in eqn. (i), we get
x + 2y = 2
3x + 2(6 – 4x) – 7 = 0
x – 3y = 7
3x + 12 – 8x – 7 = 0
U [Board Term-1, 2015, 2016]
5 – 5x = 0
Sol. x + 2y – 2 = 0 5x = 5
x – 3y – 7 = 0 \ x =1 ½
Using the formula Substituting this value of x in (iii), we get
x y 1 y =6–4×1
= = 1
b1c 2 − b2 c1 c1a2 − c 2 a1 a1b2 − a2 b1 y =2 ½

Hence, values of x and y are 1 and 2 respectively. ½
x y 1
= = Q. 8. A lending library has a fixed charge for the first
− 14 − 6 −2 + 7 −3 −2 three days and an additional charge for each day
x y −1 thereafter. Shristi paid ` 27 for a book kept for
⇒ = = seven days, while Rekha paid ` 21 for the book she
−20 5 5
kept for five days. Find the fixed charge and the
x −1 additional charge paid by them.
⇒ =
−20 5 C [Board Term-1, 2015]
 Sol. Let fixed charges for reading book = ` x On solving both the equations
Let additional charges per day = ` y x = ` 15 and y = ` 3
then
x + 4y = 27 ...(i) Hence, Shristi paid additional charges = ` 12
x + 2y = 21 ...(ii) 1 Rekha paid additional charges = ` 6 1

Short Answer Type Questions-II 3 marks each

Q. 1. In the figure, ABCDE is a pentagon with BE||CD

and BC||DE. BC is perpendicular to CD. 1 1
Sol. Let = a and =b
AE = AB = 5 cm, BE = 7 cm, BC = x – y and CD = x y
x + y. If the perimeter of ABCDE is 27 cm. find the ⇒ 21a + 47b = 110 and 47a + 21b = 162
value of x and y, given x, y ≠ 0. Adding and subtracting the two equations, we get
a + b = 4 and a – b = 2
Solving the above two equations, we get a = 3 and
b=1
1
\ x= and y = 1.
 3
[CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] 3
 A [CBSE SQP, 2020] Detailed Solution:
Given equations are:
Sol. x + y = 7 and 2 (x – y) + x + y + 5 + 5 = 27
21 47
\ x + y = 7 and 3x – y = 17 + = 110
x y
Solving, we get, x = 6 and y = 1 3

[CBSE SQP Marking Scheme, 2020] 47 21
and + = 162
Detailed Solution: x y
Here, BCDE is a rectangle. 1
1
\ x + y = 7 ..(i) Let = a and = b, then
x y
Perimeter of ABCDE = 27 cm (given)
21a + 47b = 110 ...(i) ½
and 47a + 21b = 162 ...(ii) ½
Adding eq. (i) and (ii), we get
68a + 68b = 272
⇒ 68(a + b) = 272
⇒ a + b = 4 ...(iii) ½
Subtracting eq. (i) from (ii), we get
26a – 26b = 52
\ AB + BC + CD + DE + EA = 27
⇒ 26(a – b) = 52
⇒
3x – y = 27 – 10 ⇒ a – b = 2 ...(iv) ½
⇒
3x – y = 17 ...(ii) Adding eq. (iii) and (iv), we get
2a = 6
Adding eq. (i) and (ii), we get
⇒ a =3
4x = 24
Substituting a = 3 in eq. (iii), we get
⇒
x = 6. 3+b =4
Substituting the value of x in eq. (i), we get ⇒ b =4–3=1
6+y =7 1 1
If, a = 3, then =3⇒x= ½
y =7–6=1 x 3
Hence, x = 6 and y = 1. 1
If, b = 1, then = 1 ⇒ y = 1. ½
Q. 2. Solve the following system of equations: y
21 47 Q. 3. A man can row a boat downstream 20 km in
+ = 110
x y 2 hours and upstream 4 km in 2 hours. Find his
speed of rowing in still water. Also find the speed
47 21
+ = 162, x, y ≠ 0. of the stream. A [CBSE Delhi, Set-III, 2020]
x y
Sol. Let the speed of the boat in still water be x km/hr
 A [CBSE SQP, 2020] and speed of the stream be y km/hr.
 \ Relative Speed of boat in upstream
and x+5 = 2(y + 10)
= (x – y) km/hr or, x – 2y = 15 ...(ii) ½
and Relative speed of boat in downstream
Solving eq’s (i) and (ii), we get
= (x + y) km/hr 1
3y – 2y = 15
According to question,

