A

TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENTS INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

FEDERAL AIRPORT AUTHORITY NIGERIA, ALAKIA, IBADAN, OYO STATE.

BY

AJAYI OLANIYI HENRY

EEE/18/6706

SUBMITTED TO

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING & ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE,

ONDO STATE.

IN PARTIAL FUFILMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

(B. TECH ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING).

FEBUARY, 2024

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 CERTIFICATION

This is to certify that this report is a detailed account of Student Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES) undertaken by AJAYI OLANIYI HENRY at Federal Airports Authority of

Nigeria, Alakia Ibadan, Oyo State, for a period of five (5) months and has been prepared by

AJAYI OLANIYI HENRY (EEE/18/6706) in accordance to regulations guiding the

preparation of reports in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Federal

University of Technology, Akure

…………………… …….………………………

Engr. I.A. Olajide Date

Department SIWES Supervisor

……………………… ………………………………

Prof. P.B. Mogaji Date

SEET SIWES Supervisor

………………………. …. .………………………

Dr M.R. Adu Date

Head of Department

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 DEDICATION

I dedicate this report to God Almighty, the giver of life and knowledge, who made my SIWES

program a possibility, my mother (Ajayi Adenike) and my Late Father (Ajayi Busari), relatives,

family and friends who stood firmly behind me during the course of my program.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely want to acknowledge GOD who has brought me this far in completing my training in

joy and in happiness and the grace for me to be at this level and also to my FAMILY for the

support they gave me through God’s strength to experience this moment.

I will also love to acknowledge my sweet mother; Ajayi Adenike, and my lovely Sisters and

Brother; The Ajayi’s for standing by me through the period of the industrial training.

I also want to acknowledge the help of my Industrial Based Supervisors, Engr. Ibrahim, Engr.

John, and Engr. Moyo, my Lecturers and the School authority who have helped to nature and

groom me to this level and also the opportunity to gain this experience I really want to say a big

thank you.

To FAAN ALAKIA, I really feel thankful for the love being shown unto me and the ability to

impact practical knowledge to me concerning my course of study from both the staffs and the

head of department throughout the entire months of the SIWES program.

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 ABSTRACT

This technical report explains in details the industrial training undertaken at THE FEDERAL

AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF NIGERIA, ALAKIA IBADAN, which took place between the

months of September, 2023 through February, 2024. It states specifically the mode by which

Electrical works is being carried out in the organization by the use of Electrical equipment and

materials, different projects I worked on and the trainings I underwent within and outside the

organization. I worked under ELECTRICAL Unit, where I was taught how electrical

maintenances are being carried out, its systems and functionalities as well as troubleshooting and

repairs of the various devices, equipment.

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Table Of Contents
CERTIFICATION...........................................................................................................................ii

DEDICATION...............................................................................................................................iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT..............................................................................................................iv

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................v

CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................1

1.1 THE STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

PROGRAMME............................................................................................................................1

1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF SIWES OPERATIONS..........................................3

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF SIWES.....................................................................................5

1.4 THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF).....................................................................5

1.5 RELEVANCE OF SIWES.....................................................................................................6

CHAPTER TWO.............................................................................................................................7

2.0 BRIEF HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION.............................................................................7

2.1 MISSION AND VISION STATEMENT..............................................................................9

2.2 COMPANY’S ORGANOGRAM..........................................................................................9

2.3 OBJECTIVES......................................................................................................................10

2.4 AIPORTS MANAGED BY FAAN.....................................................................................10

CHAPTER THREE.......................................................................................................................12

3.0 THE WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED.........................................................12

3.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND MEASURES..................................................................12

3.2. POWER SYSTEM..............................................................................................................13

3.2.1. COMPONENT OF 33KV SUB-STATION.................................................................13

3.2.2 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (VCB).....................................................................17

3.3. ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT..........................................................17

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 3.3.1 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED.......................................................................18

3.3.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN EMD DEPARTMENT...........19

3.3.3 EXPERIENCED GAINED...........................................................................................19

3.4. VISUAL AIDS AND AIRFIELD LIGHTING.................................................................20

3.4.1 AIRPORT LIGHTINGS................................................................................................20

3.4.2: APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM............................................................................23

3.4.3 RUNWAY AND TAXI LIGHTING SYSTEM......................................................24

3 .4.4 AIRFIELD LIGHTING CONTROL ROOM..........................................................24

3.4.5 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED.......................................................................26

3.4.6 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN AFL DEPARTMENT............27

3.4.7 EXPERIENCED GAINED...........................................................................................31

CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................32

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................32

5.1 CONCLUSION....................................................................................................................32

5.2 Recommendations................................................................................................................32

REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................33

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 LIST OF FIGURES
 Figure 1: Organizational chart of the Federal Airport Authority of Nigeria (FAAN).

 Figure 2: 33KV/11KV Ibadan Airport sub-station

 Figure 3: 2.5MVA step-down transformer(33KV/11KV)

 Figure 4a: VT

 Figure 4b: CT

 Figure 5: Ibadan Airport Vacuum Circuit Breaker

 Figure 6a: Multi-meter.

 Figure 6b: Toolbox.

 Figure 6c: Clamp-meter.

 Figure 7a: Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI).

 Figure 7b: Runway Rapid Exit Light.

 Figure 8a: Taxiway Light.

 Figure 8b: Illuminated Wind Cone.

