arc PQ

c  .
Trigonometry OP
B
Definition: (cf. PPT slides) In trigonometry, an ANGLE Q
is obtained by rotating a given ray about its end point.


O P A

Here, the measurement of an angle may be
more than 360. When a ray completes one rotation,
then it makes an angle of 360. If it continues In this unit,
1 straight angle = c,
 
c

1 right angle =   ; where  = 3.14

2
(approximately).
360 +  There are no smaller units.
3  360 + 
Remark: If an angle is expressed in
radians, then generally the word radian or symbol ‘c’ is
to rotate, we get angles more than 360 like
omitted. However,  is generally kept.
Definition: SENSE (SIGN) OF AN ANGLE: The sense of 3) Grade: ☼.
an angle is positive, if the initial ray rotates in
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEGREE AND RADIAN:
c = 180.
–
NOTE: (BETTER DERIVE THEM ON THE BASIS OF
3600)
1) The minute hand of a clock turns through an angle
 of 360 in 60 minutes;  it turns through 6 in 1
minute.
anticlockwise direction. It is negative, if the initial ray 2) The hour hand of a clock turns through an angle of
rotates in clockwise direction. 360 in 12 hours;  it turns through 30 in 1 hour.

UNITS FOR MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES: UNIT CIRCLE: A circle with radius 1 unit is known as
1) Degree: In this unit, a unit circle.
1 straight angle = 180.
Also, smaller units are minutes and seconds. They Trigonometric Functions: Consider a unit circle with
are defined as centre at origin.
1 = 60' and 1' = 60".
2) Radian: This is the SI unit for measurement of an
y
angle. It is also called circular measurement of an
angle. (– c, d) Q P(a, b)
An angle , measured in radians, is defined as
arc y 1
c  . b
radius  x A(1, 0) x
To measure the angle  AOB in radians, we a M
O
draw a circle with centre O and any suitable radius.
If this circle intersects OA in P and OB in Q, then
the measurement of  AOB (Suppose ) is given
by
Let P(a, b) be any point on circle such that
AOP = x radian, ☼ [then

Page 1 of 9
  arc 
length of arc AP = 1 x  x    .]
 radius 
1st Quadrant
2nd Quadrant
Then, we define
b
cos x = a, sin x = b, tan x  .
a
Similarly, if Q lies in II quadrant, then
cos y = – c, sin y = d; etc. 3rd Quadrant 4th Quadrant
Thus, whenever P is a point on the
circle (in any quadrant) such that the angle between x-
axis and line OP is , then coordinates of P will be
P(cos , sin ).
The same may also be used to prove that
sin (– ) = – sin  and cos (– ) = cos , by TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ANY ANGLES:
taking a point Q such that AOQ = – . Then
[FORMULAE FOR 90 ± , 180 ± , 270 ± ,
coordinates of Q must be (a, – b).
In other words, whenever we take a point on 360 ± , – ]:
the unit circle, its x-coordinate gives the value of cos Also, formulae for 2n ±  or 360n ±  are:
and y-coordinate gives the value of sin of the angle
1) sin (2n ± ) = ± sin .
made by the line joining the point with origin and
positive direction of x-axis. 2) cos (2n ± ) = cos .
3) tan (2n ± ) = ± tan .

QUADRANTS: The two coordinate axes divide the xy- Remark:

plane into 4 parts, called quadrants. 1) 1  sin  1
2) 1  cos  1
3)    tan   

Remark: Learn the table of values of trigonometric

ratios from 0 to 90.

Name A ± B FORMULAE:
Changes
1) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.
90
2) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B.

Simple A 3) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B.

sin + All + 4) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B.
cosec +
tan A  tan B
5) tan (A  B) =
180 0 or 1  tan A tan B
360
tan A  tan B
Trigonometric Concept 6) tan( A  B) 
tan + cos + 1  tan A tan B
cot + sec + cot A cot B  1
7) cot (A  B) = [cf. tan (A + B), start from
cot B  cot A
270 Name remains denominator in reverse order]
same
cot A cot B  1
8) cot (A  B) =
cot B  cot A

