MATERIALS AND METHODS

IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION–II
MODULE 3
RCC
FOUNDATION
Introduction, Principles, Types and methods of construction and detailing
WHAT ARE COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING?

• Components are different structural or architectural elements which combine to

form a structure or a building.

Sub structure: the part of building that is constructed below ground level.

Super structure: the part of building that is above ground level.

• Both the substructure and the superstructure help to support and transmit the load

(weight) of the building to the ground / foundation.

• The dead load of a building is the total weight of all its parts.

• A foundation is therefore that part of the structure which is in direct contact with the

ground to which the loads are transmitted.

• The basic function of a foundation is to transmit the dead load, super-imposed load

(live load) and wind loads from a building to the soil on which the building rests.
LOAD DISTRIBUTION OR TRANSMISSION:-
Foundation is the lowest part of the building or the civil structure that is in direct
contact with the soil which transfers loads from the structure to the soil safely.

Generally, the foundation can be classified into two, namely SHALLOW

FOUNDATION and DEEP FOUNDATION.
MAIN FUNCTIONS OF FOUNDATIONS : -

It is often misunderstood that the foundation is provided to support the load of the structure.

In fact it is a device to transmit the load of the structure to the soil below.
Foundation is provided for the following four main purposes:

• To distribute the weight of the structure over large area so as to avoid

over-loading of the soil beneath.

• To load the sub-stratum evenly and thus prevent unequal settlement.

• To provide a level surface for building operations.

• To take the structure deep into the ground and thus increase its stability.
PURPOSE OF SITE EXPLORATION :-

• The purpose of site exploration is to collect complete details of the site to

enable the designer to take following decisions:

• To fix the value of the safe bearing capacity of soil.

• To select an economical yet safe type of foundation.

• To fix the depth up to which the foundation must be taken inside the

ground.

• To know the underground water level and if needed, to decide upon the

method to be adopted to solve the ground water problem..

• To forecast the difficulties which are likely to be encountered due to

nature of the sub-soil during construction and to take advance actions in

this regard.
 SAFE BEARING CAPACITY

• The bearing capacity of the soil

means :

max. Load per unit of area (usually in

terms of kilo-newtons / sq meter)
which ground will support without
displacement, this is also termed as
soil bearing capacity (S.B.C)

Test pit: A square pit of 1.2 x 1.2 m is excavated upto a depth at which sufficient hard soil is available.
TYPES of RCC FOUNDATION
Foundations are mainly classified into two types:

1. Shallow Foundations A foundation is shallow if its depth is equal to or less than

its width

2. Deep foundations The depth is greater than its width

APPLICATION :

Foundations may be shallow or deep foundations depending upon the load and
type of foundation soil.

If the load to be supported is very high and soil is of low bearing capacity, Deep
foundations are provided.

If the soil has adequate bearing capacity at reasonable depth then shallow
footings are provided.
DESIGN OFT SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS:-
Y P ES OF S H AL LOW FOU N DATI ON S

Width of foundation = total load per meter length for walls

Allowed bearing capacity of soil.

= Total load on the pier (columns)

Allowed bearing capacity of soil.
DEPTH OF FOUNDATION :-
• Depth of foundation, generally all shallow foundations are taken to a

min. Depth of 800mm below natural ground level, unless hard soil is

available with in 800mm.

• Depth should be greater than the depth required as per S.B.C

calculated by considering the load on the soil per square meter on trail

pit.

• This means that at this depth S.B.C would be greater than that required.
GRADE OF CONCRETE
Footings which are provided under each
column independently are called as
Isolated footings.

They are usually square, rectangular or

circular in section. Footing is laid on PCC.

Before laying PCC, termite control

liquid is sprayed on top face of PCC to
restrict the termites to damage the
footing.

Isolated footings are provided where the

soil bearing capacity is generally high
and it comprises of a thick slab which may
be flat or stepped or sloped.

