Dr. Shyam N.

Chawda, C Language Tutorial , 78 74 39 11 91

3 Array

Variable can hold only one value at a time where as an array is a collection
of variables referenced under a common name hence can be used to store
more than one value under a common name. In other words, an array is a
homogeneous data structure (elements having same data type) that stores
a sequence of consecutively numbered objects allocated in contiguous
memory. It contains multiple values of same data type.

NEED OF AN ARRAY
If we want to add two variables say a and b we need to declare them as
int a,b;
But suppose if we need sum of 100 variables, it becomes a difficult task for
us to declare 100 variables and even more difficult task to remember all the
100 variable names. So to make it simple we can use array.

Like an Excel spreadsheet, arrays have a

position number for each row.

Each object of the array can be accessed

by using its positions number - index.
The positions-index in an array start at 0
and go up sequentially. Each position in
the array can hold a value. When we
declare an array, we need to set its size.

For example, we want to declare 10 variables of int data type, instead of

declaring individual variables, such as no0, no1, ..., and no9, we can declare
one array variable such as no and use no[0], no[1], and ..., no[9] to
represent individual variables.

Once an array has been created its size cannot be changed.

In C values of the array are placed in contiguous memory location. Each

element of the array is identified by its index number. Index number always
starts with 0.

There are two types of Array

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Properties of Array

An array holds elements that have the same data type.

Array size should be mentioned in the declaration.

Array size must be a constant expression and not a variable.

Array have number of memory cell which is called

elements.

All the elements of array share the common name,

and they are distinguished from one another with help of the
index.

ArrayName indicates the base address or address of the first element in the
Array.

Array start with 0 index number & end with one less than size of array.

The array element is always stored sequential or in linear fashion.

When an array is declared & not initialized, it contains garbage values.

Two-dimensional array elements are stored row by row in subsequent

memory locations.

2D arrays are used to represent matrices.

An Array cannot be copied/assigned/compared from another Array directly,

these operations have to be done element by element basis.

Disadvantages

We must know in advance that how many elements are to be stored in

array.

The size of an array is of fixed. The memory which is

allocated to array cannot be increased or reduced.

Insertions and deletions is time consuming process.

Only elements of same data types can be stored in an array. We cannot

store elements of multiple data types in a single array.

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3.1 One Dimensional Array

An array having only one subscript (index) is called one

dimensional array.

In one dimensional array values are stored in sequential

manner which is starting with 0 index.

Syntax#

Data-type array-name[size];
Size is the maximum number of elements stored by the array.

Example#

int arrayNo[3];

The above example declares a integer array arrayNo of size 3.

In C values of the array are placed in contiguous memory location. Each element
of the array is identified by its index number. Array always starts with 0 index which
is actually the first element of the array.

By giving the index number with the array name, elements of the array can be
accessed.

For example, for the above array declared, we can excess its else as shown

arrayNo[0] → it referred to the first element of the array, n.

arrayNo[1] → it referred to the second element of the array, n.
arrayNo[2] → it referred to the third element of the array, n.

In the memory, all the array elements are stored in contiguous memory
location.

Assume that the values in the array are 10, 4, 6 in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd elements
respectively. Pictorially we can draw as:

arrayNo[0] arrayNo[1] arrayNo[2]

Memory 10 4 6 →

In the memory, values 10, 4 and 6 stored in contiguous memory location.

3.1.1 Initialization of the array:

There are two ways to initialize an array

1. Static – at the time of declaration

2. Dynamic – at runtime from the user or on the basis of existing values

3.1.1.1 Static initialization of One Dimensional array

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At the time of array declaration, array can have initialized.

3.1.1.1.1 Initialize all the values as 0

Syntax#
data-type array-name[size] = {};

We can initialize all the elements of an integer Array with 0 value by assigning with
empty {} as below,

Example#
int a[5] = {};

3.1.1.1.2 Initialize list of values

Syntax#
data-type array-name[size] = {list of values};

Size of the array is optional. If you do not specify the size, size will be set according
to the number of values assigned.

List of values are the value assigned to each elements of the array and are
separated by comma.

