Giao Trinh Viet 3 Updated

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
COURSEBOOK
WRITING 3
Thai Nguyen, 04/2021
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PREFACE
This coursebook shows students how to make the most of their correspondence in both professional
and daily life situations. Direct and very accessible, this invaluable book provides students with the
general rules of good letter writing as well as specific guidelines on letters for all occasions (formal,
semi-formal and informal). Detailed guidelines and plans are provided to be used as a reference by
students. A variety of models in which the guideline is applied and followed by graded exercises to
improve students’ letter writing.
The coursebook consists of five units, including
 An introduction to letter writing;
 Informal letters
 Invitation, Accepting and Refusing invitations
 Asking for advice and Giving advice;
 Semi- formal letters;
 Formal letters
 Complaint
 Application for a job and a course;
 and Test orientation. This part provides students with multiple writing tasks that appear in
different test formats like IELTS, FCE, etc.
The coursebook is supplemented by a workbook whose tasks are corresponding to the five units
mentioned above.
Who is the author?

Loan Thi Minh Nguyen is a lecturer at School of Foreign Languages at Thai Nguyen University.
She taught courses in Written Proficiency, Academic English, Research Methodology, and
Materials Development at undergraduate and post graduate level. She can be reached by email at
loannguyen.sfl@tnu.edu.vn. Please contact her with any questions you might have.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
UNITS PAGE
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO LETTER WRITING
UNIT 2: INFORMAL LETTERS
UNIT 3: SEMI-FORMAL LETTERS
UNIT 4: FORMAL LETTERS
UNIT 5: TEST ORIENTATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX 1: OPENING AND CLOSING REMARKS FOR LETTERS
APPENDIX 2: LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES
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UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO LETTER WRITING
I. Definition of a letter
A letter is a formal or informal piece of communication directed to an individual or an
organization.
II. Layout of a letter
All letters/emails should include the following:
a) an appropriate greeting
E.g. Dear Sir/Madam, Dear Aunt Claire, Dear Mrs. Baker, etc;
b) an introduction, in which you write your opening remarks (e.g. Hi! How are you?) and
reason(s) for writing
E.g. I’m just writing to congratulate you on passing your exams.
I’m writing to apologize for...
We were thrilled to hear that...
I was sorry to hear...
c) a main body, in which you write about the specific topics of the letter/email in detail;
d) a conclusion, in which you write your closing remarks
E.g. Please forgive me — it won’t happen again.
I promise.
Looking forward to seeing you...!
Please write soon.
Take care! Can’t wait to hear from you.
I’d better sign off now.
That’s all for now.
e) an appropriate ending
E.g. Yours faithfully + your full name, Lots of love + your first name.
Figure 1: Layout of a letter
INTRODUCTION Opening remarks
Reason for writing
MAIN BODY Details
CONCLUSION Closing remarks

What you would like recipients to do
ENDING
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III. Kinds of letters
The language you should use depends on your relationship with the person you are
writing to (colleague, employer, customer etc.), how well you know the person (very well, just a
little, not at all etc.) and their social status (general manager, departmental manager, secretary etc.).
We can therefore divide the letters into three categories: formal letters, semi-formal letters and
informal letters.
- Informal letters: written to a person very close to you; mostly a family member or a friend.
(Invitations to friends, giving advice, news or congratulations)
- Semi-formal letters: written to someone you know, but don’t know well, like neighbors,
colleagues, teachers, landlords or someone in authority or whom you respect (complaining to a
neighbour, asking your friend for the bag you lent him/her, or writing to colleagues/your boss about
an informal topic such as planning a staff party).
- Formal letters: written to someone you don’t know, like business associates, formal
relations, etc. (job applications, letters of complaint, letter of request to your manager, or requesting
information)
IV. Style of Letters
Informal Semi-formal Formal
Greeting Dear + first name, Dear + first name, Dear + Sir/ Madam,
Dear + Mr. + surname, Dear + Mr. + surname,
Dear Mrs. + surname, Dear Mrs. + surname,
Dear Ms.+ surname, Dear Ms.+ surname,
Ending Bye Yours Yours sincerely (if you know
Cheers Kind regards the name of the person you are
See you Best wishes writing to)
Love All the very best Yours faithfully (if you do not
know the name of the person
you are writing to)
- Everyday /colloquial - Less formal language; -Formal expressions, advanced
expressions; - Less frequent use of short vocabulary, longer sentences;
Use of - Vocabulary and idioms; forms, formal linking - Formal linking words/phrases
Language - Frequent use of short words/phrases or the passive; (i.e. However, Nevertheless, In
forms; - Respectful, polite tone. addition, Consequently, etc.);
- Informal phrasal verbs; - No use of short forms;
- Simple linking - Impersonal tone (use of the
words/phrases (i.e. but, so, passive, no description of
because, and, etc.); feelings).
- Shorter sentences;
- Personal tone i.e. use of
first person (I/We).
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Note:
 If you are writing to a friend of yours, or to your brother/ sister/ cousin/ niece, you address
him/ her using Dear and his/ her name (e.g. Dear Paul, Dear Claire).
 If you are writing to an aunt/ uncle of yours, you address him/ her using Dear + kind of
relation + name (e.g. Dear Uncle John).
 If you are writing to your mum, dad, grandpa or grandma, you write Dear +kind of relation
(e.g. Dear Mum, Dear Grandma).
You are working for a company. You need to take some time off and want to ask your
manager about this.
Example:
1
A. Formal letter
You have just read an article in an international travel magazine which contained some information
about your town that is incorrect.
Write a letter to the editor of the magazine. In your letter:
 correct the information in the article
 explain why it is important for the magazine to give correct information
 suggest what the magazine should do about this situation
Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to bring to your attention a significant error in your recent article about festivals in
Manchester.
The mistake relates to the dates of the Manchester Christmas Market. It is stated several times
in the article that the market will be open until New Year’s Day, when in fact it is due to finish
much earlier than this, on the 22nd of December.
People who read your magazine and decide to visit the market in the last week of December are
going to be sorely disappointed. Your error could spoil a Christmas outing or family trip for
many tourists, and this could lead to complaints and bad publicity for the city.
I hope you will rectify this problem by publishing a correction in the next issue of your
magazine and on the home page of your website. It is vital that you give accurate information
to readers who follow your travel advice.
I trust you will act quickly to correct the mistake.
Yours faithfully,
Paul Jones
2
B. Semi-formal letter
Write a letter to your manager. In your letter:
 explain why you want to take time off
1 https://www.testbig.com/ielts-writing-task-i-ielts-general-training-essays/you-have-just-read-article-international-
travel-3
2 https://in2english.net/2019/03/20/how-to-write-a-semi-formal-letter/
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 give details of the amount of time you need
 suggest how your work could be covered while you are away.
Dear Mr. Jones,
I am writing to request a few days of unpaid leave in March.
It is my parents’ wedding anniversary on 22nd March and they are planning to celebrate their
special day with their children and grandchildren in a cottage, which they have rented to
accommodate all the family.
To participate in this special occasion, I would need to be away from work for four days, from
Tuesday 19th to Friday 22nd. My schedule for that week is relatively light apart from two
meetings with clients. Anna would be able to attend the meetings in my place, as she has dealt
with both of these clients in the past. I have no other meetings nor any other urgent work that
needs to be completed at that time.
I would be very grateful if you could allow me to take these four days off as it is very important
to my parents that I attend and I would appreciate it if you could let me know by the end of the
week.
Kind regards,
Tom Watson
3
C. Informal letter
You have recently moved to a new place. Write a letter to your friend. In the letter, describe:
 why you have moved,
 where the house is,
 and invite him/her to pay a visit.
Dear John,
I’m just writing to let you know that I've moved house.
As you know, I went for an interview for a job here in London. Well, they gave me the
position! It would have been impractical to travel down from Manchester every day, so we've
found a house here, in a nice part of London called Greenwich.
Our new house isn't ideal. London prices are crazy, and we were only able to afford a one-
bedroom flat. But on the bright side, it’s on the ground floor, it’s got nice big windows, and a
lovely view out onto the garden.
If you ever fancy a trip to London, you're more than welcome to come and stay. It would be
great to see you. From where we live, it's only a quick ride on the underground into the city
centre, so we could do some sight-seeing together.
Keep in touch!
All the best
Mike
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V. Coherence and Cohesion in Letter Writing
Coherence and cohesion refers to how easy it is to read your letter and how well you have
used sentence connectors to help express your meaning.
Coherence:
 Present ideas logically
 Use structured paragraphs
Cohesion:
 Write so points stick together, make sense, and convey your message
 Use standard expressions & transition words
Using appropriate register
When we write letters, the language we use will vary in register from informal to neutral to
semi-formal depending on how well we know the person we are writing to and the type of letter we
are writing. Once you have decided on the content of your letter and how to organise it, you need to
think carefully about register. Again, considering exactly who the letter is to and what it is for are
important. Ask yourself these questions:
Who to?
- How well do you know the person?
- What do they know about you?
- Should the language you use be informal, neutral or more formal?
What for?
- What is your main reason for writing and when will you mention this?
- What kind of information do you need to include?
- What result do you want from your letter?
Maintaining a consistent register in a letter is important. One way to do this is to think
carefully about your choice of words or phrases. Here are the suggestions.
SEMI-FORMAL REGISTER
Listing Adding more Contrasting Summarizing Referencing/
information information Changing subject
order
To begin with Likewise Although Therefore, Generally
Initially In addition Even though Accordingly In general
Further Additionally, Whereas Overall In most/ many cases
Lastly Similarly Besides As a result Relating to
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INFORMAL REGISTER
information information Changing subject order
After Also But Anyway/ Anyhow Since
Then As well as Or Because So
Next Just as Though At any rate Well
Avoid firstly, secondly/ thirdly, on the one hand/ on the other hand.
FORMAL REGISTER
information information Changing subject order
First and foremost Moreover In contrast Therefore As far as I am concerned
Initially Furthermore However Consequently With reference to
Further Additionally Nonetheless Thus In relation to
Lastly In addition Nevertheless Accordingly With regard to
4
Task 1: Tick the correct column(s) for each letter expression below according to its level of
formality. One expression could be used in a semi-formal or an informal letter.
Formal/ Informal
semi-formal
1. Thanks for your letter.
2. It was great to get your letter.
3. Thank you for sending me your brochure.
Letter openings 4. I’m writing to ask you a favour.
5. My reason for writing is to apply for the job I
saw advertised.
6. Sorry for not writing for so long.
7. I must apologise for not contacting you sooner.
8. Unfortunately, I am writing to complain about
the ...
9. I am writing with reference to your letter …
Signalling the 10. I must go now.
end of a letter 11. I look forward to hearing from you.
12. I’ll finish now as I’m running out of space.
13. Bye for now
14. If you have any further questions, please
contact me again.
15. Yours faithfully
16. Hope to hear from you soon
Letter closings 17. Yours sincerely
18. Best wishes
4 https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/ielts-general-training-writing-task-1.pdf
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5
Task 2: Read the situation below and answer the questions that follow.
This is your last year at school and you are unsure of what course to take at university. You have
decided to write a letter to ask for advice.
1. What style should you use if you are writing to
A. a friend? B. your former teacher? C. a careers advisor?
2. Match the beginnings and endings below
BEGINNINGS ENDINGS
1. Dear Karen, A. Thank you for taking the time to read this
Hi! How are you? I'm writing because I've no letter. I look forward to hearing from you.
idea which course to take at university next Best wishes,
year. I really need your advice! Amy Milton
2. Dear Mrs. Mold, B. I would be extremely grateful if you could
I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing advise me on what to do. Thank you in
to ask you for some advice about which advance for your kind cooperation.
course to take at university next year. Yours faithfully,
Amy Milton
Amy Milton
3. Dear Sir/Madam, C. What do you think I should do? Please
I am writing to enquire whether you can write back soon and tell me.
advise me on which course to apply for next Love,
year at university. Amy
6
Task 3: Complete the tasks below.
1. Read the pairs of expressions (a-j) and the letters which follow, then choose the most suitable
expression to complete each gap.
a. Hi - just a quick note / I am writing f. played a big part / was very important
b. thank you very much / say thanks a lot g. making sure / ensuring
c. all your help / your kind assistance h. occasion / whole thing
d. getting ready / preparations i. went so well/ was such a success
e. Your contribution / What you did j. tell you how much I appreciate / thank you enough for
A B
Dear Gavin, Dear Mr. Conway,
a) …………………………….. to a) …………………………….. to
b) …………………………….. for b) …………………………….. for
c) …………………………….. with c) …………………………….. with
d) …………………………….. for d) …………………………….. for
the end- of- term party the end- of- term party
5 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 18

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e) …………………………….. e) ……………………………..
f) …………………………….. f) ……………………………..
in g) ……………………………. in g) …………………………….
that the h) ……………………………. that the h) …………………………….
i) …………………………….. i) ……………………………..
I can’t j) ……………………………. I can’t j) …………………………….
all your hard work. all your hard work.
Love, Best wishes,
Becky Becky Jones
2. Which letter is informal, and which letter is semi-formal? What type of letter are they?
7
Task 4: Underline the correct linking words/phrases, as in the example.
E.g.: Mobile phones are expensive but/ so they are very convenient.
1. She is very generous and shares everything. Since/ On the other hand, she can be moody at
times.
2. Growing your own vegetables is cheaper than buying them. Even though/ What is more,
homegrown vegetables are usually tastier.
3. Many people are taught computer skills at school. Despite/ As a result, they have a better chance
of finding a job.
4. I admire Jackie because/ therefore she has found happiness in both her professional and private
life.
5. Air travel is the most expensive form of transport. All in all, / However, it is the fastest.
8
Task 5: Choose the correct linking word/ phrase to join the sentences.
E.g.: Simon failed the exam. He had not studied enough. (since, while)
Simon failed the exam since he had not studied enough.
1. Ordering take-away food is very convenient. It can be rather expensive. (although, such as)
2. Aaron wanted to go to the football. His mother wouldn't let him. (but, therefore)
3. Adventure holidays can be very tiring. They can be quite dangerous. (but, and)
4. It started getting cold. I put on a jumper. (so, as)
5. The hairdresser said it was perfectly safe. The chemicals in the dye made my hair turn green.
(even though, also)
7 Evans, V (2000). Successful Writing- Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 10

