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Chapter – THEORY CONTENT OF

TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTION
Trigonometry is that branch of Mathematics, which relates to the study of angles,
measurement of angles and units of measurement. It also concerns itself with the six ratios for a
given angle and the relations satisfied by these ratios.
In an extended way the study is also of the angles forming the elements of a triangle.
Logically, a discussion of the properties of a triangle; solving a triangle, physical problems in the
area of heights and distances using the properties of a triangle  all constitute a part of the study.
It also provides a method of solution of trigonometric equations.
1 MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
There are two methods used in measuring angles. The first one uses the idea of right
angle as a fundamental unit. When two lines intersect, four angles are formed. If the lines
intersect in such a way that all the four angles are equal, then each is called a right angle. The
other units in this system are:
1 right angle = 90 degrees (= 90°)
1 degree = 60 minutes (= 60’)
1 minute = 60 seconds (= 60”)
In the second method the fundamental unit is radian, which is the angle subtended at the
centre of any circle by an arc of the circle equal in length to the radius.
Though defined with respect to a circle it is totally independent of the circle (its radius or
its centre location).
In fact it is a constant angle for otherwise it cannot be chosen as a unit of measurement.
The formula of conversion of angles from radian measure to degree measure is
 radians = 180 degrees or c = 180°
conversely from degrees to radians
1° = (/180) of a radian.
It is usual to write  for 180°, /2 for 90°, /4 for 45° etc. It may be mentioned that this
means that  radians = 180°; (/2) radians = 90° and so on.

S
Q

1 radian
R P
O

The unit radian is denoted by c (circular measure) and it is customary to omit this
symbol c.
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 
Thus, when an angle is denoted as , it means that the angle is radians where  is
2 2
the number with approximate value 3.14159.
LENGTH OF AN ARC OF A CIRCLE
Consider an arc PS of a circle which subtends an angle  ( radians). Let POQ = 1
radian.
Then arc PQ = r Q
If the length of the arc PS = l, then S

POS arc PS

POQ arc PQ 
P
 l O
i.e.,  or l = r
1 r

Illustration 1
Question: Find the radian measure corresponding to 37° 30.
Solution: 60 = 1°
 
1 
 30    ;
1 75
 37° 30  37 
2
  2 2
360° = 2 radians
75 2 75  5
   radians  radians
2 360 2 24
Illustration 2
Question: The minute hand of a clock is 10 cm long. How far does the tip of the hand move in
20 minutes?
2
Solution: The minute hand moves through 120° in 20 minutes or moves through radians.
3
Since the length of the minute hand is 10 cm, the distance moved by the tip of the hand is
2 20 
given by the formula l = r = 10   cm.
3 3

Illustration 3
Question: A rail road curve is to be laid out on a circle. What radius should be used if the track
is to change direction by 25° in a distance of 40 metres?
25 5
Solution : The angle in radian measure   
180 36
If r is the radius of the circle, using l = r, we have
l 40 288 288  7
r    or  91.636 m.
 5  22
36

2 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF AN ANGLE

The six trigonometric ratios sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant of an
angle , 0° <  < 90° are defined as the ratios of two sides of a right-angled triangle with  as one
of the angles. However these can be defined through a unit circle more elegantly.
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Draw a unit circle and take any two diameters at right angle Y
P(x, y)
E(0, y)
as X and Y axes. Taking OX as the initial line, let OP be the radius
vector corresponding to an angle , where P lies on the unit circle. 
x
Let (x, y) be the coordinates of P. O D(x, 0)

Then by definition :
cos = x, the x coordinate of P
sin = y, the y coordinate of P
y
tan = , x  0
x
x
cot = , y  0
y
1
sec = , x 0
x
1
cosec = , y  0
y
Angles measured anticlockwise from the initial line OX are deemed to be positive and
angles measured clockwise are considered to be negative.
B(0, 1)

(1, 0)A A(1, 0)

O

B(0, 1)

Since we can associate a unique radius vector OP and a unique point P with each angle
, we say x and y and their ratios are functions of . This justifies the term trigonometric
‘function’. This definition holds good for all angles positive, negative, acute or not acute
(irrespective of the magnitude of the angle).
This definition also helps us to write the sine and cosine of four important angles 0°, 90°,
180° and 270° easily.
 = 0°  A(1, 0)
 = 90°  B(0, 1)
 = 180°  A(1, 0)
 = 270°  B(0, 1)
cos 0  1 cos 90  0 cos 180  1 cos 270  0 
   
sin 0  0  sin 90  1  sin 180  0  sin 270  1
We can also infer the quadrant rule for sine, cosine and tangent easily.
I quadrant  II quadrant  III quadrant  IV quadrant 
   
sin, cosine and  sine alone is  tan gent alone is cosine alone is
tangent are positive  positive 
 positive 
 positive 

90°  Point B(0, 1)
y 1
Since, tan   , x  0, tan 90  and hence undefined. However, as  increases from
x 0
0 to 90°, tan increases from 0 to + .
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Similarly, sec 90°, cot 0°, cosec 0° are also undefined. 360° and 0° correspond to one
and the same point A(1, 0). Therefore, the trigonometric functions of 360° are the same as
trigono-metric functions of 0°.
sin 360° = 0, cos 360° = 1 and tan 360° = 0
Since , 2 + , 4 + , 6 + , ......, 2n +  and   2,   4,   6,.....,   2n, all
correspond to the same radius vector, the trigonometric functions of all these angles are the
same as those of .
 sin(2n + ) = sin and sin(  2n) = sin
cos(2n + ) = cos and cos(  2n) = cos
tan(2n + ) = tan and tan(  2n) = tan
The range of the trigonometric ratios in the four quadrants are depicted in the
following table.
In the second quadrant Y In the first quadrant
sine decreases from 1 to 0 sine increases from 0 to 1
cosine decreases from 0 to 1 cosine decreases from 1 to 0
tangent increases from  to 0 tangent increases from 0 to 
cotangent decreases from 0 to   cotangent decreases from  to 0
secant increases from  to  1 secant increases from 1 to 
cosecant increases from 1 to  cosecant decreases from  to 1
x O x
In the third quadrant In the fourth quadrant
sine decreases from 0 to 1 sine increases from 1 to 0
cosine increases from 1 to 0 cosine increases from 0 to 1
tangent increases from 0 to  tangent increases from  to 0
cotangent decreases from  to 0 cotangent decreases from 0 to 
secant decreases from 1 to  secant decreases from  to 1
cosecant increases from  to 1 cosecant decreases from 1 to 
Y
2.1 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF ()
Let OP and OP be the radii vectors, on the unit circle corresponding to  and . If (x, y)
are the coordinates of P, then (x, y) would be the coordinates of P.
Now sin = y and sin() = y
Hence, sin() = sin
Similarly, cos() = cos and tan() = tan
2.2 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS OF ALLIED ANGLES
When  is an acute angle, 90°   is called the angle complementary to . Trigonometric
functions of 90°   are related to trigonometric functions of  as follows :
sin(90°  ) = cos cosec(90°  ) = sec
cos(90°  ) = sin sec(90°  ) = cosec
tan(90°  ) = cot cot(90°  ) = tan
When  is acute,  and 180°   are called supplementary angles.
sin(180°  ) = sin cosec(180°  ) = cosec
cos(180°  ) = cos sec(180°  ) = sec
tan(180°  ) = tan cot(180°  ) = cot
Formulae for functions of :180° + , 270°  , 270° + , 360°   can all be derived with
the help of unit circle definition.
There is an easy way to remember these formulae. First of all think of  as an acute
angle. Angles like 180° ± , 360° ± ,  can be considered as angles associated with the
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horizontal line, angles like 90°  , 90° + , 270°   can be considered as angles associated
with vertical line. When associated with the horizontal line, the magnitude of the function does not
change, whereas when associated with the vertical line the function changes to the
corresponding complementary value. For example sin(180° + ) will be only sin (in magnitude)
plus or minus and cos(180°  ) will be cosine  only in magnitude.
To decide upon the sign, consider the quadrant in which the angle falls and decide the
sign by the quadrant rule.
For example, sin(180° + ) is sin (in magnitude) (180° + ) lies in third quadrant and
hence sin(180° + ) is negative.
 sin (180° + ) = sin
Again consider cos(360°  ) : first of all, it should be cos (in magnitude); since (360° 
) lies in IV quadrant, its cosine is positive.
 cos (360°  ) = cos.
Again consider tan (90° + ): This should be cot and must have a negative sign since
(90° + ) is in II quadrant and hence tan (90° + ) is negative.
 tan (90° + ) = cot
TABLE OF FORMULAE FOR ALLIED ANGLES
180°   180° +  360°    90°   90° +  270°   270° + 
sin sin  sin  sin  sin cos cos  cos  cos
cos  cos  cos cos cos sin sin sin sin
tan tan tan tan tan cot cot cot cot

These formulae are not memorized but derived as and when the occasion demands
according to the rule explained above.
Trigonometric ratios of 30°, 45° and 60° are of great importance in solving problems on
heights and distances. These along with 0° and 90° are written in tabular form and remembered.

