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‫ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼـــﺮ ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴـــــــــــﺮ‬
The Short Summary
Al Mukhtasar As­sagheer

‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺩﺍﺕ‬

What every Muslim needs to know
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻻﻣﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺸﺎﻓﻌﻲ ﺭﺿﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻨﻪ‬
in accordance to the Shaf’i school

Written by
‫ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﷲ ﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺑﺎﻓﻀﻞ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻣﻲ‬
‘Abdullah Bin ‘Abdurahman Ba`fdal Al Hadroumi

Translated by
‫ﻣﺤﺐ ﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺃﺑﻮ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻣﻲ‬
Muhib Ad­Deen Abu Malik Ar­Rumi
&
‫ﺃﻡ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﺻﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺼﺮﻳﻪ‬
Um Malik Safia Al Misryyah

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 ‫ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﱠﻨِﺑﱠﻱ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ‬
‫َﻣﻥْ ُﻳﺭِﺩِ ﺍﻟﻠﱠﻩُ ِﺑﻩِ َﺧْﻳﺭًﺍ ُﻳَﻓﱢﻗْﻫﻩُ ِﻓﻱ ﺍﻟﱢﺪﻳِﻦ‬

‫‪3‬‬
 We hope Muslims around the world would find this translation helpful
and benefit from it. This book is dedicated to my husband (Abu­Malik),
my son (Malik), and all Muslims.
​
By Um­Malik

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 ‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬

In the name of Allah the most

merciful the most gracious
All praise is due to Allah and to Allah alone. We praise him, we seek his aid and
forgiveness. We seek refuge to Allah from the evil of our souls and from the evils of
our actions. Indeed, whomever Allah guides, none can misguide him/her. And
whomever Allah leaves to go astray, no one can guide. I bear witness that none is
worthy of being worshipped except Allah, without any partners. And I bear witness
that Muhammad – peace and blessings of Allah be upon him – is the slave and the
seal of the Prophets and Messengers. May Allah send peace upon him, his family,
his companions and upon all those who follow his way.

About the author

His name: Imam & Great Jurist 'Abdullah son of 'Abdurahman son of abi bakr son
of Mohamed AlHaaj son of 'Abdurahman son of 'Abdullah son of Yahya son of the
jurist Ahmed son of Mohamed son of Fadl son of Mohamed son of 'Abdulkareem
Ba Fdl the Hadroumian, the Tarimi. He was born in the city of Tarim in Yemen in
850 AH. His father, 'Abdurahman, taught him until 866 AH, which is when his father
died. His grandfather, Abu Bakr, raised him from that point on. At that time he also
studied under Shaikh Omar Al Mahdaar & Shaikh 'Abdullah Al 'Aidroos. At a very
young age he memorized the full the Quran along with several books of Fiqh, arabic
Linguistic sciences, Tajweed & Hadith.

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Some of his teachers (Mashaykh) are:
­ The Imam & Jurist 'Abdullah son of Ahmed Ba Khrama
­ Imam Mohamed son of Ahmed Ba Fdl
­ The Judge Buryan Ad­Deen Ibrahim Al Qurashi Ashafa'i
­ Al Muhadith Nasir Ad­Deen Mohamed Al Miraghi
­ Imam Ibrahim son of Mohamed Ba Hurmuz Ashabami
­ The great Jurist Mohamed son of Ahmed Ba Jarfeel Al Da'ani Al Hadromi

Translator’s introduction

One day a few months back my thoughtful wife felt, as she did many times, that we
have lacked in offering assistance to our fellow Muslims. My wife suggested the best
option for us; would be to share the knowledge we have obtained. After many days
of istikhara and Du'a we decided to translate this book for several reasons. It’s a
well known book and abridged version of Al Muqadima Al Hadrumyyah, and it’s
also well known amongst our dear scholars. Once our intentions were in place we
rolled up our sleeves and got to work. We intend to make this translation as easy as
possible so it can reach and affect as many people as possible. We tried to stay
away from big terminology and plainly explain main points.

We have attempted to do what many have hoped and dreamed to see over the past
two decades of translations. This is the first emergence between classical Islamic law
and the western mentality, we have taken a 600 year old classical shafi fiqh book and
made it into a basic usable book for “the average Mahammed” in the west.

I ask Allah to make this book beneficial for all the Muslims globally.

I would like to thank my mashaykh, brothers, and close friends that helped us with
this amazing project.

The Rumi family

Ramadan the 25th 1434 AH

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Basic Vocabulary to Know:

Obligation (Fard ) means an action if not fulfilled, the complete action is invalid
and needs to be redone.

Recommendation (Sunnah) means an action that should be fulfilled however if not

act is still valid.

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 ‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍﷲ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ‬
In the name of Allah the most merciful the most gracious
All praise is to Allah the lord of both worlds. I testify that there is no God but Allah without any partner.
And I testify that Muhammad is his slave and messenger. May peace and blessings be upon him, his
companions, and all the believers.

This is a summary of what every Muslim should know in regards to obligatory actions like purification,
praying, alms­giving, fasting, and pilgrimage.These topics have been written as actions that are required by
men, women, children, elderly, freemen, and slaves.

