Laptop Repair Topics Part2

Advanced Laptop Repair
Workshop
Session 2
VERA EQUINOX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
Dr. Oliver C. Agustin
Copyright Notice:
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trademark, copyright or other notice from copies of the content.
Problem Isolation & Advanced
Troubleshooting Technique (4 Hours)
• Type of Troubleshooting Methods • Common Resistance/Diode Test
• Laptop Troubleshooting Steps Readings
• Troubleshooting Guide • Current Jump Technique
• No-Power Issue • Common Laptop Issues
• No-Display Issue • Troubleshooting Guide
• Laptop Power On Condition • Circuit Analysis
• Intel Chipset Power Sequence
• AMD Chipset Power Sequence
• Voltage-Injection Technique
• 19V rails – shorted, leaky
• Other voltage rails
Type of Troubleshooting Methods
Visual Inspection
- Check for possible burn, corrosion, component discoloration.
- MOSFET, Resistor, IC, Inductor and nearby components
Static Measurement (Power is not applied to the board)

- Input/Output Resistance
- Capacitance Test
- Diode test
Powered On Test (Power is applied to the board)

- Voltage check if input/output signals are present (EN, PGOOD, LDO, REF, OUTPUT, etc.)
- Check crystal oscillator if generating clock signals using frequency counter or oscilloscope
- Check for noise and wave forms using oscilloscope
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Laptop Troubleshooting Steps
• Do not insert/apply power to the system unless you are 100% sure that there is no short/leak in 19v rail
• Familiarize with the circuit you are trying to isolate
• Identify which are
• Input signals (S5_ON, SLP_S3#, RUNPWROK, etc.)
• Output signals (PGOOD, PG)
• Output voltages (REG5, REG3, LDO, +3V/5VPCU, +3V/5V_S5, etc.)
• Use schematic diagram if available
• Power sequence
• Timing Diagram
• Power Block Diagram
• Correlate voltage/resistance/frequency measurement via
• known/working board if available
• Computation (voltage divider)
• Datasheet
• Follow the power sequence, board should have the following signals:
• RSMRST# - sio
• PLTRST# - wifi slot pin 22/44/52
• CPURST# - H_RESET#
• DRAMRST# - pin 30 ram slot (type of ram, DDR2 – 1.8V, DDR3 – 1.5V, DDR3L - 1.35V, DDR4 – 1.2V)

Troubleshooting Guide
No Power Issue (1)
• Perform level 1 isolation
• Remove all components attached to the board (e.g., CMOS battery, LCD, Wifi card, HDD, etc.)
• Visual inspection using microscope
• Perform diode/resistance test on coils and capacitors, use nominal resistance/diode test
readings as a reference
• Check Charger Circuit
• DC Jack resistance to ground should not be shorted, diode test reading should be around
400-600 mV
• DCIN current-sense resistor should be 1MΩ or higher (depending on the circuit)
• If resistance is below 1MΩ , verify that the reading is normal for this board using Voltage Injection
• If current-sense resistance is (tested) to be normal, plug in the DC supply and verify if 19v is
present
• If 19v is present and stable, your 19v circuit is working properly, go ahead and move to main regulator
circuit
• If 19v is not present, troubleshoot the charging circuit section

No Power Issue (2)
• Check 3V/5V Main Regulator Circuit
• PGOOD Signal is present?
• 19V in VIN pin stable?
• EN signal is present?
• Check SIO Section
• RSMRST#
• SLP_S5#
• Check RTC Circuit
• Flash EC BIOS

Laptop Power-On Condition
RTC Circuit
• RTC Circuit – keeps track of date, time, settings
• Initialization Sequence
• +3V_RTC – 2.8v - 3.3v
• RTCX1, RTCX2 – 32.768kHz (pseudo-sine wave)
• SUSCLK – 32.768kHz (square wave)
• RTC_RST#, SRTC_RST# - 2.8v – 3v
• INTRUDER# -2.8v
• INTVRMEN – 2.8V

RTC Circuit (1)
• +3V_RTC
• Comes primary regulator LDO (VREG3) to power PCH RTC and/or charge
CMOS battery
• 3.3v is derived from this voltage rail to supply key signals in RTC circuit
• RTC_RST#, SRTC_RST#
• May be used to clear the system settings (clear CMOS settings)
• These signals are active when low and can be asserted by removing the RTC
coin battery or by shorting the CMOS clear jumper.
• Must be made HIGH (3v) to store system settings
• Commonly found near PCH or under DDR slot