ANGLE
RATIO 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°

sine 0 1/2 1
1/ 2 3 /2
cosine 1 1/2 0
3 /2 1/ 2
tangent 0 1 undefined
1/ 3 3
cotangent undefined 1 0
3 1/ 3
secant 1 2 undefined
2/ 3 2
cosecant undefined 2 1
2 2/ 3

2.3 SOME IMPORTANT FACTS

The following may be noted
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(i) For any power n, (sin A)n is written as sinnA. Similarly for all other trigonometric
ratios.
(ii) cosecA, secA and cotA are respectively the reciprocals of sinA, cosA and tanA.
(iii) sin2A + cos2A = 1; 1 + tan2A = sec2A and 1 + cot2A = cosec2A.
(iv) secA  tanA and secA + tanA are reciprocals. So also are cosecA  cotA and
cosecA + cotA.
Whenever secA or tanA is thought of for an angle A, it is necessary to stress that, A  /2

particularly, and generally A  n + (n  N, where N is the set of natural numbers).
2
(v) |sinA|  1  1  sinA  1
|cosA|  1  1  cosA  1
|cosecA|  1  cosecA  1 or cosec A  1
|secA|  1  secA  1 or sec A  1
   
sin  A   sin  A   cos A
2  2 
   
(vi) cos   A  = cos   A   sin A
2  2 
sin(  A) = sin ( + A) = sinA
cos(  A) = cos( + A) = cosA
tan(  A) = tan ( + A) = tanA
(vii) The trigonometric ratios are also called as trigonometric functions. They are
also sometimes called circular functions.
The trigonometric functions, apart from possessing many other properties exhibit a
property of the values being repeated when the angle is changed (increased or decreased) by a
constant value. Such a property is referred to as periodicity.
Thus sinx = sin(x + 2) = sin(x + 4)
= sin(x  2) = sin(x + 2k), k an integer.
cosx = cos(x + 2) = cos(x + 4)
= cos(x  2) = cos(x + 2k), k an integer.
Hence both sinx and cosx are periodic functions of period 2 radians. From (v), it is clear
that they are also bounded functions.
cosec x and sec x, whenever they exist, are also periodic of period 2 radians. tan x and
cot x, when they exist, are periodic of period  radians.
tan x, sec x, cosec x and cot x are unbounded functions.

2.4 GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Graph of y  sin x
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From the knowledge of trigonometry we compute the following table :
   2 5 7 4 3 5 11
x 0  2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
1 3 3 1 1 3 3 1
sinx 0 1 0   1   0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1
O
X
4 3 2    2 3 4
1
2

y = sinx

Graph of y  cos x
   2 5 7 4 3 5 11
x 0  2
6 3 2 3 6 6 3 2 3 6
3 1

1  3  3 
1 1 3
cosx 1 0 1 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

3  1  3
X
4 2 1 O 2 4
2

y = cosx

Graph of y  tan x

   2 3 5
x 0 
6 4 3 3 4 6
1 1
tanx 0 1 3  3 1  0
3 3

2
 3
1
 2 2 2
 X
 O 
2 1
2

y = tan x

Graph of y  cot x
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   2 3 5
x 0 
6 4 3 3 4 6
1 1
cotx undefined 3 1  1  3 undefined
3 3

2
1  3
 2 2 2
 X
 O 
2 1
2

y = cot x

Graph of y  sec x

   2 3 5
x 0 
6 4 3 3 4 6
2 2
secx 1 2 2 2  2 1
3 3
1 Y

2
 1  2
X
 O  3

2 1 2 2
2

y = sec x

Graph of y  cosec x

   2 3 5
x 0 
6 4 3 3 4 6
2 2
cosecx undefined 2 2 2 2 undefined
3 3
Y

2
 1 3
 2
2  2
X
O 
1 2
2

y = cosec x

Illustration 4
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Question: Prove that (1  sin + cos)2 = 2(1  sin) (1 + cos).
Solution : L.H.S. = {(1  sin) + cos}2 = (1  sin)2 + cos2 + 2cos (1  sin)
= (1  sin)2 + (1  sin2) + 2cos (1  sin)
= (1  sin) . {(1  sin) + (1 + sin) + 2cos}
= (1  sin) . (2 + 2 cos) = 2(1  sin) (1+ cos)
Illustration 5
Question: Prove that cosec4(1  cos4) = 1 + 2cot2.
cosec 2 (1  cos 2 )(1  cos 2 )
Solution : cosec4(1  cos4)  2cot2 =  2 cot 2 
sin 2 
= cosec2(1 + cos2)  2cot2 = cosec2 + cot2  2cot2
= 1 + 2 cot2  2cot2 = 1
Illustration 6
Question: Find the minimum and maximum values of sin2 + cos4.
Solution : sin2 + cos4 = 1  cos2 + cos4; can be considered as a quadratic in cos2
2 2
 1 1 3  1 3
 1   cos 2        cos 2    
 2 4 4  2 4
Hence the expression has a minimum value 3/4.
Also sin2 + cos4 = sin2 + cos2.cos2  sin2 + cos2 = 1.
 maximum value = 1.
Illustration 7
Question: Evaluate: sin(1560°).
3
Solution : sin(1560°) = sin(4 × 360° + 120°) = sin120° = sin(180°  60°) = sin60°  .
2
Illustration 8
Question: Evaluate: cos(3030°).
Solution : cos(3030°) = cos(3030°) (using cos() = cos) = cos(8 × 360° + 150°)
3
= cos150° = cos(180°  30°) =  cos30° = 
2
Illustration 9

 3     3 
sin  θ cos  θ  sin  θ
 2   2   2 
Question: Simplify:  .
  sec(   θ)
tan  θ 
2 
(  cos ) (  sin ) (  cos )
Solution : The expression = 
 cot  (  sec )
  sin2   cos 2   (sin2   cos 2 )  1 .

PROFICIENCY TESTI
 Mathematics
The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the following
briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is greater than 80%. Do not consult the
study material while attempting the questions.

1. Convert 40° to radian measure.

2. The angle 40° 15’ 20” is equivalent to 40.25°. (True/False)

3. If the radius of a clock be 20 cm, the arc length corresponding to time 4 O’clock is..........

4. How many radians will a wheel of diameter 50 cm rotate if it covers a distance of 1 km ?

5. Find the value of cosec210°.

6. tan10c is a positive quantity. (True/False)

7. The equation sec = 0.7 has a solution in second and third quadrant. (True/False)

8. Find the maximum value of |sin|  cos.

9. The minimum value of sec2 + cos2 is 2. (True/False)

10. There is no lower bound of tan if  varies in quadrant 1 and 3. (True/False)

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ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST  I

1. 2/9

2. False

40
3. cm
3

4. 2000 radians

5. 2

6. True

7. False

8. 2

9. True

10. False
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3 CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS OF COMPOUND ANGLES

An equation involving trigonometric functions, which is true for all those values of  for
which the functions are defined is called a trigonometric identity, otherwise it is a trigonometric
equation.
We shall now derive some results which are useful in simplifying trigonometric equations.
To prove:
cos( + ) = cos cos  sin sin ...(i)
y

P1(cos, sin)

  P4(1, 0)
O  x

P2[cos(+),sin( +)]
P3[cos(),sin()]

Consider a unit circle with origin as its centre.

Let P4OP1 =  and P1OP2 = 
 P4OP2 =  + 
P4OP3 = 
Coordinate of P1, P2, P3, P4 are
P1(cos, sin)
P2[cos( + ), sin( + )]
P3[cos(), sin()]
P4(1, 0)
 P1O P3 is congruent to  P2O P4
 OP1 = OP4 = OP3 = OP2 = Radius of the circle
P1OP3 = P2OP4 = 360  ( + )
 By Side Angle Side, the triangles are congruent.
 P1P3 = P2P4
Applying the distance formula,
P1P32 = [cos  cos()]2 + [sin  sin()]2
= (cos  cos)2 + (sin + sin )2
[using cos() = cos and sin() = sin]
= cos2 + cos2 2cos cos + sin2 + sin2 + 2sin sin
= 2  2 (cos cos  sin sin)
P2 P42 = [1 cos( + )]2 + [0  sin( + )]2
= 1 2cos( + ) + cos2( + ) + sin2( + )
= 2 2cos( + ).
Since P1P3 = P2P4, we have P1P32  P2P42 .
 2  2 (cos cos  sin sin) = 2  2cos( + )
Hence cos( + ) = cos cos  sin sin
cos(  ) = cos cos + sin sin ...(ii)
 Mathematics