⇒ y = 15 ½
20

Substituting value of y in eq. (i), we get
x+y =2

x = 3 × 15 = 45
⇒
x + y = 10 ...(i) ½
Hence, father’s present age is 45. 1
4
and
x−y =2 COMMONLY MADE ERROR
⇒ x – y = 2 ...(ii) ½
On adding eq. (i) and (ii), we get  Mostly students get confused in these
2x = 12 type of problems as they face difficulty
⇒ x =6 in forming the equations from statement.
Putting the value of x is eq. (i), Sometimes they form equations
6 + y = 10 incorrectly.
⇒ y = 10 – 6 = 4
Hence, Speed of a boat in still water = 6 km/hr
and speed of the stream = 4 km/hr. 1 ANSWERING TIP
Q. 4. If 2x + y = 23 and 4x – y = 19, find the value of
(5y – 2x) and  y - 2 .  Practice more such questions and get the
  concept cleared.
x

U [CBSE, OD Set-I, 2020]
1
Sol. Given, Q. 6. A fraction becomes when 2 is subtracted
2x + y = 23 ...(i) 3
1
and 4x – y = 19 ...(ii) from the numerator and it becomes when 1
2
On adding eq. (i) and (ii), we get is subtracted from the denominator. Find the
6x = 42 ⇒ x = 7 ½ fraction. A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, II, III, 2019]
Putting the value of x in eq. (i), we get
14 + y = 23 Sol. Let the fraction be x
⇒ y = 23 – 14 = 9 ½ y
Hence, 5y – 2x = 5 × 9 – 2 × 7 = 45 – 14
= 31. 1 x−2 1
\ = ...(1) 1
y 3
y 9 9 − 14 −5
and –2= –2= = . 1 x
x 7 7 7 1
and = ...(2) 1
y −1 2
Q. 5. A father’s age is three times the sum of the ages of
his two children. After 5 years his age will be two Solving (1) and (2) to get x = 7, y = 15.
times the sum of their ages. Find the present age of 7
\ Required fraction is 1
the father. A [CBSE Delhi-Set- I, II, III, 2019] 15
Sol. Let sum of the ages of two children be x years and [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
father’s age be y years. Detailed Solution:
\ y = 3x ...(1) 1 x
and y + 5 = 2(x + 10) ...(2) 1
Let the fraction be .
y
Solving equations (1) and (2)

According to the first condition,
x = 15
x−2 1
and y = 45 = ½
Father’s present age is 45 years. 1 y 3
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
⇒ 3x – 6 = y
Detailed Solution:
⇒ y = 3x – 6 ...(i) ½
Let the age of father be x years and sum of the ages
According to the second condition,
of his children be y years. x 1
After 5 years, =
y −1 2
Father’s age = (x + 5) years
Sum of ages of his children = (y + 10) years ½
⇒ 2x = y – 1
According to the given condition,
⇒ y = 2x+1 ...(ii) ½
x = 3y ...(i) ½
From eq’s. (i) and (ii), we get
 3x – 6 = 2x + 1 Q. 8. A part of monthly hostel charge is fixed and

⇒ x =7 ½ the remaining depends on the number of days

Substituting value of x in eq (i), we get one has taken food in the mess. When Swati takes
y = 3(7) – 6 food for 20 days, she has to pay ` 3,000 as hostel
y = 21 – 6 = 15 charges whereas Mansi who takes food for 25 days
7 has to pay ` 3,500 as hostel charges. Find the fixed