The Chapter of Purification

“Taharah”

There are six obligatory (Fard) steps that make­up pre­prayer washing (Wudu):

1. The intention (Niyyah) ­­ which is made while washing one’s face.

2. Washing the face ­­ includes hair and skin on the face except skin beneath a heavy beard.
3. Washing hands up to elbows ­­ must include elbows.
4. Whipping some of the head ­­ a strand of hair or skin on top of the head will suffice.
5. Washing the feet up to ankles ­­ must include the ankles.
6. Must be in the exact order listed above.

Pre­prayer washing recommendations (Sunan):

1. Usage of siwaak (a large toothpick) ­­ prior to starting the wash.

2. Start washing by saying Allah’s name (Bissmillah)
3. Washing the hands to the wrist ­­ must include wrist
4. Washing the mouth (Maddmadah) ­­ swish and spit.
5. Washing the inside of the nose (Istinshaaq) ­­ by placing water in the palm of the hands and
gently inhaling it.
6. Removal of water from the washed part using the hands (Istinthaar)
7. Doing every action three times (Tathleeth)
8. Wiping the whole head
9. Wiping the inner and outer areas of the ears
10. For a thick beard, run your wet hand through it(Takhleel)
11. Washing between the fingers (Takhleel)
12. Going beyond the area of washing (Itaalah)

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 13. Doing each action consecutively without stopping (Al Muwalah)
14. Not using assistance when washing for prayer (Isti’anah) ­­ i.e. asking someone to pour water
for you.
15. Do not dry off after washing (Tansheef) ­­ air dry naturally is preferable.

Nullifiers of Pre­prayer Washing

“Nawaqed”

There are four actions that break pre­prayer washing:

1. Anything that may be excreted from penis, vagina, and/or anus ­­ i.e. stool, urine, blood, ect.
2. Lack of mental alertness ­­ i.e. sleeping (except when falling asleep in a sitting up position) or
insanity.
3. Touching the skin of the opposite sex that may be marriageable.
4. Touching penis, vagina, and/or anus with palm of the hand or with fingertips, self or others.

If pre­prayer washing is broken or nullified, the following can not be performed:

1. Praying (Salah)
2. Circumambulation (Tawaaf)
3. Touching the Quran
4. Carrying the Quran
5. Directly touching an item that contains any Islamic knowledge ­­ except if an item is in one’s
luggage.
However, a child learning Islamic knowledge is allowed to carry it without proper purification.

Etiquettes of using the restroom

“Al Khilaa”

1. Enter with the left foot and exit with the right foot
2. Do not carry anything with Allah’s names in it, or the messengers’ names, or Quran
3. Cover the head
4. Go somewhere private while using the restroom (for indoor restrooms ­­ close the door)
5. Do not urinate in still water or in a small quantity of running water
6. Do not urinate in an unknown hole in the ground (out in the wilderness)
7. Do not urinate in the direction of the wind when outside.
8. Do not relieve yourself in man­made shade (ex. bus station or subway)
9. Do not relieve yourself in the road (ex. public property)
10. Do not relieve yourself in a ventilation system
11. Do not relieve yourself under a fertile tree
12. Do not speak while relieving yourself

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 13. Assure the complete excretion of urine
14. One should say when entering: In the name of Allah, I seek refuge from you from male and
female demons (Bismillaahi, Allaahumma inne aoothu bika minal­khubthi walkhabaa­ith)
15. One should say when exiting: O Allah, I seek your forgiveness, I thank Allah who has relieved
me (Ghufraanaka, alhamdulallah althe athhaba inne al­atha wafane).

What makes a ritual shower mandatory?

“Ghusl”

1. Insertion of the penis into the vagina

2. Ejaculation (Manni)
3. Menstruation (Hayd)
4. Postpartum bleeding (Nifaas)
5. Giving birth

There are two obligatory steps for ritual bathing:

1. Intention ­­ intend to remove the state of major impurities

2. Washing all the hair and skin on the body ­­ even hard to reach places i.e. foreskin

The recommendations of ritual bathing:

1. Using siwak
2. Start with Allah’s name (Bissmillah)
3. Performing pre­prayer washing prior to starting the shower
4. Washing hard to reach places i.e belly button, skin folds, etc. (Ma’aatif)
5. Washing hair & scalp thoroughly with fingertips
6. Rubbing the whole body
7. Doing every action three time

Purification from Major and Minor Impurities

“Hadath”

The following must be met for purification to be accepted:

1. One must be a muslim

2. Be at an age where one is capable of understanding the surrounding
3. Using pure water ­­ water that is pure in itself and can purify others when used.

Definition of pure water

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Pure water is free water (Maa Mutlaq) and it is the only type of water that can remove the state of
impurity & remove filth. It is water that has fallen from the sky or come from beneath the earth and
remained at it’s original form.

There are two ways that can change the state of the water:

a. Changes by dissolution ­­ can not easily be removed from water

● Un­natural Changes: ex. water mixed with tea, food, cement, spices, ect. This type of water can
not be used for purification.
● Natural changes: ex. sea water, water that has mud, plants, rocks, ect. This type of water can be
used for purification.
b. Changes by a solid item that was dropped in the water ­­ can be easily removed from the water ex. an
apple, a leaf, a clean toy, a clean utensil, ect. This type of water can be used for purification once the solid
item is removed.
● If one uses water from a bucket or a container for obligatory washing, the remaining water in the
container can not be used for purification nor obligatory washing again.

What makes water impure?