RTC Clock
• Generates 32.768 kHz clock
frequency
• Used by SIO to communicate
with EC BIOS Chip and Charger IC
Ref: da0zrqmb18f0 pp 8
RTC Circuit
• Pre-power on requirement
• D21 is a selector switch
• +3V_RTC = +3VPCU when +3VPCU is
available
• +3V_RTC = +3V_RTC_0 when +3VPCU
is not available
• These signals must be HIGH for
laptop to turn on This circuit uses a
• RTC_RST# rechargeable battery.
• SRTC_RST# +CHGRTC charges
• SM_INTRUDER# RTCBATT and also
provides supply to
• SUSCLK must have a frequency of +RTCVCC. If not charging,
32.768kHz square wave +RTCBATT supplies
+RTCVCC.
RTC Circuit (2)
• RTCX1, RTCX2
• ICH/PCH uses a internal timer IC having 256 byte of RAM which keeps track on
date, time and system settings.
• ICH/PCH uses a crystal circuit to generate a low voltage sine wave of 32.768
kHz at RTCX1 pin as input to the internal oscillator
• RTCX2 pin will have the same 32.768 kHz frequency with higher amplitude.
• Both pin must have 32.768 kHz to work correctly
• INTVRMEN
• Internal voltage regulator in ICH/PCH
• This pin is also connected to +3V_RTC to enable the internal linear regulator

RTC Circuit (3)
• SUSCLK
• RTCX1 input is amplified to drive internal logic of ICH/PCH and generates a
free running full swing square wave of clock output of 32.768 kHz for system
use .
• Checking the waveform using oscilloscope validates whether the RTC Circuit is
working correctly or not
• INTRUDER#
• This signal is used through a switch to detect if the cover of the system is
open or closed .
• Usually connected to +3V_RTC via a pull up resistor.
• Without this, power button does not respond
• Current stays at 0.01A

RTC Circuit Summary
• In Summary, the following signals must be present to turn on the
laptop
• RTC Crystal X1 pin with pure sine wave of 32.768 kHz.
• Output of RTC section to the crystal pin X2 with same frequency of 32.768 kHz
but higher amplitude.
• SUSCLK output of RTC section.
• After pressing power button, A full swing square wave of 32.768 kHz comes
out of ICH/PCH
• Absence of any of this signals leads to “NO POWER ISSUE”

Intel Chipset Power Sequence
Intel 8 Series PCH

No Display Issue
• Perform level 1 problem isolation
• Perform visual inspection and check for corrosion and burnt components.
• Perform basic tests
• External keyboard if responding or not
• External monitor if display comes out
• Remove attached Bluetooth/wifi module
• Replace w/ known good memory
• Replace w/ known CPU
• Clean the board via sonic machine if needed
• Make sure the following is normal
• Current-sense resistance and voltage is normal
• Current consumption is normal in S5 state – 0.01A or less
• Use the current jump method to verify that the board powers up properly.
• Flash with stock System BIOS to make sure the problem is not firmware-related
• Using critical signal checkpoint and power sequence summary, measure
• PLTRST# at pin 22 wifi slot - 3.3v
• DRAMRST# at pin 30 DDR slot –1.35v/1.5v/1.8v
• Activity in data lines in display ports (vga, lvds and hdmi) using oscilloscope

Power Sequence Summary

Critical Signal Checkpoint

Voltage Injection
• Important
• Check if Sense Resistor has a stable megaohms resistance.
• Applicable to No Power, Leak and Blinking LED/Charger Issue
• Resistance reading (>MΩ)
• 19v rail has no leak/short, you can insert DC bench voltage to DC Jack with
100mA current or less
• Resistance reading is <MΩ or fluctuating
• 19v rail has a problem that you must investigate for possible leak/short
• Original charger is always safer to use because of its excellent
OCP/OVP circuit protection (for initial testing if 19v is present at sense
Resistor)
19v Rail = DCBATOUT, B+, AC_BAT_SYS, VIN, etc.
Voltage Injection
• 19v-Rail Voltage Injection
• Initially inject 1v with maximum current (5A)
• For full short (reading is Ω), remove all warming components until 19v rail has
MΩ resistance (charger ic, mainreg, charge/discharge ic, capacitor)
• If current consumption in DC Bench power supply is 0.00A then
• Increase the voltage by 1v until at least 0.01A is consumed
• Test large coils/capacitors for any voltages (0.01v or greater), if this voltage leak increases as
you increase injected voltage, remove the high side mosfet
• Continue to increase the voltage for up to 3-4 times until no more leak is found
• Check if sense resistor will have MΩ reading
• If so, congratulations, you have successfully isolated the leaky components.
• You must remove the main regulator (3v and 5v) if injected voltage is at 4.5v and current
does not increase beyond a registered value of 0.01A
• Repeat the process of increasing the injected voltage by 1v until you reached 19v