Hence, fraction is . 1 charges and the cost of food per day.
15
C [Board Term-1, 2015-16]
Q. 7. Places A and B are 80 km apart from each other on Sol. Let fixed charge be x and per day food cost be y
a highway. A car starts from A and another from B
Then, x + 20y = 3000 ...(i)
at the same time. If they move in same direction
and x + 25y = 3500 ...(ii) 1
they meet in 8 hours and if they move towards
each other they meet in 1 hour 20 minutes. Find Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get
the speed of cars. A [CBSE SQP 2018] x + 25y = 3500
x + 20y = 3000
Sol. Let the speed of car at A be x km/h 1
– – –
And the speed of car at B y km/h
Case 1 8x – 8y = 80 5y = 500 1
or, x – y = 10 y = 100
4 4 Substituting this value of y in (i), we get
Case 2 x + y = 80
3 3 x + 20(100) = 3000
or, x + y = 60 1 x = 1000
On solving, x = 35 and y = 25 \ x = 1000 and y = 100 1
Hence, speed of cars at A and B are 35 km/h and Hence, fixed charge and cost of food per day are
25 km/h respectively. 1 ` 1,000 and ` 100.
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2018] Q. 9. Solve for x and y:
Detailed Solution: x 2y
+ =–1
Let the speed of the car 1 from A be x km/h 2 3
and speed of the car 2 from B be y km/h 1 y
Same direction: and x– =3
3
Distance covered by car 1 = 80 + (distance covered
by car 2) U [Board Term-1, 2015]
⇒ 8x = 80 + 8y x 2y
⇒ 8x – 8y = 80 Sol. Given, + =–1
2 3
⇒ x – y = 10 ...(i)
Opposite direction: 3x + 4 y
=–1 1
Distance covered by car 1 + distance covered by car 2 6
= 80 km
or, 3x + 4y = – 6 ...(i)
4 4
x + y = 80 x y
3 3 and - =3
1 3
Þ x + y = 60 ...(ii)
Adding eq. (i) and (ii), we get 3x - y
2x = 70 =3
3
x = 35
substituting x = 35 in eq. (i) or, 3x – y = 9 ...(ii)
y = 25 On subtracting eqn. (ii) from eqn. (i), 1
\ Speed of the car 1 from A = 35 km/h 1 3x + 4y = – 6
and speed of the car 2 of from B = 25 km/h 1 3x – y = 9
– + –
COMMONLY MADE ERROR 5y = – 15
\
y =–3
 Some candidates, are not able to frame Putting y = – 3 in eq (i), we get
this word problem into equation.
3x + 4 (– 3) = – 6
3x – 12 = – 6
ANSWERING TIP 3x = 12 – 6
3x = 6
 Emphasis on solving such type of \
x =2
application based problem. Hence, x = 2 and y = – 3. 1
Q. 10. Sum of the ages of a father and the son is 40 years. 8x – 2y = 140
If father’s age is three times that of his son, then find 5x – 2y = 80
their respective ages. A [Board Term-1, 2015] – + –
3x = 60 2
Sol. Let age of father and son be x and y respectively.
⇒ x = 20
Then, x + y = 40 ...(i) 1 Substituting the value of x in eq (i) to get value of y,
and x = 3y ...(ii) 1 4(20) – y = 70
⇒ 80 – y = 70
By solving eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
\ y = 10 1
x = 30 and y = 10 1 Hence, total number of questions are = 20 + 10 = 30.
Thus, the ages of father and son are 30 years and Q. 12. In a painting competition of a school a child made
10 years. [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] Indian national flag whose perimeter was 50 cm.
Its area will be decreased by 6 square cm, if length
Q. 11. Raghav scored 70 marks in a test, getting 4 marks is decreased by 3 cm and breadth is increased by 2
for each right answer and losing 1 mark for each cm then find the dimension of flag.
wrong answer. Had 5 marks been awarded for C [Board Term-1, 2015]
each correct answer and 2 marks been deducted Sol. Let length of the flag be x cm and breadth of the flag
for each wrong answer, then Raghav would have be y cm
scored 80 marks. How many questions were there 2(x + y) = 50
in the test? C [Board Term-1, 2015] or, x + y = 25 ....(i)
Sol. Let number of right answers be x. (x – 3)(y + 2) = xy – 6 1
or, xy + 2x – 3y – 6 = xy – 6
Let number of wrong answers be y.
or, 2x – 3y = 0 ....(ii)
As per question On solving the eqns. (i) and (ii),
4x – y = 70 ...(i) x = 15 cm and y = 10 cm 1
5x – 2y = 80 ...(ii) \ Length of the flag = 15 cm
2 × eq. (i) – eq. (ii), and Breadth of the flag = 10 cm 1