Water becomes impure if a filthy item falls into a small amount of water or liquid (less than 216 liters)
whether the water’s smell, taste, or color has obviously changed or not. Small minor filth, however, are
exceptions ex.three or less strands of filthy hair, small insect that died in the water, or filth that isn't
obviously seen.
The ruling of water that has filth fallen into

Water remains pure even if filth has fallen into it as long as the following is met: a. the water is 216 liters or
more b. color, taste, or smell of the water has not been changed.
Filthy water can be made pure by doing the following: a. increase the amount by adding more clean water
b. allow the water to naturally dissolve the filth. Using chemicals to remove or dissolve filth doesn’t make
the water usable for purification in islam.

Filth

Filths in Islam are: urine, stool, animal feces, puss, blood, vomit, alcohol, all intoxicants, dogs, pigs or
whatever is born by one of the two, animal killed in non­halal way (including their hair, feathers, skin & all
of its remains), pre­ejaculation, prostatorrhea, semen of a dog or a pig, and milk from an animal that is not
halal to eat.
A whole or part of human corpus, fish and locust are considered clean, a piece that is cut off from a living
being other than those three mentioned is considered filthy except for hair, feathers, skin, or wool from an
animal that is halal to eat.

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What can and cannot be purified and how

­ Vinegar that is naturally produced by alcohol or wine (produced from dates and raisin) is halal to use.1
­ Skin of halal animals that died unlawfully can be purified by tanning.
­ If an item becomes filthy by the urine, saliva, feces, sweat, or any bodily exertions of a dog or a pig, or
what bores from them or from one of them, then the item must be washed seven times. One of the seven
washes must be with clean dirt.
­ If dirt gets filthy by a dog, the dirt must be washed with pure water seven times.
­ If a baby boy (that hasn’t started eating solids) urinates on an item, sprinkle water over the urine to purify
the item.
­ All other filth must be washed until its’ smell, taste, and color have been removed. However, if color or
smell cannot be removed due to its complexity then it is alright for the item to be used as is (i.e stains).
­ All Liquids cannot be purified after it has become filthy (except water as mention before).

Dry Pre­prayer washing

"Tayamum"

Dry pre­prayer washing is required from both major and minor impurities when one doesn’t have access to
water either due to traveling, or an illness (for example surgery that limits you from using water on the
skin), or water cut­off in your residence. Skin covered by bandages should be washed by tayamum. Water,
however, must be used on areas without bandages. Use water to wipe off solid body casts.

Obligations during Dry Pre­prayer washing

“Forood”

1. Transporting the dirt by placing the palm of the hands on the dirt and then on the skin.
2. Intention of making dry pre­prayer washing for prayer. Intention should start when the hand
touches the dirt and should remain during the tayamum process until the dirt reaches the face.
3. Wiping the face.
4. Wiping the hands to the elbows ­­ must include elbows.
5. Keep the order as mentioned above.

Conditions during Dry pre­prayer washing

“Shoroot”

1. Use clean dry dirt that has dust when beaten. Hit the dirt once to wipe the face and once to wipe
hands to the elbows.
2. Tayamum should only be performed after the time of prayer has been begun.
3. Tayamum should be performed for each obligatory prayer as long as water is still not available.

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It is not halal to intentionally manipulate alcohol to produce vinegar.

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 4. One should search for water prior to tayammum and should ask everyone that surrounds him/her if
possible.
5. If neither water or dirt are accessible, then one should pray alone without washing and then make
up the prayer when one of the two become available.
6. Tayamum can be performed if water is extremely cold and warming it is not possible.

­ If tayamum is done due to extreme cold water or sinful traveling, then any prayers done must be made up.

Menstruation and Postpartum blood

“Hayd & Nifaas”

The shortest duration of menstruation is one day and one night. The longest duration of menstruation is
fifteen days. The average is six or seven days.

The following is forbidden during menstruation or sexual impurity (Janaba):

1. Praying
2. Circumambulation
3. Touching the Quran
4. Carrying the Quran
5. Sitting in the Masjid
6. Reading the Quran

Forbidden acts during menstruation only:

1. Fasting
2. Walking through the Masjid if blood may possibly leak.
3. Fondling with what is in­between the navel and knee.
4. Intercourse during menstruation it is one of the major sins.

­ A woman needs to make up her fasting from the days of Ramadan but not with missed prayers.
­ If menstruation stops she can start fasting even before she perform the ritual shower. Postpartum
bleeding is equivalent to the laws of menstruation.

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 The Chapter of Prayer
“Salah”

There are five assigned prayers that are obligatory upon every Muslim.
Praying before a prayer time or after a prayer time frame without a lawful excuse is a major sin.

Prayer Times
“Mawaqeet”

Thuhr (Noon)
Starts: once the sun has crossed the zenith. Zenith is exactly halfway between sunrise and sunset, it is also
when the sun is at the highest point in the sky.
Ends: When the length of a shadow of an object is the same as the length of the object itself.

'Asr (Afternoon)
Starts: when the length of a shadow of an object is slightly greater than the object itself.
Ends: when the sun sets.

Maghreb (Sunset)
Starts: when the sun sets completely.
Ends: when the redness in the sky vanishes.

Isha (Night)
Starts: after the disappearance of the redness in the sky.
Ends: when the “true dawn”2 appears.

Fajr (Dawn)
Starts: when the “true dawn” appears.
Ends: when the sun begins to rise.

­ The best of actions is to pray a prayer when it first starts.