 Figure 8c: Ibadan Airport Approach Lighting.

 Figure 9a: Omni-directional Approach

 Figure 9b: Unidirectional Approach.

 Figure 10a: Sequential Flasher.

 Figure 10b: The Side Row Barrette.

 Figure 11: Constant Current Regulator.

 Figure 12a: Approach light bar.

 Figure 12b: Removal of old Transformer.

 Figure 12c: Transformer connection .

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 LIST OF PLATES

 Plate 1a: Removing old bulb.

 Plate 1b: Installing new bulb

 Plate 1c: Fitting the bulb

ix
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 THE STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES) PROGRAMME
The Student Industrial Work Scheme (SIWES) is an academic support unit, which operates as a

directorate under the Vice-Chancellor’s Office. It overseas all the Industrial Training activities in the

University. It also provides liaison between the University, the National Universities Commission

(NUC), the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and the various companies and industrial establishment that

offer Industrial Training (IT) placement to students.

Experts are of the opinion that there is a yearning gap between the learning acquired by graduates of

Nigerian Universities and the skills application required in the workplace. Clearly, academic learning

and theoretical knowledge alone would not usually prepare an educated person for the world work.

Discussion on the general deterioration in the quality of graduates from Nigerian universities in the

recent past are open secrets. Employers believe that Nigerian graduates bring sufficient theoretical

knowledge to the job, but that they generally lack hands-on or practical skills that would make them

productive and efficient in the workplace. Consequently, a worker must not only be knowledgeable, but

also versatile in the application of skills required to perform defined jobs and work. This requirement is

particularly crucial for graduates of science, engineering, agriculture and technology disciplines.

The great and spectacular advances and progress recorded by developed nation are primarily and

substantially attributable to the contributions of their scientific, engineering, agriculture and technology

educational communities. They are the creators of change and innovation which the world needs today.

The community constitutes one of the most precious resources and assets of any developing nation.

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Consequently, the capacity of Nigerian graduates to innovate and create, determines the extent of their

potential contributions to the growing economy and national development. However, the expected

contributions cannot be made by graduates who are lacking in practical or hands-on skills repertoire.

PRIMARY FUNCTIONS OF THE SIWES UNIT

The Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) undertakes the following major functions:

 Preparation of Master and placement lists of students that are eligible in the approved format and

the submission of the list to the National Universities Commission (NUC) and Industrial

Training Fund (ITF), before March of every year.

 Organization of SIWES Orientation seminar for students before they proceed on Industrial

Training.

 Placement of students from the IT participating departments in suitable/relevant Organizations.

 Issuance of logbooks and forms to eligible IT students.

 Arrangement for visits/supervision of students on Industrial Training.

 Payment of IT allowance to students.

 Participating in Departmental Seminar presentation by the returning IT students.

 Collation of student’s logbooks for ITF verifications.

 Follow up payment of supervisory allowance to academic stall.

 Retirement of Students Institutional Payment (SIP) list to ITF.

 Retirement of student’s Form 8 to facilitate the payment of allowances to supervisors.

 Participating in the Zonal SIWES Coordinator’s meetings seminars, conferences, etc., with the

Industrial Training Fund (ITF)

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1.2 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF SIWES OPERATIONS
The Vision of the Industrial Training Fund, when it initiated the students Industrial Work Experience

Scheme (SIWES) in 1973, was the provision of an avenue for students to acquire practical industrial

exposure in their respective disciplines during the course of their studies. Such exposure, it was

envisaged, would prepare students to fit, more readily, into an industrial work environment after their

academic career. The scheme was also designed to offer lecturers the opportunity to evaluate the

relevance of training to the needs of industry.

The scheme commenced in 1974 with eleven (11) institution. By 1978, when the number of institutions

had grown from eleven to thirty-two (32) the ITF was forced to reduce the number of approved

programs to Engineering and Technology disciplines in universities, polytechnics and colleges of

technology. In 1979, the Federal Ministry of Education made it compulsory for all students of

polytechnics and college of education to undergo one-year Industrial Attachment. This new arrangement

created a financial burden which was too high to be shouldered by the ITF. In addition, the Fund did not

have the capacity to monitor and supervise all students on Industrial Attachment hence, its decision to

withdraw its support for polytechnics and colleges of technology.

Furthermore, despite limiting the program to universities, the financial implication in respect of the

number of students was still too high for the ITF to shoulder. Consequently, all participating universities

were duly notified that the ITF would be withdrawing from financing the scheme as from January, 1980.

As a result of ITF’s withdrawal, the Federal Government took over funding of the scheme through the

National Universities Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical Education (NBTE).

These two commissions managed the scheme for five (5) years.

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One of the strategies designed to facilitate smooth operations of the scheme is the payment of

supervisory allowances to higher institutions and monthly allowances to benefiting students. Between

1974 and 1978, ITF took over the financing through the NUC and NBTE. During this period, the initial

allowance made to students was 330 per month as from 1981 there was a relative increase in both

supervisory and student allowance to #250 per student respectively. This allowance regime prevailed

until it was reviewed to the present rate of #2500 per month. The student’s Industrial Work Experience

Scheme serve as an accepted skills training program. The program is part of the Minimum Academic

Standards in the various degree program within Nigerian universities. The SIWES program helps to

harmonize the extensive theoretical background of tertiary education in Nigeria with the extensive

practical background of the industry.