Long Answer Type Questions 5 marks each

Q. 1. A motorboat covers a distance of 16 km upstream or, 6u + 2v = 1 ...(iv)

and 24 km downstream in 6 hours. In the same Multiplying (iv) by 4, we get
time it covers a distance of 12 km upstream and 36 24u + 8v = 4 ...(v)
km downstream. Find the speed of the boat in still Subtracting (iii) by (v), we get ½
water and that of the stream. 12u = 1
A + C [CBSE SQP, 2020-21] Þ u = 1/12
Sol. Let speed of the boat in still water = x km/hr, Putting the value of u in (iv), we get, v =1/4 ½
and speed of the current = y km/hr 1 1
Þ =
x+y 12
Downstream speed = (x+y) km/hr ½
Upstream speed = (x − y) km/hr ½ 1 1
and =
24 16 x−y 4
+ =6 ...(i) ½
x+y x−y Þ x + y = 12 and x − y = 4

36 12 Thus, speed of the boat in still water = 8 km/hr, ½
+ =6 ...(ii) ½
x+y x−y Speed of the current = 4 km/hr. ½

Q. 2. It can take 12 hours to fill a swimming pool
1
Let =u using two pipes. If the pipe of larger diameter
x+y
is used for four hours and the pipe of smaller
1 diameter for 9 hours, only half of the pool can be
and =v ½
x−y filled. How long would it take for each pipe to fill
the pool separately ?
Put in the above equation, we get ½ Sol. Let time taken to fill the pool by the larger diameter
24u + 16v = 6 pipe = x hr
or, 12u + 8v = 3 ...(iii) and time taken to fill the pool by the smaller
36u + 12v = 6 diameter pipe = y hr ½
 According to question, Solving (i) and (ii) to get
1 1 1 x + y = 11 ...(iii)
+ = ...(i) ½
x y 12 and x–y =5 ...(iv)

4 9 Solving (iii) and (iv) to get x = 8, y = 3. 1
and + = 1 ...(ii) ½
x y Speed of boat = 8 km/hr & speed of stream
2
= 3 km/hr. 1
1 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme, 2019]
Let = a and = b
x y Detailed Solution:
Put in the above equations, we get Let the speed of boat in still water = x km/h
1 and the speed of current (stream) = y km/h
a+b = ...(iii) ½
12 Relative speed of boat in down stream = x + y
1 Relative speed of boat in up stream = x – y ½
4a + 9b = ...(iv) ½ According to the first condition,
2
30 44
Multiplied by 4 to equ (iii) \ + = 10 ...(i) ½
x−y x+y
1
4a + 4b = ...(v)
3
According to the second condition,
40 55
1 + = 13 ...(ii) ½
4a + 9b = ...(vi) ½ x−y x+y
2

(–) (–) (–) 1 1
Let = u and =v
1 1 x−y x+y
– 5b = −
3 2
So, 30u + 44v = 10 ...(iii) ½
2−3
40u + 55v = 13 ...(iv) ½
– 5b =
6
From eq. (iii),
1
30u = 10 – 44v
\
b= (substitute in equ. (iii))
30 10 − 44 v
u = ...(v) ½
1 1
30
a+ = 1
30 12 
Putting value of u in eq. (iv), we get
1 1  10 − 44 v 
a= − 40   +55v = 13
12 30 3