First value in the list will be assign to first element, second value to second element
so on.

Example# int a[3]= {5, 7, 20};

Three integer values are assigned to array n. we can indicate each element values
as:
a[0] = 5
a[1] = 7;
a[2] = 20;

Now we can access each element of the array by giving the index number.

Suppose, to print the value of the array element at index 0, we can write as
printf (“%d”, a[0]);

it will print 5.

Example# To declare and initialize one dimensional array and print its
value

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3]={12, 6, 15};
clrscr();
printf(“\n %d %d %d”, a[0], a[1], a[2]);
getch();

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}
Output:
12 6 15

We can also assign a value to each array elements after declaration.

Example# int a[3];
a[0]= 12;
a[1]= 6;
a[2] =15;

Example# To print array element using for loop

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int a[3]={12, 6, 15};
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
printf(“\n Array element n[%d] =%d ”, i, a[i]);
}
getch();
}

Output:
Array element a[0] =12
Array element a[1] =6
Array element a[2] =15

3.1.1.2 Dynamic initialization of array

Instead of providing the value to the array in the program, we can also assign
values to array during runtime.

Example#

int n[3];
scanf (“%d %d %d”, &n[0], &n[1], &n[2]);

Or

Using loop,
for(i=0;i<3; i++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &n[i]);
}

Assigning value to array during run time is useful when you want to read big array
say of size 1000.

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Suppose you have declared an array of 1000 elements. Declaration of array is not
difficulty but to initialize or assign the value of the array of 1000 elements is
cumbersome.

Better approach is to apply the values during program execution.

Note: To read and print one dimensional numeric array, one loop statement is
used. This loop is used to change the index number of the array.

Example# To read and print one dimensional array using for loop

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{ int a[3];
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
printf(“\n Enter array value for element n[%d]” , i);
scanf(“%d”, &a[i]); /* read array */
}
printf(“Array contains \n“);
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
printf(“ %d ”, a[i]);
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter array value for element a[0] = 2
Enter array value for element a[1] = 12
Enter array value for element a[2] = 42
Array contains
2 12 42

3.1.2 Accessing the array

Processing the array is not as simple as processing the simple variable.

For example,

Two integer numbers can be easily added by writing the

int a, b, sum ; formulas
a=2; b=4; sum= a+b;
sum= a + b; but this is no true for array variables.

Consider the same example using array variables.

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int a[3], b[3], sum;
……
…..
sum= a +b; → this is invalid because for array each element of the array must be
added separately by the use of index number.

Following program shows how to access each array element for finding out the sum
of all the elements of the array.

Example# To read and find the sum of all the elements of an array.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{ int num[3], sum;
int i;
sum=0;
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
printf(“\n Enter array value for element n[%d]” , i);
scanf(“%d”, &num[i]); //read array
}
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
sum = sum + num[i]) ; //add each element value to the sum variable
}
printf(“\n The sum of integer array : %d”, sum);
}

Output:
Enter array value for element n[0] = 5
Enter array value for element n[1] = 7
Enter array value for element n[2] = 8
The sum of integer array: 20

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Following program shows how to access the each array element for finding out
the maximum value from the array.

Example# To find the maximum value from an array

#include<stdio.h>
int main()
{ int num[3], largest;
int i;
clrscr();
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
printf(“\n Enter array value for element n[%d]” , i);
scanf(“%d”, &n[i]); /* read array */
}
largest=num[0];
for(i=0; i<3; i++) /* this loop find out largest element */
{
if(num[i] > largest)
largest = num[i];
}
printf(“\n The largest element in the array is %d”, largest);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter array value for element n[0] = 5
Enter array value for element n[1] = 7
Enter array value for element n[2] = 8
The largest element in the array is 8

3.1.3 Memory allocation for the array:

In C, memory is allocated for each data type, for example, integer type has 2 bytes,
long type has 4 byte, float type has 4 byte etc.

Because array is a collection of elements of similar data type, memory is allocated

to each element of the array.

Example#

int n[3];

integer data type occupies 2 bytes memory, 2 bytes is occupied by each element
of the array, n.