8 Evans, V (2000). Successful Writing- Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 10
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9
Task 6: Match the beginnings with the endings, and then identify the type and style of each
pair.
BEGINNINGS
1. I am writing with regard to your recent correspondence. We regret to inform you that there
are no places left on the accountancy course …
2. Thanks so much for your thoughtful gift. The jumper fits perfectly. It will really come in
handy this winter when I go skiing …
3. I just received your letter and I’m sorry to hear that you’re having trouble …
4. Sorry I can’t make it to your parents’ 25th anniversary party, but I’ll be away on the day of
the celebration.
5. I am writing to inquire about the special weekend trips …
6. I am writing with regard to your advertisement in the Daily News of May 2 nd. I would like to
apply for the teaching position at Beacon Street School …
7. I just wanted to let you know that I’d love to come to your party on the 24 th.
8. It is with great pleasure that I am writing to congratulate you on your promotion.
ENDINGS
a. Anyway, wish them a happy anniversary from me. I’m looking forward to hearing about how
it went.
b. Let me know if my advice was of any help. I hope everything turns out fine.
c. Should you need any information about courses which will be held next term, I would be
happy to assist you.
d. I look forward to meeting you to discuss the possibility of employment. Please contact me
regarding any queries you may have.
e. I look forward to receiving the information and would appreciate it if you could send it as
soon as possible.
f. Thanks again for the gift and please give my regards to your family.
g. Anyway, thanks again for the invitation. I’ll see you then.
h. I am confident that you will carry out your new duties with you usual conscientiousness and
dedication.
9 Evans, V (2000). Successful Writing- Upper Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 41
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10
Task 7: Read the rubrics below and answer the questions.
A. You have seen an advertisement in the local newspaper for a teaching job. Write a letter to the
headmaster of the school, applying for the job.
B. A friend you haven't seen for months is getting married in the summer and has invited you to the
wedding. Write a letter accepting the invitation.
C. You have just returned from a trip to South America. Write a letter to a friend telling him/her all
about it.
D. You are the secretary of a language school and have received a letter from someone interested in
learning French. Write a letter in reply, informing the person about the courses offered at your
school.
E. You recently bought a box of your favourite breakfast cereal. On opening it, you found that the
box was half empty and the remaining contents were no longer fresh. Write a letter to the manager
of the cereal company complaining about it.
F. Your cousin has recently won first prize in a short story competition. Write a letter
congratulating them on their success.
1. What type of letter should you write for each rubric?
2. Who is going to read your letter?
3. What style should you use in each letter?
4. How would you begin and end each letter?
5. Can you suggest appropriate opening and closing remarks for each letter?
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UNIT 2: INFORMAL LETTERS
1. Definition
Informal letters are sent to people you know well (e.g. friends, relatives, etc.) about your
recent news, personal problems, information you need, etc. They are written in an informal style
with a chatty, personal tone.
2. Layout
An informal letter should consist of:
a) an informal greeting
E.g. Dear Kent/ Aunt Joan/ etc.
b) an introduction in which you write your opening remarks (i.e. asking about your friend’s
health, etc.) and mention your reason for writing
E.g. Hi! How are you? I thought I’d write and let you know that ….
c) a main body in which you write the main subject(s) of the letter in detail, starting a new
paragraph for each topic
d) a conclusion in which you write your closing remarks
E.g. That’s all my news for now. Write back soon...
e) an informal ending
E.g. Lots of love/ Best wishes/ etc. + your first name
Figure 2: Layout of informal letters
Introduction
Paragraph 1
Opening remarks/ reason(s) for writing
Main body
Paragraphs 2-3-4
Development of the subject(s)
Conclusion
Final paragraph
Closing remarks
Note: The number of paragraphs may vary, depending on the rubric.
Opening remarks in informal letters may include:

a) questions/wishes about recent events, the person's health, etc.
b) a thank you to the person for their last letter, comments about their news
c) an apology for a delay in writing/replying
d) the reason why you are writing
Closing remarks in informal letters may include:
e) the reason why you must end the letter
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f) greetings to the person's family/friends
g) wishes, a promise (e.g. to write again soon), an invitation, etc.
h) a request to the person to reply soon
When writing friendly letters, you normally use informal style.
3. Style of informal letters
Informal writing is characterized by the use of:
 informal greeting (e.g. Dear Ken/Aunt Joan/etc.)
 an informal ending (e.g. Lots of love/Best wishes/ate +your first name)
 everyday vocabulary (e.g. I had a great time.)
 colloquial expressions/ idioms (e.g. drop me a line)
 phrasal verbs (e.g. get an, settle in)
 short forms (e.g. can’t, don't, I'm, I'll)
Some guidelines for writing informal letters
a. Remember you are writing to a friend
Be friendly and jokey Refer to common friends Refer to things your friend
How’s your diet going? Have you heard from Sybilla? already knows
Say hello to Edward for me. I’m sure you’ll remember…
Give my love to the baby. As you know….
Just like you said…
b. Write in ‘spoken’ English: Use personal constructions (phrases with I and You)
I know this sounds silly, but…
I hope you don’t mind my saying this, but…
You’ll never guess…
c. Use informal vocabulary, including phrasal verbs and informal linking words.
 Expressing your opinion
To be quite honest To tell you the truth
To my mind From my point of view
Frankly As I see it
I’d say
 Expressing surprise
Believe it or not Funnily enough
To my surprise Guess what
 Changing the subject
Anyway By the way
That reminds me, To start with
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And another thing First of all
And besides What’s more
Incidentally,
 Using abbreviations, contractions, and ellipsis
Abbreviations Contractions Ellipsis
Michael Mike I will I’ll It was nice to hear from you.
Monday a.m Mon a.m she will not she won’t Nice to hear from you
Tuesday p.m Tues p.m we did not we didn’t I’ve just read your note.
Just read your note
I was glad you could come.
Glad you could come
Do you remember me?
Remember me?
11
Task 1: Match sentences 1-8 to points a-h.
1. Hello – how are you? I hope you're feeling a) questions/wishes about recent events, the person's
better. health, etc.
2. I was sorry to hear that you aren't going b) a thank you to the person for their last letter,
to... comments about their news
3. I'll write as soon as I can and let you know c) an apology for a delay in writing/replying
about... d) the reason why you are writing
4. Please write soon and tell me all your e) the reason why you must end the letter
news. f) greetings to the person's family/friends
5. Well, that's all my news. I'd better end g) wishes, a promise (e.g. to write again soon), an
now, because... invitation, etc.
6. The reason I'm writing is to ask you if... h) a request to the person to reply soon
7. Give my best wishes to your parents.
8. Sorry I've taken so long to put pen to
paper, but...
However, it’s important that you realize that you are dropping words. This is because when
you need to write in a professional, FORMAL style, you need to be able to use the full grammatical
form.
Task 2: Look at the examples in the box. Match them to the descriptions underneath.
a. (That’s a) good idea! g. Just read (the) email about (the) packing
cartons.
b. (Did you) get my last email? h. Your suggestion (is) good, but needs
clarification.
c. (I) think your idea may work. i. (Are you) coming with us on Friday?
d. (It) seems OK to me. j. (I) hope you’re well.
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e. (I am) looking forward to seeing you. k. (It’s a) pity we missed you yesterday.
f. (I’ll) speak to you later. l. (I would be) grateful if you could….
Descriptions:
 The subject I or We can be left out, especially with mental verbs like ..... / …..
hope, think etc.
 In a question, the subject you and the auxiliary verb (be, have, will etc.) ….. / …..
can be left out.
 The subject I and the auxiliary verb can be left out. ….. / …..
 The subject I and a form of be can be left out when be is the only verb. ……
 The words that or it can be left out, often with a form of be as well. ….. / …..
 A form of be can be left out on its own. …..
 The articles a/an or the can sometimes be left out. …..
12
Task 2: Complete the tasks below.
A. Read the rubric and underline the key words, then answer the questions.
You recently moved to a big city and have decided to write to a friend from your old neighborhood.
Write a letter describing life in your new city and your feelings about the change.
2. Where is this person now?
3. Where are you now?
4. Why are you writing the letter?
5. What topics should your letter include?
6. How will you begin and end the letter?
7. Which of the following are positive aspects of life in a big city? Which are negative?
 lots of cafes, cinemas, etc.
 heavy traffic
 constant noise from cars
 ugly grey buildings
 plenty of sports facilities
 wide choice of things to do
 huge crowds
 good public transport system
 large modern shops
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B. Read the letter and underline the correct tenses in bold. Then, label the paragraphs with
the headings below.
 opening remarks/reason(s) for writing
 writer's feelings about the change
 closing remarks
 life in the new city
Dear Sharon,
How are you? Sorry (1) I’m taking/ I’ve taken so long to write, but I’ve been busy settling in.
Anyway, I thought (2) I’d drop/ I’ve dropped you a line to let you know how I’m getting on
here.
Birmingham is a really exciting city with millions of things to do. There’s so much to choose
from, I sometimes find it hard to make up my mind where to go! Although I still (3) didn’t get/
haven’t got used to the traffic, the noise and the huge crowds, I think it’s a great city.
I like living here now, but I sometimes feel homesick as I miss lots of things about Gowrie. (4)
I’ll never/ I don’t forget the beautiful countryside and the old stone cottages. Living in the city
means I can’t go for long walks by the sea, either. Most of all, I miss my friends- especially
you, of course! We always (5) had/ were having such a great time together, (6) haven’t/ didn’t
we?
Well, that’s all my news for now. Please write back and let me know what (7) you were/
you’ve been up to since I (8) heard/ have heard from you last. Say “hi” to Tom and Joanna,
too. I promise I’ll come back and visit all of you as soon as I can.
Lots of love,
Angela
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Task 3: Suggest opening and closing remarks for the letters below.
1. invite a friend to your birthday party
2. apologize to your friend because you couldn't go to his/her birthday party
3. ask your friend for advice on how to lose weight
E.g. congratulate a friend on passing his/her exams
Opening remarks: Hi, how’s everything going? I’ve just heard that you passed all your exams.
Congratulations!
Closing remarks: Well, I’d better go and do some work! Once again, well done!
Write soon.
14
Task 4: Read the rubrics below, answer the two questions, and then write complete letters.
a. How many main body paragraphs would each letter have?
b. What would each paragraph be about?

Page | 18
E.g.
You are about to visit a friend in another country and you are not sure what clothes to take with you
or how to get to their house.
a. two main body paragraphs
b. Para 2 – ask about clothes to take with you & Para 3 – ask how to get to friend's house
1. You have recently moved in to a new house. Write a letter to your friend describing your new
house and inviting him/her to spend a weekend with you.
2. Your uncle has invited you to attend his wedding in a month's time. Write a letter thanking him
for the invitation and asking him what you should buy as a wedding present.
3. You have got two tickets for a week's cruise in the Mediterranean. Write a letter to your friend,
inviting him/her to join you, giving details of which places you are going to visit and suggestions as
to what he/she will need to take with him/her.
4. Your cousin is moving to your city. He/ She wants to attend the same school as you. Write a
letter to him/her, describing your school, teachers and timetable, and mentioning extra activities the
school offers.
LETTERS OF ASKING FOR AND GIVING ADVICE

1. Definition
Letters asking for or giving advice can be informal depending on the situation. They can be
sent to friends, relatives, etc. Details of the problem should be mentioned. A letter giving advice
should contain suggestions introduced with appropriate language.
2. Layout
Figure 3: Layout of letters asking for and giving advice
Asking for advice Giving advice
Introduction Introduction
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Paragraph 1: reason(s) for writing Paragraph 1: thanks for letter/express
Main Body understanding of problems
Paragraphs 2 -3: description of problem(s) Main Body
Conclusion Paragraphs 2 – 3: suggestion(s) + reason(s)
Final Paragraph Conclusion
Closing remarks Final Paragraph
(full) name Closing remarks
(full) name
3. Useful Language
Useful Language for Letters Asking for Useful Language for Letters Giving Advice
Advice
Opening Remarks: Opening Remarks:
I'm writing to ask for your advice. I just got your letter and I think I can help you.
Can you give me your advice? I was sorry to hear about your problem.
I've got a problem and I need your advice. Here's what I think you should do.
I don’t want to be a nuisance, but I need your Suggestions can be introduced with
advice. expressions such as:
Closing Remarks: Why don't you …?
What do you think I should do? You should …
Please let me know what you think I should do. You ought to ….
Please tell me what to do. It would be a good idea to …
What would you do in this situation? What you should do is...
What ought /should I (to) do? How about...?
If you were me, what would you do? I think you should...
The best advice I can give you is....
Closing Remarks:
Hope this has helped.
Let me know what happens.
15
Task 1: Read the rubric and underline the key words, then answer the questions.
You want to go on holiday in the summer but don't have enough money. Write a letter to a friend
asking for his/her advice about ways to earn extra money.
3. How many paragraphs should you include in the main body?
4. Which phrases would you use to ask for advice?
5. Read the letter and underline the phrases that Mary uses to ask for advice.
Page | 20
Dear Pam,
Sorry that I haven't written for ages, but I've been very busy studying. I'm writing because I'd
really like your advice about a problem I have. My friends and I have decided to go away on
holiday in the summer, but I don't have enough money. I was wondering if you had any ideas
about earning some extra cash. If I don't save up enough money by August, I'll have to go away
with Mum and Dad instead. Can you think of anything that would help me to make some money
quickly?
I know that you always have lots of great ideas! What would you advise me to do? Please write
back as soon as you can.
Lots of love,
Mary
16
Task 2: Read Pam’s reply to Mary’s letter and replace phrases 1-6 with phrases A·F.
A. I'd be happy
B. Don't let it get you down
C. How about
D. how things go
E. If I were you. I'd
F. Perhaps you could also
Dear Mary,
Thanks very much for your letter, and of course 1) I'm only too glad to help. Here are a few
things you can try to earn all the money you need.
First of all, 2) I think you should get a Saturday job. 3) Have you thought of trying to get one
in a local shop so that you can be close to home? This will mean that you won't have to travel
so far on Saturdays.
4) Another good idea is to get a job babysitting. Why don't you ask your neighbours? My only
advice is not to get very young children, because they need all your attention.
I hope my advice helps. 5) Don't give up if you can find a job immediately. Write and let me
know 6) what happens.
Yours,
Pam
1. What advice does Pam give to Mary?
2. What other advice could you give to Mary?
3. How else could you start and end the letter?
17
Task 3: Match the problems to the advice, and then make sentences.
1. I haven't got any friends. I'm lonely.
2. I'm very bad at Maths. I'm going to fail my exam.
3. I haven't got much money. I can't go out with my friends.
4. I argued with my friend. He/ She won't talk to me now.