5−2 3  10 − 44 v 
a= =

⇒ 4 
60 60  +55v = 13
3
1
a=
⇒ 4(10 – 44v) + 165v = 39
20

⇒ 40 – 176v + 165v = 39
\ 1
x= = 20
⇒ –11v = –1
a 1
1
⇒ v = ½
y= = 30  1 11 
b

Putting value of v in eq. (v), we get
Hence, time taken to fill the pool by the larger and
1
smaller diameter pipe respectively 20 hrs and 30 10 − 44 ×
hrs. 1
⇒ u= 11
30
Q. 3. A boat goes 30 km upstream and 44 km
downstream in 10 hours. In 13 hours, it can go 40 1

⇒ u=
km upstream and 55 km downstream. Determine 5
the speed of the stream and that of the boat in still 1 1
water. A [CBSE Delhi Set-I, II, III, 2019]
So, u = and v =
5 11
Sol. Let the speed of the boat in still water be x km/hr
Now,
and speed of the stream be y km/hr.
1 1
30 44 ⇒ u= =
Given + x−y 5
= 10 ...(i) 1½
x−y x+y

x – y =5 ...(vi)
and 40 55 1 1
+ = 13 ...(ii) 1½
and v= =
x−y x+y x+y 11

⇒ x + y = 11 ...(vii) ½ eqn. (iv) – eqn. (iii),

on adding eqs. (vi) and (vii), we get Þ 7x = 1050

2x = 16 \ x = 150 1

⇒ x = 8 ½ Substituting the value of x in (i) we get y = 500

Substitute value of x in eq (vi), we get Thus, the cost of one chair and one table are ` 150
and ` 500 respectively.

8 – y =5
[CBSE Marking Scheme, 2015] 2

y = 3 ½

Hence speed of boat in still water = 8 km/ h Q. 6. Solve the following pair of equations:

and speed of stream = 3 km / h 2 3 4 9
+ = 2 and − = – 1.
Q. 4. Seven times a two digit number is equal to four x y x y
times the number obtained by reversing the order
of its digits. If the difference of the digits is 3, U [Board Term-1, 2015]
determine the number. C [CBSE SQP, 2017] 1 1
Sol. Let the ten’s and unit digit be y and x respectively. Sol. Substituting = X and =Y
x y
So, the number is 10y + x. ½
The number, when its digits are reversed, becomes 2X + 3Y = 2 ....(i)
10x + y. and 4X – 9Y = – 1 ....(ii) 1
So, 7(10y + x) = 4(10x + y) 1 Multiplying eqn. (i) by 3, and add in (ii), we get
Þ 70y + 7x = 40x + 4y 4X – 9Y = – 1
Þ 70y – 4y = 40x – 7x 6X + 9Y = 6
Þ 2y = x ...(i) 1 10X =5
and x–y =3 ...(ii) 1 5 1
10X = 5 or X = ⇒
From (i) and (ii), we get 10 2
y = 3 and x = 6 1 1
= \ x=4 2
Hence, the number is 36. 1½ x 2
Q. 5. 4 chairs and 3 tables cost ` 2100 and 5 chairs and Putting the value of X in eqn. (i), we get
2 tables cost ` 1750. Find the cost of one chair and 1
one table separately. A [Board Term-1, 2015] 2· + 3Y = 2
2
Sol. Let cost of 1 chair be ` x and cost of 1 table be ` y 3Y = 2 – 1
According to the question, 1
Y = 1
4x +3y = 2100 ...(i) 3
and 5x +2y = 1750 ...(ii) 1 1 1 1
Multiplying eqn. (i) by 2 and eqn. (ii) by 3, we get ⇒ Y = or = ⇒ y=9
3 y 3
8x +6y = 4200 ...(iii)
15x + 6y = 5250 ...(iv) 1 Hence, x = 4 and y = 9. 1