Therefore, total byte allocated to array n is 2*3=6 bytes.

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Example# Program to demonstrate use of sizeof() operator

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{
int n[3];
clrscr();
printf ("\n length of integer is % d bytes”, sizeof(int));
printf(“\n length of array is %d bytes", sizeof(n) ) ;
getch();
}

Output:
length of integer is 2 bytes
length of array is 6 bytes

Example#Program to demonstrate use of multiple array.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int main()
{ int rollno[5], maths[5], english[5], science[5], total[5];
float percentage[5];
int i;
clrscr(); /* to clear the screen before display any output */
printf(“ Enter student’s result data for five students \n”);
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
printf(“\n Enter rollno, three subject marks for Maths, English,
Science: ”);
scanf(“%d %d %d %d”, &rollno[i], &maths[i], &english[i],
&science[i]);
}
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
total[i] = maths[i] + english[i] + science[i];
percentage[i] = float (( total[i] * 100)/ 3 );
}
printf(“\n Result of the students \n”);
printf(“Rollno maths English science total percentage”);
for(i=0; i<5; i++)
{
printf(“\n %d/t %d /t %d /t %d /t %d /t %f”, rollno[i], maths[i],
english[i],science[i], total[i], percentage[i]);
}
getch();

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}

Output:
Enter student’s result data for five students
Enter rollno, three subject marks for maths, English, science: 1 50 60 70
Enter rollno, three subject marks for maths, English, science: 2 45 55 66
Enter rollno, three subject marks for maths, English, science: 3 67 78 89
Enter rollno, three subject marks for maths, English, science: 4 71 81 91
Enter rollno, three subject marks for maths, English, science: 5 80 90 95
Result of the students
Rollno maths English science total percentage
1 50 60 70 180 60.000000
2 45 55 66 166 55.333332
3 67 78 89 234 78.000000
4 71 81 91 243 81.000000
5 80 90 95 265 88.333336

Example# Program to arrange an integer array in ascending order

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n[5], i, j, t;
i=0;
clrscr();
while(i<5)
{
printf("Enter integer value of n[%d] element: ",i);
scanf("%d", &n[i]);
i++;
}
i=0;
j=0;
for(j=0; j<5; j++) /* these nested loop interchange the element value if
previous element is greater than next element */
{
for(i=j+1; i<5; i++)
{
if(n[j]>n[i])
{
t=n[j];
n[j]=n[i];
n[i]=t;
}
}
}
i=0;

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printf(“\n array in ascending order \n“);
while(i<5)
{
printf(" %d ", n[i]);
i++;
}
}

Output:
Enter integer value of n[0] element: 3
Enter integer value of n[1] element: 13
Enter integer value of n[2] element: 14
Enter integer value of n[3] element: 2
Enter integer value of n[4] element: 5
array in ascending order
2 3 5 13 14

3.2 Two-dimensional integer array (Matrix)

In 2-dimentional array elements are arranged in row and column format. When
we are working with 2-dimentional array we require to refer 2-subscript operator
which indicates row and column sizes. The main memory of 2-dimentional array
is rows and sub-memory is columns.

Syntax#
int ARRAY-NAME [ROWS][COLUMNS];

ROWS and COLUMNS are size of array which sets the number of rows and
columns respectively.

3.2.1 Initialization of two-dimensional Array at Compile time / Static

int table[2][3] ={10,20,30,40,50,60};

int table[2][3] = {{10,20,30},{40,50,60}};

00 01 02
10 20 30
If the values are missing in an initialize, they
are automatically set to zero.

int table[2][3] = {{1,1},{2}};

10 11 12
40 50 60
When all the elements are to be initialized to
zero following method is used:

int table[2][3] = {{0},{0}};

3.2.2 Initialization two-dimensional array at Runtime

We can also assign the value at run time from users with the help of scanf(), see
the following example.