­ When praying in congregation, it is recommended (sunnah) to delay Thuhr prayer in extreme heat until
it’s a little cooler.
­ It is a sin to delay the prayer till after it’s due without a lawful excuse.

Exhausting one’s self to find out the timing

Those that do not have access to time of prayers must put an effort into studying or gaining a skill in

2
True dawn is when the rays of the sun spread horizontally (versus false dawn in which the rays of sun
spread vertically)

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understanding the time of prayers.
Those that have missed an obligated prayer without a lawful excuse are required to pray it as soon as
possible.

Forbidden times for prayer

There are five:

1. From the time the sun starts to rise till it rises to the extent of the length of a spear­­ approx. 20
to 30 min. after the sun begins to rise.
2. When the sun is in the middle of the sky directly at the zenith ­­ except on fridays.
3. When the sky is yellowish until the sun sets.
4. After Fajr until the sun rises completely ­­ i.e. the time before prayer of duha.
5. After Asr until the sun sets
● However, a prayer that has a legitimate reason at the moment can be prayed such as: the
prayer of greeting the masjid & prayers of the eclipses.
● It is forbidden to start praying during the Juma’a sermons after the preacher goes up on the
platform, except for prayer of greeting the masjid.

Who is obligated to pray?

­ Prayer is obligatory upon every mentally sane adult muslim and has performed pre­prayer washing.

­ A legal guardian should order his/her seven year old child to pray and hit the child if they don’t pray when
they turn 10 years old.
­ If a child hits puberty or when menstruation/postpartum bleeding ends, or an insane muslim becomes well
in the duration of a prayer, then they are obligated to pray that prayer (even if it’s toward the end of prayer
time ­­ and there is only enough time to say “Allah Akbar”).

­ If menstruation/ postpartum bleeding or insanity starts after the time of prayer has started, then this prayer
is an obligation to be made up as soon as possible.

­ It is required for parents to teach their children their obligations as muslims ­­ i.e. purification, prayer,
giving alms, fasting, and pilgrimage prior to their puberty.
­ It is also required for parents to teach their children what is forbidden in Islam ­­ i.e. adultery,
homosexuality, stealing, drinking alcohol, and taking any intoxicants, lying, gossiping, slander someone in
their absence, etc. Parents need to tell their children their obligations as muslims start when they reach
puberty.
­ A male child becomes accountable when he turns 15 years old or when they have a nocturnal emission
(wet dream).
­ A female child becomes accountable when her menstruation starts.

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­ Parents/guardians need to pay if needed for teachers to teach their kids what is required, and if they can’t
afford it then other family members should handle it.

Conditions before Prayer

“Shoroot”

1. Knowing the time of the prayer.

2. Facing the Qibla ­­ except when in a vehicle when travelling.
3. Covering private parts.
4. Purification from major and minor impurities.
5. Cleanliness from all filth on body, clothes, and location of prayer.
6. Knowing the obligations (Forood) and recommendations (sunnan) of prayer.

Definition of private Parts :

­ Private part of a male is the area between the naval and knee.
­ Private part of a female is the entire body except the face and hands.

The Obligations that make up Prayer

“Forood”

There are Seventeen Obligations during Prayer:

1. Intentions ­­ intend to pray a specific prayer.

2. Start by saying Allahu Akbar (Takbeer)
3. Standing ­­ if possible (Qiyaam)
4. Reciting Al Fatiha ­­ the first surah in the Quran
5. Bowing (Ruku’)
6. Calmness during the bowing movements ­­ do not be hasty to move to the next step.
7. Raising from the bow (I’tidaal)
8. Calmness after rising
9. Prostration twice in every Raka’a ­­ forehead, palm of the hands, toes, and knees must be flat on
the floor.
10. Calmness during Prostration
11. Sitting between Prostrations
12. Calmness during sitting
13. The last testimony (Tashahood Akheer)
14. Sitting while reading the last testimony
15. Giving peace & blessing upon the prophet Mohammed while reading the last testimony
16. Giving salam towards the right shoulder (Tasleem)
17. Keep the order mentioned above (Tarteeb)

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 The Recommendations of Prayer
“Sunnan”

Some of the recommended actions during prayer are:

● Raising the hands (with palms facing the Qibla) while saying Allah Akbar at the beginning, and
when you are about to bow, and when you raise from the bow and when you raise from the first
testimony
● Saying the “Opening Supplication” (Istiftaah)
● Saying: ‘Authu bellah mn Ashaytaan Ar­Rajeem, in every raka’a (saying it with the first raka’a is
recommended the most).
● Reciting an additional surah after Al Fatiha ­­ except when following in congregation and the
prayer leader is reciting out loud, it is required to listen to the prayer leader.
● Men should reciting out loud in Fajr and the first two of Maghrib & ‘Ishaa,. Women should do the
same except when foreign men are present.
● Placing the right hand over the left hand right under the chest
● Saying Allah Akbar in every move made ­­ the first Allah Akbar, however, is required.
● Qunoot ­­ defined as making supplication while lifting hands (with palms facing the sky) after
raising from second bow in Fajr. Qunoot should also be done all other prayers when a disaster
happens to Muslims.
● Saying while in the bow movement: Glory to my Lord the exalted three times in arabic (Subhaana
Rabbiyal­'Atheem w Bihamdehi)
● Saying while in the prostration movement: Glory is to my Lord the most high three times in arabic
(Subhaana Rabbiyal­A'laa w Bihamdehi)
● While in prostration, the following should touch the ground in this order: knees, hands, forehead, and
then nose.
● While sitting between both prostrations one should say: My Lord forgive me, have mercy on me,
guide me, support me, protect me, provide for me, and elevate me (Rabbighfir lee,
warhamnee,wahdinee, wajburnee, wa'aafinee, warzuqnee, warfa'nee)
● Prior to standing up after the first & third Raka’a one should sit briefly then rise (Istiraha), except
in the Maghrib prayer
● Say the first testimony (after the second raka’a) while sitting down, offering peace and blessings to
the prophet Mohammed.
● When sitting during the prayer, sit on the left leg/foot while bending the toes of the right foot
(Iftiraash).
● Sitting in the last testimony on the ground while buttocks are on the floor while your left leg and
foot beneath your right leg (Tawarok).
● One should keep their eye sight focused on where their face is during prostration.
● One should have excessive meditation & reverence while in Prayer.
● One should extend his recitation during the first Raka’a then decrease the length throughout his
prayer.