Replacing  by  in identity (i), we get

cos(  ) = cos cos()  sin sin ()
or cos(  ) = cos cos + sin sin
3.1 ADDITION FORMULAE

sin( A  B )  sin A cos B  cos A sin B 

cos( A  B )  cos A cos B  sin A sin B  ...(i)
tan A  tan B 
tan( A  B )  
1  tan A tan B 
3.2 SUBTRACTION FORMULAE

sin( A  B )  sin A cos B  cos A sin B 

cos( A  B )  cos A cos B  sin A sin B  ...(ii)
tan A  tan B 
tan( A  B )  
1  tan A tan B 
These formulae can be derived with the help of elementary geometry. The subtraction
formulae can be derived from the addition formulae by replacing B by  B.
Function of (A + B + C)
1. sin(A + B + C) =  sinA cosB cosC  sinA sinB sinC
Proof : sin{A+ (B + C)} = sinA . cos(B + C) + cosA.sin(B + C)
= sinA{cosB cosC  sinB sinC}
+cosA {sinB cosC + cosB sinC}
=  sinA cosB cosC  sinA sinB sinC ...(iii)
2. cos(A + B + C) = cosA cosB cosC   cosA sinB sinC
Proof is similar to that of the previous formula.
 tan A  tan A tan B tan C
3. tan (A + B + C) = .
1   tan B tan C
Proof: tan(A + B + C) = tan{A +(B + C)}
tan B  tan C
tan A 
tan A  tan( B  C ) 1  tan B tan C
 
1  tan A. tan( B  C )  tan B  tan C 
1  tan A. 
 1  tan B tan C 
(tan A  tan B  tan C )  tan A. tan B. tan C S  S3
  1
1  (tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A) 1  S2
where Sr = sum of the products (of tangents) taken r at a time.
Illustration 10
8 9
Question: If sin = and cos = , find sin( + ), cos( + ), sin( ) and cos( ), where
17 41
 is an obtuse angle and  is an acute angle.
8 64 225
Solution : Since sin = , cos2 = 1  
17 289 289
15
 cos = ± . As  is obtuse, cos is negative.
17
15
 cos = 
17
81 1600
sin2 = 1  
1681 1681
 Mathematics

40
 sin = ±
41
As  is acute, sin is positive
40
 sin = +
41
8 9  15  40 72  600 528
Now sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin  .     
17 41  17  41 697 697
 15  9   8  40  455
cos( + ) = cos cos  sin sin         
 17 41 17
    41  697
 8  9   15  40  672
sin(  ) = sin cos  cos sin         
 17  41   17  41  697
 15  9   8   40  185
cos(  ) = cos cos + sin  sin           .
 17  41   17   41  697

Illustration 11
Question: Prove that tan 112A tan 99A tan 13A = tan112A  tan 99A  tan13A.
Solution : In this problem, note that one of the three angles (112A) is the sum of the other two
(99A + 13A)
112A = 99A + 13A
tan99A  tan13A
tan 112A = tan (99A + 13A) 
1  tan99A tan13A
tan 112A (1  tan 99A tan 13A) = tan99A + tan 13A
 tan 112A  tan 99A  tan13A = tan 112A tan 99A tan 13A
Illustration 12
Question: In a triangle ABC, in which A + B + C = .
Prove that (i) tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
(ii) tan (B/C) tan (C/2) + tan (C/2) tan (A/2) + tan (A/2) tan (B/2) = 1.
Solution : (i) A + B =   C = 180°  C
tan (A + B) = tan (180°  C) =  tanC
tan A  tan B
  tan C
1  tan A tan B
tanA + tanB =  tanC ( 1  tanA tanB)
i.e., tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
(ii) (A/2 + B/2) = /2  C/2 = 90°  C/2
tan(A/2 + B/2) = tan (/2  C/2) = cotC/2
tan A / 2  tan B / 2 1

1  tan( A / 2) tan( B / 2) tan C / 2
C A B
tan (tan A/2 + tan B/2) = 1  tan tan
2 2 2
 we get
tan(C/2) tan(A/2) + tan(B/2) tan(C/2) + tan(A/2) tan(B/2) = 1.
3.4 MULTIPLE ANGLE FORMULAE
3.4.1 Functions of 2A
(i) sin2A = 2sinA cosA
(ii) cos2A = cos2A  sin2A = 2 cos2A  1 = 1  2sin2A
2 tan A
(iii) tan2A =
1  tan 2 A
These are special cases of the addition formulae by taking B = A. The formulae for cos2A
leads to two results whose application occurs often in problems.
 Mathematics

1 + cos2A = 2cos2A and 1  cos 2A = 2sin2A

2 tan A 1  tan 2 A
Besides these, sin 2 A  and cos2A =
1  tan 2 A 1  tan 2 A
A
If A be replaced by , these formulae reduce to
2
A A
(i) sinA = 2sin cos
2 2
A A
(ii) cosA = cos2  sin 2
2 2
A A
= 2cos2  1  1  2 sin 2
2 2
A
2 tan
(iii) tanA =  2
A
1  tan 2
2
3.4.2 Functions of 3A
(i) sin3A = 3sinA  4sin3A
Proof: sin3A = sin(2A + A) = sin2A cosA + cos2A sinA
= 2sinA cos2A + sinA (1  2 sin2A)
= 3sinA  4sin3A
(ii) cos3A = 4cos3A  3 cosA
Proof : cos3A = cos(2A + A) = cos2A . cosA  sin2A sinA
= (2cos2A  1) cosA  2sin2A cosA
= (2cos2A  1) cosA  2cosA (1  cos2A)
= 4cos3A  3 cosA
3 tan A  tan 3 A
(iii) tan3A 
1  3 tan 2 A
2 tan A
 tan A
tan 2 A  tan A 2 3 tan A  tan 3 A
Proof: tan3A =  1  tan A 2 
1  tan 2 A tan A 2 tan A 1  3 tan 2 A
1
1  tan 2 A
S1  S 3
Note: This formula can be derived from the expansion of tan(A + B + C) = by
1  S2
taking B = C = A.
3.5 EXPRESSING PRODUCTS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS AS SUM OR
DIFFERENCE
(i) 2sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A  B)
(ii) 2cosA sinB = sin(A + B)  sin(A  B)
(iii) 2cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A  B) ...(i)
(iv) 2sinA sinB = cos(A  B)  cos(A + B)
The above four formulae can be obtained by expanding the right hand side and
simplifying.
Note : In the fourth formula, there is a change in the pattern. Angle (A  B) comes first
and (A + B) later. In the first quadrant, the greater the angle, the less the cosine. Hence cosine of
the smaller angle is written first [to get a positive result].
Illustration 13
Question: Show that 8 sin 10° sin 50° sin 70° = 1.
 Mathematics
Solution : L.H.S. = 4 (2sin 50° sin 10°) sin70°
= 4 {cos(50°  10°)  cos (50° + 10°)} sin70°,
{using 2 sinA sinB = cosA  B   cosA  B  }
= 2.(2sin70°. cos40°)  4cos60° sin70°
= 2sin70° + 2sin30°  2sin70°
= 2sin30° = 1.
3.6 EXPRESSING SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF TWO SINES OR TWO COSINES AS A
PRODUCT
In the formulae derived in the earlier section if we put A + B = C and A  B = D, then
CD C D
A and B  , these formulae can be rewritten as
2 2
CD C D
sinC + sinD = 2sin . cos
2 2
CD C D
sinC  sinD = 2cos . sin
2 2
CD C D
cosC + cosD = 2cos . cos
2 2
CD C D
cosD  cosC = 2sin . sin
2 2
Note carefully the order of the cosines in the last formula. It is presumed that C > D.
Illustration 14
tan(/4  A) 2cosA  sinA  sin3A
Question: Prove that  .
tan(/4  A) 2cosA  sinA  sin3A
1  tan A
(1  tan A) 2 1  tan 2 A  2 tan A
Solution : L.H.S. = 1  tan A  
1  tan A (1  tan A) 2 1  tan 2 A  2 tan A
1  tan A
2 tan A
1
 1  tan 2 A  1  sin 2 A
2 tan A 1  sin 2 A
1 2
1  tan A
2 cos A  2 sin 2 A. cos A 2 cos A(1  sin 2 A) 1  sin 2 A
R.H.S.   
2 cos A  2 sin 2 A cos A 2 cos A(1  sin 2 A) 1  sin 2 A
Both sides reduce to the same result.
Illustration 15
sin7x  sin3x  sin5x  sinx
Question: Show that  tan2x.
cos7x  cos3x  cos5x  cosx
Solution : Numerator = (sin7x + sinx)  (sin5x + sin3x)
= 2sin4x . cos3x  2sin4x . cosx using C.D. formula
= 2sin4x (cos3x  cosx)
Denominator = (cos 3x  cos5x)  (cosx  cos7x)
= 2sin4x sinx  2sin4x sin3x
= 2sin4x (sinx  sin3x)
 the given expression
cos 3 x  cos x cos x  cos 3 x
 
sin x  sin 3 x sin 3 x  sin x
2 sin 2 x sin x
  tan 2 x.
2 cos 2 x sin x

3.7 SOME MORE RESULTS

 sin(A + B) × sin(A  B) = sin2A  sin2B
 cos(A + B) × cos(A  B) = cos2A  sin2B
 Mathematics

 sin 18 
 5  1  cos 72
4
10  2 5
 cos 18   sin 72
4
( 5  1)
 cos 36   sin 54
4
10  2 5
 sin 36   cos 54
4
1
 tan 22   ( 2  1)
2
Triple Angle Formulae
1
 sin sin(60°  ) sin(60° + )  sin 3
4
1
 cos cos(60°  ) cos(60° + )  cos 3
4
 tan tan(60°  ) tan(60° + ) = tan3
 Mathematics

PROFICIENCY TEST  II

The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the following
briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is greater than 80%. Do not consult the
study material while attempting the questions.