The bodies involved are the Federal Government, the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) and other

supervising agencies like National University Commission (NUC), National Board for Technical

Education (NBTE) and the National Council for Colleges of Education (NCCE).

The functions of these agencies above include among others to:

 Ensure adequate funding of the scheme.

 Establish SIWES and accredit SIWES unit in the approved institutions.

 Formulate policies and guideline for participating bodies and institutions as well as appointing

SIWES coordinators and supporting staff.

 Supervise students at their places of attachment and sign their log-book and ITF forms;

 Vet and process students’ log-books and forward same to ITF Area offices.

 Ensure payment of Allowance for the students and supervisors.

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1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF SIWES.
The objective of the Students Industrial Work Scheme (SIWES) are to:

 Provide an avenue for students in Institutions of Higher Learning within Nigeria to acquire

industrial skills and experience in their course of study.

 Prepare students for the work situation they are likely to meet after graduation.

 Expose students to work methods and techniques in handling equipment and machinery that may

not be available in the universities and other institutions of higher learning.

 Provide students with an opportunity to apply their theoretical knowledge in real work

situations, thereby bridging the gap between university work and actual practice.

 Make the transition from the University to the place of work easier, and thus, enhance student’s

contacts for later job placement, and

 Enlist and strengthen employer’s involvement in the entire educational process of preparing

university and other tertiary graduates for employment in industry.

1.4 THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING FUND (ITF)

The Industrial Training Fund is an agency of the Federal Government of Nigeria, which is charged with

the responsibility of mediating between the tertiary institutions and industries in order to enable students

to participate in industrial activities prior to their graduation. The participation in industrial activities is

expected to prepare the student to fit well into the industrial system when they secure employment in the

industries after graduation. In this way, there would be bridging of the gap between the theory acquired

in school and the real industrial work after school.

The Student’s Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) apparently offers a veritable means of

redressing the gaps between the skills repertoire possessed by Nigerian graduates and relevant skills

required by employers. However, many problems have militated against the success of the scheme over

5
the years, from its inception in 1973 to date. Apart from the problems associated with rapid expansion

(increase in number of institution and trainees) of the scheme, other problems are as a result of

inadequate standards for various facets of the scheme and in most assess, poor adherence standards

where they exist. The facets of a training scheme such as SIWES which require proper quality

management include the duration of the training program, supervision of trainees, documentation and

assessment of performance, amongst others.

The changes occasioned by these developments have led to the emergence of a global economy that is

knowledge based. This also implies that the administration of SIWES must catch up with the wind of

reforms that is sweeping across the globe, or be left behind. A critical aspect of the SIWES process

which is the use of Job Specification Documents to guide the practical skills training process of students

is being addressed.

1.5 RELEVANCE OF SIWES

Students who have undergone SIWES are afforded the opportunity of learning more about the practical

application of planning theories learnt in school to problem solving in the human environment especially

in the aspect of technology, quality control etc. SIWES is of upmost importance to every student as it

serves as bedrock to professional practice as students are exposed to some professional ethics guiding

their courses. The SIWES programme if properly harnessed by all relevant stakeholders involved the

setback currently experienced in the country would be a thing of the past as employer’s labour are

afforded the opportunity to mode their prospective employers into what is needed by their respective

organization which can only be achieved in the period industrial attachment. Therefore, the success or

otherwise of SIWES depends on the efficiency of ministries, ITF, Institute, Employers of Labour and the

general public involved in the articulation and management of the programme. Thus, the evaluation of

6
SIWES in tertiary institution in meeting up with the needs for the establishment of the programme is

necessary.

7
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 BRIEF HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION

The Nigerian Airports Authority, NAA which later became Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria,

FAAN was set up by the Nigerian government by Decree 45 of 1976, to oversee the operations and

maintenance of all Federal airports.

The aviation agency was re-named, Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria, FAAN in August, 1995,

following a major restructuring and reforms of the Nigerian Aviation sector by the Federal Government.

In 2013, the Federal Ministry of Aviation launched the most ambitious rehabilitation programme that the

aviation industry has experienced since inception.

The upgrade and rehabilitation programme involved the remodeling and rehabilitation of 22 Federal

government-owned airports around the country.

Many of the country's airport terminals that had not been refurbished for long, were rehabilitated and

remodeled to increase their capacity. That programme is 90 per cent completed.

The audit assessed the country's aviation safety rules, procedures and available facilities, giving them a

passmark.

The Category One certification will enable bilateral air connections between the two countries, allowing

airlines of both sides to fly direct to either country.

FAAN performs its statutory duties, according to the policy guidelines provided by the Federal

Government of Nigeria, through the Federal Ministry of Transportation and is guided by these in all of

its business dealings and agreements with contractors and various third parties with which it does

business.

FAAN is a service organization statutorily charged to manage all Commercial Airports in Nigeria and

provide service to both passengers and airlines. It generates its revenue from both Aeronautical and

8
Non-Aeronautical sources in the ratio 82:18. It has embarked severally on projects to increase the

revenue from non-Aeronautical sources.

FAAN is entrusted with the following functions:

 To develop, provide and maintain Airports, necessary services and facilities for safe, orderly,

expeditious and economic operation of Air Transport.

 To provide adequate conditions under which passengers and goods may be carried by air and

under which aircraft may be used for other gainful purposes and prohibiting the carriage by air

goods of such classes as may be prescribed.