Page | 21
a. Talk to your teacher. You will get extra help.
b. Join a gym. You will lose weight.
c. Apologize to him/her. You'll be friends again.
d. Join a club. You will meet new people.
e. Get a part-time job. You will earn some money.
E.g., I can't stop eating junk food every day. I'm overweight. b
Why don’t you join a gym? If you do this, you’ll lose weight.
Task 4: Read the rubric, underline the keywords and answer the questions.
A friend has written to ask how to improve his/her English. Write a letter in reply, giving your
advice. You should also mention the main difficulties which you think your friend might face. Write
your letter to your friend (120-180 words).
Read the letter and answer the questions.
Dear Juan,
Thanks for your last letter. I think it's great that you want to improve your English, and of course
I’d be happy to give you any advice I can. Don't worry – I’m sure you’ll find it a lot easier than
you expect.
The best thing you can do is to start a course in English. There are lots of schools which offer
lessons, and I’m sure they have qualified teachers who will be able to teach you properly.
If I were you, I'd also try to make friends with someone who is a native English speaker. If you
do this, you'll be able to practise what you learn in class - and as they say, 'practice makes
perfect'.
It would also be a good idea to read English magazines or books, and watch films and TV
programmes in English. This gives you a lot of useful practice, and it's fun at the same time! If
you like, I could send you books and videos from here.
Of course you will have a few problems, especially at the beginning. The main difficulty is with
phrasal verbs, because there are so many of them, and they have so many different meanings!
Don't give up after all; English isn't a difficult language to learn and you already know the basics.
Naturally, from now on I expect you to write to me in English as much as you can. If you follow
my advice, I’m sure your English will improve in no time. Good luck!
Best wishes,
Maya
1. What is the reason for writing this letter?
2. What advice has the writer given in the letter? In which paragraph(s)?
3. What words/expressions has the writer used to give advice? Suggest alternative
words/expressions which could replace them.
18
Task 5: Write the following letters in the appropriate style using 120 -180 words.
1. Your parents will not let you go on holiday as they want you to study for your exams. Write a
letter to a friend asking for his/her advice on this matter.
18 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper-Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 45
Page | 22
2. The extract below is part of a letter you received recently from a friend. Write a reply giving her
some advice about what she should do.
"I failed the university entrance exam, so now I can't get into university. I feel like such a failure;
I'll never get a degree now."
3. You feel that you and your mother cannot agree on anything. Write a letter to a problem page
asking for advice.
Page | 23
LETTERS OF INVITATION
1. Definition
Letters of invitation can be informal depending on the situation and who we are writing to.
They usually contain some additional information, for example: latest news, description of the event
(party, wedding, etc.), place (hotel, house, etc.) and/or directions to the place.
2. Layout
Figure 4: Layout of letters of invitation
Introduction
Paragraph 1
reason(s) for writing (to invite)
Main body
Paragraphs 2-3-4
Details/ direction
Conclusion
Final paragraph
Closing remarks
Figure 5: Layout of letters accepting and refusing invitations

Accepting on Invitation Refusing an Invitation
Paragraph 1 Paragraph 1
thanks for invitation thanks for invitation
Main body Main body
Paragraphs 2 - 3 Paragraphs 2 - 3
acceptance of invitation, further comments Refusal of invitation, giving reasons
Conclusion Conclusion
Final paragraph Final paragraph
closing remarks closing remarks
(full) name (full) name
Page | 24
3. Useful Language
Useful Language for Letters Accepting an

Invitation
Opening Remarks:
Useful Language for Letters of Invitation Thanks for the invitation to ….
Opening Remarks: That sounds lovely.
I'm writing to invite you to... That would be nice.
I'd love it if you could come to … I’d like to come.
We're organizing a/ an ... and would love it if I’ll come I promise.
you could come. I’ll be there.
Closing Remarks: Closing Remarks:
I hope you'll be able to make it. See you then.
Hope you can come. We're really looking forward to it.
Looking forward to seeing you then. Useful Language for Letters Refusing an
Please let me know as soon as possible. Invitation
Directions can be introduced by using some Opening Remarks:
of the following expressions: Thanks for the invitation, but …
In case you don't know the way, I'll give you Thanks for inviting me to ..., but I'm afraid I
some directions. can't come.
I have included some directions. I’m sorry. I don’t think I can’t come.
Here are a few directions so you don't get lost. I’d like to, but ….
In case you do not know the exact location of the I wish I can, but ….
... I’m sorry I can’t make it.
Closing Remarks:
I hope we can get together some other time.
I'm really sorry we'll have to miss it.
19
Task 1: Read the letter below and answer the following questions.
1. Who is going to read this letter? Is it formal or informal?
2. What is the topic of each paragraph?
3. Read the letter again and underline the opening and closing remarks, then replace them with
other appropriate expressions.
Dear Ann and David,
We’re writing to invite you to our house-warming party on May 26th.
Our new house is wonderful; it’s a semi-detached town house with three bedrooms and a small
back garden. The kitchen is huge, and is fitted with wooden cupboards that make you feel as if
you are in a country kitchen. All three bedrooms are rather small but very cozy. The living
room is quite big and has lovely French windows which open onto a terrace.
You shouldn’t have too much trouble finding the house, but here are a few directions so you
don’t get lost. Take the A27 road for Lewes and turn right at the roundabout when there is a
Page | 25
signpost for Hawkstead. Drive through the town until you get to the post office, and then turn
left into Potter’s Lane. Our house is number 23, on the right-hand side.
We hope you’ll be able to make it to our party. Looking forward to seeing you then.
Love,
Bill and Laura
20
Task 2: Read the letters below and answer the following questions:
1. What kind of letters are they?
2. What style is used in each?
3. What is the topic of each paragraph in these letters?
Read the letters again and underline the opening and closing remarks, then replace them with other
appropriate expressions.
MODEL A MODEL B
Dear Richard and Judy, Dear Richard and Judy,
Thanks for the invitation to your Christmas The Christmas party you invited us to on
party on December 18th. December 18th sounds lovely.
John and I were really pleased to receive it and Unfortunately, we won’t be able to make it as it
we'd love to come. It’s lucky for us that you is John’s mother’s birthday on that day and she
chose the 18th, actually, as it’s the only day of is having a small family party to celebrate. She’s
that week that we're free. almost eighty years old and still as strong as
It’s been such a long time since we've seen each ever- it’s amazing!
other so it will be great to get together and catch It’s such a pity because we haven’t seen each
up on all the news. Please let me know if there's other for ages. You must give us a call so we can
anything I can bring or anything I can do to arrange to get together another time instead.
help. Perhaps we’ll throw a party on New Year’s Eve
Oh, one other thing. Will it be all right to bring so we can see everyone. We’ll let you know.
Samantha? I 'm not sure if we can get a Thanks for the invitation, and hope the party
babysitter on that day. goes well.
Thanks again, and see you on the 18th. Love,
Love, Ann and John
Ann and John
21
Task 3: Write these letters in the appropriate style using 120 -180 words.
1. You have received an invitation to a birthday party. Write a letter accepting the invitation and
suggesting that you organize the music.
2. The head of your firm and his wife are celebrating their 25th wedding anniversary and have
invited you to the event. Write a letter thanking them for the invitation and saying why you will be
unable to attend.

21 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper- Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 53
Page | 26
UNIT 3: SEMI-FORMAL LETTERS
1. Definition
Semi-formal letters are sent to people you do not know very well or when you want to be
more polite and respectful (e.g. a pen friend's parents, a person you do not know very well, a
schoolteacher, etc.). For this reason, they are written in a more polite tone than informal letters.
Some formal language can be used. Compare the following:
INFORMAL: Thanks a lot or the invitation. I'd love to come to your party.
FORMAL: I would be delighted to attend your birthday celebration.
SEMI·FORMAL: Thank you for your kind invitation. I would love to join you on your birthday.
2. Layout
A semi-formal letter should consist of:
a) a formal greeting
E.g. Dear Mr. and Mrs. Baker
b) an Introduction in which you write your opening remark and clearly state the reason(s)
for writing
E.g. Thank you very much indeed for your kind offer.
c) a main body in which you write the main subject(s) of the letter in detail, starting a new
paragraph for each topic;
E.g. I am looking forward to seeing you next month.
e) a semi-formal ending
E.g. Regards/Best wishes, & your full name.
Figure 6: Layout of semi-formal letters
Introduction
Paragraph 1
Main body
Paragraphs 2-3-4
Development of subject(s)
Conclusion
Final paragraph
Closing remarks
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3. Style of semi-formal letters
Semi-formal style is characterized by:
 The use of less colloquial language
E.g. Thank you very much for your letter. (instead of: Thanks a million for your letter.)
 less frequent use of short forms, phrasal verbs or idioms
E.g. I am writing to request information about... (instead of: I thought I'd drop you a line to ask
about ...)
 a polite, respectful tone
E.g. I was wondering if you had... (instead of: Do you have ...)
22
Task 1: Read the rubric and underline the keywords, then answer questions 1 to 7.
You are going to attend lessons at a language school in Britain. The school has arranged for you to
stay with a local couple called Mr. and Mrs. Jackson. The Jacksons have written a letter to ask for
some information. Read the extracts from their letter, and then write a letter in reply, giving them
the information they have asked for and including any questions or requests of your own.
... If you could send us details of your travel plans, we would be happy to meet I you on
arrival. We could easily come up to London...
Do you have any special requirements or requests regarding food? For instance, perhaps
there are certain things you are not allowed to eat, or something which...
If there is any information you need or anything you would like us to do for Iou, please don't
hesitate to ask. Naturally, we want...
3. How many main body paragraphs should you include in your letter?
4. Which of the following should you mention about your travel plans?
Tick (v)
a) date and time of arrival
b) flight number
c) number of suitcases
d) how you will travel from the airport
e) cost of flight
5. What could you tell them about food? Complete the following sentences:
a) As far as food is concerned, ………………………………………………
b) The only thing(s) I don't eat is/are …………………………………………
c) My favourite food is ……………………………………………………….
Page | 28
d) I am looking forward to trying ………………………………………………
6. What questions could you ask? Think about clothes, the weather, the town/room where you will
be staying. Then complete the following:
a) I was wondering if ……………………………………………………………
b) Perhaps you could tell me ……………………………………………………
c) I would like to know …………………………………………………………
d) What is ………. like? Is it ………………………………………………….?
e) Do you think I need to bring ………………………………………………...?
7. What opening and closing remarks could you write?
23
Task 2: Read the letter and underline the words/phrases in bold which are more polite and
respectful. Then, label the paragraphs with the headings below.
 Closing remarks
 Travel plans
 Opening remarks/reason(s)for writing
 Food requirements
 Further questions
Dear Mr. and Mrs. Jackson,
(1) Thanks a million/Thank you very much for your letter. (2) I am writing/ I thought I'd drop
you a line to give you the information you asked for.
Firstly, (3) I'd better/I need to tell you about my travel arrangements. I am arriving at Gatwick
Airport on 14th July. My flight number is BA 451 and it lands at four thirty in the afternoon. (4) It
is very kind/It's really great of you to offer to pick me up from London, but I have already
arranged to take the train to Cardiff. Perhaps you could meet me at the station. I could phone you
when I arrive.
(5) As far as food is concerned/Now, about food, please don't go to any trouble. The only thing I
don't eat is mushrooms. (6) Anyway/Besides, I am looking forward to trying British food.
Finally, there are one or two things I would like to ask you. What is the weather like in Wales in
August? How cold is it? Do you think I need to bring warm clothes? Also, (7) I was wondering if
you had/do you have a computer that I could use while I am staying with you, or should I bring
my laptop?
Thank you once again for your letter. I am looking forward to meeting you in July.
(8) Best wishes / Love and kisses,
Julia Buitoni
24
Task 3: The beginning and ending below are written in the wrong style. Read the extracts
and replace the informal words/phrases in bold with more suitable semi-formal ones from
each list.