Voltage Injection
Other supply rails
• Objective
• The goal of voltage injection is to quickly identify faulty component(s)
• Guidelines
• Identify the maximum voltage you can possibly inject (e.g., 3.3v in +3VALW
voltage rail, 5v in VREG5). Verify this with the schematic diagram.
• Always start at 1v, gradually increasing up to max. voltage limit if no warming
of component is observed.

Nominal Resistance Readings
Voltage Rail Nominal Resistance
GPU regulator coil/capacitor >3-7 ohms
CPU regulator coil/capacitor kΩ (CPU not attached)
> 3-7Ω (CPU attached, baytrail, haswell, etc.)
USB regulator capacitor kΩ
Memory regulator coil/capacitor Ω (newer processor)
kΩ (old cpu)
3v/5v Main regulator coil/capacitor kΩ (for older laptop, may go down as low as 200
Ω)
Battery Charger coil/capacitor (near battery kΩ
connector)
Note: All voltage and resistance readings are made with negative (black) probe connected to
ground. Resistance readings may be lower/higher than listed but may still be normal. Always
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Nominal Diode Test Readings
Voltage Rail Nominal Voltage
GPU regulator coil/capacitor >30
CPU regulator coil/capacitor 200-600
> 30 (CPU attached, baytrail, haswell, etc.)
USB regulator capacitor 200-600
Memory regulator coil/capacitor (1.35V) 30-400
3v/5v Main regulator coil/capacitor 400-600
Battery Charger coil/capacitor (near battery 200-600
connector)
Note: All voltage readings are in millivolts (mV). Always validate and confirm with other tests
(100mv-900mv)

Current Jump Technique
• This technique is a method used to identify and diagnose “no display”
issues
• It provides an accurate assessment where the laptop power sequence
might have stopped
• A good/working laptop would roughly have current consumption
jumps approximately 4-6 times before initializing the OS
• The number of jumps depend on several factors:
• Type of CPU
• with or without GPU

Common Laptop Issues
• Issue #1 – No Power
• No response to power button and battery not charging(No LEDs light up and
the laptop is completely dead).
• Charger LED flickers constantly or overload protection is activated (constant
ticking noise can be heard).
• No response to power button and current consumption
• 0.01A or less.
• more than 0.01A.
• battery charging is ok.

Common Laptop Issues (2)
• Issue #2 – Auto off/ auto shutdown
• Powers up but then shuts down immediately or after a few seconds.
• Powers up but then reboots after a few seconds.
• Issue #3 – Display Issue
• No display, keyboard not responding
• Dim display, keyboard is responding
• White display, keyboard is responding
• Garbled display on either LCD and external display or both
• Issue #4 – Intermittent, BSOD, Freeze
• Hang to Logo screen
• Turns off randomly
• Blue Screen

Common Laptop Issues (3)
• Other Issues (OS)
• Wifi not working
• Touchpad not working
• USB not working
• Keyboard not working
• HDD not detected
• Battery not detected
• CMOS error

Issue #1 – No Power
• No response to power button and does not charge the battery (No LEDs
light up and the laptop is completely dead).
• Possible Problems:
1. 19v rail is broken or missing
2. Overvoltage Protection (OVP) LM/AS393 Comparator is broken
3. Primary regulator (3v/5v main regulator) circuit is not working
• Solutions
• Check DC Jack if 19v is present
• Focus on Charging Circuit (MOSFETs that are connected in series with SENSE Resistor)
• AC Detector in Charging Circuit is not working (ACDET=> 2.5V)
• Use the voltage inject method to isolate the problem if 19v rail resistance is below
1Mohms
• In some instances, MAINREG (3v/5v) could also be an issue