 To charge for services provided by the authority at airports.

 To provide accommodation and other facilities for the effective handling of passengers and

freight.

 To develop and provide facilities for surface transportation within airport.

 To carry out at the airports (either by itself or by an agent or in partnership with any other

person) economic activities that are relevant to airport.

 To carry out at the airports (either by itself, its agents or in partnership with any other person)

such other commercial activities which are not relevant to air transport.

 To carry out at the airports (either by itself, its agents or in partnership with any other person)

such other commercial activities which are not relevant to air transport.

 To provide adequate facilities and personnel for effective security at all airport.

Contribution to Knowledge, FAAN workers are called public servants and not civil servants because

its human resource is recruited/selected and remunerated through the organization’s Internally

Generated Revenue (IGR) under its determined condition of service.

9
2.1 MISSION AND VISION STATEMENT

MISSION

To develop and profitably manage customer centric airport facilities for safe, secured and efficient

carriage of passengers and goods at world-class standards of quality.

VISION

To be amongst the best Airport groups in the world.

10
2.2 COMPANY’S ORGANOGRAM
The Authority has the power to do anything, which in its opinion is deemed to facilitate the carrying out

of its duties effectively. Present Organizational Structure of FAAN’s statutory responsibilities are

executed through the office of the Managing Director/Chief Executive Officer and by seven

Directorates. It is important to note that the office of the MD/CEO directly supervises the mentioned

Departments in FAAN below. However, the MD/CEO is responsible to the Board and the Honorable

Minister of Aviation.

Figure 1. 1: Organogram of the organization

2.3 OBJECTIVES
The Aviation Sector Master Plan (2012, p.3) has the following projected achievements to drive home.

These are:

 Institutionalizing world class safety and security standards.

 Infrastructural development.

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  Development of airport cities to transform airports into major employment, shopping, trading,

business, leisure and cargo village destinations.

 Transform Nigerian airports network into domestic and international hubs.

 Designation of economic free zones and agro allied focused airports, based on local endowments

and competitive advantage.

 Creating economic free zones as a strategy for rapid growth, inflow of foreign direct investment,

employment generation and maximal utilization of airport infrastructure.

 Development of perishable cargo infrastructural facilities, including customs and cargo sheds,

cooling rooms, etc.

 Designation of airports for economic leverage.

 Capacity development and increasing professionalism in the industry.

 Improving staff welfare.

2.4 AIPORTS MANAGED BY FAAN

The Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria is saddled with the responsibility of the management of the

twenty-three (23) Airports in Nigeria at the moment. These include:

International;

 Murtala Mohammed Airport, Lagos (Regional Headquarters)

 Port Harcourt Int’l Airport, Omagwa (Regional Headquarters)

 Mallam Aminu Kano Int’l Airport, Kano (Regional Headquarters)

 Nnamdi Azikiwe Int’l Airport, Abuja (Regional Headquarters)

Local;

 Benin Airport, Benin City

 Ilorin Airport, Ilorin

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 Akure Airport, Akure

 Ibadan Airport, Ibadan

 Margeret Ekpo Airport, Calabar

 Akanu Ibiam Int’l Airport, Enugu

 Sam Mbakwe Int’l Cargo Airport, Owerri

 Akwa Ibom Int’l Airport, Uyo

 Osubi Airport, Warri

 Maiduguri Airport, Maiduguri

 Yola Airport, Yola

 Sultan Abubakar III Airport, Sokoto

 Umar Musa YarÁdua Airport, Katsina

 Yakubu Gowon Airport, Jos

 Kaduna Airport, Kaduna

 Minna Airport, Minna

 Gombe Airport, Gombe

 Makurdi Airport, Makurdi

 Zaria Airport, Zaria

13
 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 THE WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED

This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion of the tasks undertaken and experiences acquired

during my four-month Industrial Training course, encompassing training in various departments As an

Engineer, of the various departments within Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria (FAAN), I can be

functional in the following field.

 Electrical Department in the Directorate of Engineering services

 Power House

 Airfield Lighting

During my stay in the organization, I was able to work majorly as an Electrical Engineer and also

carried out various Airfield Lighting works.

3.1 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND MEASURES

I was taught the basic safety precautions and measures that engineers need to take into place at the

workplace and on the field. The three safety issues prevalent in the electricity environment are:

 Protection of life, involving site conditions, adequate equipment, tools and clothing, work

rules or operational ethics.

 Protection of equipment or property involves operating instructions, adequate system

protection, planned inspection, testing and maintenance.

 Protection against interruption and power quality.

I learnt that before taking any task as an engineer, it is necessary to recognize potential electrical

hazards, the nature of the hazards and procedures for averting or containing the hazards. To protect the

worker’s body from injury, electrical hazards, and safety risks in general, it is important for Personal

Protective Equipment (PPE) to be worn at the workplace. Some PPE been deployed include: Hard hat,

Coverall, Safety belt, Safety boot, Rubber gloves.

