Session 46

PST 04211: Basic
Pharmacology
Session 46: Description of

Vaccines for Immunization
Learning Tasks :
By the end of this session students are expected to be

able to:
List indications of Vaccines
List Contraindication of Vaccines
Describe dose, dosage and course of Vaccines
List side effects and adverse effects of Vaccines
Describe interaction and precaution of Vaccines

Activity: Brain storming
What is
Vaccines?
Introduction
• Vaccines; are substances used to
stimulate the production of antibodies
and provide immunity against one or
more diseases.
• Vaccines are prepared from causative
agent of a disease, its product or
synthetic substitute treated to act as
antigen without inducing disease.
Introduction cont. …
Vaccines in essential medicine list
include;
• BCG vaccine
• DPT vaccine
• Hepatitis vaccine
• Measles Vaccine
• Poliomyelitis Vaccine
• Tetanus (toxoid) Vaccine and
• HPV vaccine
• Yellow fever vaccine
Indications of vaccines
Vaccines which are used for immunization
include:
• Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG vaccine)
which has derived from Mycobacterium
bovis
– Immunization against tuberculosis
– It is recommended to all neonates and
infants, children and adults who are at
high risk of tuberculosis.
Indications of vaccines cont…
• Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT vaccine)

– Used in suspected cases of diphtheria without
waiting for bacteriological confirmation
(Corynebacterium diphtheria infections)
• Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus + Hepatitis
vaccine injection (DPT vaccine)
– Used in cases of diphtheria and hepatitis
infection possibilities
• Measles Vaccine
– It has been replaced by a combined live
measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR
vaccine)
– Used in the control of outbreaks of measles
and elimination of mumps and rubella.
• Poliomyelitis Vaccine
– Immunization against poliomyelitis
• Tetanus (toxoid) Vaccine
– Gives protection against tetanus especially in
childhood.
• Hepatitis B Vaccine:
Hepatitis Vaccination is recommended to general
population and the high risk group such as health
care workers, and can be done at all levels.
The Vaccine is given in 3 doses in 6 months.
Second dose should be given after 1 month after
1st dose and 3rd dose 6 months after the first dose
HPV vaccine:
• Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) is
among the most important
infections associated with cancers,
which can cause most cervical and
anal cancers as well as a fraction
of oral cancers;
• Highly effective vaccines against
HBV have been available for
several decades and most
countries include HBV vaccination
in their childhood immunization
programs;
• Vaccination is also highly effective
in preventing infection with the
HPV types that cause the majority
of cervical cancers.
• HPV vaccination is recommended
to girls between the age of 9 to 14
years. HPV vaccine is given in two
doses at 6 months apart
Yellow fever vaccine
• Indication of Yellow Fever
Vaccination
➢ Persons ≥ 9 months of age
➢ Planning travel to or
residence in an endemic area
➢ Planning travel to a country
with an entry requirement
Needs to be given ≥ 10 days
prior to arrival in endemic
area
Activity: Brainstorming
What are the contraindications

of vaccines?
Contraindications of Vaccines.
• Vaccines are contra-indicated in
those who have a confirmed
anaphylactic reaction to a
preceding dose of a vaccine
containing the same antigens or
vaccine component.
• They are also contraindicated
temporarily to individuals who are:
– Immunosuppressed
– Pregnant unless there is
significant high risk of exposure
like yellow fever
Contraindications of Vaccines.
• Contraindications of Yellow Fever Vaccination

• Infants aged less than 9 months;
• Pregnant women – except during a yellow fever
outbreak when the risk of infection is high;
• People with severe allergies to egg protein; and
People with severe immunodeficiency due to
symptomatic HIV/AIDS or other causes, or who
have a thymus disorder
Dose, Dosage and Course of Vaccines
BCG vaccine
• Adults and children over 1 year are usually
take 0.1ml while neonates and children
under 1 year take 0.05ml
Dose, dosage and course cont…
Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT vaccine)

• Children between 2 months - 10 years should
take 3 doses in one month interval.
• The booster dose should be given three years
after the primary course.
• The second booster dose should be given ten
years after the first booster dose.
• If someone contact diphtheria should receive a
booster dose if he/she has been fully immunized
with five doses.
MMR vaccine
• The first dose of MMR vaccine is given to children
aged 13 months.
• A second dose is given before starting school at
3–5 years
• Adults and children over 9 months receives 2
doses of 0.5ml
Poliomyelitis vaccine
• A course of primary immunization consists of 3
doses of a combined preparation containing
inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine, starting at 2
months of age with intervals of 1 month
between.
• A course of 3 doses should also be given to all
unimmunized adults.
Tetanus vaccine
• Primary immunization for children less than 10
years consists of 3 doses of a combined
preparation containing adsorbed tetanus with an
interval of 1 month between doses.
• First booster dose should be at school entry and
the second when leaving the primary school.
Activity: Brainstorming
What are the side effects

and adverse effects of
vaccines?
Side Effects and Adverse Effects of Vaccines
Injection of a vaccine may • Fever

be followed by local • Headache
reactions such as: • Irritability
• Pain • Loss of appetite
• Inflammation • Fatigue
• Redness • Myalgia
• Lymphangitis • Malaise
• Sterile abscess • Gastro-intestinal
development at the disturbances especially
injection site oral vaccines
Interaction and Precaution of Vaccines.
• Vaccination may be postponed if

the individual is suffering from an
acute illness
• However, it is not necessary to
postpone immunization in patients
with minor illnesses without fever
or systemic upset
Key points
• Immunization is very important

especially in childhood
• The dose of vaccine depends on the age
of the individuals
• Vaccines are contraindicated to
immunosuppressed and pregnant
individuals
• There is a need to postpone the vaccine if
an individual is suffered from acute
illness
Review questions
1. What is the indication of MMR vaccine?
2. What is the dosage interval of tetanus
vaccine?
3. What are the effects of vaccines?
4. What are the indications of HPV vaccine?
5. What are the contraindications for use of
vaccine?
6. Why is it not advisable to give vaccine to
immunocompromised individuals?
References
• Robert, L. Talbert, Gary C. Yee, Gary R. Matzke, Barbara G. Wells& L.

Michael. (2014). Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach (9thed.). New
York, McGraw-Hill Education.
▪ Ministry Of Health and Social Welfare. ( 2013). Standard Treatment
Guidelines & National Essential Medicines List Tanzania Mainland (6th ed.).
Dar es salaam, Tanzania government printers.
▪ Sally, S.R&Jeanne C.S. (2000). Introductory Clinical Pharmacology (6thed)
New York, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
▪ School of Pharmaceutical sciences.( 2011).Tanzania Pharmaceutical
Handbook(2nd ed.). Dar es Salaam, ARDHI University press.
▪ The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. (2007). Martindale, the
Extra Pharmacopoeia (5THed). London, pharmaceutical press.
▪ The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. (2009). British National
Formulary (59th ed). London, BMJ Group and RPS Publishing.

Session 46

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Session 46

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Session 46

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PST 04211: Basic

Session 46: Description of

By the end of this session students are expected to be

List indications of Vaccines

List Contraindication of Vaccines

Describe dose, dosage and course of Vaccines

List side effects and adverse effects of Vaccines

Describe interaction and precaution of Vaccines

• Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT vaccine)

What are the contraindications

• Contraindications of Yellow Fever Vaccination

Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT vaccine)

What are the side effects

Injection of a vaccine may • Fever

• Vaccination may be postponed if

• Immunization is very important

• Robert, L. Talbert, Gary C. Yee, Gary R. Matzke, Barbara G. Wells& L.

You might also like