1. Find the value of sin75° and tan15°.

4 12 3
2. If cos A  , cosB = ,  A, B  2, find the value of cos(A + B) and sin(A  B).
5 13 2


3. If A + B = , (1 + tanA) (1 + tanB) = .............
4

3
4. The value of cos245°  sin45° is . (True/False)
4

 9 3 5
5. Prove that 2 cos cos  cos  cos  0.
13 13 13 13

6. Prove that sin(x + 1)A sin (x + 2)A + cos (x + 1)A + cos(x + 2)A = cosA

7. tan20° tan40° tan80° is equal to ...........

   ) 
8. (cos   cos ) 2  (sin   sin ) 2  k cos 2  , when k = .......
 2 

 2 4
9. cos cos cos is equal to ............
7 7 7

1
10. Find the value of sin 7  .
2
 Mathematics

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST  II

3 1
1. ,2  3
2 2

33 16
2. ,
65 65

3. 2

4. False

7. 3

8. 4

1
9. 
8

4 6  2
10.
2 2
 Mathematics

4 CONDITIONAL TRIGONOMETRICAL IDENTITIES

4.1 IDENTITIES
A trigonometric equation is an identity if it is true for all values of the angle or
angles involved.
4.2 CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
When the angles involved satisfy a given relation, the identity is called conditional
identity. In proving these identities we require properties of complementary and
supplementary angles.
4.3 SOME IMPORTANT CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
If A + B + C = , then
 tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC
 cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1
 sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4 sinA sinB sinC
 cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 4 cosA cosB cosC
 cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1 2 cosA cosB cosC
A B C
 cosA + cosB + cosC = 1 +4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
A B B C C A
 tan tan  tan tan  tan tan  1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
 cot  cot  cot  cot . cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
4.4 SOME OTHER USEFUL RESULTS
sin[  (n  1) / 2] sin(n / 2)
1. sin + sin( + ) + sin( + 2) + ........... to n terms 
sin( / 2)
2. cos  + cos( + ) + cos( + 2) + ............... to n terms
cos[  (n  1) / 2] sin( n / 2)
 .
sin( / 2)
A A
3. sin  cos   1  sin A
2 2
A A
4. sin  cos   1  sin A
2 2
   
5. sin A  cos A  2 sin  A  = 2 cos A  
4   4
  
6. cos   cos   cos   cos(      )  4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
  
7. sin   sin   sin   sin(      )  4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
8. If A, B, C are the angles of a triangle (or A+ B + C = ), then the result (1) implies
sinA cosB cosC =  sinA.
Result (2)  cos A sinB sinC = 1 +  cosA
Result (3)  tan A =  tanA
Putting  = A,  = B and  = C in result (9) and (10),
A
we get cosA = 1 + 4 cos
2
A
and sinA = 4 cos respectively.
2
 Mathematics
Putting A/2, B/2, C/2 in place of A, B, C respectively in result (3), and utilizing
A + B + C = ,
we get,
B C
tan tan  1.
2 2
A A
For a triangle we can also show that cotB cotC = 1; cot =  cot ;
2 2
 sin 2A = 4 sinA; cos2A = 1  4 cosA; cos A = 1  2 cosA, etc.
2

Illustration 16
Question: If A + B + C = 2, prove that cos2B + cos2C  sin2A = 2 cosA cosB cosC.
Solution : L.H.S. = cos2B + cos2C  sin2A
1
 [cos 2B  1  cos 2C  1  cos 2 A  1]
2
1 1
 [cos 2 A  cos 2B  cos 2C  1]  [2 cos( A  B ) cos( A  B )  2 cos 2 C ]
2 2
= cos(2  C) cos(A  B) + cos2C
= cosC[cos(A  B) + cos (2  A  B )]
= cosC[cos(A  B) + cos(A + B)]
= 2cosA cosB cosC
= R.H.S.
Illustration 17
Question: If A + B + C = 180°, prove that
(i) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC.
(ii) sin2A + sin2B  sin2C = 4cosA cosB sinC.
Solution : B + C = 180°  A
 sin(B + C) = sin (180°  A) = sinA and cos(B + C) = cos(180°  A) = cosA ...(i)
(i) sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 2sinA cosA + 2sin(B + C) . cos(B  C) using C-D formula.
= 2sinA cosA + 2sinA cos(B  C) using equation (i)
= 2sinA {cosA + cos(B  C)}
= 2sinA {cos(B + C) + cos(B  C)} (using (i) to change cosA)
= 2sinA . 2sinB sinC (using C  D formula)
= 4sinA sinB sinC
(ii) sin2A + sin2B  sin2C = 2sinA cosA + 2cos(B + C) sin(B  C)
= 2sinA cosA  2cosA sin(B  C)
= 2cosA {sinA  sin(B  C)}
= 2cosA {sin(B + C)  sin(B  C)} using equation (i)
= 2cosA . (2cosB sinC) = 4 cosA cosB sinC
Illustration 18
Question: If A + B + C = , prove that cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = 1  2cosA cosB cosC.
Solution : L.H.S. = cos2A + cos2B + 1  sin2C
= 1 + cos2A + cos2B  sin2C
= 1 + cos2A + cos(B + C) cos(B  C)
= 1 + cos2A  cosA . cos(B  C) (since cos(B + C) = cos (  A) = cosA)
= 1  cosA { cosA + cos(B  C)}
= 1  cosA {cos(B + C) + cos(B  C)}
= 1  cosA 2cosB cosC
= 1  2cosA cosB cosC.
 Mathematics

Illustration 19
A B C
Question: If A + B + C = 0, show that sinA + sinB + sinC =  4sin sin sin .
2 2 2
B C  B C 
Solution : sinA + sinB + sinC = sinA + 2sin   cos 
 2   2 
A A A B C B C A
= 2sin cos  2 sin cos since 
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A
=  2 sin cos  cos 
2 2 2
A B C B C A B C
=  2 sin cos  cos  =  4 sin sin sin .
2 2 2  2 2 2

5 BOUNDS OF THE EXPRESSION: 𝒂𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 + 𝒃𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽

 a b 
a cos + b sin = a 2  b 2  cos   sin  
 2 2 
 a b a2  b2 
 a 2  b 2 (sin cos + cos sin)
a
 a 2  b 2 sin( + ), where tan =
b
b
Also, a cos + b sin  a 2  b 2 cos(  ), where tan =
a
 1  sin( + )  1
and hence,  a 2  b 2  a cos + b sin  a2  b2
Thus the expression acos + bsin is bounded above by a 2  b 2 and bounded below
by  a 2  b 2 .

Illustration 20
Question: (i) Prove that 5 cosx + 3cos(x + /3) + 3 lies between  4 and 10.
(ii) Show that, whatever be the value of , the expression
a sin2 + b sincos + c cos2 lies between
ac 1 ac 1
 b 2  (a  c ) 2 and  b 2  (a  c ) 2 .
2 2 2 2
  
Solution : (i) 5cosx + 3  cos x cos  sin x sin   3
 3 3

 3 3 3
 cos x  5    sin x. 3
 2  2
13 3 3
 cos x  sin x  3
2 2
 
 
169 27  13 / 2 3 3 /2 
   cos x  sin x   3
4 4  169 27 169 27 
 
 4 4 4 4 

3 3
= 7(cos cosx  sin sinx) + 3 where tan 
13
= 7cos ( + x) + 3
 1  cos ( + x)  1
i.e.,  7 + 3  7cos ( + x) + 3  7 + 3
Mathematics
i.e.,  4  7cos ( + x) + 3  10
(ii) Let f() = a sin2 + b sin cos + c cos2
a(1  cos 2) b c (1  cos 2)
=  sin 2 
2 2 2
1
= {(a  c )  b 2  (a  c ) 2 (sin 2 cos   cos 2 sin  )}
2
1 b 2  (a  c ) 2
= (a  c )  sin( 2   ) and  1  sin ( 2   )  1
2 2

a  c  b 2  (a  c ) 2 a  c  b 2  (a  c ) 2
    f ( )   
 2  2  2  2
 Mathematics

PROFICIENCY TEST  III

The following questions deal with the basic concepts of this section. Answer the following
briefly. Go to the next section only if your score is greater than 80%. Do not consult the
study material while attempting the questions.