This type of footings are most

economical when compared with the
other kind of footings.
Flat or Pad Footing

These kind of footings are

generally square or rectangular
or circular in shape which are
provided under each column
independently.

It is circular, square or
rectangular slab of uniform
thickness.
I S O L AT E D F O OT I N G S F O R CO LU M N S
I S O L AT E D F O OT I N G S F O R CO LU M N S
COMBINED FOOTING:-
• A spread footing which supports
two or more columns is termed
as combined footing. The
combined footings may be of
the following kinds:
➢ Rectangular combined footing.
➢ Trapezoidal combined footing.
➢ Combined column-wall footing.
COMBINED FOOTING:-
COMBINED COLUMN-WALL
FOOTING :-

• The design of combined

footing should be done in
such a way that center of
gravity of column loads
coincide with the centroid
of the footing area.

26
STRAP FOUNDATION:-
• If the independent footings of two

columns are connected by a beam,

it is called a strap footing.

• The strap beam does not remain in

contact with soil, and does not

transfer any pressure to the soil.

• A strap footing is more economical

than a combined footing when the

allowable soil pressure is relatively

high and the distance between the

columns is large.
RAFT / MAT FOUNDATION:-

• This is used when the site is of made up soil, soft clay or marshy land, having low

value of s.B.C

• It is economical in site conditions where pile foundation or deep foundation can

not be used effectively and independent column footing becomes impractical.

• Three types:-

➢ Solid slab system

➢ Beam slab system

➢ Cellular system
RAFT / MAT
FOUNDATION:-
1. If the bearing capacity of the soil is very good and
the super structural load is very small.. The use of
isolated foundation is recommended.
2. If the bearing capacity of the soil is very low, like
less than 100 kpa( this isn't an exact number but
it could be used as a boundary)
3. If the super structural load to be transferred to
the foundation is very high that the area of the
isolated footing to be used is more than half the
area covered by the building (this is
recommended by Joseph.E Bowles)
4. When we provide elevator in the building a
separate raft may be provided on the elevator
shaft.
5. When the soil contains lenses ( or weak zones )
that should be bridged then raft might be used.
Raft footing does not have Neck column, they start directly From the
ground surface but reinforcement of neck column starts from Raft.
SPREAD FOOTINGS FOR WALLS:-
• Fig 2.3(a) shows the spread footing for a wall, consisting of concrete base
without any steps.
• Usually, masonry walls have stepped footing as shown in fig 2.3 (b), with a
concrete base.
1. Strip foundation is also called as Wall
footing.

2. it is a strip type footing which follows the

path of Superstructure Wall.

3. This type of footing is constructed

for Load bearing walls.

4. It is a continuous strip of concrete that

serves to spread the weight of a load-
bearing wall across an area of soil.

5. The strip footing foundation width is

decided by considering bearing
capacity of soil.

6. Greater the bearing capacity of soil

lesser is the
width of the Strip footing.
GRILLAGE FOUNDATION:-

• When heavy structure loads from column, piers are

required to be transfered to a soil of low S.B.C.
• Grillage foundation is more lighter and economical.
• Thus deep excavation cane be avoided and presure
reduced on soil.
• There are two types of grillage foundation:-
➢ Steel grillage.
➢ Wooden grillage.
TIMBER
GRILLAGE
FOUNDATION:-
STEEL
GRILLAGE
FOUNDATION:-

ISA:
INDIAN STANDARD ANGLE
50 X 50 X 6 MM

I S M B:
INDIAN STANDARD MILD
BEAM
75 X 125 X 8 MM

I S M C:
INDIAN STANDARD MILD
COLUMN
75 X 150 X 8 MM

BASE PLATE 6MM THK

STEEL
GRILLAGE
FOUNDATION:-

ISA:
INDIAN STANDARED ANGEL
50 X 50 X 6 MM

I S M B:
INDIAN STANDARED MILD
BEAM
75 X 125 X 8 MM

I S M C:
INDIAN STANDARED MILD
COLUMN
75 X 150 X 8 MM

BASE PLATE 6MM THK

Thank you