Page | 29
I apologize for, received, Thank you for the invitation, I will be unable to visit, Mrs. Ames, reply
Dear (1) Alison,
(2) Thanks for asking me to your school's annual festival. I (3) got your letter a few weeks ago and
(4) I'm really sorry about taking so long to (5) write back to you. Unfortunately, (6) I can't come to
Hallsford on that date.
Best wishes, telephone me, any help, a great success, the preparations, don’t hesitate
Please (7) feel free to (8) give me a ring if you need (9) a hand with (10) getting things ready for the
special day. I'm sure that the festival will be (11) brilliant.
(12) All my love,
Karen Smith
25
Task 4: Read the semi-formal sentences below and match them to the informal ones in the
box that follows, as in the example.
A. It was very good of you to let me stay at your house.
B. Could you tell me where I can get my watch repaired.
C. I look forward to seeing you at the barbecue.
D. I hope you find this information about bird-watching useful.
E. Please accept my apology.
F. I am sorry that I will be unable to attend.
INFORMAL SEMI-FORMAL
1. Accepting an invitation See you at the barbecue! C. I look forward to seeing you
at the barbecue.
2. Refusing an invitation It's a pity that I can't come.
3. Thanking Thanks again for letting me
stay at your house.
4. Apologizing Please say you'll forgive me.
5. Asking for information Do you know where I can get
my watch repaired?
6. Giving information Hope this was what you wanted
to know about bird-watching.
Page | 30
UNIT 4: FORMAL LETTERS
1. Definition
Formal letters are normally sent to people in an official position or people you don’t know
well (e.g. Director of Studies, Personnel Manager, etc.). They are written in formal style with a
polite tone.
2. Layout
A formal letter should consist of:
a) a formal greeting
E.g. Dear Sir/Madam - when you do not know the person’s name
Dear Ms. Green - when you know the person’s name
b) an introduction in which you write your opening remarks and mention your reason(s) for
writing,
E.g. I am writing to apply for the position of …
c) a main body in which you write about the main subject(s) of the letter in detail, starting a
new paragraph for each topic;
E.g. I look forward to hearing from you as soon as possible …
e) a formal ending
E.g. Yours faithfully – when you do not know the person’s name
Yours sincerely – when you know the person’s name; + your full name
Figure 7: Layout of formal letters
Introduction
Paragraph 1
Main body
Paragraphs 2-3-4
Development of subject(s)
Conclusion
Final paragraph
Closing remarks
3. Style of formal letters

Formal style is characterized by:
 formal expressions, advanced vocabulary, longer sentences
Page | 31
E.g. Taking everything into consideration, it can be said that the facilities offered are of poor
quality.
 formal linking words/phrases (i.e. However, Nevertheless, In addition, Consequently, etc.)
E.g. Mobile phones are extremely useful for people who travel frequently. However, they can be
dangerous.
 no use of short forms (i.e. I’m, there’s ...)
E.g. I would be grateful if ... (instead of: I’d be grateful if ...)
 impersonal tone, i.e. use of the passive, no description of feelings
E.g. Late this evening, 20-year-old Tim McCormack was pulled to safety after being trapped
under debris for more than ten hours.
 factual presentation of the information
E.g. The Town Hall, constructed in the late 1800s, was seriously damaged by fire in 1909.
Useful language
Opening remarks Closing remarks Polite Close
I am writing concerning...... I will/would be grateful if…. I look forward to hearing from
Thank you for your letter of Can you kindly look into this you.
June 24, 2001. matter? I look forward to meeting you
I write in response to your Please inform me at your in person.
advertisement for a computer earliest convenience. I look forward to receiving
programmer Please look into this matter. your reply.
Following our Please let me know as soon as Looking forward to seeing you
meeting/telephone conversation you have the information. at the next meeting.
on Friday March 5, 2001... I look forward to meeting you
Thank you for your email of again soon.
Tuesday May 6. Please call me any time.
With reference to our meeting
last Monday (January 6)…
26
Task 1: Read three pieces of correspondence. What level of formality are they? Write 1, 2,
and 3 on the scale and compare with your partner. Explain your reasons.
1: Formal 2: Semi-formal 3: Informal
Dear Ryan, Hi, Dear Mr. Baker,
I am writing in response to I’m afraid my plane is With regards to your interest in
your message on my delayed by two hours. Can the position of IT assistant,
voicemail. you pick me up at around 2 please find attached the full job
I’d be delighted to give a talk instead? description and application
to your business students on See you soon. (I hope!) form. Please note that the
the subject of Modern closing date for applications is
26 https://eltngl.com/sites/Life2e/teacher-resources/american-english/level-5/business-writing-worksheets
Page | 32
Management Practices. I’d be the 30th of this month.
grateful if you could send me Unfortunately, due to the
any days and times you have expected high number of
in mind so we can finalize the applications for this job, we are
exact date. only able to reply to those
I look forward to hearing applicants who have been
from you. shortlisted.
Best regards, We thank you for your interest.
Corinne Yours sincerely,
Alan Johnson
27
Task 2: Find expressions in the texts in Task 1 to complete the table below.
Formal or Semi-Formal Informal
Opening 1. ………………………… Hello, 2. …………….
Reason for writing/ Further to your letter …, It’s about ………………
Reference 3. ……………………………….
4. ……………………………….
Enclosure or I’m enclosing Here is ……
attachment 5. ……………………..
Give good news We’re happy to inform you that …. Good news!
6. …………………………
Apologize/ Give bad Sadly …. 7. ……………………… Sorry but ….
news We regret to inform you that …. 8. ………………………….
Request Would it be possible for you to ….? Could you ….?
9. …………………….. 10. ……………………….
Thanks/ Refer to 11. ………………………………… 13. ……………………….
future contact 12. ………………………………… 14. ………………………..
Closing Kind regards, Yours, Bye,
15. …………………………… Love,
28
Task 3: Rewrite this email using an informal style.
Dear Dr. Bruce Baines,
With regards to your visit to Italy next week, I’m attaching details of your flights and hotel
reservations. I regret to inform you that the business college in Perugia has canceled the
appointment on Wednesday. Would it be possible for you to give the same presentation in
Bologna?
I’d be grateful if you could confirm the flight times as soon as possible. Please do not hesitate
to contact me if you need me to assist you any further.
Page | 33
29
Task 4: Read this informal reply. Rewrite it using a neutral or more formal style.
Hi Maddie,
It’s about the flight times to Italy. Sorry but I can’t fly out on Monday morning. Can you
change it to Monday evening?
I’m happy to talk in Bologna instead.
30
Task 5: Read the rubrics and work with your partners. Look at the examples and discuss
the following questions.
A. You recently purchased an item of clothing from a local department store. When you arrived
home you discovered a fault with the goods you bought.
Write a letter to Mr. Brown, the manager of the store. Explain the situation and say what you’d like
done about it.
1. What is wrong with example 1a?
2. How can it be improved?
3. Example 1b is much better. Why?
Example 1a
Dear Mr. Brown,
I have been a customer of yours since 1987, and regularly shop in your department store. However,
last week I bought a green woolen sweater from the knitwear department on the third floor. But
when I got home I noticed....
If I don’t hear from you in the next two weeks I will be forced to take legal action on this matter.
Yours sincerely,
Example 1b
Dear Mr. Brown,
I write concerning a sweater I purchased from your department store in Bedford Road, London, on
Friday 4 th June, 2001.
I would be grateful if you will either refund my money or exchange the sweater.
I look forward to hearing from you at your earliest convenience.
Yours sincerely,
30 Morgan, M (2007). Writing Skills for The IELTS Test. www. bbs.taisha.org. Page 41
Page | 34
B. You are working as a marketing manager in an international company, and have recently
received an email from one of your colleagues, who works in the company’s head office in Ha Noi,
informing you of a forthcoming visit.
Write a letter to the person. Thank him for the email. Ask if he has any special requirements and tell
him about any arrangements you have made for the visit.
1. What is wrong with example 2a?
2. How can it be improved?
3. Example 2b is much better. Why?
Example 2a
Dear Mr. Smith,
Thank you for the email you sent me yesterday. I enjoyed reading very much. In fact, I showed it to
my boss who also liked it very much.
Please tell me when you can visit our office again soon. We’re good friends and my wife wants to
meet you very much.
Your esteemed friend and colleague,
Example 2b
Dear Mr. Smith,
Thank you for email of February 3 rd, 2000, concerning the meeting, held at your office on January
22 nd regarding the merger of our respective departments.
Please let me know what you think of my proposal so that we can push ahead with the arrangements.
Looking forward to meeting you again soon.
Task 6: Writing the introduction and conclusion for the following instructions
1. You work as a human resource manager in an international company and you have been asked to
arrange a conference in a local hotel.
Write a letter to the hotel manager. Give details of the conference and ask for information about the
size of the rooms available and lunch / dinner arrangements.
2. You want to invite a guest speaker to give a talk in your company.
Write a letter to the speaker. Introduce your company and invite him / her to give a talk. Include
information about facilities you have available.
Page | 35
WRITING A LETTER OF COMPLAINT
1. Definition
In a formal letter making a complaint, you may use a mild tone, for complaints about minor
problems, or a strong tone, for complaints about more serious matters, especially when you are
extremely upset or annoyed. However, the language you use should never be rude or insulting.
2. Layout
Here is the layout of the letter.
• In the opening remarks, you should state your complaint, including details of what has happened
and where/when the incident took place.
• In the main body paragraphs, you present each of the specific points you are complaining about.
You start a new paragraph for each point and justify these points by giving examples/reasons.
E.g. Although you advertise "top quality", I felt that the product I purchased was well below the
standard I expected.
I still haven’t received the goods I ordered in spite of/ despite the fact that I sent you a
cheque three weeks ago.
Although/ Even though I have only used the automatic tin-opener once, it no longer works. I
have written to you twice but you have not taken any action.
I have already written to you twice. Nevertheless, / However, you have not taken any action.
• In the closing remarks, you should explain what you expect to happen (e.g. to be given a refund /
replacement / apology/ etc.).
Figure 7: Layout of complaint letters
Introduction
Paragraph 1
reason(s) for writing
Main body
Paragraphs 2-3-4
Complaint(s) and justification
Conclusion
Final paragraph
Suggested action to be taken
Closing remarks
Page | 36
3. Useful language for Letters of Complaint
Opening Remarks Closing Remarks
Mild I am writing to complain about/ regarding/on I hope/assume you will replace.
account of/because of/on the subject of … I trust the situation will improve.
I am writing to draw your attention to .../I I hope we can sort this matter out
am writing to you in connection with... amicably.
Strong I was appalled at/I want to express my I insist you replace the item at once.
strong dissatisfaction with … I demand a full refund.
I feel I must protest/complain about …. I hope that I will not be forced to take
further action.
31
Task 1: Match the complaints with the justification using appropriate linking words.
Complaint Justification
1 My 2-year-old daughter cut herself on the toy. a. I sent you a cheque to renew it a month ago.
2 When we received the bill we realized we had b. I informed you of my change of business
been charged the full price. address.
3 The top rack of the dishwasher has broken. c. I booked a room with a private bathroom.
4 You still keep delivering equipment to the d. I have only used it three times.
wrong address.
5 I received a letter saying my license has e. You claim it is safe for children over 18
expired. months.
6 The shirt's bright red collar has turned pink. f. The label states that it can be washed at high
temperatures without the colours fading.
7 I had to share a bathroom with other guests. g. We were told there would be a 20% discount
if we ordered before June.
32
Task 2: Read the letter and state the topic of each paragraph. Is it a mild or strong
complaint letter? Then fill in the table below with the complaints and justifications.
Dear Sir/ Madam,
I want to express my strong dissatisfaction with the service I received during a visit to your
restaurant on December 12th.
Firstly, I had booked a table for my wife and myself for 8:30, but it was 9 o’clock before we
were seated. Such a delay seems to me inexcusable.
Then, in spite of the fact that I had repeated our order to check that the waiter had heard me
correctly, he proceeded to bring is the wrong starters. Such careless service should not be
tolerated in a restaurant which charges such high prices.
To make matters worse, the chocolate gateau we were served for dessert was quite stale. The
menu claimed, though, that all desserts were freshly prepared that day.

Page | 37
My wife and I will not be dining in your restaurant again; however, as manager, you would be wise to
guard against such appalling treatment of your customers in future.
Yours faithfully,
Larry Dunman
Complaints Justifications
33
Task 3: Read the letter and underline the correct linking words in brackets. Is the language
mild or strong?
Dear Mrs. Brosnan,
I am writing to complain about a waterproof jacket I purchased from your shop last week.
1) (However/ Although) the jacket was supposed to be completely waterproof, I got soaked
the first time I wore it in wet weather. 2) (Furthermore/ But), when I tried to take the
jacket off, the zip wouldn’t open and when I tried to get it unstuck, the jacket tore.
I sent the jacket back to your shop after having been assured by one of the assistants that I
would be sent a refund. 3) (However/ In addition), I still have not received one.
As a regular customer of yours, I feel disappointed with the way I have been treated and
hope that steps will be taken to rectify the situation.
I trust this matter will receive your immediate attention.
Yours sincerely,
John Wells
34
Task 4: Read the rubric and underline the key words, then answer the questions.
You recently bought a calculator, but you were given the wrong model by mistake. When you
complained, the shop assistant was rude to you. Write a letter to the company’s complaints
department, explaining the reasons for your dissatisfaction and saying what action you expect the
company to take.
2. Do you know the person you are writing to?
3. Why are you writing this letter?
4. Would you use a mild tone or a strong tone? Why?
5. What opening and closing remarks would you write?