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 ● One should enter the prayer focused, empty hearted, and not think about worldly matters.
● One should make as much supplication as possible during his prostration.

What Nullifies the Prayer?

● Intentional talking and actions nullifies prayer, so does accidental if it is exceeds two steps.
● Excessive actions and movements nullify prayer even if it doesn’t exceed two steps or movements.
However, if one forgetfully speaks a little or eats a little or excessively increases the duration of a
movement of the prayer their prayer remains valid and uninterrupted.

Prostration of Forgetfulness
“Sujood Sahw”

If any of the following is missed, it is prefered to perform the two prostrations of forgetfulness at the end of
the prayer prior to making the two greetings (Tasleem):

● The first testimony

● Offering peace & blessing to the Prophet in the first testimony
● Qunoot
● Offering of peace & blessing to the Prophet in Qunoot

And also if the any of the following committed, it is prefered to perform the two prostrations of
forgetfulness at the end of the prayer prior to making the two greetings (Tasleem):

● Minor unintentional talking

● Unintentionally adding movements
● Minor unintentional eating

It is obligatory to follow the imam if he makes the two prostrations of forgetfulness. In congregation, a
prayer is invalid if one performs the two prostration of forgetfulness by himself or does not follow the
imam.

In the Quran, there are 14 verses that order a muslim to prostrate to their lord (Sujood Tilawah). One
should prostrate if they hear or say one of those verses whether or not they are during prayers. However, if
the prayer is in congregation and the imam doesn’t prostrate then it is forbidden to do so (prayer would be
invalid).

Ineligible prayer leaders

­ someone with a lisp ­­ someone that can not pronounce the words correctly.
­ a follower in congregation (must follow the imam not another follower)

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­ someone without the correct purification
­ Kafir
­ a person that has filth on them or on their clothes
­ a person behind someone that did not find water or dirt for purification
Please note: a man can not pray behind a woman or a hermaphrodite

Conditions during the congregational prayer

”Shoroot”

There are six conditions of the congregational prayer:

1. One should not stand in front of his prayer leader, nor should he be in the same line as him.
2. The follower and the leader should be in the same structure or yard with no more than 200 meters
between them.
3. One should be aware of all his prayer leaders’ movements whether it be by seeing or hearing the
leader or by seeing some of the followers’ movement.
4. One should intend in his prayer that he will be following the leader.
5. One should try to make his prayer the same as his leader’s prayer.
6. If one speeds up and goes ahead of his leader by two obligatory movements or falls behind his
leader by two obligatory movements without an allowed excuse, then the prayer is invalid.

Shortening the Prayer while Traveling

“Qasr”

One that is traveling a long distance that is permissible is allowed the following:

● Shortening the four raka’a prayer to two raka’a

● If one misses a prayer while travelling and the prayer will be made up once they reside, then it
should be made up in full.
● If one misses a prayer while in their residence then travels and will pray it while traveling it should
be prayed in full.
● A traveler should not pray behind a resident
● A traveler should intend when saying Allah Akbar at the beginning of their prayer that they are
shortening the prayer
To be classified as a traveler, one must have an actual destination in mind. A wanderer is not considered a
traveler.

Combining prayer while traveling

“Jam’”

­ Combining between prayers is allowed when traveling on a long and permissible journey. Combining

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means to pray Thuhr & Asr together during one of their time or Maghrib & ‘Isha at one of their times.
­ When one combines with a earlier prayer then it is a condition to pray the early prayer first.
­ When one combines with a later prayer then it is a condition to intend during that prayer time that the
prayer will be combined with a later prayer.
­ The duration between combining two prayer should be as brief as possible.

Examples:
Early Combining (Taqdeem): Praying Thuhr and Asr in the Time of Thuhr; all that is needed is to pray
Thuhr then stand and Pray Asr.
Late Combining (Takheer): Praying Thuhr and Asr in the Time of Asr; All that is needed is to intend in
the time frame of Thuhr that you will be praying it with Asr.

Those that are Obligated to Pray Jum’a Prayer

Juma’a prayer is an obligation required by every free adult male muslim residing in the city in which it will
be performed.