• Charger LED flickers constantly or overload protection is activated
(constant ticking noise can be heard).
1. Short or leak in 19v rail
2. Short or leak in switching power MOSFET
• Solutions
• Check charging circuit, 25v (N-Channel MOSFET) or 13v (P-Ch MOSFET) may be
missing
• Check switching power MOSFET for leaks/short
• Use voltage injection technique to find and replace the faulty component
• Check resistance of large coils (remove all detachable components) and identify if
load circuit is the problem then continue isolation down the line

• No response to power button and current consumption is 0.01A or less.
1. Power Button
2. EC BIOS
3. 3v/5v Main Regulator
4. SIO
5. 32kHz Crystal Oscillator
6. PCH
• Solutions
• Check the power button (NBSWON#, PWRBTN# or ON/OFFBTN#) if 3.3v is present
• Check if RSMRST# is present
• Check/Reflash EC Firmware/Replace EC BIOS Chip
• Check if 3v/5v Main Regulator Circuit and LDO (VREG3) output is ok
• Check if crystal oscillator or SUSCLK at SIO/PCH has 32.768kHz or SLP_S5# (from PCH)

• No response to power button and current consumption is more than 0.01A.
1. One of the chips or capacitors connected to 19v rail or LDO may be faulty or leaky CAPACITOR/MOSFET
2. SIO/BIOS
3. 3v/5v Main Regulator or LDO
4. USB Regulator/LAN/Sound Chip
5. LCD/LVDS Cable
6. PCH/Southbridge/CPU
• Solutions
• Make sure RSMRST#/S5_ON/S5_ENABLE is present
• Power button (NBSWON#, PWRBTN# or ON/OFFBTN#) must have 3.3v is present
• Ensure 3v/5v/LDO Main Regulator Circuit is working
• Check if USB regulator is working properly
• Check if LAN/Sound chip if good or not (Remove from board temporarily)
• Measure all coils and check if any coils except (3.3v, 5v and coil near battery) have millivolts reading
• Check all high-side MOSFET for leaks
• No response to power button but the battery charging is ok.
1. Power Button
2. SIO
3. EC/BIOS Firmware
5. PCH/SB/CPU
• Solutions
• Check if RSMRST# is present
• Check if S5_ON/S5_ENABLE is present
• Check if DNBSWON# is responding
• Faulty RTC Circuit
• Check if SUSC#/SLP_S4# and SUSB#/SLP_S3# is present at SIO
• Check if main regulator circuit is ok
• Reflash EC BIOS
• Reflow/Reball/Replace PCH

Issue #2 – Auto OFF/ Auto Shutdown
• Powers up but then shuts down immediately or after a few seconds.
2. Secondary Regulator
3. Thermal Protection Chip
4. PCH/GPU/CPU/LAN/Sound Chip may be faulty
• Solutions
• Use power sequence (if available) to identify the circuit causing the problem
• If all voltage rails are present, reflash MAIN (and) EC BIOS
• Remove/Reattach thermal protection IC
• NEC Tokin Issue
• Leaky MOSFET

Issue #2 – Auto OFF/ Auto Shutdown
• Powers up but then reboots after a few seconds.
1. Fan/Heatsink
2. GPU/PCH/NB is overheating or shorted
3. Thermal Protection Chip
4. MAIN BIOS
• Solutions
• Check if fan/heatsink is working. May need replacement of thermal gums or paste.
• May need to mod the fan so it spins at maximum speed.
• Reflash MAIN (and) EC BIOS
• Remove/Reattach thermal protection IC
• Reball of overheating BGA chip

Issue #3 – Display Issue
• No display, keyboard not responding
1. Missing secondary voltage (1.5v, 0.7v, 1.35, 1.05v, etc)
2. MAIN BIOS
3. Memory/GPU/CPU/PCH Issue
• Solutions
• Reseat/swap memory module/cpu with known good component
• Check if all voltages are present
• reflash MAIN (and) EC BIOS
• Check for missing signals (refer to power sequence)
• Reball of BGA chip depending on where the signal stopped.
• Use Current Jump Technique to identify the problem
• Check crystal ICs and the clock generator if required frequencies are being generated
(14.414MHz, 25MHz, 48MHz, 100MHz, etc.)