1. Prove that in a triangle tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA tanB tanC.

2. If A + B + C = , cotA cotB + cotB cotC + cotC cotA = 1 (True/False)

3. The range of values of 5cos  12sin is ..............

   
4. If a  3sin      2 cos     b, then a + b is equal to........
 6   3 

5. There is no upper bound of y = 2sec + 3tan. (True/False)

6. The minimum value of log 2

2 sin x  cos x is 0. (True/False)

7. Prove that cos2A + cos2B + cos2C =  1  4cosA cosB cosC.

8. If, for three angles ,  and ,

tan + tan+ tan = tan . tan. tan
then  +  +  is necessarily equal to  (True/False)
 Mathematics

ANSWERS TO PROFICIENCY TEST  III

2. True

3. [13, 13]

4. 0

5. True

6. False

7. False

8. False
 Mathematics

SOLVED OBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1:
x y z
If   , then x + y + z is equal to
cosθ  2   2 
cos θ   cos θ  
 3   3 
(a) 1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) none of these
Solution:
x y z
Given     (say)
cos   2   2 
cos    cos   
 3   3 
  2   2    2 
 x + y + z =  cos   cos     cos    =  cos   2 cos  cos   0
  3   3   3 
 (c)

Example 2:

If 0 <  < then sec2  tan2 is equal to
4
   
(a) tan   θ  (b) tan  θ  
4   4
 
(c) tan   θ  (d) none of these
4 
Solution:
2 tan 
1 2
1  sin 2 1  tan 2   (1  tan )  1  tan   tan    .
sec2  tan2 = 
cos 2 1  tan 2  1  tan 2  1  tan  4 
1  tan 2 
 (c)

Example 3:
The equation (cos p  1) x2 + (cos p)x + sinp = 0, where x is a variable, has real roots. Then
the interval of p may be any one of the following :
(a) (0, 2) (b) (, 0)
  
(c)   ,  (d) (0, )
 2 2
Solution:
Discriminant of the given equation = (cos p)2  4(cosp  1) sin p
= cos2p + 4 (1  cosp) sin p  0, if p  (0, )
( cos2p  0, 0  1  cosp  2 and sin p > 0 for all p  (0, ))
 (d)

Example 4:
 Mathematics
If sin1 + sin2 + sin3 = 3 then cos1 + cos2 + cos3 is equal to
(a) 3 (b) 2
(c) 1 (d) 0
Solution:
Given sin1 + sin2 + sin3 = 3  sin1 = sin2 = sin3 = 1
( maximum value of sin x is 1, therefore, given statement is possible only when each term on
L.H.S. is equal to 1)
 cos1 = cos2 = cos3 = 0 ( cos2x = 1  sin2x  x)
 cos1 + cos2 + cos3 = 0
 (d)

Example 5:
π π n
Let n be a +ve integer such that sin n
 cos n
 , then
2 2 2
(a) 6  n  8 (b) 4  n  8
(c) 4 < n  8 (d) 4 < n < 8
Solution:
    
sin n
 cos n  2 sin  n 
2 2 4 2 
n n
lies in [ 2, 2 ] , therefore,  [ 2, 2 ]   2  n  2 2  n  8.
2 2
Note that n = 1 does not satisfy the given equation and for n > 1.
       
  n   sin  n   sin
2 4 2 4 4 2  4
   n
 2 sin  n   1   1  n > 4.
 4 2  2
Hence 4 < n  8.
 (c)
 Mathematics

SOLVED SUBJECTIVE EXAMPLES

Example 1:
Prove that 3(sinx  cosx)4 + 4(sin6x  cos6x) + 6(sinx + cosx)2 = 13.
Solution:
Let t1, t2, t3 denote the three expressions on the left.
t1 = 3{sinx  cosx)2}2 = {sin2x + cos2x  2sinx cosx}2
= 3(1  2 sinx cosx)2 = 3 (1 + 4sin2x cos2x  4sinx cosx)
t2 = 4{sin6x  cos6x) = 4(sin2x + cos2x) (sin4x + cos4x  sin2x cos2x)
= 4{(sin2x + cos2x)2  2cos2x sin2x  sin2x cos2x}
= 4{1  3sin2x cos2x}
t3 = 6{sin x + cos x + 2sinx cosx) = 6(1 + 2 sinx cosx)
2 2

 t1 + t2 + t3 = 3 + 4 + 6 = 13

Example 2:
 3 5 7
Prove that sin2  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  2.
8 8 8 8
Solution:
7   
sin  sin     sin
8  8  8
5  3  3
sin  sin     sin
8  8  8
3   3     3    
sin  sin    cos  2 sin 2  sin 2  = 2 sin 2  cos 2   2
8 2 8  8  8 8   8 8

Example 3:
Prove the identity
(cosA + cosB) (cos2A + cos2B) (cos22A + cos22B) ......................
(cos2 n A  cos2 n B)
(cos2n1A + cos2 n1B) = .
2 n (cosA  cosB)
Solution:
1
(cosA  cosB) (cosA + cosB) = cos2A  cos2B  {1  cos 2 A)  (1  cos 2B )}
2
1

{cos 2 A  cos 2B } ...(i)
2
 (cosA  cosB) (cosA + cosB) (cos2A + cos2B)
1 1
{(cos2A  cos2B) (cos2A + cos2B)} = 2 (cos22A  cos22B)
=
2 2
 (cosA  cosB) (cosA + cosB) (cos2A + cos2B) (cos22A + cos22B)
Proceeding in this manner, we get
(cosA  cosB) (cosA + cosB) (cos2A + cos2B) (cos22A + cos22B) (cos2n  1A + cos2n  1B)
1
 n (cos 2 n A  cos 2 n B )
2
Hence, the given identity follows.

Example 4:
 Mathematics

sin8A
Show that  cosA  cos3A  cos5A  cos7A .
2sinA
Solution:
R.H.S. = (cosA + cos3A) + (cos5A + cos7A)
= {cos(2A  A) + cos(2A + A)} + {cos(6A  A) + cos(6A + A)}
= 2cos . cos2A + 2cosA . cos6A
= 2cosA{cos(4A  2A) + cos(4A + 2A)} = 2cosA . 2cos2A . cos4A
(2 sin A cos A) (2 sin 2 A. cos 2 A). cos 4 A sin 4 A. cos 4 A sin 8 A
= .2 cos 2 A. cos 4 A =   .
sin A sin A sin A 2 sin A

Example 5:
2 4 6 1
Prove that cos  cos  cos  .
7 7 7 2
Solution:
2
Put  = so that 7 = 2
7
L.H.S. = (cos + cos3) + cos2 = 2cos2 . cos + cos2
2 sin  cos  . cos 2 sin 2 . cos 2 sin 4
  cos 2   cos 2   cos 2
sin  sin  2 sin 
sin 4  2 cos 2. sin  sin 4  sin 3  sin 
 
2 sin  2 sin 
sin 
 (since sin4 = sin (2  3) = sin3)
2 sin 
1
 .
2

Example 6:
   
Prove that cos2x + cos2   x   cosx cos   x  is independent of x.
3  3 
Solution:
   
cos2x + cos2   x   cos  x  cos x
3  3 
1  2 2     
= 2 cos x  2 cos   x   2 cos  x . cos x 
2   3   3  
1    2    
= (1  cos 2 x )  1  cos  2x   2 cos  x . cos x 
2    3  3  
1   2      
= 2  cos  2 x   cos 2x  cos  2 x   cos 
2   3   3  3 

1  1       1
= 2   2 cos  2 x . cos  cos  2 x  since cos 
2  2  3  3  3  3 2
3 1   1   3
=  cos  2 x   cos  2 x  = and this does not contain x.
4 2 3  2 3  4

Example 7:
 Mathematics

cos 4 x sin 4 x cos 4 y sin 4 y

If   1, prove that   1.
cos 2 y sin 2 y cos 2 x sin 2 x
Solution:
The given condition is
cos4x sin2y + sin4x cos2y = sin2ycos2y
= sin2y(1 sin2y) ...(i)
= sin2y sin4y
 sin y = sin y (1  cos x)  sin4x cos2y
4 2 4

= sin2y (1  cos2x) (1 + cos2x)  sin4x cos2y

= sin2y sin2x (1 + cos2x)  sin4x cos2y
sin 4 y
  sin 2 y  sin 2 y cos 2 x  sin 2 x cos 2 y ...(ii)
sin 2 x
Similarly, on the R.H.S. of (i), replacing sin2y by 1  cos2y and simplifying as shown above.
cos 4 y
 cos 2 y  cos 2 y sin 2 x  cos 2 x sin 2 y ...(iii)
cos 2 x
adding (ii) and (iii) we get the desired result.

Example 8:
Prove that (i) tanA + cotA = 2cosec2A
(ii) cotA  tanA = 2cot2A.
Deduce that tanA + 2tan 2A + 4tan 4A + 8 cot8A = cotA and more generally
tan A + 2 tan2A + 22tan 22 A + ..... + 2n  1 tan2n  1 A + 2n cot2n A = cotA.
Solution:
1 1  tan 2 A
(i) tanA + cotA = tanA + 
tan A tan A
sec 2 A 2
 
tan A 2 tan A cos 2 A
2 2
   2cosec 2 A
2 sin A cos A sin 2A
cos A sin A cos 2 A  sin 2 A
(ii) cotA  tanA =  
sin A cos A sin A cos A
2 cos 2 A 2 cos 2 A
   2 cot 2 A
2 sin A cos A sin 2 A
 tanA = cotA  2cot2A ...(i)
tan2A = cot2A  2cot4A changing A to 2A in equation (i) ...(ii)
tan4A = cot4A  2cot8A similar change ...(iii)
Multiplying equations (i), (ii) and (iii) by 1, 2, 22 and adding we get
tanA + 2tan2A + 22 tan4A = cotA  8cot 8A
Hence tanA + 2tan2A + 22 tan 22A + 23 cot23A = cotA
The general result can be obtained by repeating the above sequence of steps n times.