Permissible excuses from Jum’a prayer:

1. Rain
2. Illness
3. Caring for the ill
4. Fearing for one's safety, or wealth, or family.
5. Conditions in life ­­ such as, extreme hunger, thirst, heat, cold, wind and/or mud”

Conditions of Juma’a Prayer

“Shoroot”

1. The entire prayer is completed during the time of Thuhr

2. That it is completed in the same city that you reside in
3. No other Juma’a prayers are completed in that city
4. That it is made in congregation
5. It is performed by a minimum of forty free adult males that reside in that city
6. The prayer should be made out of two sermons and two raka’a

Conditions of the two sermons

“Khutbah”

­ Allah should be praised in both.

­ Peace & blessing should be offered to the prophet in both.
­ Advising the people to have fear in Allah in both.

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­ Reading verses from the Quran in one of the two.
­ Supplicating for all the believers by at least saying: “May Allah have Mercy upon you” in the second
sermon.
­ Making sure forty adult male Muslims hear it.
­ Praying the two raka’a immediately after both sermons are finished.
­ Purifying oneself from both major & minor impurities.
­ Purification of clothes, body, and location in which the prayer will take place.
­ Prayer leader must be standing while giving the sermon.
­ covering the private parts.
­ sitting between both sermons with calmness.
­ Performing the sermons in the arabic language.
­ The sermons are made after zenith.

Preparation of the dead body

“Ghasl Al Mayt”

The Preparation of a dead body consists of:

Washing, wrapping, offering prayer for the dead, and burial.

Minimum wash: Covering the whole body with water after the removal of any and all filth.
Minimum wrap: Covering the private parts.
Best wrapping for men: use three shrouds (sheets that cover the dead body).
Best wrapping for women: bottom garment, upper Garment, veil, and two shrouds.

Funeral Prayer
“Janazah”

There are seven obligation during the funeral prayer:

1. Intentions ­­ intending the action and who it is for.

2. Saying Allah Akbar (Takbeer) four times out loud.
3. After the first Takbeer, recite Al Fatiha
4. After the second Takbeer, offering peace & Blessings to the prophet Mohamed
5. After the third Takbeer, make supplication for the dead muslim
6. Stand when able.
7. End the prayer by saying salam over each shoulder (Tasleem).

Burial method

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Minimum Burial: Is to dig a hole deep enough to hide the smell of the body, protect the body from wild
animals and the body must face the Qibla.
The Best Burial: Is to dig a hole in depth equivalent to an average grown male body and some; which
would approx. be 274.5cm.

We are forbidden to do any of the following when we experience death of someone we know:

● Extreme praising
● Screaming or raising the voice
● Hitting ones face & chest
● Pulling & plucking Hair
● Ripping Clothes
● Pouring dirt over the head
● Any extreme expressions and acts of sadness and sorrow

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 The Chapter of Alms­Giving
“Zakat”

Alms­Giving is applied to the following:

1. Camels
2. Cattle
3. Sheep
4. Agriculture
5. Metals
6. Treasure
7. Business Goods

The amount of alms­giving to be given out depends on how much is own of each of the above.

● Camels: the following must be given out if one owns any of the specific numbers of camels.
1. If one owns five camels, then one male or female sheep (must be one year old), or a two male or
female goats are to be given
2. For ten camels, then two male or female sheeps (one year old) are to be given.
3. For fifteen camels, then three of male or female sheeps (one year old) are to be given.
4. For twenty camels, then four of male or female sheeps (one year old) are to be given.
5. For twenty five camels, then a one year old female camel must be given.
6. For thirty six camels, then a two year old female camel must be given.
7. For forty Six camels, then a three year old female camel must be given.
8. For sixty one camels, then a four year old female camel must be given.
9. For seventy six camels, then two female camels that are two year old must be given.
10. For ninety one camels, then two of female camels that are three years old must be given.
11. For one hundred & twenty one, then three of female camels that are two years old must be given.
12. For every forty after that, then a two year old female camel must be given.
13. For every fifty after that: a three year old female camel must be given.

● Cattle: when the following are owned:

1. Thirty, one year old male or female cow must be given.

2. Forty, two year old female cow must be given.
3. For every thirty after that, one year old male or female cow must be given.
4. For every forty after that, two year old female cow must be given.

● Sheep: when the following are owned:

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 1. Forty: one sheep must be given (any age).
2. One hundred & twenty one: two sheeps must be given.
3. Two hundred & one: three sheeps must be given.
4. Four hundred, four sheeps must be given.
5. For every hundred after that, one sheep must be given.

● Agriculture:

1. If the ripe crops (ready to be harvested and are edible) are greater than or equal to 825 kilograms
(300 Sa’a) and was grown and watered by human work force, then an amount of 5% of the total
must be given out. However if it was grown without human work force (was produced naturally),
then an amount of 10% of the total must be given out if the crops are greater than or equal to 825
kilograms. Alms­giving is due when the crops are harvested.

● Gold/Silver: alms­giving should be given out if you have what is equivalent to the following:

If one owns 84 grams3 of gold then they are obligated to pay alms, to calculate to actual value of the 84
grams, multiple the amount of grams of gold by the current market price of a gram of gold.

If one owns 588 grams4 of silver, then multiple the amount of grams of silver by the current market price of
a gram of silver.

­ One should then pick the least out of the two values of either the gold or silver to base the limit that
obligates them to pay alms and then pay the due amount
­ Alms­giving is not obligatory unless any of the above mentioned wealth was owned for a complete lunar
year.
­ 2.5 percent of the full amount that was own in the span of a lunar year (354 days) is to be given out.
­ Permissible personal jewelry is not subjected to the laws of Alms­giving.