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Example# To take input and then display two-dimensional array(matrix)

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
int a[3][3],i,j;
clrscr();
//loop for taking input
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf(“Enter value of a[%d][%d]: ”,i,j);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
//loop to display matrix
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf(“ %d ”,a[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter value of a[0][0]:1
Enter value of a[0][1]:2
Enter value of a[0][2]:3
Enter value of a[1][0]:4
Enter value of a[1][1]:5
Enter value of a[1][2]:6
Enter value of a[2][0]:7
Enter value of a[2][1]:8
Enter value of a[2][2]:9
123
456
678

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Example# To add two matrix

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
int a[2][2],b[2][2],c[2][2],i,j;
clrscr();
//loop for taking input in a
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf(“Enter value of a[%d][%d]: ”,i,j);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
//loop for taking input in b
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf(“Enter value of b[%d][%d]: ”,i,j);
scanf(“%d”,&b[i][j]);
}
}
//loop to add two matix
for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
c[i][j]=a[i][j]+b[i][j];
}
}

for(i=0;i<2;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<2;j++)
{
printf(“ %d ”,c[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch();
}

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Output:
Enter value of a[0][0]:1
Enter value of a[0][1]:2
Enter value of a[1][0]:6
Enter value of a[1][1]:4
Enter value of b[0][0]:2
Enter value of b[0][1]:3
Enter value of b[1][0]:7
Enter value of b[1][1]:5
35
13 9

Example# To print transpose of a matrix

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
int a[3][3],b[3][3],i,j;
clrscr();
//loop for taking input
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf(“Enter value of a[%d][%d]: ”,i,j);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
//loop for transpose
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
b[i][j]=a[j][i];
}
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf(“ %d ”,b[i][j]);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch();
}

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Output:
Enter value of a[0][0]:1
Enter value of a[0][1]:2
Enter value of a[0][2]:3
Enter value of a[1][0]:4
Enter value of a[1][1]:5
Enter value of a[1][2]:6
Enter value of a[2][0]:7
Enter value of a[2][1]:8
Enter value of a[2][2]:9
147
258
369

Example# To diagonal elements of a matrix

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
int a[3][3],i,j;
clrscr();
//loop for taking input
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
printf(“Enter value of a[%d][%d]: ”,i,j);
scanf(“%d”,&a[i][j]);
}
}
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<3;j++)
{
if(i==j)
printf(“ %d ”,a[i][j]);
else
printf(“ * ”);
}
printf(“\n”);
}
getch();
}

Output:
Enter value of a[0][0]:1
Enter value of a[0][1]:2
Enter value of a[0][2]:3

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Enter value of a[1][0]:4
Enter value of a[1][1]:5
Enter value of a[1][2]:6
Enter value of a[2][0]:7
Enter value of a[2][1]:8
Enter value of a[2][2]:9
1**
*5*
**9

3.3 One dimensional character array (string)

Character arrays are known as a String.

A string is nothing but an array of characters

terminated by ‘\0’.

The way a group of integers can be stored in an integer array, similarly a group of
characters can be stored in a character array.

Character array is terminated by null character '\0'.

When we define a character array as 'char name[10]', this indicate that the array
'name' can hold a string of length ten character.

3.3.1 Array initialization

3.3.1.1 Static initialization

Character array can be initialized at the time of declaration.

Syntax#
char arrayName[]={“”}

or

char arrayName[]={‘ ’,’ ’,’ ’,’ ’,’ ’}

Example#

char name[]= {“jayul”};

Or
char name[]={‘j’, ‘a’, ‘y’, ‘u’, ‘l’};
Each character is treated as element of the array ‘name’. Internal representation
in memory is:
‘J’ ‘a’ ‘y’ ‘u’ ‘l’ ‘\0’

Each string is terminated by null character (‘\0’). Null character indicates the end
of string.

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One extra byte must be considered for null character while deciding the length of
the string.

3.3.2 Reading and Writing Strings

3.3.2.1 For Reading Strings

To read from the user

• scanf()
• [^\n]
• gets () function reads line from keyboard.
• getchar () function reads character from keyboard.