Visual Case Based Questions 4 marks each

Note: Attempt any four sub parts from each x−1

= 90
question. Each sub part carries 1 mark 4y
Q. 1. A test consists of ‘True’ or ‘False’ questions. One
Solving these two
mark is awarded for every correct answer while
x = 96 and y = 24
¼ mark is deducted for every wrong answer. A
(i) If answer to all questions he attempted by guessing
student knew answers to some of the questions. were wrong, then how many questions did he
Rest of the questions he attempted by guessing. answer correctly?
He answered 120 questions and got 90 marks. Sol. He answered 96 questions correctly.
 [CBSE QB, 2021] (ii) How many questions did he guess ?
Type of Marks given for Marks deducted Sol. He attempted 24 questions by guessing.
Question correct answer for wrong answer (iii) If answer to all questions he attempted by guessing
were wrong and answered 80 correctly, then how
True/False 1 0.25
many marks he got ?
Let the no of questions whose answer is known to Sol. Marks = 80 – ¼ of 40 = 70
the student x and questions attempted by cheating (iv) If answer to all questions he attempted by guessing
be y were wrong, then how many questions answered
x + y = 120 correctly to score 95 marks ?
 Sol. x – ¼ of (120 – x) = 95
5x = 500, x = 100
Q. 2. Amit is planning to buy a house and the layout is
given below. The design and the measurement has
been made such that areas of two bedrooms and
kitchen together is 95 sq.m. [CBSE QB, 2021]

Name of the city Distance travelled Amount paid

(km) (`)
City A 10 75
15 110
City B 8 9
14 145
Situation 1: In city A, for a journey of 10 km, the
Based on the above information, answer the charge paid is ` 75 and for a journey of 15 km, the
following questions: charge paid is ` 110.
(i) Form the pair of linear equations in two variables Situation 2: In a city B, for a journey of 8 km, the
from this situation. charge paid is ` 91 and for a journey of 14 km, the
Sol. Area of two bedrooms = 10x sq. m charge paid is ` 145.
Area of kitchen = 5y sq. m Refer situation 1
10x + 5y = 95 (i) If the fixed charges of auto rickshaw be ` x and
2x + y =19 the running charges be ` y km/hr, the pair of linear
Also, x + 2 + y = 15 equations representing the situation is
x + y = 13 (a) x + 10y = 110, x + 15y = 75
(ii) Find the length of the outer boundary of the layout. (b) x + 10y =75, x + 15y = 110
Sol. Length of outer boundary = 12 + 15 + 12 + 15 (c) 10x + y =110, 15x + y = 75
= 54 m (d) 10x + y = 75, 15x + y =110
(iii) Find the area of each bedroom and kitchen in the Sol. Correct option: (b).
layout. Explanation: According to given situation, we have
Sol. On solving two equation part (i) x + 10y = 75 ...(i)
x = 6 m and y = 7 m x + 15y = 110 ...(ii)
area of bedroom = 5 × 6 = 30 m (ii) A person travels a distance of 50 km. The amount
area of kitchen = 5 × 7 = 35 m he has to pay is
(iv) Find the area of living room in the layout. (a) ` 155 (b) ` 255
Sol. Area of living room = (15 × 7) – 30 (c) ` 355 (d) ` 455
= 105 – 30 Sol. Correct option: (c).
= 75 sq. m
Explanation: Solving two equations,
(v) Find the cost of laying tiles in kitchen at the rate of
x + 10y = 75
` 50 per sq. m
x + 15y = 110
Sol. Total cost of laying tiles in the kitchen = ` 50 × 35
– – –
= ` 1750
– 5y = – 35
Q. 3. It is common that Governments revise travel fares
y =7
from time to time based on various factors such as
Now, putting y = 7 in equation (i)
inflation ( a general increase in prices and fall in
the purchasing value of money) on different types x + 10 × 7 = 75
of vehicles like auto, Rickshaws, taxis, Radio cab x + 70 = 75
etc. The auto charges in a city comprise of a fixed x = 75 – 70
charge together with the charge for the distance x =5
covered. Study the following situations Now, if a person travels a distance of 50 km
[CBSE QB, 2021] then, amount = x + 50y
= 5 + 50 × 7
= 5 + 350
= 355
Refer situation 2
(iii) What will a person have to pay for travelling a
distance of 30 km ?
(a) ` 185 (b) ` 289
(c) ` 275 (d) ` 305
Sol. Correct option: (b).
(iv) The graph of lines representing the conditions are:
(situation 2)