Page | 38
Read the model and fill in the gaps with words/ phrases from the following list.
but also, furthermore, not only, however, in addition to, firstly, to make matters worse
Read the letter again and label the paragraphs with these headings.
 Closing remarks
 Opening remarks/ reason(s) for writing
 1st complaint & examples/ reasons
 2nd complaint & examples/ reasons
 3rd complaint & examples/ reasons
Dear Sir/ Madam,
I am writing to express my strong dissatisfaction at the disgraceful treatment I Paragraph 1
received at the Walford branch of Stimpson’s Electronics yesterday afternoon.
(1) ......................................., the product I was given was not the model I had
asked for. The new X-401 calculator was demonstrated to me by the sales Paragraph 2
assistant, and I agreed to buy it. (2) ..................................., on unpacking my
purchase, I saw that I had been given the smaller X -201 model instead.
(3) ......................................, this calculator was much cheaper than the model I
requested and paid for. It did not have many of the features I needed and was Paragraph 3
much more basic than the one I was shown to begin with.
(4) .............................., I was deeply offended by the behavior of the sales
assistant when I went back to the shop to complain. He was (5)
.....................................impolite, (6) .....................unhelpful. He refused to contact Paragraph 4
the manager when I asked to speak to him about the incident.
As you can imagine, I am extremely upset. I must insist on a full refund. (7)
.......................a written apology from the local manager, or else I shall be forced
to take further action. I expect to hear from you as soon as possible. Paragraph 5
Yours faithfully,
Caroline Adams
Caroline Adams
35
Task 5: Punctuate the following letter of complaint and divide it into paragraphs. Then
comment on the tone of this letter.
Dear Mr. Haynes,
i am writing to complain about the two alsatian dogs that you own although I have repeatedly asked
you to prevent the dogs from leaving your garden you have failed to do so as a result my front lawn
has been dug up twice over the past three days furthermore their continual barking is extremely
disruptive both to local residents and myself finally I feel that these dogs have a tendency to be
aggressive as I have told you in the past nevertheless they are allowed to roam the streets of our
neighbours which I consider unacceptable I hope that having made my feelings clear to you this
matter can be resolved
Yours sincerely,
William Penton
Page | 39
Task 6:
a) Read the exam task and the example answer. How many marks do you think it would get?
You are a member of a library. You have just received the following email from them.
Dear Library Members,
Due to high membership, two new rules will be introduced from today:
 members are only allowed to take out 2 books at a time, instead of 4 books previously
allowed
 all members will be charged $5 per day for books that are overdue, increased from $1
We hope you understand these changes are in the interest of all members. Please feel free to
email us about this: library@aptis_library.com
Write an email to a friend. Write your feelings about the new rules and suggest possible
alternatives. Write about 50 words. You have 10 minutes.
Subject: Library blues!
Hi Susan,
I’m really annoyed by the new library rules. 2 books aren’t enough for fast readers like me, and the
$5 overdue fees are ridiculous!
Why don’t they charge us to be members? That would keep membership numbers down, wouldn’t
it? Not only that, it’d give them money to buy more books!
Cheers,
Ali
Also write an email to the library, explaining your feelings about the new rules and suggesting
possible alternatives. Write 120-150 words. You have 20 minutes.
Subject: New Library Regulations

Dear Sir or Madam,
I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with the new library regulations. While I understand that
your library has limited financial resources, the changes you have introduced are, I feel,
unwarranted.
Firstly, two books are not sufficient for fast readers like myself. I will now need to make two visits
to the library per week, instead of one. Secondly, the $5 per day overdue penalty seems extremely
harsh, and represents a large increase on the previous penalty.
May I suggest an alternative solution to your problem? If you were to charge a small membership
fee, this would reduce the number of members while also providing a modest income to purchase
more books. I’d imagine a fee as small as £20 per annum would suffice.
Thank you for your attention to this matter.
Yours faithfully,
Ali Mohammed
b) Notice the difference in register between the two emails. The first uses an informal register, the
second uses formal. Working in pairs, find equivalents in the first email to the underlined
expressions / words in the second email.
Page | 40
c) Notice what does and what doesn’t change when we switch between formal and informal
registers. Working in pairs and complete the following table.
What changes? E.g. informal Formal equivalent
Often longer in formal I’m really annoyed I am writing to express
Length of
emails. by… my dissatisfaction
sentences
with…
No change (except in - -
text slang’ - ‘CU
Spelling L8er’). Use standard
spellings in Aptis
exam.
Vocabulary choice
Verb tense choice
Linking
expressions
(conjunctions &
discourse
markers)
Punctuation
Use of
paragraphing
Directness of
criticism
Salutations and
valedictions (how
we open and close
emails)
Task 2: Put the following texts in order.

Example Aptis Part 4 Question:
You see the following message in your weekly memo at work:
Dear Employees,
Due to unforeseen events, the organiser for next week’s proposed trip to the tea plantation in the
Cameron Highlands, Mr. Smith, has had to take leave. As a result the event has been cancelled. We
are sorry for any inconvenience.
The Management
1. Formal Email
Write a response to the management saying how you feel and suggesting alternatives. Aim for 150
words
Page | 41
I was very disappointed to hear that our staff outing has been cancelled. It is
very unfortunate that Mr. Smith is unavailable.
I wonder if there is any way to still have the trip. Would it be possible to find
another organiser? Perhaps you could make a general announcement calling for
volunteers. I would even be happy to take on the responsibility myself.
Best regards,
Miss Simone De Beauvoir
Dear Management,
Please let me know if I can assist in any way as I would very much like the
outing to go ahead.
I know that everyone was very keen to visit the Cameron Highlands next week
and I am sure that this will be a blow to staff morale. I am particularly unhappy
with the cancellation because it is so rare I get the opportunity to socialise with
my colleagues.
2. Informal Email
Write a response of about 50 words to your friend saying how you feel and suggesting alternatives.
Simone
I dare say you’ve seen the news about our trip. It’s been cancelled. What a
shame! I think the management should try to find another organiser a.s.a.p. I
don’t suppose you’d volunteer, would you?
Dear Jean-Paul,
See you,
36
Task 6: Write the following letters in the appropriate style using 120 -180 words.
1. You stayed at a holiday resort recommended by your travel agent. However, you did not enjoy
your stay due to a number of difficulties. Write a letter describing them and asking for action to be
taken.
2. You have recently bought a mobile phone, but it does not work properly. Write a letter of
complaint to the manager of the shop where you bought it.
Page | 42
LETTERS OF APPLICATION
1. Definition
A formal letter of application is written when applying for a job or a place on an educational
course.
2. Layout
When you write a letter applying for a job or a course, you should include the following
information:
A. in the opening remarks/reason(s) for writing
- the name of the job/course, where and when you saw it advertised.
E.g. ... the position of manager advertised in yesterday's Herald.
B. in the main body paragraphs (paragraphs 2-3-4)
- age, present job and/or studies
E.g. I am a nineteen-year-old university student.
Page | 43
- qualifications
E.g. I have an MA in French Language & Literature.
- experience
E.g. I have been working as a waiter for the last two years.
- skills and personal qualities that are suitable for the job/course
E.g. I am a good and careful driver.
I consider myself to be mature and responsible.
C. in the closing remarks
-any other important information (i.e. when you are available for interview, where and when you
can be contacted, references you can send, a remark that you hope your application will be
considered, etc.)
E.g. I will be available for interview in September. / I enclose references from my last two
employers. /I look forward to hearing from you.
Figure 8: Layout of Application Letters
Application for a job Application for a course
Paragraph 1 - reason for writing Paragraph 1 - reason for writing
Main Body Main Body
Paragraphs 2 - 3 - 4 - qualifications/training - Paragraphs 2 - 3 - 4 - qualifications / reasons
previous experience/ qualities and skills for wanting to take the course
Conclusion Conclusion
Final Paragraph Final Paragraph
Closing remarks Closing remarks
Full name Full name
3. Useful Language
Useful Language for Letters of Application Useful Language for Letters of Application
(for a Job) (for a Course)
Opening remarks Opening Remarks
I am writing with regard to your advertisement. I would like to apply for admission to the ...
I am writing to apply for the post/ job/ position beginning….
of/ which I saw advertised in… I would like to be considered …
Reference to experience: Reference to experience
…for the last/ past year I hold a certificate/ degree in …
I have been working as…since/ for… I am due to take examinations in …
I have had experience of…/ two years ago. I have taken/passed the ... examination.
I was employed as… I hold the following qualification ….
worked as…before… I have completed the following courses/degree
Closing remarks course.
I would appreciate a reply at your earliest My degree is in English.
convenience. Closing Remarks
Please contact me regarding any queries you I would appreciate a reply at your earliest
Page | 44
may have. convenience.
I enclose my CV and I would be glad to attend I look forward to meeting / hearing from you.
an interview at any time convenient to you. Please contact me regarding any queries you
I look forward to hearing from you in due may have.
course. I enclose further details of my education and
qualifications to date.
I hope that you will consider me for entry /I look
forward to receiving your response in the near
future.
You usually use:

 the present simple to describe skills/personal qualities
E.g. I am a patient and reliable person.
 the past simple to talk about past experiences
E.g. I left school in 1994. I worked for General Motors for four years.
 the present perfect to talk about recent work/studies
E.g. I have been working for LTYU for two years.
I have recently finished secondary school.
Present tenses are normally used but some past tenses can be used to describe your past experience.
You may also use future constructions.
37
Task 1: Read the letter and label the paragraphs with the headings below. Say what
qualifications, experience and personal qualities Steven has. Do you think he will get the job?
closing remarks personal qualities
age/present job/qualifications experience
opening remarks/ reason(s) for writing
You saw this advertisement in a local newspaper and have decided to apply for the job.
Rubric: Saint George’s Primary School is looking for a young, energetic and experienced
schoolteacher to join us in September. Must be a good organizer and keen on sports.
Please apply in writing to Mrs. Hunter, giving details of qualifications, skills and previous
experience and saying why you think you are suitable for the job.
Closing date 12th May.
Write your letter of application. Do not write any addresses.
Dear Mrs. Hunter,
With reference to your advertisement in Thursday's edition of the Daily Star, I am interested in
applying for the position of primary school teacher.
Page | 45
I am 28 years old and currently teaching in Margate. I have a BSc degree awarded by Glasgow
University in 1997. I completed my certificate in Education at Preston Teacher Training College
in 1998.
I have been working for Margate Education Department since 1999. During this time, I have
enjoyed teaching a variety of subjects, including English, General Science and Games.
I consider myself to be punctual, hard-working and fair. I enjoy working with children and have
good organizational skills.
I enclose a reference from my present employer. I would be grateful if you would consider my
application. I am available for interview any weekday morning. I look forward to hearing from
you.
Yours sincerely,
Steven Davies
Steven Davies
Read the letter again and find formal expressions to match the informal ones in the table, as
in the example.
Informal Style Formal Style
About your advert.......... With reference to your advertisement ...
I want to apply for..............
I got my teaching certificate ...
I've had a job in................
I think I'm always on time ...
I like working with kids ...
There's a note from my boss ...
I'd like it if you hired me...
I'm free to talk to you ...
Drop me a line sometime ...
38
Task 2: Read the letter below and underline the formal expression. Then replace them with
similar expressions. Finally, give the topic of each paragraph.
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for a place on the Archaeology MA course which commences this September at
Macbriney University.
I am 25 years old and I have completed a Bachelor’s degree in Archaeology at Drakeham University,
where I received first class honours. Prior to this, I was a pupil at Berkeley Comprehensive, where I
obtained 9 GCSEs and three A levels in History, Geography and Latin.
Since the completion of my BA, I have spent two years working as assistant archaeologist on a site in
Egypt. During this expedition, I have assisted in the discovery of several interesting artifacts. This work
was extremely enjoyable and I am now anxious to specialize by gaining further qualifications before
embarking on my chosen career in this field.
I enclose a detailed curriculum vitae in the hope that you will consider my application for entry. I look
forward to receiving your response in the near future.
Page | 46
Yours faithfully,
Jill Holland
39
Task 3: Read the following letter and correct the mistakes. Write S for spelling, G for
grammar, P for punctuation, WO for word order or WW for wrong word. Read the letter
opening
again and write down the topic of each paragraph. remark -
Dear Sir, WW reason for
applying this
I am writing to apply for the place of Physical Education teacher at the All Saints' Girls'
position
school in Liverpool as advertising in The Herald of 24th May. advertised G
I am twenty-six years old and obtained a degree in Sports Science at Liverpool University at in G
details of experience, employed/working G
qualification 1991. I am presently worked as a teaching assistant in the P.E. department at Highfield
Grammar School in Manchester where I was for the last four years. have been G
skill and Prior to this, I wasted two years as a swimming coach in Middlesex at the Regent Leisure spent WW
characteristics/quality
Centre. I am interested extremely in the post available as I am eager to upgrade my present WO
status from teaching assistant to fully appointed P.E. teacher. I am patient and believe in
encouraging all pupils to reach their full potential. the G
closing remark
If you wish me to attend an interview, I shall be glad to do so. I am looking forward to hear hearing G
from you.
Yours faithfully,
Barbara Winters
40
Task 4: Read the CV and the letter. Then, say which information given in the CV has not
been included in the letter. Finally, suggest alternative beginnings and endings to this letter.
I am writing with regard to your
Name: Miranda Beeton (single) Dear Sir/Madam,
advertisement for the position of Senior
Address: 15 Oak Tree Drive, Southampton I am writing to apply
TourforGuide
the position of Senior
Date of Birth: 28 October 1974 Tour Guide which was advertised in Monday’s
Education: 1985 -1992: Tolworth Secondary edition of the Evening News.
School I graduated from the University of East
GCSE's: Maths, Geography, English, Computing, London in 1995 with a degree in Tourism
History, French, Spanish Studies. I have been working as a European
A levels: French, Spanish, History Tour Guide since 1995 for Sunshine Tours,
1992 -1995: B.A., Tourism Studies - University of which is based in Spain. Prior to this, I worked
Bachelor
East London as a Travel Agent for Sky High Tourist
Work Experience: June - September 1995 - Agency during the summer season. I hold
Travel Agent, Sky High Tourist Agency certificates in computer graphics and word
October 1995 - Present - European Tour Guide, processing. I speak fluent French and Spanish
Sunshine Tours and some German.
Other Information: Computer skills: Certificate I am friendly, organized and patient, and work
of Proficiency in word-processing and graphics well under pressure. As my references show, I
Languages spoken: French, Spanish, some German have been very popular with many of the