● Treasure: if gold or silver found in unmarked territory or the land is owned by the discoverer of
the treasure, then a fifth of the total value needs to be given out immediately
● Business Goods: alms­giving should be given out if you have what is equivalent to the amount of
gold or silver mentioned above. Once the goods reach that limit, then 2.5 % of the current value of
the goods in your possession should be given out (the goods must be owned for one complete lunar
year­­ 354 days). The limit of the business goods are the same as the gold and silver limits.

3
84 grams was calculated as follows: Nissab of Gold = 20 Mithqaal also known as Dinar, 1 Mithqaal = 4.2
grams, 4.2 grams * 20 Mithqaal = 84 grams.
4
588 grams was calculated as follows: Nissab of Silver = 200 Dirhams, 1 Dirham = 2.94 grams, 2.94 grams
* 200 Dirhams = 588 Grams.

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 Alms­Giving of Eid Al Fitr

Alms­giving for Eid Al Fitr starts on the last night of the holy month of Ramadan and continues through the
first day of the month of Shawwal. It is obligatory upon every Muslim.

● Every Muslim is responsible for paying his Fitr Alms for him/herself and anyone that falls under
their responsibility.
● It is forbidden to delay it till after the day of Eid (sun setting of the first day of the month of
Shawwal is the latest), if there is no legitimate excuse present, then alms needs to be paid
immediately.
● Those that do not have anything to give or only have what is suffice for their day and night are not
required to pay.
● It is not required for one to sell their possessions to pay this type of alms.

The amount to be paid for Eid alms­giving is 2750 grams5 of the most common grain or edible food in the
country one lives in (i.e. rice in the USA).

5
The amount to be paid is 1 Sa' = 4 Muod, 1 Muod = 687.5 grams. 687.5 x 4 = 2750 grams.

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 The Chapter of Fasting
“Siyaam”

The Holy month of Ramadan enters by the completion of 30 days of the month of Shabaan or viewing the
crescent.
The viewing of just one good charactered­muslim suffice as evidence that the month has started.

Conditions of Acceptance of Fast

“Shoroot”

1. Intentions ­­ if the fast is an obligation then the intention needs to be done the night before (after
Maghreb and before fajr). Also for an obligatory fast, one needs to specify what they are fasting
(ex. ramadan, or making up an obligation).
2. Refraining ­­ from intentional intercourse, masturbation, inducing vomit, allowing an object to enter
the body via mouth, nose, anus, or vaginal. Anything that enters the body by other means is allowed
while fasting (ex: oils or ointments being absorbed by the skin, or even tasting mascara, eye shadow
or eye­liner in the throat). Allowing items to enter the body by being ignorant, forgetful, or forced
does not break one's fast.
3. Ejaculation ­­ by skin to skin contact or by kissing or by bed fondling all break one's fast. However,
ejaculation by means of thinking and imaging with no touching whatsoever does not break one's
fast.
4. Being a Muslim ­­ for the entire day.
5. Being Sane ­­ For the entire day.
6. Free from menstruation & postpartum bleeding ­­ for the Entire day.

It is forbidden to fast the two Eid days and the three days after Eid Al Adhaa (Tashreeq) & the second
half of the month of Sha’baan; except for Nadhr or for making up days that were obligatory or a habit.

Conditions that would make the fast Obligated

“Shoroot”

If a Muslim meets the following conditions then fasting is an obligation upon him/her:

1. Sanity.
2. Puberty.
3. Ability to fast.

­ A Child is ordered to fast starting from the age of seven and disciplined for not doing it starting from the

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age of ten.
­ It is allowed for a traveler to break fast if he/she traveling long distance as long as the journey is sinless;
same goes for the ill that fears he/she is in harm by fasting.
­ Women that are pregnant or breastfeeding can break their fast as well if they fear for themselves and
their children.
­ A person trying to save an animal in danger is also allowed to break his fast (except for the pig).
­ Muslims that have one of the excuses mentioned above, will only have to make up their fast as soon as
they can except for the following cases in which they would have to pay Fidyyah (feeding one poor person
per day missed with what is equivalent to 700 gm of food):
1. saving an animal
2. a woman that is pregnant or breastfeeding and fear for her child’s safety
3. those that have missed days from a previous Ramadan and never made it up
Any muslim that broke their fast without any legitimate excuse should make up their fast as soon as
possible.

Residing in the Masjid

“I’tikaff”

The conditions of acceptance of ones residing in the Masjid are : Intentions of a duration to reside in the
Masjid. One should also be a sane Muslim and clean from major impurity and women should be clean from
menstruation & postpartum bleeding.

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 The Chapter of Pilgrimage
“Hajj”

Pilgrimage (Hajj): is obligatory upon every adult, sane, free Muslim who is physically and financially able to
make Hajj (if someone has as a permanent illness, it is permissible to send someone to make Hajj on their
behalf).

Obligations of Pilgrimage
“Forood”

There are five obligations during Pilgrimage:

1. Ihraam ­­ by intention.
2. Standing (Wuqoof) on Mount ‘Arafah.
3. Circumambulation (Tawaaf) after standing on mount ‘Arafah.
4. Walking back and forth (Sa’ee) between the hills of Safa & Marwa with a fast pace.
5. Shaving (Halq) or trimming (Taqseer).