14
3.2. POWER SYSTEM
The Electrical Power System in Ibadan Airport consists of the following:

i. 33KV Sub-station
ii. Electrical Panel
iii. Circuit Breaker

Figure
2: 33KV/11KV sub-station

3.2.1. COMPONENT OF 33KV SUB-STATION

Ibadan Airport 33kv sub-station contains

 Power Transformer
 Outdoor Circuit Breaker
 Isolator
 Instrument Transformer (CT & PT)

15
POWER TRANSFORMER

Figure3: 2.5MVA step-down transformer(33KV/11KV)

Transformer can be defined as a device used in electrical circuits to change the voltage of electricity
flowing in the circuit, it can be used either to increase the voltage (step-up) or decrease the voltage (step-
down). In which working principle is based on electromagnetic induction. In Ibadan Airport Sub-station,
2.5MVA power transformer is used to step-down 33KV incomer to 11KV going to the circuit breaker

Mode of Operation:

When an alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding of a transformer, an alternating current
will flow through the primary winding which will produce magnetic field. The current carrying
conductor will carry magnetic flux around the steel core of the transformer. The core makes all the
molecule flux to travel through the secondary coil by electromagnetic induction, therefore an Electro
motive force (E.M.F) will be induced in the secondary winding and the presence of the flux will give
rise to the secondary current. (The process is known as Mutual inductance). Energy loss in transformer
is due to copper loss and the efficiency is approximately 1.

16
33 KV OUTDOOR BREAKERS

33KV Outdoor Breakers are used for the protection of overhead lines, distribution transformer and
motor capacitor banks. These breakers are strong in construction, easy to install and offer hassle-free
performance.

This circuit breaker receives power supply from the primary source (distribution company), then feed
the 2.5MVA step-down transformer which step-down the power voltage to 11KV which is then
connected to the 11KV panel then the feeder lines to sub distribution sections.

Mode of Operation:

All circuit breakers have common features in their operation, although details vary substantially,
depending on the voltage class, current rating and brand of the circuit breaker.

Note: The circuit breaker must detect a faulty condition in a system.

In low-voltage circuit breakers, fault detection is usually done within the breaker enclosure. While that
of large currents or high voltages are usually arranged with pilot devices to sense a fault and operate the
trip mechanism. The trip solenoid that releases the latch is usually energized by a separate battery.
However, some high voltage circuit breakers are incorporated with current transformers, protection
relays, and an internal control power source.

Once a fault is detected, contacts within the circuit breaker must open to interrupt the circuit; some
mechanically stored energy (using springs or compressed air) contained within the breaker is used to
separate the contacts, although some of the energy required may be obtained from the fault current itself.

When a current is interrupted, an arc is generated. This arc must be contained, cooled, and extinguished
in a controlled way, so that the gap between the contacts can again withstand the voltage in the circuit.
Different circuit breakers use vacuum, air, insulating gas, or oil as the medium the arc forms in.

Small circuit breakers may be manually operated while larger units have solenoids to trip the
mechanism, and electric motors to restore energy to the springs.

17
The circuit breaker contacts must carry the load current without excessive heating, and must also
withstand the heat of the arc produced when interrupting (opening) the circuit.

Contacts are made of copper or copper alloys, silver alloys, and other highly conductive materials.
Service life of the contacts is limited by the erosion of contact material due to arcing while interrupting
the current.

33KV ISOLATOR

An isolator, also known as a disconnect switch or isolating switch, is refers to a device used in electrical
substations to physically disconnect a part of the electrical circuit for maintenance or safety purposes.
Also known as a disconnect switch, it plays a crucial role in ensuring the safety of personnel and
equipment during maintenance or when there is a need to isolate a specific section of the power system.
Isolators are commonly employed in substations to allow for the isolation of equipment such as

transformers, circuit breakers, or other

components without shutting down the entire power
system.

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Figure 4a: VT Figure 4b: CT

They are devices that are used to measure electrical quantities in power systems such as voltage and
current. Instrument transformers work by transforming high voltage or high current levels to a lower,

18
more manageable level, which can then be safely measured by instruments such as voltmeters and
ammeters. At Airport Ibadan, there are various instrument transformers such as current transformers
(CT), voltage transformers (VT) inside the 33kv sub-station.

3.2.2 VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER (VCB)

The circuit breaker made in accordance with set industry standards is compactly structured and ensures
sturdiness with mechanical reliability. The breakers are specially designed to interrupt the power in case
of short circuit and power overload. They are highly reliable require very less maintenance.

Figure 5: Ibadan Airport Vacuum Circuit Breaker

The Characteristics of 11KV VCB Panel:

 The panel is user-friendly and easy to operate.

 High in performance, provide accurate results and require less maintenance.
 Reliable operating mechanism
 Ensures safety of the user

3.3. ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT

The activities of the department comprise installation, maintenance and repair of electrical devices
within the area control.

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Installation is a process whereby a system with parts and accessories are assembled (connected) to
make the system ready for operation; such installation includes installation of socket, 200A change over.

Maintenance is a process carried out on the equipment to ensure proper functioning and to avoid
breakdown or shut down of the system.

Repairs are type of maintenance that is carried out to correct a problem or something. Such includes
changing of lightning bulbs, changing of circuit breakers.

3.3.1 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED

.

Figure 6a:Multi-meter. Figure 6b: Toolbox. Figure 6c:Clamp-meter.

 Tools Box: This is a box that contains the tools used in carrying out the job to be done, such
tools include Allen keys, File, Grounding Switch, spanners, screw drivers, hack saw, punch,
chisels and so on.
 Testing Lamp: This is a 220v bulb installed inside a lamp holder with floating wire at the end
which can be used to confirm the presence of 220v mains supply when repairing equipment that
operate with 220v mains.,
 Utility Knife: It is a special type of cutting tools with a sharp and strong razor mounted in a
plastic or metallic case. It is use to scrape off the insulation on the cable.

