Abhinav Computer 12

: Introduction
Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language

developed by Sun Microsystems (now owned by Oracle
Corporation) in 1995. It was designed to be platform-
independent, meaning that Java programs can run on any
device or operating system that has a Java Virtual Machine
(JVM) installed. This "write once, run anywhere" capability
has made Java one of the most popular programming
languages in the world.
Here's a brief introduction to some key features

and concepts of Java:
1. Object-Oriented: Java is an object-oriented
programming (OOP) language, which means it revolves
around the concept of objects. Objects are instances of
classes, which encapsulate data (attributes) and
behavior (methods). This paradigm promotes
modularity, reusability, and maintainability of code.
2. Platform Independence: Java achieves platform
independence through its "compile once, run
anywhere" approach. Java source code is compiled into
bytecode, which is then executed by the JVM. Since the
JVM is available for various platforms, Java programs
can run on any system with a compatible JVM, without
modification.
3. Strongly Typed: Java is a strongly typed language,
which means that every variable and expression has a
specific type, and type compatibility is strictly
enforced. This helps catch errors at compile time
rather than runtime.
4. Automatic Memory Management: Java features
automatic memory management through garbage
collection. Developers do not need to explicitly allocate
and deallocate memory; instead, the JVM
automatically manages memory allocation and
deallocation, reclaiming memory from objects that are
no longer in use.
5. Rich Standard Library: Java comes with a
comprehensive standard library (Java API) that
provides a wide range of utility classes and methods
for tasks such as I/O, networking, data structures, and
more. This makes Java development efficient and
productive.
6. Multithreading Support: Java has built-in support
for multithreading, allowing developers to create
concurrent programs that can perform multiple tasks
simultaneously. Multithreading is essential for
developing scalable and responsive applications.
7. Security: Java emphasizes security with features
such as bytecode verification, sandboxing, and
cryptography libraries. This makes Java a popular
choice for building secure and robust applications,
especially in enterprise and web development.
8. Community and Ecosystem: Java has a large and
active developer community, with abundant resources
such as documentation, tutorials, forums, and
libraries/frameworks (e.g., Spring, Hibernate, Apache
Maven) that facilitate Java development across various
domains.
Overall, Java's versatility, robustness, and cross-
platform compatibility have made it a cornerstone of
modern software development, powering a wide range
of applications from enterprise systems and mobile
apps to web servers and embedded devices.
Object-oriented programming
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a fundamental

paradigm in Java, shaping how developers structure
and organize their code. Here's an overview of key
OOP concepts in Java:
1. Classes and Objects:

• A class is a blueprint or template for creating
objects. It defines the properties (attributes) and
behaviors (methods) that objects of the class will have.
• An object is an instance of a class. It encapsulates
data and behavior, representing a real-world entity.
2. Encapsulation:
• Encapsulation is the bundling of data (attributes)
and methods that operate on the data into a single unit
(class).
• Access to the data is controlled through methods
(getters and setters), allowing for better data security
and code maintainability.
3. Inheritance:
• Inheritance is a mechanism that allows a class
(subclass/derived class) to inherit properties and
behaviors from another class (superclass/base class).
• Subclasses can extend the functionality of the
superclass by adding new methods or overriding
existing ones.
4. Polymorphism:
• Polymorphism allows objects of different
classes to be treated as objects of a common
superclass through inheritance.
• It enables methods to be invoked on objects
of different classes in a unified manner, based on
the actual type of the object at runtime.
• Polymorphism is achieved through method
overriding (runtime polymorphism) and method
overloading (compile-time polymorphism).
5. Abstraction:
• Abstraction is the process of hiding the
implementation details of a class and exposing only the
essential features (interface) to the outside world.
• Abstract classes and interfaces are used to define
abstractions in Java.
• Abstract classes cannot be instantiated and may
contain abstract methods (methods without a body),
while interfaces define a contract that implementing
classes must adhere to.
6. Association, Aggregation, and Composition:

• Association represents a relationship between
two classes, where objects of one class are related
to objects of another class.
• Aggregation and composition are forms of
association:
• Aggregation represents a "has-a" relationship,
where one class contains objects of another class
but does not own them.
• Composition represents a stronger form of
aggregation, where one class contains objects of
another class and is responsible for their lifecycle.
7. Constructor and Destructor:
• Constructors are special methods used for
initializing objects. They are called automatically when
an object is created.
• Java does not have explicit destructors. Instead, it
relies on garbage collection to reclaim memory when
objects are no longer referenced.
In Java, OOP principles are applied to create modular,
maintainable, and reusable code. By leveraging
encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and
abstraction, developers can design and implement
complex systems in a structured and efficient manner.

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: Introduction

Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language

Here's a brief introduction to some key features

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a fundamental

1. Classes and Objects:

6. Association, Aggregation, and Composition:

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