Example 9:
 Mathematics

 A  B C  B C  A C  A  B 
If A + B + C = , and tan  tan tan   1,
 4   4   4 
prove that sinA + sinB + sinC + sinA sinB sinC = 0.
Solution:
C
1  tan
 A B C    2C   C 2
tan   tan   tan   
 4   4  4 2 C
1  tan
2
2
 C C
 cos  sin 
 2 2 1  sin C cos C
  
C C cos C 1  sin C
cos 2  sin 2
2 2
 B  C  A  1  sin A cos A
Similarly tan    and
 4  cos A 1  sin A
 C  A  B  1  sin B cos B
tan  
 4  cos B 1  sin B
The given condition implies
 1  sin A   1  sin B  1  sin C 
    1 ...(i)
 cos A   cos B  cos C 
as well as
 cos A   cos B  cos C 
    1 ...(ii)
 1  sin A   1  sin B  1  sin C 
From equations (i) and (ii) we get
cosA cosB cosC = (1  sinA) (1  sinB) (1  sinC) = (1 + sinA) (1 + sinB) (1 + sinC)
 1   sinA + sinA sinB  sinA sinB sinC = 1 +  sinA +  sinA sinB + sinA sinB sinC
Therefore  sinA + sinA sinB sinC = 0.

Example 10:

If 0    , prove the inequality cos(sin) > sin (cos).
2
Solution:
   
We have sin+ cos = 2 sin      2 since the maximum value of sin     1
 4   4 
 
But 2 ; ( 2 is approximately 1.414 and is approximately 1.59)
2 2

 sin + cos <
2

 sin <  cos
2
 
 cos (sin) > cos   cos   since  <   cos > cos, cosine being a decreasing function.
 2 
i.e, cos(sin) > sin(cos).

Example 11:
 Mathematics
If tan(/4 + y/2) = tan3(/4 + x/2), prove that
 3  sin 2 x 
siny = sinx  .
 1  3sin 2 x 
 
Solution:
(1  tan y / 2)
tan(/4 + y/2) =
(1  tan y / 2)
(1  tan x / 2) 3
 tan 3 (  / 4  x / 2) 
(1  tan x / 2) 3
1  tan( y / 2) (1  tan x / 2) 3

1  tan( y / 2) (1  tan x / 2) 3

(1  tan y / 2)  (1  tan y / 2) (1  tan x / 2) 3  (1  tan x / 2) 3

 
(1  tan y / 2)  (1  tan y / 2) (1  tan x / 2) 3  (1  tan x / 2) 3

 a c ab c d 
    
 b d ab cd
y 3 tan x / 2  tan 3 x / 2
tan 
2 1  3 tan 2 x / 2
t (3  t 2 ) x
 2
where t = tan .
(1  3t ) 2

2 tan y / 2 2t (3  t 2 ) /(1  3t 2 )
LHS = siny  
1  tan 2 y / 2 1  [t 2 (3  t 2 ) 2 /(1  3t 2 ) 2 ]
{(3  t 2 )(1  3t 2 )}
 2t
{1  6t 2  9t 4  9t 2  6t 4  t 6 }
2t (3  t 2 )(1  3t 2 )

(1  t 2 ) (1  14t 2  t 2 )
 1  cos x  1  cos x 
3  1  3 
 1  cos x  1  cos x   2t 1  cos x 
 sin x   sin x; t 2  
 1  cos x   1  cos x 
2
 1 t 2 1  cos x 
1  14  
 1  cos x   1  cos x 
sin x( 4  2 cos x ) ( 4  2 cos x )

(1  cos x )  14(1  cos x )(1  cos x )  (1  cos x ) 2
2

4 sin x {4  (1  sin 2 x )} sin x(3  sin 2 x )

   RHS
2  2 cos 2 x  14 sin 2 x 1  3 sin 2 x

Example 12:
Prove that
 sinβ sin cos  sin(  ) = sin(  ) sin(  ) sin(  ).
2

α, β, γ

Solution:
sin sin cos2sin(  )
1 1  cos 2 
 [cos(   )  cos(   )]   sin(   )
2  2
1
 [sin(   ). cos(   )  cos(   ) sin(   )
4
+ cos2 sin(  ) cos( )  cos2 cos( + ) sin(  )] ...(i)
1
 cos(   ) sin(   )  (sin 2  sin 2 )
2
 Mathematics
1

(sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2  sin 2)  0
2
 cos 2 sin(   ) cos(   )
1
  cos 2(sin 2 cos 2  cos 2 sin 2 )
2
1
 [cos 2 sin 2 cos 2  cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
2
 cos 2 sin 2  cos 2  cos 2 cos 2 sin 2
 cos 2 sin 2 cos 2  cos 2  cos 2 sin 2]  0
 cos 2 cos(   ) sin(   )
1
  cos 2(sin 2  sin 2 )
2
1
 (sin 2 cos 2  sin 2 cos 2  sin 2 cos 2
2
 sin 2 cos 2  sin 2 cos 2   sin 2 cos 2 )
1

{sin(2  2 )  sin( 2  2 )  sin( 2  2)}
2
 substituting these values in (i)
1
sin sin cos2 sin(  ) = sin(2  2)
4
1
 {sin(2  2 )  sin(2   2 )  sin( 2  2)}
4
1
 {2 sin(   ) cos(   )  2 sin(   ) cos(     2 )}
4
1
 sin(   ){cos(   )  cos(    2 )} ( sin(  )
2
= sin(  ))
1
 sin(   )2 sin(   ) sin(    )
2
= sin(  ) sin(  ) sin(  )

Example 13:
cos2 cos2β φ tan(/4  β) tan(/4   )
If sin2 = , prove that tan 2 is either = or  .
2
cos (  β) 2 tan(/4   ) tan(/4  β)
Solution:
cos(       ) cos[    (  )}
sin2 
cos 2 (  )


cos 2
(  )  sin 2 (  )  1
sin 2 (  )
cos 2 (  ) cos 2 (  )
sin 2 (  )
 cos 2  
cos 2 (  )

1  tan 2
2 sin(  )
 cos   
 cos(  )
1  tan 2
2

1  tan 2
2 sin(  )
Taking the positive sign, 
 cos(   )
1  tan 2
2
 Mathematics

 cos(  )  sin(   ) sin(  / 2    )  sin(  )

tan 2  
2 cos(  )  sin(   ) sin(  / 2    )  sin(   )
2 cos(  / 4   ) sin(  / 4  ) tan(  / 4  )
 
2 sin(  / 4   ) cos(  / 4  ) tan(  / 4   )
By taking the negative sign the other value may be obtained.

Example 14:
Find the sum of n terms Sn = tanx tan2x + tan2x tan3x + ............. + tanx tan(n + 1)x.
Solution:
Let Tr denote the rth term
 Tr = tan rx tan (r + 1)x
tan( r  1)x  tan rx
tan[( r  1)x  rx ]  or tanx + tanx tan(r + 1)x tanrx = tan(r + 1)x  tanrx
1  tan( r  1)x tan rx
or tan(r + 1)x tanrx = cotx [tan(r + 1)x  tanrx]  1
Putting r = 1, 2, 3, ........., n and adding, we get
Sn = cotx [tan(n + 1)x  tanx]  n = cotx tan(n + 1)x  1  n
= cotx tan(n + 1)x  (1 + n)

Example 15:

Let A, B, C be three angles such that A = and tanB tanC = p. Find all possible values of p
4
such that A, B, C are the angles of a triangle.
Solution:
3 3
A+B+C=  B C   0 < B, C <
4 4
sin B sin C p cos B cos C  sin B sin C 1  p
tanB tanC = p    
cos B cos C 1 cos B cos C  sin B sin C 1  p
cos(B  C ) 1  p 1 p
    cos(B  C )
cos(B  C ) 1  p 2 ( p  1)
3
Since B or C can vary from 0 to .
4
1 p 1 p 1 2 p( p  1)
   1  0  1   0  p < 0 or p > 1 ...(i)
2 2 ( p  1) p 1 ( p  1) 2

p  1  2 ( p  1) ( p  1)[ p( 2  1)  ( 2  1)]
Also 0  0
2 ( p  1) 2 ( p  1) 2

 p  1 or p  ( 2  1) 2  
 2 1
  2  1 
2
...(ii)
 2  1 
Combining (i) and (ii), we get p < 0 or p   2  1 .2

MIND MAP
 Mathematics

Domain and Range

Function Domain Range
Measurement of Angle 1. y = sinx R [1, 1] sin(A ± B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB
1.  radians  180 degrees 2. y = cosx R [1, 1] cos(A ± B) = cosA cosB  sinA sinB
1c  57° 17’ 44.8”  tan tan B
3. y = tanx R(2n +1) R tan(A ± B) =
2. 1 right angle = 90° 2 1  tan A tan B
1°  60’ and 1’ = 60” 4. y = cosecx Rn (, 1]  [1, )