20
  Pliers: It a hand tool used to hold object firmly. They are also useful for bending and twisting
cables.
 Clamp Meter: A clamp meter, also known as a current clamp or amp clamp, is a versatile
electrical testing tool used by electricians and technicians to measure electrical current without
the need to disconnect wires or break circuits
 Hacksaw: It is a very handy tool for cutting runway cable and other materials.

3.3.2 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN EMD DEPARTMENT

Electrical maintenance department was actually an interesting department, I gained a lot of things in this
particular section. I have been able to understand some fundamental concept about how to properly
handle tools when a work is to be done. The following are some of the highlights of the work done and
the experience gained.

a) Installation of AC switch: I had the opportunity to participate in the Installation of AC

switch at HR office, the processes taken are

 Turning off Power Supply: Before starting any work, we turn off the power at the breaker box to
prevent electrical shock.
 Creating of new connection path from the distribution box. We have to create new connection
because there was no existing connection path. We laid the wires to the preferred point where we
want to install the switch.
 Mounting of connection box: The connection box was held in place by four nails to the wall and
we passed the wire through the holes around the connection box.
 Making the connection: After mounting the connection box, proper connection was carried out.
We connected the live, neutral and ground wires properly.
 Closing the Case: We screwed back the switch with the connection box and cleaned the working
environment.
 Testing the new switch: Turn the power back on at the breaker box and test the switch to ensure
it operate correctly.

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3.3.3 EXPERIENCED GAINED

 Technical Skills Development: I gained hands-on experience in troubleshooting,

repairing, and maintaining electrical systems and equipment. This can include everything
from transformers to control panels and circuitry.
 Problem-Solving Abilities: Electrical maintenance often involves diagnosing complex
issues and finding solutions quickly and efficiently. This can sharpen my problem-
solving skills and ability to think critically under pressure.
 Safety Knowledge: Working with electricity requires a deep understanding of safety
protocols and procedures to prevent accidents and injuries. I gained practical experience
in implementing safety measures and handling hazardous situations safely.
 Teamwork and Collaboration: In a maintenance department, I work closely with other
technicians, engineers, and possibly even other departments. This fosters teamwork and
collaboration skills as we coordinate efforts to tackle maintenance tasks and projects.
 Adaptability: Electrical systems can vary greatly in complexity and technology. Working
in maintenance exposes me to different types of equipment and setups, requiring me to
adapt my skills and knowledge to various scenarios.

3.4. VISUAL AIDS AND AIRFIELD LIGHTING

Visual aids can be defined as any device, sign or markings of illustrative matter designed to supplement
written or spoken information so that it can be understood easily or a device that is used to direct /
instruct / improve vision to supplement spoken words. The basic purpose of visual aid systems in the
airside is to aid in the safe operation of aircraft.

Types of Visual Aids:

1. Airport lightings.

2. Illuminated signs.

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3.4.1 AIRPORT LIGHTINGS
Air Field Lighting (AFL) is one of the first navigational aids introduced in the late 1920s for flight
operations in poor weather/low visibility and night conditions. It assists in providing information
relating to height, direction, distance, slope, alignment etc. which complements ILS and VOR, as a
landing aid.

These include:

i. Runway, Approach and Taxiway Lighting System.

ii. Internal and External Illumination.

The Runway, Approach and Taxiway lighting systems are of different categories.

The Ibadan Airport Runway Lighting System consists of:

1. Threshold Light.
2. Runway Edge Light.
3. Runway center Light.
4. Touch Down Light.
5. Runway End Light.
6. Rapid Exit Light.
7. Precision Approach Part Indicator (PAPI)
Miscellaneous AGLS Luminaries.
8. Obstacle / Obstruction Lights.
9. Illuminated Wind Cones.
10. Stop-way Lights and Stop-bar Lights.
11. Apron Flooding Lights.

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 Figure 7a:
Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI). Figure 7b: Runway Rapid Exit Light

Figure 8a: Taxiway Light Figure 8b: Illuminated Wind Cone

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Figure 8c: Ibadan Airport Approach Lighting

3.4.2: APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEM

An approach lighting system (ALS) is a lighting system installed on the approach end of an airport
runway and consisting of a series of light bars, strobe lights or a combination of the two that extend
outwards from the runway end. It usually serves a runway that has an instrument approach procedure
(IAP) associated with it and allows the pilot to identify the runway environment and align the aircraft
with the runway upon arriving at a prescribed point on an approach.

The Approach Lighting System consists of the PALS and ILS.

PALS: Precision Approach Lighting System (maintained by FAAN) .

ILS: Instrument Landing System (maintained by NAMA).

The Precision Approach Lighting System consists of:

i. The high intensity unidirectional lights.

ii. The low intensity Omni-directional lights.
iii. The side row barrette.
iv. The centerline barrette.
v. The sequential flasher.

25
Figure 9a: Omni-directional Approach Figure 9b: Unidirectional Approach

Figure 10a:

Sequential Flasher Figure

10b: The Side Row Barrette

26
3.4.3 RUNWAY AND TAXI LIGHTING SYSTEM
These are airfield lighting systems that are installed at the edges of the runway and taxiways. It
provides enough illumination for the aircraft both in the night and when the weather is not favorable in
the day.