• Dim display, keyboard is responding
1. LCD Screen
2. Flex Cable
3. SIO
4. GPU
5. CPU (If video is integrated to CPU)
6. NB (If video is integrated to PCH)
• Solutions
• Swap known good LCD screen and flex cable
• Check if PCH_ENBKL is present. (other systems may use diff. label, but performs
similar function)
• Also check if # from SIO is present

• White display , keyboard is responding
1. LCD Screen
2. Flex Cable
3. GPU
• Solutions
• Check if LCDVCC/LCDVDD is present
• Reball NB/GPU/CPU
• DIS to UMA (VGA_CORE, Board ID)

• Garbled display on LCD but good on external display
1. LCD Screen
2. Flex Cable
3. GPU
• Solutions
• Reflow/Reball NB/GPU/CPU
• DIS to UMA (Coil – VGA_CORE)

Circuit Analysis
• Pullup/Pulldown Resistors • 1.5V LDO Regulator
• MOSFET Switches • Thermal Prot. & Batt. UVP Circuit
• Open-Drain Output • Comparator Circuit
• Inverter Circuit • Secondary Regulator
• Logic Gates • RTC Clock
• Voltage Translator • RTC Circuitry
• Voltage Translator w/ Switch • Power Button Logic
• ODD Load Switch • 15v Charge Pump
• Charging Circuit
• VIN Detector
• Multiplexer
Common Circuit Familiarization
MOSFET as a Switch
Saturation Region MOSFET Characteristic Curve
• Gate-source voltage is much
greater than threshold voltage
• N-Channel: VG >= VD + 6V
• P-Channel: VG <= VD - 6V
• MOSFET is “ON” ( saturation
region )
• This characteristic is applicable to
power MOSFETs used in laptops
• For small power MOSFET, MOSFET
turns “on” even if Vg=Vd
Pullup/Pulldown Resistors
• Pullup Circuit
• Connects a resistor to a supply
• Forces an input to assume a logic
level HIGH or 3.3v
• Pulldown Circuit
• Connects a resistor to ground.
• Usually used to force an input to
assert a logic level low or 0v.
Open-Drain Output
• Open-Drain circuit is Gate Drain
implemented using MOSFET 0 High Resistance

3.3v Shorted (0 ohms)
• Output Connection
• High Resistance when Gate = 0
• Shorted to ground when Gate =
3.3v
Inverter Circuit
• If ACIN = 3.3V
• Then ACIN# must be 0v
• If ACIN = 0V
• Then ACIN# must be 3.3v
• Whatever the voltage input at
ACIN, the output (ACIN#) will
always be opposite value.
• If ACIN and ACIN# is 0v then
• RE42 may be shorted
• QE2 drain to source pin is shorted
OR Logic Circuit
Gives an output HIGH when ANY of the input is HIGH

OR Gate using Diode
Gives an output HIGH when ANY of the input is HIGH

AND Logic Circuit
Gives an output HIGH when ALL inputs are HIGH.

AND Gate Circuit using Diode

AND Gate Circuit using Diode

Buffer Circuit
PLTRST# Buffer SYSPWOK
Used to amplify current so that signals can travel further and/or introduce
some propagation delay
Voltage Translator

Ref: zhkd pp 3
Load Switch Circuit - ODD

Load Switch Circuit – +1.05V

Ref: acer one 14-1402 pp 27
3V/5V Transfer Switch
This circuit
implementation is
similar to the ff:
- +3VALW to +3VS
- 1.8V to +1.8VS
Q17A pin 1-6 is an open ckt, therefore allowing 19v to be present at the gate of Q19.
This voltage shorts the DRAIN to SOURCE pin of Q19, therefore, 5v is present at +5VS
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rail https://www.leakymosfet.com
Ref: Aspire One D260 pp 23
Multiplexer

Charging Circuit

Ref: Aspire E5-473 pp 44
Charging Circuit(2)

Charging Circuit-BQ24737(2)

Charging Circuit-BQ24721

DCIN Switch Circuit

Ref: Acer One 14-1402 pp 25
VIN Detector Circuit
Without PD1, PR2 and PR8 forms a voltage divider having 9.5v at ACIN.
Since 9.5v is higher than the Vz of PD1, ACIN is clipped to 4.3V
Ref:
Discharge Circuit
Common in HP R13, G4, G6