3. Angle (in radians) = Arc 5. y = secx R(2n + 1)  (, 1] [1, )

Radius 2
2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A  B)
6. y = cotx R  n R 2cosAsinB = sin(A + B)  sin(A  B)
2cosAcosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A  B)
2sinAsinB = cos(A  B)  cos(A + B)
All t-ratios are positive in Q1
Only sin and cosec are positive in Q2
Only tan and cot are positive in Q3
TRIGONOMETRIC sinC + sinD = 2sin
C D
cos
CD
Only cos and sec are positive in Q4 2 2
FUNCTIONS
sinC  sinD = 2cos C  D sin C  D
Function Domain 2 2
C D CD
cosC + cosD = 2cos cos
 tan A   tan A 2 2
tan(A + B + C) =
1   tan A tan B C D D C
 a 2  b 2  a cos   b sin   a 2  b 2  cosC  cosD = 2sin sin
2 2
for all values of  sin(A + B + C) 2
= sinA cosB cosC   sinA
cos(A + B + C) 
= cosA cosA
2 sinB sinC
sin(A + B) sin(A  B) = sin2A  sin2B
For any three angles , ,  sin3 = 3sin  4sin3
= cos2B  cos2A
 cos+ cos() = 4 cos
 cos3 = 4cos3  3cos
cos(A + B)cos(A  B) = cos2A  sin2B
2
3 tan   tan 3  = cos2B  sin2A
 tan3 =
 sin sin() = 4 sin 1  3 tan 2 
2

2 tan 
sin2 = 2sincos =
4sin(60°  )sin sin(60° + ) = sin3 1  tan2 
4cos(60°  )cos cos(60° + ) = cos3
1  tan2 
tan(60°  )tan tan(60° + ) = tan3 cos2 = cos2 sin2 =
1  tan2 

Conditional Identities 1 + cos2 = 2cos2; 1  cos2 = 2sin2;

If A + B + C =  1  cos 
tan2/2 =
1  cos 
1. tanA =  tanA, tanA/2. tanB/2 = 1
2 tan 
A tan 2 
2.  cos A  1  4 sin 1  tan 2 
2
A
3.  sin A  4 cos
2
A A
4. cotA cotB = 1,  cot   cot
2 2

EXERCISE – I
 Mathematics
IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1
1. The value of tan 82 is
2
(a) 2 3 4 6 (b) ( 3  2 ) ( 2  1)
(c)  ( 3  2 ) ( 2  1) (d) none of these

2. The equation a sin x  b cos x  c , where | c | a 2  b 2 has

(a) a unique solution (b) infinite number of solutions
(c) no solution (d) none of these

3. cos 2  2 cos  is always

3 3
(a) greater than – (b) less than or equal to
2 2
3
(c) greater than or equal to – (d) none of these
2

4. The value of 3 cot 20  4 cos 20 is

(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 0 (d) none of these

5. The angle  whose cosine equals to its tangent is given by

(a) cos  = 2 cos 18° (b) cos  = 2 sin 18°
(c) sin  = 2 sin 18° (d) sin  = 2 cos 18°

6. If A lies in the third quadrant and 3 tan A – 4 = 0, then 5 sin 2 A  3 sin A  4 cos A is equal
to
24 24 48
(a) 0 (b)  (c) (d)
5 5 5

7. If sin A + sin B = a and cos A + cos B = b, then cos( A  B ) is equal to

a2  b2 2ab
(a) (b)
b2  a2 a  b2
2

b2  a2 a2  b2
(c) (d)
a2  b2 a2  b2

cos( A  C )
8. If cos 2B  , then
cos( A  C )
(a) tan A, tan B, tan C are in A.P. (b) tan A, tan B, tan C are in G.P.
(c) tan A, tan B, tan C are in H.P. (d) none of these

b
9. If tan x  , then the value of a cos 2 x  b sin 2 x is
a
(a) a (b) a – b (c) a + b (d)b
 Mathematics

sin 2 20  cos 4 20

10. Value of is
sin 4 20  cos 2 20
1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) none of these
2

11 If  +  = and  +  = , then tan  equals
2
(a) 2 (tan  + tan ) (b) tan  + tan 
(c) tan  + 2 tan  (d) 2 tan  + tan 

3  
12. If cosA  B   0, cosA  B   ; A, B  0,  , then tanA  2B  tan2A  B  is equal to
2  2
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) none of these

1 
13. If sin   0.5, cos   and 0  ,   , then    lies in the interval
3 2
(a) (60°, 90°) (b) (90°, 120°) (c) (120°, 300°) (d) (150°, 180°)

14. Value of A  sin 20   cos 48  lies in the interval

1 5 1 3
(a) (0, 1] (b)  ,  (c) 2 , 2 (d) none of these
2 4  

15. The value of e log10 tan 1log10 tan 2log10 tan 3...log10 tan 89 is
(a) 0 (b) e (c) 1/e (d) none of these
 7 A
16. If 0  A  and sin A  cos A  , then tan 
6 2 2
7 2 7 2 7
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
3 3 3
 2 3
17. The value of sin  sin  sin is
7 7 7
 1   1 
(a) cot (b) cot (c) tan (d) tan
14 2 14 14 2 14
(3  cot 76  cot 16)
18. The value of is
cot 76  cot 16
(a) cot 44° (b) tan 44° (c) tan 2° (d) cot 46°

3 1
19. If     , then 2 cot   is equal to
4 sin 2 
(a) 1 + cot  (b) – 1 – cot  (c) 1 – cot  (d) – 1 + cot 

20. (tan 3 A  tan 2 A  tan A) equals

(a) tan A  tan 2 A  tan 3 A (b) 3 tan A
(c) tan 3 A  tan 2 A  tan A (d) none of these
21. The numbers 3 2 sin 2 x 1, 14 and 3 4 2 sin 2 x form first three terms of an A.P., its fifth term is
given by
(a) 40 (b) 53 (c) –25 (d) –12

22. sin 12  sin 24  sin 48  sin 84  is

 Mathematics
(a) cos 20  cos 40  cos 60  cos 80  (b) sin 20  sin 40  sin 60  sin 80 
3
(c) (d) none of these
15

sin 2 y 1  cos y sin y

23. The value of expression 1    is equal to
1  cos y sin y 1  cos y
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) sin y (d) cos y

n
24. Let n be an odd integer. If sin n  b
r 0
r sin r  for every value of , then

(a) b0 = 1, b1 = 3 (b) b0 = 0, b1 = n
(c) b0 = –1, b1 = n (d) b0 = 0, b1 = n2 – n + 3

m 1
25. If tan   , tan   , then
m 1 2m  1
(a)  =  (b)  +  = /4
(c)  +  = 0 (d)  +  = /2
 Mathematics

EXERCISE  II

IIT-JEE – SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

   3   5   7 
1. 1  cos   1  cos   1  cos   1  cos  is equal to
 8  8  8  8 
1  1 1 2
(a) (b) cos (c) (d)
2 8 8 2 2

  3      
2. The expression 3 sin4      sin4 3     2 sin6      sin6 5    is equal to
  2    2  
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) sin 4  cos 6

3.
4 2
 
3sin x  cos x   6sin x  cos x   4 sin 6 x  cos 6 x is equal to
(a) 11 (b) 12 (c) 13 (d) 14

4. The number of all possible 5-tuples (a1, a2 , a3 , a4 , a5 ) such that

a1  a2 sin x  a3 cos x  a4 sin 2x  a5 cos 2x  0 holds for all x is
(a) zero (b) one (c) two (d) infinite

 
Let    0,  and t1  tan   , t 2  tan  , t 3  cot  and t 4  cot  , then
tan  cot  tan  cot 
5.
 4 
(a) t1  t 2  t 3  t 4 (b) t 4  t3  t1  t 2
(c) t3  t1  t 2  t 4 (d) t 2  t 3  t1  t 4

6. If sin x  sin2 x  1 , then cos8 x  2 cos6 x  cos4 x is equal to

(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) 1
ab
7. If b sin   a sin  2 , then is equal to
ab
tan  cot   cot  cot 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
tan   cot     cot     cot    

mn
8. If m tan  30  n tan  120 , then is equal to
mn
(a) 2 cos 2 (b) cos 2 (c) 2 sin 2 (d) sin 2

 3 15 12
9. If    ,     ; sin   and tan   , then the value of sin    is
2 2 17 5
171 21 21 171
(a)  (b)  (c) (d)
221 221 221 221
10. If        , then sin2   sin2   sin2  is equal to
(a) 2 sin  sin  cos  (b) 2 cos  cos  cos 
(c) 2 sin  sin  sin  (d) none of these

11. If A  sin2   cos 4  , then for all real values of 

 Mathematics

3 13 3 13
(a) 1  A  2 (b)  A 1 (c)  A 1 (d) A
4 16 4 16
12. If A  B  C  270  , then cos 2 A  cos 2B  cos 2C  4 sin A sin B sin C is equal to
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
3
13. If A  B  C  , then cos 2 A  cos 2B  cos 2C is equal to
2
(a) 1 4 cos A cos B cos C (b) 4 sin A sin B sin C
(c) 1 2 cos A cos B cos C (d) 1 4 sin A sin B sin C

   t 1
14. If    0,  and sin  , then tan  =
 2 2 2t
t 1 t 1
(a) (b) t 2 1 (c) t2 1 (d)
t 1 t 1