3.3.2.1.1 Reading String using scanf() function

Syntax#

scanf(“%s”,&VariableName);

Example# problem with simple scanf

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()
{
char name[25];
char quali[25];
clrscr();

printf("Enter name ->");

scanf("%s",name);

printf("Enter Qualification ->");

scanf("%s",quali);

printf("Name = %s and Quali = %s",name,quali);

getch();
}

Output:

Enter name ->shyam

Enter Qualification ->BCA MCA
Name = shyam and Quali = BCA *(problem)

scanf() function reads until a whitespace character is found in a input or the

maximum number of characters have been read.

scanf() function ignores MCA which is after space, so the solution is? %[^\n]

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3.3.2.1.2 Reading String using %[^\n]

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()
{
char name[25];
char quali[25];
clrscr();

printf("Enter name ->");

scanf("%s",name);

fflush(stdin);

printf("Enter Qualification ->");

scanf("%[^\n]",quali);

printf("Name = %s and Quali = %s",name,quali);

getch();
}

Output:

Enter name ->Shyam

Enter Qualification ->BCA MCA
Name = Shyam and Quali = BCA MCA

%[^\n] reads character upto Enter key

3.3.2.1.3 Reading String using gets() function

This function gets an entire string of characters from the user and stores them in
an array.

To read multi word string gets function is better option.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()
{
char name[25];

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char quali[25];
clrscr();

printf("Enter name ->");

gets(name);

fflush(stdin);

printf("Enter Qualification ->");

gets(quali);

printf("Name = %s and Qualification = %s",name,quali);

getch();
}

Output:

Enter name ->shyam chawda

Enter Qualification ->BCA MCA
Name = shyam chawda and Qualification = BCA MCA

3.3.2.1.4 Reading String using getchar()

It reads single character from the input and place them into a character array.

An Entire line of text can be read and stored in an array. The reading is terminated
when the newline character(‘\n’) is entered and the null character is then instead
at the end of the string.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()
{
char name[25],quali[25],ch;
int i=0;
clrscr();

printf("Enter name ->");

gets(name);

fflush(stdin);

printf("Enter Qualification ->");

do
{
ch=getchar();

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quali[i]=ch;
i++;
}while(ch!='\n');

i=i-1;
quali[i]='\0'; ‘Otherwise print garbage

printf("Name = %s and Quali = %s",name,quali);

getch();
}

Output:
Enter name ->shyam chawda
Enter Qualification ->BCA MCA
Name = shyam chawda and Quali = BCA MCA

3.3.2.2 For printing String,

There are three functions to print character Array

• printf("%s",stringVariableName) function is used to to writes line on

standard output/screen.

• puts(stringVariableName) function is used to to writes line on standard

output/screen.

• putchar(stringVariableName[pos]) function is used to write a

character on standard output/screen.

Example#

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()
{
char name[100];
int i=0;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter name =>");

gets(name);

printf("\nWelcome %s\n",name);

printf("\nputs\n");
puts(name);

printf("\nputchar\n");

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while(name[i]!='\0')
{
putchar(name[i]);
i++;
}

getch();
}

Output:

Enter name =>Bhavin Soni

Welcome Bhavin Soni

puts
Bhavin Soni

putchar
Bhavin Soni

Other Examples of char Array

Example# Count ‘k’ character from the string

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()
{
char name[100];
int i=0,cnt=0;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter name =>");

gets(name);

while(name[i]!='\0')
{
if(name[i]=='k')
{
cnt++;
}
i++;
}

printf("\nOccurence of K is %d",cnt);

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getch();
}

Output

Enter name =>khdak sing ke khdak

Occurrence of K is 5

Example# Count no of Upper Characters and Lower Characters in the

String

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()
{
char name[100];
int i=0,up=0,low=0;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter name =>");

gets(name);

while(name[i]!='\0')
{
if(name[i]>='a' && name[i]<='z')
{
low++;
}
else if(name[i]>='A' && name[i]<='Z')
{
up++;
}
i++;
}

printf("\nTotal Length = %d\nUpper char = %d\nLower char = %d",i,up,low);

getch();
}

Output

Enter name =>Khadak Sing KE

Total Length = 14
Upper char = 4
Lower char = 8

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3.3.3 String handling using build-in functions

C supports various string handling functions such as strcpy(), strcmp(), strlen(),

strcat() and these functions are available in string.h header file.