Requirements during Pilgrimage

"Wajibat"

There are six requirements during Pilgrimage:

1. Changing into the two white sheets that are made of unhemmed cloth (Ihraam) at the designated
location.
2. Staying over night at Muzdalifah ­­ which is the night of the slaughter (Nahr)
3. Staying three night after the day of Eid (Tashreeq) at Minna.
4. Throwing seven stones one at a time at the pillar in ‘Aqabah ­­ which is the day of the slaughter.
5. Throwing three stones on each day of the three days following the day of Eid (ie the 11th, 12th &
13th), timing for this starts on each day after Thuhr till before sunset.
6. The farewell circumambulation.

Obligations of Minor Pilgrimage & its requirements

“’Umrah”

There are four obligations for ‘Umrah:

1. Changing ones’ cloth (Ihraam)

2. Then circumambulation (Tawaaf)
3. Then walking back and forth between the two hills with a fast pace (Sa’ee)

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 4. Then shaving the head or trimming it.

There is only one requirement: and that is to change the clothes at the designated location (Miqaat)

Obligations of Circumambulation
“Tawaaf”

1. Covering private parts.

2. Purification from both minor & major impurities.
3. Cleanliness of clothes, body & area in which Circumambulation is being made.
4. Keep the Ka’ba to your left.
5. Circling around the Ka’ba seven times.
6. Starting circumambulation at the Black Stone

Obligations of walking back and forth between the two hills.

“Sa’ee”

1. Starts with the hill of Safa at the first walk

2. Starts with the hill of Marwa at the second walk
3. Continues in that order for a total of seven times.
4. walking between the two hills at a fast pace is to start after Circumambulation

Pilgrimage has two endings

"Tahalolaan"

­ Ending of Hajj happens by completing three actions; completing two out of the three actions is called the
first ending and completing the third is called the second and final ending.
The three actions are:
1. Circmumbulation (Tawaaf)
2. Shaving the head (Halaq)
3. Throwing the stones at 'Aqaba
­ The first ending allows one to perform all acts that were restricted by Ihraam (listed below) except
women and marriage.
­ Ending of 'Umrah happens once all of its actions are complete.

Acts that are restricted while in the state of Ihraam

There are six restricted acts while in the state of Ihram:

1. Men covering head or wearing hemmed clothes. Woman covering the face or wearing gloves.
2. Using perfume or anything that is used as a perfume on ones’ body, clothes, bed..etc.

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 3. Using creams or oils in one's’ hair or beard
4. Removing any hair or nails
­ If any does of the four actions mentioned above while in the state of Ihraam, then one needs to fix his
status by one of the following: a. slaughter a sheep or b. feeding six people a total of 8250 grams (3 sa'a) of
food (approx. 1375 grams of food to each poor person) or c. fast three days.
5. Intercourse ­­ if done during 'Umrah then it is invalid, and it will need to be redone.If done
intentionally before the first ending of pilgrimage then it is invalid, it should be redone and a punishment
(Kaffarah) is applied by a. Slaughtering a camel, if unable then b. a cow, if unable then c. 7 sheeps, if
unable then d. feeding a poor person with what is equivalent to a camel, if unable then e. fasting the amount
of days that equal the weight of a camel divided by a Muod (687.5 grams).
6. Hunting edible wild animals & Cuting down trees ­­ Hunting is also forbidden in the area of both
Mecca and Madina’s Masajid. If one does any of the two in the state of Ihraam then fidyyah is
needed to be done.

Conditions of Business transactions & Marital laws

“Bay’ wa Nikaah”

Those that want to get involved in business & marital interactions need to know their methods and systems
according to Islamic law

The conditions of a business transaction:

1. Seller’s agreement ­­ by a statement or a gesture

2. Buyer’s acceptance.
3. Both are required to be adults, sane & the deal is done by free will.
4. The item being sold or bought needs to be clean or can be washed off from any filth.
5. The item needs to be useful.
6. Ability to be delivered.
7. The item to be sold is owed by the seller or has authorization to sell it.
8. All details of the item involved in the transaction must be clearly known by both parties ­­ i.e. size,
shape, description, ect.
9. Business terminology can not be vague and unclear ­­ For example, “I’ll sell you everything in this
box”­­ without seeing what’s in it or “I’ll sell you whatever you can carry,” are not allowed in
Islam.
10. One can not purchase the unseen nor can the unseen be sold

Interest Transactions
“Riba”

If one were to buy food with same type of food or silver with silver or gold with gold then:

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 1. Immediately
2. Releasing funds before departure
3. Weights and sizes need to be equivalent

However; if food was bought with another type of food or buy gold using silver then:

1. Immediately
2. Releasing funds before departure and no equivalency is needed

Optional business transaction by free­will

“Al Khiyaar”

While purchasing or agreeing to a certain deal one has the option to wait a few days, either for testing or
deciding about whether or not they will purchase the item. Three days are the maximum allowed number of
days for testing or deciding on an item to purchase. However the duration of testing ends by buying the
item and departing with it with agreement. If there is any damage found after departure, one has the right
to return it immediately.

The following actions are forbidden in business transactions:

● Selling a returned item before receiving it.

● Taking from the city and selling in the wilderness
● Going out of town to sell to or buy an item from people that don’t know the market price.
● To bargain after muslim brother/sister already got a deal (Saum)
● Selling what others have already purchased
● Manipulate the price of goods (Najash)
● Separating between a slave woman and her son.

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