Page | 47
Interests: tennis, travelling, reading clients who specifically asked me to be their
Referees: J. G. Malcom (President) References tour guide on tours they went on.
Sky High Tourist Agency I have enclosed a copy of my CV. I would be
25, Midtown Street, Southampton glad to attend an interview at any time
convenient to you.
B. Needham (Manager) Yours faithfully,
Sunshine Tours Miranda Beeton
1, Hortanza Calle, Madrid, Spain
41
Task 5: Match the qualities with the professions. Some qualities can be used more than once.
Then make sentences as in the example.
1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 1,3,4,7,8 1,4,7 1,2,3,4,5,7,8 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
patient, alert, skillful, open-minded, dedicated, organized, approachable, understanding, calm, down
3,4,5,7,8
imaginative, logical, creative, knowledgeable, kind, confident, able to cope in a crisis, good
peer pressure
communication skills, able to work under pressure, sense of humour, polite, conscientious, tolerant
1. teacher 5. waitress
2. pharmacist 6. computer programmer jobs=careers=occupations
3. doctor 7. chef
4. reporter 8. nurse
E.g. A teacher has to be patient because children need time to learn certain things.
Task 6: Read the following advertisement.
We’re looking for lively young waiters and waitresses to work at our sea-front
café. Drop in or drop us a line if you’d like to earn some extra cash this
summer.
Contact:
Barry Murphy
Bright ’n’ Bubbly
Bistro
3, Apple Street
Brighton
Tel: 8432712
Questions to ask:
Pay? Days off? Hours? Meals?
Need a summer job?
Do you enjoy meeting new people?
Read the two letters responding to the advertisement and answer the question:
Which of the two letters uses the wrong style? Why?
MODEL A MODEL B
Page | 48
Dear Sir/Madam, Hi,
In response to your advertisement in this I saw your advertisement in the newspaper and
morning’s Brighton Advertisers, I would like to I’m very interested in the waitressing job you
indicate my interest in the post of waiter. are advertising.
I am twenty-two years old and have completed I’m eighteen years old and I’m planning to go to
my B.A. in Oriental Studies. I plan to do a university in September, so I’m looking for a job
Master’s degree in Medieval Chinese Literature in order to earn some money.
in the next academic year, and I am therefore I have done a lot of summer work in the past,
seeking to improve my economic situation over including working in a coffee bar. I don’t mind
the summer months. hard work and I learn quickly.
I am highly qualified for a position of this kind. I’ve got a few questions, though, such as what
I am used to dealing with people as I am on the pay you are offering and how many hours per
Executive Committee of the Student Union at day you will need me to work. Could you also
City University. I would also like to ask about tell me if I would get any days off and whether
the following: the free days and the pay you you provide any meals for your staff?
offer. I trust meals are provided. I’m looking forward to hearing from you soon.
I look forward to hearing from you at your Yours sincerely,
earliest convenience. Celina Dobbs
Yours faithfully,
James White
Task 7: Write the following letters in the appropriate style using 120-180 words.
You have seen the job advertisements below. Write letters of application for the post. Use an
appropriate style for your letters.
1. Jobs for English speakers 2. Part-time assistant
Our town has been chosen for our International Summer Busy high street music store requires
Camp this year. We require 12 SUMMER HELPERS part-time assistant to work Saturdays
aged 17-29 who should have a good command of and one evening per week. Pay
English as well as masses of energy and enthusiasm for negotiable depending on experience. Ideal
working with children aged 12-15 from all over the job for someone interested in music.
world. The job is residential with round-the-clock Apply in writing to:
responsibility for the success of the camp. We also Mr G. Jeffreys (Manager)
RGM Music Store
require 4 COMMUNITY COORDINATORS (min. 24
2, High Street Perth
yrs, with a good knowledge of the region and proven
organizational ability) to coordinate the sports, social
and cultural programmes.
Written applications to: World Study Tours,
37 Flanagan's Way, Cork , Ireland.
Page | 49
Task 8: Write the following letters in the appropriate style using 120-180 words.
You have seen the course advertisements below. Write letters of application for the courses. Use an
appropriate style for your letters.
1 2. You want to go to Winston
REGENTS COLLEGE University to do a degree in
Study in the heart of London this summer. Four and eight History. Write a letter applying for
week courses available in the following areas: a place on the course.
American Studies
English Literature
Computer Studies
Drama
Write for more information and an application form to:
The Registrar, Regents College, Inner Circle, Regents
Park, London NW1 4NS
Page | 50
Unit 5: TEST ORIENTATION
1. Criteria to assess students’ writing
 Give a full developed response
Task achievement
 Include/cover all the necessary points
Coherence:
 Present ideas logically
 Use structured paragraphs
Coherence & cohesion Cohesion:
 Write so points stick together, make sense, and convey your
message
 Use standard expressions & transition words
 Use a wide range of vocabulary naturally, correctly, and
fluently
 Use correct spelling
Lexical resource
 Choose the right words (word choice)
 Use the correct form of words, such as verbs, nouns, etc.
(word form)
 Use a wide range of grammar structures
 Include different kinds of sentences – simple, compound,
Grammar range & accuracy complex
 Use effective punctuation
 Use correct capitalization
2. Writing process
There are 4 steps in the writing process.
Figure 9: Steps in the writing process
Step 1. Identify the task

It is very important that you look at the letter question very carefully. You should know what you
should write about and develop your ideas. If you do not, you cannot get a high score for writing
tasks.
E.g. Look at the following title.
You are a university student, and have recently returned home for the summer vacation.
Write a letter to your friend.
 Invite him or her to visit you.
 Describe your hometown and suggest things you can do together.
Page | 51
Notice how letter questions are usually arranged.
You are a university student, and have recently This is the context of the letter. It tells you who
returned home for the summer vacation. you are and what you are doing.
- Write a letter to your friend. This tells you what you need to do.
- Invite him or her to visit you.
- Describe your hometown and suggest things
you can do together.
Method 1: Underline the Tasks

Write a letter to your friend. Invite him or her to visit you. Describe your hometown and suggest
things you can do together.
Method 2: List The Tasks
 Invite him or her to visit you
 Describe your hometown
 Suggest things you can do together
Step 2. Organize
A plan is essential to organize the content into paragraphs that transmit your ideas clearly.
Before organizing ideas, you should brainstorm ideas first.
Brainstorming is a way of thinking of as many ideas as you can, and helps you to develop creative
thinking skills. It also means you think of many ideas that you can use in your letter without
including irrelevant information. This is easily achieved by thinking of ideas for each task in turn.
However, you must consider the context. That is to say, you must consider:
a. Your relationship with the person you are writing to (i.e. a friend)
b. Who you are (i.e. a university student)
c. What you are doing (i.e. taking a vacation)
d. How well you know the person you are writing to (i.e. very well)
e. Your purpose for writing (i.e. to persuade your friend to visit you)
E.g.
Idea 1: Invite him or her to visit you
Context: you are good friends, and both on your summer vacation
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Idea 2: Describe your hometown
Context: imagine your friend lives in a different province, or even a different country, and has never
visited your hometown.
Idea 3: Suggest things you can do together

Context: you are both young. Therefore, you enjoy going to bars and clubs. Maybe you enjoy
travelling and taking part in sports. However, you are also university students. Therefore, you have
very little money.
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When you have identified exactly what you should do and brainstormed ideas, you are ready
to organize the information. It is very important that you organize the information properly
because it makes it easy for the reader to follow what you are saying in your letter.
E.g. Look at the following title.
Write a letter to your friend.
 Invite him or her to visit you.
 Describe your hometown and suggest things you can do together.
In this example, there are three tasks to fulfill. The three tasks can be organized in the letter as
follows.
Figure 10: Organization of the letter
INTRODUCTION Opening remarks
Reason for writing (invite your friend
to visit you)
MAIN BODY Details (describe your hometown,

suggest things to do together)
CONCLUSION Closing remarks

What you would like recipients to do
(ask him to tell you if he is going to
visit)
ENDING
Step 3. Write
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Write the recommended number of words. You will NOT be directly penalized for writing more, or
less, than the recommended word limit. However, it may negatively affect your grade in other areas:
 Writing that is too long
- Content: You have included content that is irrelevant.
- Language: You have run out of time and are unable to check your work and correct mistakes.
 Writing that is too short
- Content: You will lose points if you have not included all the points and developed your ideas
sufficiently.
Step 4. Check
3. Time management
Writing exam Time
Reading the question and identify content 2 minutes
Organizing ideas 5 minutes
Writing It depends on different exam format.
Checking 5 minutes
Task 1: Analyzing the Question

Work with your partners and look at the following letter questions. Underline or list the tasks.
1. You have just returned from a trip to London. When you arrived back in Vietnam, you
discovered that your suitcase was missing.
Write a letter to the manager of the airport. Say what happened. Describe the suitcase and its
contents.
a. …………………………………………………………………….
b. …………………………………………………………………….
c. …………………………………………………………………….
2. You are studying at university and share a room with another student. You are dissatisfied with
the room because your roommate often disturbs you when you are studying.
Write a letter to the accommodation officer at the university. Say who you are. Explain the situation
and request another room.
a. …………………………………………………………………….
b. …………………………………………………………………….
c. …………………………………………………………………….
3. You will soon begin a course at university.
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Write a letter to the accommodation officer. Explain who you are. Ask for information about the
different types of accommodation that is available.
a. …………………………………………………………………….
b. …………………………………………………………………….
c. …………………………………………………………………….
Task 2: Brainstorm as many ideas as you can for the following questions.
1. You have just returned from a trip to London. When you arrived back in China, you discovered
that your suitcase was missing.
contents.
Context: __________________ ______ __________________ ______________
Context: __________________ ______ __________________ ______________
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Write a letter to the accommodation officer at the university. Say who you are. Explain the situation
and request another room.
Context: __________________ ______ __________________ ______________
Context: __________________ ______ __________________ ______________
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Context: ____ ___ __________ _____ ______ _____ _ __ _ _
Context: ____ ___ __________ _____ ______ _____ _ __ _ _
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Task 3: Organizing your information
Work in groups. Look at the ideas you brainstorm for the following questions and which section of
the letter the information should go, introduction, main body or conclusion?
1. You have just returned from a trip to London. When you arrived back in Vietnam, you
discovered that your suitcase wars missing.
contents.
a. Reason (the reason I am writing the letter is): ……………………………………………
b. Information (the information I must give is): ………………………………………………
c. Action (I want the reader to) ……………………………………………………………….
Write a letter to the accommodation officier at the university. Say who you are. Explain the
situation and request another room.