(a)

(i) Assuming that the speed of first car and second car
be u km/h and v km/h respectively.
What is the relative speed of both cars while they
are travelling in the same direction?
(a) (u + v) km/hr (b) (u – v) km/hr
(c) (u/v) km/hr (d) (uv) km/hr
Sol. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation: Relative speed of both cars while they
are travelling in same direction = (u – v) km/hr.
(b)
(ii) What is the relative speed of both cars while they
are travelling towards each other?
(a) (u + v) km/hr (b) (u – v) km/hr
(c) (u/v) km/hr (d) (uv) km/hr
Sol. Correct Option: (a)
Explanation: Relative speed of both cars while they
are travelling in opposite directions i.e., travelling
towards each other = (u + v) km/hr.
(iii) What is the actual speed of one car?
(a) 60 km/hr (b) 40 km/hr
(c) 100 km/hr (d) 20 km/hr
(c) Sol. Correct Option: (a)
Explanation: Let the speeds of first car and second
car be u km/hr and v km/hr respectively.
According to the given information.
5 (u – v) = 100
i.e,. u – v = 20 ...(i)
and u + v = 100 ...(ii)
Solving eqs. (i) and (ii), we get u = 60 km/hr.
(iv) What is the actual speed of other car?
(a) 60 km/hr (b) 40 km/hr
(c) 100 km/hr (d) 20 km/hr
(d) Sol. Correct Option: (b)
Explanation: From above question 3, refering to the
solution of both equations
v = 40 km/hr.
(v) The given problem is based on which mathematical
concept
(a) Pair of linear equations
Sol. Correct option: (c). (b) Quadratic equations
Q. 4. Places A and B are 100 km apart on a highway. (c) Polynomials
One car starts from A and another from B at the (d) none of the above
same time. If the cars travel in the same direction at Sol. Correct Option: (a)
different speeds, they meet in 5 hours. If they travel Explanation: The given problem is based on pair of
towards each other, they meet in 1 hour. C + AE linear equations.
 Q. 5. John and Jivanti are playing with the marbles in (iii) If 45 is replaced by 55 in the above case discussed
the playground. They together have 45 marbles in the question, then the number of marbles Jivanti
and John has 15 marbles more than Jivanti. have:
(a) 15 (b) 30
(c) 20 (d) 35
Sol. Correct Option: (c)
Explanation: According to given problem,
x + y = 55 ...(i)
and x – y = 15 ...(ii)
Solving eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
x = 35 and y = 20.
(iv) According to the question 3, the number of marbles
(i) The number of marbles Jivanti had:
John have:
(a) 15 (b) 30
(c) 40 (d) 5 (a) 30 (b) 40
Sol. Correct Option: (a) (c) 45 (d) 35
Explanation: Let the no. of marbles, John and Sol. Correct Option: (d)
Jivanti have, be x and y respectively. Explanation: From above question 3, we get x = 35.
According to the given information, Hence, John had 35 marbles.
x + y = 45 ...(i) (v) The given problem is based on which mathematical
and x – y = 15 ...(ii) concept ?
Solving eqs. (i) and (ii), we get (a) pair of linear equations
x = 30 and y = 15
(b) Quadratic equations
(ii) The number of marbles John had:
(c) Polynomials
(a) 40 (b) 30
(c) 15 (d) 20 (d) None of the above
Sol. Correct Option: (b) Sol. Correct Option: (a)
Explanation: According to the solution of question Explanation: The given problem is based on pair of
1, we get x = 30. linear equations.