Page 2 of 9
FORMULAE FOR EXPRESSING ‘’ IN ‘+’ OR ‘–’: cos A  1  2sin 2
A
2
(i) 2 sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B) A
 2sin 2  1  cos A
2
(ii) 2 cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
A 1  cos A
 sin  
(iii) 2 cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B) 2 2
A
(iv) 2 sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B). cos A  2 cos 2 1
2
A
C, D FORMULAE: (EXPRESSING ‘+’ OR ‘–’ IN ‘’)  2 cos 2 1  cos A
2
CD CD A 1  cos A
1) sin C  sin D  2sin   cos    cos  
 2   2  2 2
CD CD 1  cos A
2) sin C  sin D  2 cos   sin   A
 2   2  tan 
2 1  cos A
CD CD
3) cos C  cos D  2 cos   cos   T-RATIOS OF 2A IN TERMS OF tan A:
 2   2 
CD CD 2 tan A
4) cos C  cos D  2sin   sin   (i) sin 2A =
 2   2  1  tan 2 A
1  tan 2 A
TIP: From left to right, the following picture represents C, D (ii) cos 2A =
1  tan 2 A
formulae and from right to left, it represents A, B formulae. ‘ * ’ in the
2 tan A
th (iii) tan 2A = .
last shows that in both cases, the 4 formula is different from the 1  tan 2 A
other three.
 C, D formulae FORMULAE FOR TRIPLE ANGLES:
S + S = 2 SC
(i) sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A.
S – S = 2 CS
C + C = 2 CC (ii) cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A.
C – C = 2 SS*
A, B formulae  3 tan A  tan 3 A
(iii) tan 3 A  .
1  3 tan 2 A
FORMULAE FOR DOUBLE (HALVING) ANGLES:
(i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A PERIODIC FUNCTION: A function f ( x ) is called
(ii) cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A periodic with period T, if T is the smallest positive
number such that
= 2 cos2 A – 1. f ( x  T )  f ( x) , for all x.
= 1 – 2 sin2 A e.g., f ( x ) = sin x is a periodic function with period 2
2 tan A because, 2 is the smallest positive number such that
(iii) tan 2 A  . sin( x  2 )  sin x , for all x.
1  tan 2 A
Similarly, tan x is a periodic function with period .
NOTE: In these formulae, A may also be replaced by Remarks:
A/2. Clearly, if cos 2A is known, then by (ii), we can If f ( x ) is a periodic function with period T, then
f ( ax  b) is also a periodic function with period T/a.
find sin A or cos A (or any other trigonometric ratio of
A).

Page 3 of 9
 Graphs of Trigonometric Functions y f(x)=sin(x+pi/4)
1) To draw the graph of y  sin x ,………… 1
y f(x)=sin(x)
1 0.5
x
0.5
x - /2 /2 3 /2 2
- /2 /2 3 /2 2 -0.5
-0.5
-1
-1

2) To draw the graph of y  a sin bx , Remark: To draw the graph of

a. Since the given function is periodic with y  a sin(bx  c) , we use the same procedure, but
period 2 / b, we draw its graph in the
c
 2  in the last step, we shift each point by
b
units to
interval 0, .
 b  c
b. To draw this graph, we first draw the graph the right. OR, add to every point on x-axis. (it
b
of y  sin x in the interval [0, 2], and then
is better)
Divide each number on x-axis by b and 5) Draw the graphs of
Multiply each number on y-axis by a. a. y  sin x,
3) To draw the graph of y  a cos bx , y f(x)=sin(x)
a. Since the given function is periodic with 1
period 2 / b, we draw its graph in the
0.5
 2  x
interval 0, .
 b  - /2 /2 3 /2 2
b. To draw this graph, we first draw the graph -0.5
of y  cos x in the interval [0, 2], and -1
then
Divide each number on x-axis by b and b. y  cos x,
Multiply each number on y-axis by a. y f(x)=cos(x)
4) [Not needed, cf. explanation in NCERT 2007 class XII, with
1
questions of Max/ Min and inc / dec functions, where it was
needed earlier] To draw the graph of 0.5
y  a sin(bx  c) , x
a. Write the given function as
- /2 /2 3 /2 2
 c
y  a sin b  x   . -0.5
 b
b. Draw the graph of y  a sin bx . -1
c
c. Shift each point on the graph by units to the c. y  tan x,
b
c y f(x)=tan(x)
left. OR, subtract from every point on x-axis. 4
b
(it is better) 2
x
- /2 /2 3 /2 2
-2

-4

Page 4 of 9
 d. y  cot x, 1
 sin x    sin x   sin 30o
y f(x)=cot(x) 2
4
 sin x  sin(180o  30o ) and
2 sin x  sin(360o  30o )
x
- /2 /2 3 /2 2
-2

-4
e. y  sec x,
y f(x)=sec (x)
4
Because sin x is negative in 3rd and 4th quadrants and
2 we should reach them through x-axis to keep the name
same.
x 2) tan x  1  tan 45o  tan(180o  45o ) ,
- /2 /2 3 /2 2  x  45o , 225o , as tan is positive in 1 st and 3rd
quadrants.
-2

-4
f. y  cosec x
y f(x)=1/sin(x)
4

2
x
- /2 /2 3 /2 2
-2

-4

PRINCIPAL SOLUTIONS OF TRIGONOMETRIC

EQUATIONS: The solutions of a trigonometric equation
for which 0  x < 2 are called principal solutions.
E.g.,
1) consider the equation cosec x  2

Page 5 of 9
Showing that sin x, cos x are periodic with period 2pi
y
1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
-4π -7π/2 -3π -5π/2 -2π -3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π 9π/2 5π 11π/2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4

Page 6 of 9
 y
1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
-4π -7π/2 -3π -5π/2 -2π -3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π 9π/2 5π 11π/2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4

Showing 1-1ness of sin x / cos x in certain parts of domains

Page 7 of 9
 y
1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
-4π -7π/2 -3π -5π/2 -2π -3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π 9π/2 5π 11π/2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4

Page 8 of 9
 y
1.4

1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
-4π -7π/2 -3π -5π/2 -2π -3π/2 -π -π/2 π/2 π 3π/2 2π 5π/2 3π 7π/2 4π 9π/2 5π 11π/2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1

-1.2

-1.4

Page 9 of 9