Page | 59
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PRACTICE TESTS
IELTS FORMAT
Practice Test 1
An English-speaking friend wants to spend a two-week holiday in your region and has written
asking for information and advice. Write a letter to your friend.
In your letter:
 Offer to find somewhere to stay,
 Give advice about what to do,
 Give information about what clothes to bring.
Practice Test 2
You recently received a letter from a friend asking for advice about whether to go to college or to
try to get a job. You think he/she should get a job.
Write a letter to this friend.
In your letter:
 Say why he/she would not enjoy going to college,
 Explain why getting a job is a good idea for him/her,
 Suggest types of job that would be suitable for him/her.
Practice Test 3
You have a friend in Australia who has recently invited you to spend a vacation with him/her.
However, you are unable to go due to personal reasons.
Write a letter to your friend. Thank him/her for inviting you and explain your reasons.
Practice Test 4
You just moved to a new house. Write a letter to inform your friend and invite them to come to
visit.
 When you moved to a new house,
 Describe your new house,
 Invite him to come.
Practice Test 5
You recently bought a piece of equipment for your kitchen but it did not work. You phoned the
shop but no action was taken. Write a letter to the shop manager. In your letter
 Describe the problem with the equipment,
 Explain what happened when you phoned the shop,
 Say what you would like the manager to do.
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Practice Test 6
You wanted to have your computer fixed by the computer shop you bought it from, but the shop
refused to repair it. Write a letter to the manager of the computer shop. In your letter, you
 Describe the problem with your computer,
 Explain why you are not satisfied with the service,
 Explain what you want the shop to do.
Practice Test 7
You booked a holiday with a travel agency but the tour did not live up to your expectations. Write a
letter to the agency. In your letter, you
 Describe the problem,
 Explain what you expected on your holiday,
 Explain what you want the travel agency to do.
Practice Test 8
The company you work for is advertising a job that you 'd like to apply for.
Write a letter to the personnel manager. Explain your reasons for applying. Give some information
about yourself and say why you'd like the job.
Practice Test 9
You noticed an advertisement on the Internet and want to apply for the job advertised there. Write a
letter to the company. In your letter, you
 Describe your interest,
 Describe your qualifications (e. g., work experience),
 Explain the reasons why you think you are suitable for the job.
Practice Test 10
You have a friend who lives in a city abroad. You have decided that you would like to apply to do a
course at one of the colleges in this city.
Write to your friend what you would like to do. You have decided that you would like to apply to
do a course at one of the colleges in this city.
VSTEP FORMAT
Practice Test 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
You have received an email from your English-speaking friend, Paula, who is planning to visit you
next month.
I'm really looking forward to seeing you next month.
My plane gets in around 4. pm; it normally takes about an hour to go through immigration,
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customs, and so on, so I’ll probably get away from the airport around 5.pm. What's the best
way to get to your house from there?
I’d like to go on a few trips while I’m there. What are the best places to visit? How about
coming with me on some of the excursions? Are you going to have much free time next month?
Write an email responding to Paula. You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to
include your name.
Practice Test 2
You have just received an email from your English-speaking friend, Lauren, who is going to meet
you at the airport when you arrive in her country.
I’m afraid I can’t meet you at the airport on Monday morning. They’ve just changed the date of
my exam.
I think you may take the train from the airport, and then we can meet in the city centre. Is this
OK for you?
Then, if you like, we can find a nice little cafe in one of the quieter streets and have something
to eat. What food would you like to eat?
In the evening we can go out somewhere together. Is there anywhere you’d especially like to
go?
Write an email responding to Lauren. You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to
include your name.
Practice Test 3
You have just received an email from your English-speaking friend, Adam, who has just bought a
mountain bike like yours.
Believe it or not, I won a mountain bike on an internet auction site for almost nothing! I've now
picked it up from the seller, so shall we go out for a ride together this weekend?
I could go either on Saturday or Sunday. Which would suit you better?
I think it must be much more fun to ride off-road, so how about going into the countryside?
I really hope we can spend all day out riding. If so, do you think we should take some food with
us?
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Write an email responding to Adam. You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to
include your name.
Practice Test 4
You have received an email from your English-speaking friend, Kay, who is thinking of buying
items over the Internet.
I know you've had some experience buying things over the Internet and I’m wondering if you
still think it’s a good idea.
What are the best kinds of things to buy that way? My friend Mark says it’s easy to find good
books and CDs online.
Also, I’m not really sure about how I would pay for things. Should I send cash through the
post?
One last thing: if I buy something and it’s not what I wanted, or it gets damaged in the post,
what can I do?
Write an email responding to Kay. You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to include
your name.
Practice Test 5
You have received this letter from your English-speaking friend, Ronnie.
My mum and dad suggested that this summer holiday you could spend a couple of weeks with
us! We stay right by the sea; the weather's always beautiful and there's plenty to do in the town.
What do you think?
We have a small spare room in our apartment there, or else you could stay at my elder sister's
studio next door, as she’s away studying in New Zealand. Which would you prefer?
Do you think you’d want to spend a lot of time on the beach?
Write an email responding to Ronnie. You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to
include your name.
Practice Test 6
You have received this email from your English speaking friend, Jane, who asks you to help
organise a surprise birthday party for her brother, Brian.
Our house is too small to have the party, so I was thinking that we could have the party at the
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local sports centre. What about hiring a group to play live rather than a DJ?
Instead of buying lots of individual presents, if we all bought him one big present together it
would be more exciting. What do you think?
Is there any chance you could come over the day before to help set up the party? I'm not sure
I'll be able to do it on my own.
Write an email responding to Jane. You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to include
your name.
Practice Test 7
You have received an email from your English-speaking friend, Emma, who is thinking opening a
restaurant.
I'm thinking at opening a restaurant in my hometown!
I've decided that I'd like to serve food that we don't often find in restaurants in this country. So,
I thought I would come to visit you and get some ideas for meals. When would be the best time
TO come?
I’d like to find some local dishes which maybe aren't so famous worldwide, but might appeal to
people in my hometown.
I'd also like to visit some restaurants in your town which serve local food. Could you suggest
one?
Write an email responding to Emma. You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to
include your name.
Practice Test 8
You have received an email from your English-speaking friend, Chris, who is planning to visit you.
I know we agreed that I would visit you during the first week in August, but would you mind if I
came the week after instead?
I’m really looking forward to seeing your country for the first time. What do you think I’ll
particularly like about it?
In August it is quite different from summer in my country, so what clothes do you think I should
bring with me?
I'll fly to the main airport, of course, but from there what's the best way to get to where you live?
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Write an email responding to Chris. You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to
include your name.
Practice Test 9
You have just received this email from Jo, a friend in Canada.
I really want to be selected for the college ice hockey team but I know I'm not fit enough. There
are only four weeks until the trials take place. I am wondering about what I should do between
now and then. I know you are facing with the same challenge, so why don’t we do this together?
I intend to draw up a fitness programme. Is it OK?
The food is also important. What kind of food should we eat on these days?
Write an email responding to Jo. You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to include
your name.
Practice Test 10
You have received an email from your English-speaking friend, Chris, who is planning to visit you.
Thanks for your kind invitation to come and stay with you. I’m going to take you up on it! It’s
long since we last saw each other - it must have been three years ago when we did that summer
course. I'll be coming over in August for three weeks. Is there a lot to do in August?
I’d like to bring a little present for your parents. Do they like chocolates?
Anyway, I'm arriving on 4th August at 11.30 a.m. What’s the best way to get to your house?
Write an email responding to Chris. You should write at least 120 words. You do not need to
include your name.
APTIS FORMAT
Practice Test 1
You are a member of the community yoga group ‘yoga4all’. You have just received the following
email from your yoga teacher.
Dear Yogis,
I must write to inform you that unfortunately the guest teacher, Nathan, won’t be able to come this
weekend. I know that many of you have worked hard to help organise the yoga marathon but we are
going to have to cancel it I’m afraid.
Michaela.
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Write an email to a friend that you attend the class with. Write your feelings about the cancellation
and suggest possible alternatives. Write about 50 words. You have 10 minutes.
Also write an email to Michaela, explaining your feelings about the cancellation and suggest
Practice Test 2
You are a member of TravelTrip.com. You have just received the following notice from via the
website.
Dear Travellers,
We are unfortunately unable to process any hotel bookings for the next five days; this is due to an
upgrade that is essential and will improve your future bookings experience. We will hopefully be
able to process the hotel bookings as usual by the end of the week; all other processes are available
and we are sorry for the inconvenience.
Terry Jukes, TravelTrip.com co=coordinator.
Terryj.travel.TravelTrip@trips.com
Write an email to a friend that is also a member of TravelTrip.com. Write your feelings about the
notice and make suggestions. Write about 50 words. You have 10 minutes.
Also write an email to Terry, explaining your feelings about notice and offer possible suggestions.
Write 120-150 words. You have 20 minutes.
Practice Test 3
You are a member of FriendFace. You have just received the following email from them.
Dear Friends,
We would like to inform you of some work that needs to be done in order to make your experience
even more exiting:
 Due to some maintenance on the site the FriendFace photo page will be unavailable for the
next 48 hrs.
 Due to the ever-growing need to improve our services that you enjoy so much we will have
to introduce a small fee for uploading videos. This fee will be 50RM; a one off payment.
We apologise for any inconvenience caused. Please feel free to email us about this:
friendface@freindlyfaces.com
Write an email to a friend. Write your feelings about the changes and suggest possible alternatives.
Write about 50 words. You have 10 minutes.
Also write an email to FriendFace, explaining your feelings about the changes and suggesting
Practice Test 4
Last week you received an email from your local council:
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“ Dear Residents,
To improve the television network, we will be installing a new telecoms tower on Monday next
week. It will take approximately 8 hours to install. For this reason, all television services (both
mobile and land lines) and all internet services will be disrupted from 8 am to 5 pm on Monday. We
apologize for the inconvenience and hope it will bring a better service.
The Local Council”
However, the installation took two days (Monday and Tuesday) and since then, the service has been
significantly worse! Write an email to a friend (50 words) expressing your feelings about the
situation and suggesting possible alternatives. You have 10 minutes.
Also, write an email to the council explaining your feelings about the situation and suggesting
Practice Test 5
You are a member of a charity club. You have just received this email from the club.
Dear Member,
We are writing to tell you that the next meeting of our charity club has been postponed for 2 weeks,
as the volunteers have been busy working with some non-profit organizations. It will now take place
on Sunday the 15th of this month in the same place. Besides, the monthly fee will still not remain at
£3:00 per participant but rise to £ 10:00 as a means to raise money for the club.
If you have any comments or suggestions, please feel free to email us at:
membersupport@charityclub.com
Write an email to a fellow - student. Write your feelings about the notice and suggest possible
Now, write an email to the language school management, explaining your feelings about the notice
and suggesting possible alternatives. Write 120 – 150 words. You have 20 minutes.
Practice Test 6
You are a member of the save endangered species club. The club has just sent an email to you with
the notice below.
Dear Members,
We are very sorry to tell you that from next month membership fee will go up by 20%. Also, we are
starting renovation of the club meeting room and during the next month club meetings will be
opened later from 19.00 to 21.00.
Please feel free to email us at management@saveendangeredspeciesclub.com
Write an email to a friend. Write your feelings about the notice and suggest possible alternatives.
Now, write an email to the management, explaining your feelings about the notice and suggesting
possible alternatives. Write 120 – 150 words. You have 20 minutes.
Practice Test 7
You are a member of an art review club. After your last lesson you saw the notice below.
Dear Members,
Page | 68
We are very sorry to tell you that the next meeting of our club of art review has been postponed for
3 months, as some of the club facilities need improving due to last week’s storm. An increase of 5 %
will be added to the monthly fee to help this improvement. Please contact the club secretary if you
have any comments or suggestions, please feel free to email us at management@artclub.com.
Now, write an email to the club management, explaining your feelings about the notice and
suggesting possible alternatives. Write 120 – 150 words. You have 20 minutes.
Practice Test 8
Last week you received an email from your club council:
“ Dear Member,
To improve the quality of our pieces of writings, we will be inviting several guest authors to join
our weekly meetings. However, we will start the meeting later at 8 a.m. instead of 7 a.m and the fee
will increase by 20%. We apologize for any inconvenience and hope these will bring a better
service.
The Local Council”
If you have any comments or suggestions, please feel free to email us at:
membersupport@creativewritingclub.com
Also, write an email to the council explaining your feelings about the situation and suggesting
Practice Test 9
You are a member of the fitness club. The club has just sent an email to you with the notice below.
Dear Members,
We are very sorry to tell you that from next month the registration fee will go up by 20%. Also, the
club is being shifted to a new building so you are advised to come back in one week.
Please feel free to email us.
Write an email to a friend. Write your feelings about the notice and suggest possible alternatives.
Now, write an email to the management, explaining your feelings about the notice and suggesting
possible alternatives. Write 120 – 150 words. You have 20 minutes.
Practice Test 10
You are a member of the National Parks Organisation. You have just received the following email
from them.
Dear Members,
We would like to inform you of some changes to the National Park:
 due to a shortage of staff the horse riding and bike riding activities are cancelled until
further notice.
 the charge for staying in the National Park accommodation is $25 per night, not $15 as
advertised previously.
We apologise for any inconvenience caused. Please feel free to email us about this:
info@nationalparks.gov.uk
Page | 69
Write an email to a friend. Write your feelings about the changes and suggest possible alternatives.
Also write an email to the National Parks Organisation, explaining your feelings about the changes
and suggesting possible alternatives. Write 120-150 words. You have 20 minutes.
Page | 70
REFERENCES
Books:
Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing.
Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper- Intermediate. Express Publishing.
Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Proficiency. Express Publishing.
Morgan, M (2007). Writing Skills for The IELTS Test. www. bbs.taisha.org.
Websites:
https://www.testbig.com/ielts-writing-task-i-ielts-general-training-essays/you-have-just-read-article-
international-travel-3
https://in2english.net/2019/03/20/how-to-write-a-semi-formal-letter/
https://www.cloudschool.org/activities/ahFzfmNsb3Vkc2Nob29sLWFwcHI5CxIEVXNlchiAgICA
1LqGCQwLEgZDb3Vyc2UYgICAgICumQoMCxIIQWN0aXZpdHkYgICAgOCVgwoMogEQNT
cyODg4NTg4Mjc0ODkyOA
https://eltngl.com/sites/Life2e/teacher-resources/american-english/level-5/business-writing-
worksheets
worksheets
worksheets
worksheets
https://www.cambridgeenglish.org/images/ielts-general-training-writing-task-1.pdf
Page | 71
APPENDIX 1
OPENING AND CLOSING REMARKS FOR LETTERS
Letters Informal Semi- formal Formal
Giving news (You'll never) guess what ...
I’m writing to tell you
I am writing to inform
Opening remarks about … you of ….
Closing remarks That's all my news for Write and tell me yourI would appreciate
now ... news. your thoughts on this
matter.
Making an I’m writing to invite you We would be very We would be honoured
invitation to … pleased if you could if you could attend …
Opening remarks come.
Closing remarks Hope you can make it- it’ll Please let us know if We would be grateful
be great fun! you can come. if you could notify us
regarding whether …
Accepting an Thanks a lot for the Thank you for your Thank you for your
invitation invitation. I’d love to kind invitation; we kind invitation.
Opening remarks come. … would love to join I am writing to thank
Thanks a lot for the you … you for the kind
invitation, which sounds invitation.
lovely. We would be delighted
to attend …
Closing remarks See you then! We look forward to Thank you once more
We’re really looking seeing you. for your kind
forward to it. invitation.
I look forward to
seeing you.
We await the event
with great anticipation.
Refusing an Thanks a lot for the Thank you for your Thank you for your
invitation invitation but I won’t be able kind invitation. kind invitation.
Opening remarks to make it. However, we will not We thank you for your
Thanks for inviting me be able to come … recent invitation to …
to …, but I’m afraid I can’t but …
come. I regret to inform you
that we will be unable
to accept your kind
invitation to …
I am sorry to miss the
opportunity of …
Thank you again for
the invitation.
Unfortunately, we will
be unable to attend …
Closing remarks I hope we can get together Perhaps we can get I hope that in the
some other time. together soon. future we might have
I’m really sorry we’ll have the opportunity to
to miss it. meet.
Asking for I’ve got a problem, and I I’d really like your I am writing to request
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advice think you can help. advice about/ on … some advice
Opening remarks Can you give me your concerning ….
advice? I would appreciate it if
you could give me
some advice about…
I would be grateful if
you could offer your
advice …
I wonder if you could
help me with a
problem.
Closing remarks Write back soon and tell me I really hope you can I would greatly
what you think. help me. appreciate your
Please let me know what assistance in this
you think I should do. matter.
Please tell me what to do. I would appreciate it if
you could give me
your advice as soon as
possible.
I look forward to
receiving your advice.
It would be of great
help if you could
advise me.
Giving advice I’m sorry to hear … and I I’m very sorry to hear I am writing with
Opening remarks think I can help. that you’re having regard to your letter
I just got your letter and I problems with … requesting advice
think I can help you. concerning …
I was sorry to hear about I am writing in reply to
your problem. Here’s what I your letter asking for
think you should do. advice about…
Closing remarks Let me know what happens. I hope everything turns I hope the following
Hope this has helped. out well. advice will be of some
help to you.
I hope to have been of
assistance to you.
I trust you will accept
this advice.
I hope this will be of
help.
I would very much like
to know if this was
helpful.
Asking for I’m thinking of … and I I’m considering … and I would greatly
information wondered if you could help I’d like it if you could appreciate it if you
Opening remarks me out. give me some could provide me with
information. some information
on …
Closing remarks Hope you can help! I would appreciate any Thank you in advance
help you can give for your kind
me … operation.
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Giving I’ve looked into … I’m writing in reply to
I am writing in
information This is what I found out. your letter asking for
response to your letter
Opening remarks Remember the information information on … requesting information
you wanted? on …
You wanted me to tell you a I am writing to inform
few things about …. you of …/ in reply to
your query.
Closing remarks I hope this will help you. I hope you find this I hope that I have been
Let me know if you need useful … of some assistance to
any more help. you.
Hope this was what you Please inform me if I
wanted … can be of any further
assistance.
I hope I have answered
all your questions.
Do not hesitate to
contact me should you
require further
assistance.
Thanking Thanks a lot for … Thank you very much I am writing to express
somebody for … my gratitude for …
Opening remarks
Closing remarks Thank again! It was very good of I am extremely
you to … grateful for …
Apologizing I’m really sorry about … I am writing to I am writing to offer
Opening remarks apologize for …. my sincere apologies
regarding …
Closing remarks Please say you’ll forgive Please accept my Once again, please
me … apology … accept our sincerest
apologies …
Congratulating I’m just writing to say well I was really happy/ May I congratulate you
somebody done … pleased to hear that … on …
Opening remarks
Closing remarks Well done! You really deserve Once again,
(your) success. congratulations.
Of Application I am writing to apply
for a Job for the position/
Opening remarks post/job ….
I am writing with
regard to your
advertisement …
Closing remarks I would appreciate a
reply at your earliest
convenience.
Please contact me
regarding any queries
you may have.
I enclose my CV and I
would be glad to
attend an interview at
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any time convenient to
you.
I look forward to
hearing from you …
Of Application I would like to apply
for a course for admission to the …
Opening remarks beginning ….
I would like to be
considered …
Closing remarks I would appreciate a
reply at your earliest
convenience.
I look forward to
meeting/ hearing from
you.
Please contact me
regarding any queries
you may have.
I enclose further
details of my education
and qualifications to
date.
I hope that you will
consider me for entry.
Of Complaint I am writing to draw
Opening remarks your attention to …
I am writing to
complain about/
regarding/ on account
of/ because of/ on the
subject of …
I am writing to you in
connection with ….
I was appalled at ….
I want to express my
strong dissatisfaction
with ….
I feel I must protest/
complain about ….
Closing remarks I hope that this matter
can be resolved …
I hope/assume you will
replace ….
I trust the situation will
improve.
I hope the matter will
be resolved.
I insist you replace the
item at once.
I demand a full refund.
I hope that I will not
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be forced to take
further action.
Making Could you do something for I wondered if you I would be most
requests me? could possibly do me a grateful if you
Opening remarks favour. could …
Closing remarks I hope you can help me out. I hope it isn’t too much
trouble.
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APPENDIX 2
LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES
Personal opinion In my opinion, / In my view, / To my mind, / To my way of thinking, /
Personally I believe that / It strikes me that / I feel very strongly that /
I am inclined to believe that / It seems to me that / As far as I am
concerned, / I think that the world would be a much better place without
nuclear power.
To list advantages One advantage of / Another advantage of / One other advantage of / A
and disadvantages further advantage of / The main advantage of / The greatest advantage
of / The first advantage of travelling to work by bicycle is that it is cheap;
you don’t have to pay for fuel. One disadvantage of / Another
disadvantage of / One other disadvantage of / A further disadvantage
of / The main disadvantage of / The greatest disadvantage of / The first
disadvantage of travelling to work by bicycle is that you have no
protection from the wind or rain.
To list points Firstly, / First of all, / In the first place, / Secondly, / Thirdly, / Finally,
/ To start with, people who live in the country suffer far fewer health
problems than those who live in the city.
To list points in a specific sequence:
BEGINNING- First, / To start with, / To begin with, / First of all, wash
the wound with cold water.
CONTINUING- Secondly, / After this/that, / Afterwards, / Then, / Next,
wrap a bandage around the cut.
CONCLUDING- Finally, / Lastly, / Last but not least, place the patient
in a comfortable position and allow them to rest.
To add more points on the same topic: What is more, / Furthermore, /
Apart from this/that, / In addition (to this), / Moreover, / Besides (this), /
...not to mention the fact that cars are extremely expensive to maintain.
Cars are also extremely expensive to maintain. Cars are extremely
expensive to maintain too. Not only are cars harmful to environment, but
they are extremely expensive to maintain as well. Cars are both harmful to
the environment and expensive to maintain.
To refer to other With reference to / According to the article in yesterday’s Guardian, the
sources unemployment rate is falling in Britain.
To express cause The government decided not to fund the scheme because / owing to the
fact that / due to the fact that / on the grounds that / since / as it seemed
likely to fail. In view of / Because of / Owing to the scheme’s high
chances of failure, the government decided not to fund it. The scheme is
likely to fail; for this reason, the government has decided not to fund it.
Seeing that the scheme is likely to fail, the government has decided not to
fund it. The government has decided to fund the scheme now that its
planners have redesigned it.
To express effect He passed his exams; thus, / therefore, / so / consequently, / as a result, /
as a consequence, / for this reason, he was able to go to university.
To express The government decided not to introduce the death penalty for fear (that)
purpose innocent people would die. The government decided not to introduce the
death penalty so that innocent people would not die. The government
decided not to introduce the death penalty so as to / in order to avoid the
deaths of innocent people. The government decided not to introduce the
death penalty in case it resulted in the death of innocent people.
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To emphasize Clearly, / Obviously, / Of course, / Needless to say, if everyone were
what you say allowed to carry a gun, the crime rate would rise considerably.
To express reality It is a fact that / In effect, / In fact, / As a matter of fact, / The fact of
the matter is (that) / Actually, / In practice, / Indeed, / To tell you the
truth, a crash helmet would be quite useless in the event of a serious
motorcycle accident.
To express the Initially, / At first, / At first sight, his injuries seemed minor, but when
difference between the doctors examined him, they discovered he had fractured his skull.
appearance and
reality
To give examples For instance, / For example, by reducing your intake of red meat you can
decrease your chances of having a heart attack in later life. By reducing
your intake of foods such as / like beef and lamb you can decrease your
chances of having a heart attack in later life. If you want to decrease your
chances of having a heart attack in later life, you should reduce your intake
of meat, particularly / in particular, / especially red meat.
To make general As a general rule, / Generally, / In general, / On the whole, people who
statements exercise regularly suffer fewer stress-related problems than who’s who
don’t.
To make partially correct statements: Up to a point, / To a certain extent,
/To some extent, / In a sense, / In a way, this is true as women in society
are far less likely to use physical violence than men.
To express limit of To the best of my knowledge, / As far as I know, there is no firm proof
knowledge of the existence of aliens.
To state other people’s opinion: It is popularly believed that / People
often claim that / It is often alleged that / Some people argue that /
Many argued that / A lot of people think that / A lot of people believed
that the earth is the only planet in our solar system that has ever supported
life. Contrary to popular belief, the earth is not the only planet in our solar
system to have supported life.
To make It is a known fact that smoking causes cancer, yet / however /
contrasting points nevertheless, / but / at the same time / even so, / still, / nonetheless,
millions of people around the world continue to smoke. Although / Even
though / Regardless of the fact that / Despite the fact that / In spite the
fact that / While it is a known fact that smoking causes cancer, millions
of people around the world continue to smoke.
To express Dogs are good pets in that they provide companionship; however, / but /
balance (the other on the other hand. / Although / yet, / at the same time, / in contrast,
side of the feeding and grooming a dog can be expensive and time-consuming.
argument) Negative addition: Neither the prime minister nor his deputy knew
anything about the experiment. Neither of them knew anything about the
experiment. The prime minister didn’t know anything about the
experiment; nor / neither did his deputy. The prime minister didn’t know
anything about the experiment and his deputy didn’t either.
To express He read all the books but / apart from / expect (for) one: “Oliver Twist”.
exception To clarify / rephrase: In other words, / That is to say, / To put in another
way, if people made more of an effort to protect the environment, the
world would be a much healthier place to live in.
Formal and Informal Language
Page | 78
In order to write clearly and accurately you need to identify the difference between formal and
informal English. Here is a list of some of the most characteristic features that differentiate formal
and informal English.
Formal Informal
 Words of Latin/French origin
 Words of Anglo-Saxon origin
residence
home
 Single-word verbs  Colloquials, slangs, phrasal verbs,
idioms (e.g. with get)
to arise to get up
To mount / to board to get on
 Formal Connecting words  Informal connecting words
In addition, furthermore And
However, on the other hand, But
Therefore, consequently So
 Impersonal constructions  Active constructions
it is said that They say that
the price has been increased they’ve put the price up
one never knows you never know
It can be argued you can argue
 Modal verbs, adjectives, clauses etc
 Abstract nouns
Can people be happy when they haven’t
Is happiness possible during
got a job?
unemployment?
When the bits everyone was getting wrong
After clarification of the problem areas..
had been explained…
 Not ending with prepositions; use of
 Ending with prepositions
whom
Who were you speaking to?
To whom were you speaking?
 Complex sentences  Simple sentences
The student, who was late for class, The student was late for class. He sprinted
sprinted across the ground. across the ground.
 Use of inversions for conditionals and
emphasis
 Inversion sometimes used for emphasis
Should you require further information,
Only then did I realise …
please contact …
 No contractions in writing
 Contractions is writing
I will, we would
I’ll, we’d
Origin
English is made up of words taken from many different languages, particularly Anglo-Saxon,
French and Latin. In 1066 the Anglo-Saxon inhabitants of Britain were conquered by the French-
speaking Normans. As French was the language of the ruling classes (and Latin the land of
Page | 79
education), words which come from French or Latin have been considered more formal than those
derived from the language of the Anglo-Saxons.
The table below compares relatively formal words of Latin/French origin with their less formal
alternatives, many of Anglo-Saxon origin. It is an illustration of a general tendency, not a
conversion table: the choice of vocabulary always depends on the context. Supply the missing
words.
Formal Informal Formal Informal