3 .4.4 AIRFIELD LIGHTING CONTROL ROOM

The micro 100 constant current regulator is a microprocessor control using integrating the use of high-
speed control loop. The control electronic drive now powers thyristors providing phase angle control to
the series circuit. These units can be controlled by the Airfield control system using the various methods.
The regulator maintains a constant current by using a resonant network circuit. The voltage from the
input transformer is transmitted to the resonant network throughout the brightness step relays. Current
from the input transformer is variable as a factor of the voltage fed into the resonant network. Output
current is variable in direct proportion to the selected input voltage which is increased or decreased
through the brightness relays

Figure 11: Constant Current Regulator.

Why CCRs are better:

27
  Magnetic component is not susceptible to extraneous signals and do not create interference in
radio signals.
 Simple designs make it easy to install and virtually maintenance fees
 Excellent current regulation output current stable within 0.1 Amps of any output.
 Input circuit electronically isolated from output circuit.
 Withstand input overvoltage of 120% nominal for 50 milliseconds within one minute interval.
 Power factor exceeds industry standards, more efficient then required by FAAN.
 Requires original brightness mode

At aerodromes where CAT II and III approaches are conducted, supplementary approach lights
are added to the system. Supplementary approach lights are installed the last 300m prior the runway
threshold, consisting of a white centerline barrette and two red side barrettes.

Types of AGL Lights:

1. Elevated light.

2. In-set / In-pavement (Flush) light.

Other Airfield Lighting Electrical Material

These are some of the materials used in airfield lighting system:

i. Isolating Transformers.
ii. Airfield Lighting Cables (Secondary 6mm2 / Primary 2.5mm2).
iii. Constant Current Regulators.

3.4.5 MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED

 Tools Box: This is a box that contains the tools used in carrying out the job to be done, such
tools include Allen keys, File, Grounding Switch, spanners, screw drivers, hack saw, punch,
chisels and so on.
 Testing Lamp: This is a 220v bulb installed inside a lamp holder with floating wire at the end
which can be used to confirm the presence of 220v mains supply when repairing equipment that
operate with 220v mains.,

28
  Utility Knife: It is a special type of cutting tools with a sharp and strong razor mounted in a
plastic or metallic case. It is use to scrape off the insulation on the cable.
 Pliers: it a hand tool used to hold object firmly. They are also useful for bending and twisting
cables.
 Clamp Meter: A clamp meter, also known as a current clamp or amp clamp, is a versatile
electrical testing tool used by electricians and technicians to measure electrical current without
the need to disconnect wires or break circuits
 Hacksaw: It is a very handy tool for cutting runway cable and other materials
 Shovel: A shovel is a versatile hand tool designed for digging, lifting, and moving loose
materials such as soil, sand, gravel, snow, or debris. We use shovel to pack soil that is on top of
the buried transformer.
 Jigger: It is use for soften the ground when trying to change the transformer inside the ground, it
is use with shovel
 Portable Generator: We use this portable generator for continuity tester, we use to test the
integrity of the cable carrying the current to each isolator transformer. The generator is used with
the testing lamp, we disconnect both end of the wire we want to check and connect one end of
the cable with generator and we check if the other end power the testing lamp. If the lamp turns
on that means the cable is still in good condition else, we have to change the cable.

3.4.6 WORK DONE AND EXPERIENCE GAINED IN AFL DEPARTMENT

Throughout my internship, I have been entrusted with diverse responsibilities, ranging from assisting in
the installation of runway lights to conducting routine maintenance checks on taxiway signage. Each
assignment has provided me with hands-on exposure to the intricate workings of airfield lighting
systems and deepened my understanding of the critical role they play in ensuring the safe navigation of
aircraft

b) Conducting routine inspections of runways: By following these procedures diligently,

aviation authorities and airport operations has help in maintaining the safety and integrity of
runway infrastructure.

29
 Turning on Power Supply from CCR: Before starting any inspection, we turn on the power at the
constant current regulator room (CCR) and we observe if there is any abnormality or tripping.
 Moving with the crew to the
runway. We follow the right
protocol of entering the
runway and. If there are any
issues, we stop and record
the issue in our daily
inspection record book for
proper documentation and
maintenance.
 Visual Inspection: We start inspection of each individual light from the start to the end of the
runway either by walking or driving along the entire length of the runway.
 Documentation: We record any findings, observations, or discrepancies discovered during the
inspection process
 Reporting: We report any significant issues or safety concern to our HOD for further actions
such as troubleshooting and repairing of fault.

c) Replacement of old transformer: I had the

opportunity to participate in the replacement of
isolation transformer at the approach light on runway
(22).