3.3.3.1 strcpy()

This function is used to copy one string to another string.

Syntax#
strcpy(string2, string1);

Copy the contents of string1 to string2. Both string1 and string2 can be string
array or constant.

Example# To copy string using strcpy() function

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
void main()
{
char str1[10], str2[10];
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter str1 :”);
scanf(“%s” ,&str1);
printf(“\n Enter str2 :”);
scanf(“%s” ,&str2);
printf(“\n Before coping:”);
printf(“\nstr1:%s \t str2:%s”,str1,str2);

strcpy(str2, str1);

printf(“\n After coping:”);

printf(“\nstr1:%s \t str2:%s”,str1,str2);
getch();
}

Output:

Enter str1 : Ram

Enter str2 : Seeta

Before coping:
str1:Ram str2:Seeta
After coping:

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str1:Seeta str2:Seeta

3.3.3.2 strlen()

To find out the number of characters in the string and it returns the length of the
string.
Syntax#
identifier = strlen(string);
String argument can be array of string or string constant. The string length is
stored in identifier which is of integer type variable.

Example# Program to find length of the string using strlen() function and
print string using for loop.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>

void main()
{ char str1[30];
int l, k;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter string :”);
gets(str1);
l=strlen(str1);
printf("\n The length of the string is %d \n",l);
for(k=0; k<l-1; k++)
{
printf(“%c”, str1[k]);
}
getch();
}

Output:

Enter string: Ahmedabad is a metro city

The length of the string is 25

Ahmedabad is a metro city

Example# Print Reverse string

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

main()

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{
char name[100];
int i=0,up=0,low=0;
clrscr();

printf("\nEnter name =>");

gets(name);

for(i=strlen(name)-1;i>=0;i--)
{
printf("%c",name[i]);
}

getch();
}

Output

Enter name =>Dell Computers

sretupmoC lleD

3.3.3.3 strcat()

To concate(join) two strings together.

Syntax#
strcat(string1, string2);
String1 and sting2 are array of string. String2 is added at the end of the string1.
Here the length of the string1 must be sufficient enough to handle both the
strings.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>

void main()
{ char name[25], sur_name[10];
int l, k;
clrscr();
printf(“\n Enter two strings :”);
scanf(“%s %s” ,&name, &sur_name);
strcat(name, “ “); /* to add one space after name */
strcat(name, sur_name); /* to add sur_name after name */
printf(“string after join operation is %s ”, name);
getch();
}

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Output:
Enter string: Varun Dhawan
String after join operation is Varun Dhawan

3.3.3.4 strcmp()

It compares two string and return integer value.

Syntax#
indetifier = strcmp(string1, string2);

String1 and sting2 are character array(string). Identifier is the name of integer
variable which store the value returned by the function.

If the both the strings are equal than function return 0 value.
If not, then it return any non-zero value.

Example# To compare to string using strcmp()

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
int main()
{
char str1[20], str2[10];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter first string: ");
scanf(“%s“, &str1);
printf("Enter second string: ");
scanf(“%s“, &str1);
i = strcmp(str1,str2);
if(i==0)
{
printf("Both strings are equal %d", i);
}
else
{
printf("Both strings are not equal %d", i);
}
getch();
}

Output:

Enter first string: Baroda

Enter second string: Surat
Both strings are not equal -1.

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3.3.3.5 strlwr()

strlwr() convert string to lower case

Syntax#
strlwr(sring_name);

Example#
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

void main()
{
char str[20];
clrscr();

printf("Enter a string: ");

gets(str);

strlwr(str);
printf("Lowered string is: %s",str);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter a string: I Love India
Lowered string is: i love india

3.3.3.6 strupr()

strupr() convert string to upper case.

Syntax#
strupr(string_name);

Example#

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

void main()
{
char str[20];
clrscr();

printf("Enter a string: ");

gets(str);

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strupr(str);
printf("Uppered string is: %s",str);
getch();
}

Output:
Enter a string: To travel is to live
Uppered string is: TO TRAVEL IS TO LIVE

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