Verbs Nouns
To depart to go Deficiency lack
To retain to keep Vision sight
To cease to stop Residence home
To function to work Respiration breathing
To demonstrate to show comprehension understanding
To reside to live
To appear to seem
To abbreviate to shorten Adjectives
To terminate to end Incorrect wrong
To assist / aid to help Amiable friendly
to commence /
to begin Vacant empty
initiate
To desire / require to want Insane mad
To obtain to get Inexpensive cheap
To liberate to free animated / vivacious lively
To consume to eat improved / better
juvenile / infantile childish
Adverbials Sufficient enough
subsequently next/later entire / complete whole
principally Senior older
consequently /
so superior better
therefore
infantile
initially at first childish
ultimately / finally in the end
Latin/French based Anglo-Saxon based

Page | 80
(single-word verbs) (phrasal verbs)
to remove to take away/out

to consult to look up
to enter to go/come in
to descend to go down
to escape to get out
to arrive to come along, to turn up, to get to
to despair to give up (hope)
to provoke to wind up
to discuss to talk over
to investigate to check out, to look into
to arrange to fix up
to postpone to put off
to visit to drop in
to tolerate to put up with
to restore to bring back
to elapse to go by
to claim to make out
to renounce to give up
to invent to make up
to concede to give in
to diminish to fall off
Uncommon words Common words
A) Verbs
to purchase to buy
to obtain/procure/receive to get
to cease to stop
to function to work
to masticate to chew
to demonstrate to show
to deteriorate to get worse
to reside to live
to abbreviate to shorten
to terminate to end
to assist/aid to help
to commence to begin
to desire/require to want
to liberate to free
to consume to eat
B) Nouns
Page | 81
carnivore meat-eater
putrefaction rot
somnambulist sleep-walker
Verbs – Informal & Formal
Informal Formal
say sorry apologize, apologise
go up Increase
go down decrease
set up establish
look at examine
blow up explode
find out discover
bring about cause
put off postpone, delay
rack up accumulate
make up fabricate
stand for represent
find out discover, ascertain
leave out omit
point out indicate
go against oppose
get in touch with contact
It’s about It concerns, It’s in regards to
need to required
think about consider
get obtain
put up tolerate
deal with handle
seem appear
show demonstrate, illustrate, portray
start commence
keep retain
Page | 82
Informal Formal
free release
get on someone’s nerves bother
ring up call
show up arrive
let permit
fill in substitute, inform
block undermine
give the go ahead, greenlight authorize, authorise
Transitions – Informal & Formal
Informal Formal
Anyways Nevertheless
Plus/Also Moreover/ Furthermore
But However
So Therefore/Thus
Also In addition, Additionally
as soon as possible/at your earliest
ASAP
convenience
Okay, OK Acceptable
In the meantime In the interim
I think In my opinion,
In the end, Finally
To sum up In conclusion,
In a nutshell/Basically To summarize,
Anyway, Notwithstanding
All right Acceptable
Well,
To top it all off,
On top of it all,
In order to
Page | 83
Emphasis Words – Informal & Formal
Informal Formal
lots of/ a lot of much, many
tons of, heaps of large quantities of, a number of
totally completely, strongly
really, very Definitely
Abbreviations – Informal & Formal

Informal Formal
ASAP as soon as possible
T.V. Television
photo photograph
cell cell phone
net Internet
Slang – Informal & Formal

Informal Formal
kids children
bad negative
good positive
really big considerable
right correct
wrong incorrect
smart intelligent
cheap inexpensive
loaded rich
Page | 84

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THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Thai Nguyen, 04/2021

Who is the author?

UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO LETTER WRITING

UNIT 2: INFORMAL LETTERS

UNIT 3: SEMI-FORMAL LETTERS

UNIT 4: FORMAL LETTERS

UNIT 5: TEST ORIENTATION

APPENDIX 1: OPENING AND CLOSING REMARKS FOR LETTERS

APPENDIX 2: LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES

MAIN BODY Details

CONCLUSION Closing remarks

5 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 18

7 Evans, V (2000). Successful Writing- Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 10

5. I am writing to inquire about the special weekend trips …

8. It is with great pleasure that I am writing to congratulate you on your promotion.

9 Evans, V (2000). Successful Writing- Upper Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 41

10 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 19

Opening remarks in informal letters may include:

11 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 22

12 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 20

13 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 23

LETTERS OF ASKING FOR AND GIVING ADVICE

15 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 24

16 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 25

18 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper-Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 45

Figure 5: Layout of letters accepting and refusing invitations

Useful Language for Letters Accepting an

19 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper-Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 51

20 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper-Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 52

22 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 34

23 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 35

25 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 36

3. Style of formal letters

31 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper-Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 46

33 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper-Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 48

35 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper-Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 48

Subject: New Library Regulations

Verb tense choice

Task 2: Put the following texts in order.

36 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper-Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 48

You usually use:

37 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 28

38 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper- Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 56

39 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper- Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 54

41 Evan, V (2000). Successful Writing: Upper- Intermediate. Express Publishing. Page 55

Step 1. Identify the task

Method 1: Underline the Tasks

Idea 3: Suggest things you can do together

MAIN BODY Details (describe your hometown,

CONCLUSION Closing remarks

Task 1: Analyzing the Question

3. You will soon begin a course at university.

Context: __________________ ______ __________________ ______________

Context: __________________ ______ __________________ ______________

Context: ____ ___ __________ _____ ______ _____ _ __ _ _

3. You will soon begin a course at university.

Formal Informal Formal Informal

Context: ____

Context: ____

Context: __ _ ________ _ _ _ __ _ _