30
Figure 12a: Approach light bar. Figure 12b: Removal of old Figure 12c: Transformer
. Transformer Connection

Figure 12d: Heating Bitumen Figure 12e: Pouring Bitmen

Figure 12f: Covering

 Preparation and Shutdown: Before replacing the transformer, the

airfield lighting system must be shut down to ensure the safety of
maintenance personnel and prevent disruptions to airport operations. Proper shutdown
procedures are followed, including isolating power sources and securing the area.
 Removal of Old
Transformer: The old
transformer is carefully
disconnected from the
electrical system and
removed from its mounting
location. This may involve
dismantling electrical
connections, loosening
mounting hardware, and
safely lowering the transformer from its position.
 Installation of New Transformer: The new transformer is positioned and securely mounted in
place according to manufacturer guidelines and electrical codes. Electrical connections are made,
ensuring proper wiring and grounding for safe and reliable operation.
 Preparation of Bitumen: The bitumen is heated on a gas stove till the consistence is light

31
  Pouring of Bitumen: The hot bitumen is poured gradually into the transformer casing on top of
the electrical connection to secure it from moisture and harsh condition. Then we wait for the
bitumen to cool and get harden.
 Bury the Transformer: We buried back the transformer into the ground and carefully place the
outside wire beside the transformer and poured sufficient amount of soil on top to completely
cover the whole thing.
 Testing: Once the new transformer is installed, comprehensive testing is conducted to verify its
functionality and performance. This includes checks for voltage output, load capacity and proper
operation of associated equipment.

d) Replacement of Approach light bulb: The replacement of approach light bulbs is a critical
maintenance task in ensuring the safety and effectiveness of an airport's approach lighting
system. Here's an outline of the work involved in replacing approach light bulbs.

Plate 1a: Removing old bulb. Plate 1b: Installing new bulb Plate 1c: Fitting the bulb

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 Shutdown and Isolation: The electrical power to the approach light fixture is shut down
and isolated to prevent any risk of electric shock or injury during the replacement
process. This may involve following specific procedures outlined in the airport's
maintenance protocols.

33
  Removal of Old Bulb: Once the power is safely disconnected, the old bulb is carefully
removed from the fixture. This may involve unscrewing or releasing the bulb holder,
depending on the specific design of the fixture.
 Installation of New Bulb: A new bulb compatible with the approach light fixture is
selected and inserted into the bulb holder. Care is taken to ensure that the new bulb is
properly seated and secured to prevent it from coming loose during operation.
 Testing and Alignment: After the new bulb is installed, the approach light fixture is tested
to ensure that it functions correctly. This may involve temporarily reactivating the power
to the fixture to verify that the new bulb illuminates properly.
 Documentation and Reporting: Details of the bulb replacement, including the date,
location, and type of bulb replaced, are recorded in maintenance logs or databases for
regulatory compliance and future reference. Any issues encountered during the
replacement process or observations about the condition of the fixture are documented
and reported to relevant authorities for further action if needed.

3.4.7 EXPERIENCED GAINED

 Technical Proficiency: Working on approach light fixtures enhances technical skills in

handling electrical components, understanding lighting systems, and executing precise
maintenance procedures.
 Safety Awareness: Prioritizing safety protocols during bulb replacement builds a strong
awareness of electrical hazards, height-related risks, and adherence to safety guidelines,
fostering a safety-conscious work culture.
 Problem-Solving Abilities: Addressing challenges such as accessing elevated fixtures,
troubleshooting bulb failures, or aligning lights effectively sharpens problem-solving
skills and encourages innovative solutions.
 Attention to Detail: Ensuring proper bulb installation, alignment, and fixture functionality
requires meticulous attention to detail, fostering a keen eye for identifying potential
issues and ensuring quality workmanship.

34
  Team Collaboration: Collaborating with colleagues to coordinate shutdowns, access
equipment, or troubleshoot technical issues cultivates teamwork and communication
skills vital for efficient task execution

CHAPTER FOUR

5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 CONCLUSION
The student’s industrial work experience program has helped me on the right career path. It helped me to
apply my theoretical knowledge of ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION AND REPAIR to practical
situations. I also observed some of the challenges facing the profession, and that in anything we do, we
must be safety cautious.

During my 17 weeks at the FEDERAL AIRPORTS AUTHORITY OF NIGERIA, I was involved in

several hands-on experience with various engineers (from Electrical, to electronics, to Instrumentation)

which gave me much insight into the very diverse fields of Engineering. This program has allowed me

find much interest in my course of study owning to the fact that I was much more prolific in making

decisions due to my background knowledge on the laws guiding them.

5.2 Recommendations
In recognition of the shortcomings and weaknesses in the SIWES program the following are
recommended solution for effectiveness of the SIWES program:

 The Department and University should assist students in securing IT placements.

 Provide enough welfare for students on SIWES to cater for their transportation, lunch and in some

cases accommodation.

 The University should ensure that students are adequately monitored during the program.

35
 Students should be visited regularly by the ITF officials during SIWES

REFERENCES

Article on electrical substation (2014), Retrieved from htp://www.wikipedia.org

Donald G., Fink H and Wayne Beauty (1978), Standard Handbook For Electrical Engineers. Eleventh
Edition McGraw HilISBN:0-02-020974-X chapter17 substation.
Dr. I.A. Adeolu. (2015, May 5). About S.I.W.E.S. retrieved from
https://www.funai.edu.ng/department/siwes-unit/
Federal Airport Authority Nigeria., http://faan.gov.ng
Information on transformers, http://www.galco.com/prod/trnsfmrs.htm
Israel D.Vagner, Lambrikov B.I., Peter Rudolf Wyder (2003),ElectrodynamicsOf Magneto active
Media, Springer, ISBN 3540436940.
NeilS and JohnE. T.(2003), Hand book of electrical design details. Second EditionMcGraw-Hil,ISBN0-
07-142579-9.
SIWES(2008), Retrieved January 2015, from ITF: http://odich.com/itfnig/siwes.php.
Walsh and Ronald A(1990), Electromechanical Design Handbook, McGraw-Hill, New York.

36