15. If x1, x2, x3, …, xn are in A.P. whose common difference is , then the value of
sin (sec x1 sec x 2  sec x 2 sec x 3  ...  sec x n 1 sec x n ) is
sin( n  1) sin n
(a) (b)
cos x1 cos x n cos x1 cos x n
(c) sin(n  1) cos x1 cos x n (d) sin n cos x1 cos x n

16. 3 sin 4
  2 cos 6   y  2 sin 6   3 cos 4  
2
 9 for
(a) all   R and all y  R (b) all   R and only two values of y
  
(c) all   2n  1 , n  I  and y = 0 (d) none of these
 2 

17. If in a ABC, tanA  B   3 tan C , then the maximum value of tan 2 A is

1 1
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 3
18. If tan   n . tan  , then maximum value of tan 2    is

(a)
n  12 (b)
n  12
4n 4n

(c)
2n  1 2
(d)
2n  12
4n 4n
19. Which one is true?
(a) sin 1  sin 2  sin 3 (b) sin 1  sin 2  sin 3
(c) sin 1  sin 3  sin 2 (d) sin 3  sin 1  sin 2

20. If y tanA  B  C   x tanA  B  C   k , then tan 2C will be equal to

k x  y  x  y k x  y k x  y k
(a) (b) (c) (d)
k 2  xy 2
k  xy xy  k 2
xy  k 2

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

 Mathematics

1. If f ( x )  cos(cos x ) , x  R, then
(a) min. f ( x )  1 (b) min. f ( x )  cos1
(c) max. f ( x )  1 (d) max. f ( x )  cos1

2. Let 0  A, B  satisfying the equations 3 sin2 A  2 sin2 B  1 and 3 sin 2 A  2 sin 2B  0 ,
2
then A  2B is equal to
 3 
(a) (b) (c)  (d)
2 2 4
sin A cos A
3. If  p,  q , then
sin B cos B
p q2 1 p q2 1
(a) tan A  (b) tan A  
q 1 p2 q 1 p2

q2 1 q2 1
(c) tan B  (d) tan B  
1 p2 1 p2

4. The equation sin4 x  cos 4 x  a has a real solution for

1 7
(a) all values of a (b) a = (c) a = (d) a = 1
2 10
5. If sin  is the G.M. between sin  and cos , then cos 2 is equal to
   
(a) 2 sin 2     (b) 2 cos 2    
4  4 
   
(c) 2 cos 2     (d) 2 sin 2    
4  4 

6. For a positive integer n, let f n   tan


2
 
1  sec 1  sec 2...... 1  sec 2 n  , then
           
(a) f2    1 (b) f3    1 (c) f 4    1 (d) f5   1
 16   32   64   128 

7. If x  sec   tan  and y  cosec   cot  , then

y 1 y 1
(a) x (b) x
y 1 y 1
1 x
(c) y (d) xy  x  y  1  0
1 x

2b
8. If tan x  a  c  , y  a cos2 x  2b sin x cos x  c sin2 x and
a  c 
z  a sin2 x  2b sin x cos x  c cos2 x , then
(a) y = z (b) y z ac
y  z  a  c   4b 2
2
(c) y z  ac (d)

x x
9. If tan   cosec x  sin x , then tan 2   is equal to
2
  2
 Mathematics

(a) 2  5 (b) 5 2
(c) 9  4 5 2  5  (d) 9  4 5 2  5 
1  sin 4 A  1
10. If y  , then one of the values of y is
1  sin 4 A  1
(a)  tan A (b) cot A
   
(c) tan  A  (d)  cot   A 
 4   4 
 Mathematics

EXERCISE  III

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

Note: Each statement in column – I has one or more than one match in column - II

1.
Column I Column II

 3 5 1
I. Value of cos  cos  cos is A. 
7 7 7 8

 3 5 1
II. cos . cos . cos is B.
7 7 7 2

III. tan 9  tan 27   tan 63   tan 81  C. 1

 3 4 D. 4
IV. If 0      , cos     and cos     , then
4 5 5 1
E.
sin 2 is 16

REASONING TYPE

Directions: Read the following questions and choose

(A) If both the statements are true and statement-2 is the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(B) If both the statements are true but statement-2 is not the correct explanation of
statement-1.
(C) If statement-1 is True and statement-2 is False.
(D) If statement-1 is False and statement-2 is True.

Statement-1: The maximum value of 2 cos 2 x  cos x  sin x  is 2  2 .

2
1.
Statement-2: The maximum value of sin x  cos x is 2 .
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

2. Statement-1: tan 17 A  tan 11A  tan 6 A  tan 17 A. tan 11A. tan 6 A .

Statement-2: If x  y  z , then tan x  tan y  tan z  tan x. tan y . tan z .
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

2 4 8
3. Statement-1: Value of cos  cos  cos is a negative quantity.
7 7 7
n
Statement-2: cos  0, n  Z .
7
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D
 Mathematics

4. Statement-1: Value of tan 20. tan 40. tan 80  3 .

Statement-2: tan60   tan  tan60    tan 3 .
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

5. Statement-1: If x  0, y  0 , x  y  and z  tan x. tan y , then maximum value of
3
1
z .
3
Statement-2: If f x max  P and g x max  Q , then [f x . g x ] max  PQ .
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D

LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

f x  is said to be an increasing function in [a, b] if f x  increases as x increases i.e.

  f    f  , where ,   [a, b] . While for a decreasing function in [a, b]
    f    f  , where ,   [a, b] . For example, in case of sin x, if ,   0,  2 ,
such that  > , then we can write sin   sin  . On the other hand, for ,    2 ,  ,  >
  sin   sin  . It means for every trigonometric function, we can compare the values
(greater or lesser) by checking the increasing and decreasing behaviour of the function in
that interval (,  belongs to that interval). Graphical analysis of function also plays an
important role while dealing with such kind of situations.

1. Which one of the following is not true? (all angles are in radian)
(a) sin 1  sin 2 (b) sin 3  sin 1 (c) sin 3  sin  (d) sin 3  sin 2

2. For  < , where ,   R which one of the following is always true?

(a) cos   cos  (b) cos   cos  (c) cos     0 (d) none of these

3. Let ,   [0, 2] ~  2 , 3 2, then which one of the following satisfies the inequality
tan  < tan ?
 7 
(a)   , for all ,   0,  ~  2 (b)  <  for all ,    2, 
 6
(c)   , for all ,   [0, ] ~  2 (d)  <  for all ,    4 ,  ~  2

3
4. Number of solution set (, x) of the equation 2 sin   3 x  , x  0,   R is
x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite
 Mathematics

EXERCISE IV

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

sin x sin 3 x sin 9 x 1

1. Prove that    [tan 27 x  tan x ] .
cos 3 x cos 9 x cos 27 x 2

1
    1 e  2  sin  
2. If tan     tan  , prove that sin2 = 1 e2  .
 2   1 e   1  e cos  

 2 3 4 5 6 7
3. Find the value of cos . cos . cos . cos . cos . cos . cos .
15 15 15 15 15 15 15

4. If A + B + C = , prove that
(tanA + tanB + tanC) (cotA + cotB + cotC) = 1 + secA secB secC.

sin 4  cos 4  1 sin 8  cos 8  1

5. If   , prove that   .
a b ab a 3
b 3
(a  b ) 3

A B C A B C
6. If A + B + C = , prove that sin2 + sin2  sin2 = 1  2 cos cos sin .
2 2 2 2 2 2

7. Determine the smallest positive value of x (in degrees) for which

tan(x + 100°) = tan(x + 50°) tanx tan(x  50°).
2
2 2
m2 1   2 3
8. If cos2 = and tan3 = tan, prove that cos 3   sin 3     .
3 2 m

1 
9. If 0 <  < , 0 <  < , and cos cos cos( + ) =  , prove that  =  = .
8 3

sin 2 n
10. Prove that sin   sin 3  sin 5  .........  sin (2n  1)  .
sin 
 Mathematics

ANSWERS

EXERCISE – I

IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)

6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)

11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (d)

16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (c)

21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (b)

EXERCISE – II

IIT-JEE-SINGLE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)

6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (a)

11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (a)

16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (d)

ONE OR MORE THAN ONE CHOICE CORRECT

1. (b, c) 2. (a, b) 3. (a, b, c, d) 4. (b, c, d) 5. (a, c)

6. (a, b, c, d) 7. (b, c, d) 8. (b, c) 9. (b, c) 10. (a, b, c, d)

EXERCISE – III

MATCH THE FOLLOWING

1. I-(B); II-(A); III-(D); IV-(C)

REASONING TYPE

1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (a)

 Mathematics
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a)

EXERCISE – IV

SUBJECTIVE PROBLEMS

1
3.
128

7. 30°