Ref: Aspire EA41 (ZQM)pp 42
Discharge Circuit

Ref: Aspire EA41 (ZQM)pp 42
Discharge Circuit
S5_ON S5_OND
HIGH 12V
LOW 0V

Ref: DV6000 (AT1)pp 32
Discharge Circuit
SUSON SUSD
HIGH 12V
LOW 0V

Discharge Circuit
MAINON MAIND
HIGH 12V
LOW 0V

3V-3VS Simple Load Switch Circuit
• Simplest switch
• Needs to supply voltage to gate
to get an output
• This design can be used to
provide a replacement supply
when a voltage is missing
• Possible application
• LCDVCC
• USB
• ODD
VS to VSUS Transfer Switch
PQ3 4
EMB2 0N0 3V
8 1
7 2 Shape +3 VS (5.11A)
6 S 3
Shape 5 5 D 4
+5 VA +1 2VSUS +3 VSUS
G
1
1
PT29
PR1 27 PC1 31 1
P_ 3VS 5VS_EN_ 10 2 1 1UF/1 0V PT30
2
1
10 0K Oh m 3
1
62 KOhm 1% PC1 32
10 0K Oh m
PRN2B
PRN2A
0.01 UF/1 6V
GND 1
2
PT31
GND
1
3P_ SUSB# _ON_10 2
4
PRN2 C PT32
6 5 PQ3 5
10 0KOh m
EMB2 0N0 3V
8 1 (4.37A)
6
7 2 Shape
+5 VS
PQ3 6A 6 S 3
1
2 Shape 5 5D 4 + PL 480 8
+5 VSUS
1
UM6K 1N PCE6 1 2
G +5 V_ USB
PC1 33
1
PRN2 D PQ3 6B 1UF/1 0V 10 0UF/6.3V 70 Ohm /1 00Mh z
10mil 7 8 10mil 5 /X
2
33 ,3 8,4 4,47,48 SUSB _ON 10 0KOh m UM6K 1N
1
PC1 34 PR1 28 GND GND

4
0.01 UF/1 6V 1 2
/X
S0 GND GND 10 KOhm
2
1
GND PC1 35
0.01 UF/1 6V
S5 S3/S5
2
GND

Ref: Acer One 14-1402 pp 25
1.5V LDO Regulator

Ref: LA-C341P pp 48
LCD Power Circuit (SY6288C)
Note: Missing +LCDVDD leads to white display

Ref: LA-C341P pp 48
Power Button Logic

Ref:
Common Circuit Familiarization -threshold are
Thermal Protection set by external
resistor
2.7v-5.5v supply
input
4 open-drain, active low,

over-temperature outputs
for each 2 sensors
Octave Remote Resistor-Programmable Temperature
Switches
Thermal Sensor

Ref: e1-411 zqm pp 27
Comparator Circuit – LM393/AS393
Battery Detector

Ref: aclu1/1clu2 pp 52
RUN Power Circuit

Ref: Dell 4030 DJ1 pp 30
Charging IC – 19V Rail (OZ8691LN)

3V Regulator Circuit– +3VALW (SY8208B)
Easy to identify if chip is working or not. If B+ and EC_ON is present but any of the +3VLP or
+3VALW is absent, then this chip is busted.

5V Regulator Circuit– +5VALW (SY8208C)
Easy to identify if chip is working or not. If B+ and EC_ON is present but any of the +5VLP or
+5VALW is absent, then this chip is busted.
5V Regulator Circuit (NB671L)

3V Regulator Circuit (NB671L)

1.35V Regulator Circuit– +1.35V (TPS51716)

Ref: aclu1/aclu2 pp 55
1.35V Regulator Circuit– +1.35V (G9661)

1.8V Regulator Circuit (RT8068A)

1.05V Regulator Circuit (RT8068Z)

VCC_CORE/VGFX Regulator Circuit (ISL95833)


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Advanced Laptop Repair

Static Measurement (Power is not applied to the board)

Powered On Test (Power is applied to the board)

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© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

implemented using MOSFET 0 High Resistance

Gives an output HIGH when ANY of the input is HIGH

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

Gives an output HIGH when ANY of the input is HIGH

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

Gives an output HIGH when ALL inputs are HIGH.

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

Gives an output HIGH when ALL inputs are HIGH.

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

Gives an output HIGH when ALL inputs are HIGH.

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

© 2019 LeakyMosfet All Rights Reserved https://www.leakymosfet.com

3P_ SUSB# _ON_10 2

PC1 34 PR1 28 GND GND