Convection 24

heat trabsfer by eng.
abdulraof habibullah 1
external flow
flat plate
our Big
heat trabsfer by eng. abdulraof habibullah 2
woop
Introduction
The preceding chapters have considered the mechanism and calculation of conduction heat
transfer. Convection was considered only insofar as it related to the boundary conditions imposed
on a conduction problem. We now wish to examine the methods of calculating convection heat
transfer and, in particular, the ways of predicting the value of the convection heat-transfer
coefficient h .The subject of convection heat transfer requires an energy balance along with an
analysis of the fluid dynamics of the problems concerned.
Our discussion in this chapter will first consider some of the simple relations of fluid dynamics
and boundary layer analysis that are important for a basic understanding of convection heat
transfer. Next, we shall impose an energy balance on the flow system and determine the influence
of the flow on the temperature gradients in the fluid. Finally, having obtained a knowledge of the
temperature distribution, the heat-transfer rate from a heated surface to a fluid that is forced over
it may be determined.
Our development in this chapter is primarily analytical in character and is concerned only with
forced-convection flow systems.
Convection boundary layer

Consider the flow over a flat plate as shown in below Figures. Beginning at the leading edge of the
plate, a region develops where the influence of viscous forces is felt. These viscous forces are
described in terms of a shear stress between the fluid layers. If this stress is assumed to be
proportional to the normal velocity gradient, we have the defining equation for the viscosity,
The constant of proportionality is called the dynamic viscosity

The region of flow that develops from the leading edge of the plate in which the effects of viscosity
are observed is called the boundary layer.
Velocity boundary layer

When fluid particles make contact with the surface, their velocity is reduced significantly relative to
the fluid velocity upstream of the plate, and for most situations it is valid to assume that the particle
velocity is zero at the wall. These particles then act to retard the motion of particles in the adjoining
fluid layer, which act to retard the motion of particles in the next layer, and so on until, at a distance
y = from the surface, the effect becomes negligible.
The quantity is termed the boundary layer thickness, and it is typically defined as the value of y
for which u = 0.99 u .
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Velocity boundary layer

Initially, the boundary-layer development is laminar, but at some critical distance from the leading
edge, depending on the flow field and fluid properties, small disturbances in the flow begin to
become amplified, and a transition process takes place until the flow becomes turbulent. The
turbulent-flow region may be pictured as a random churning action with chunks of fluid moving to
and from in all directions.
The fluid flow is characterized by two distinct regions, a thin fluid layer (the boundary layer) in
which velocity gradients and shear stresses are large and a region outside the boundary layer in
which velocity gradients and shear stresses are negligible. With increasing distance from the
leading edge, the effects of viscosity penetrate farther into the free stream and the boundary layer
grows ( increases with x).
Because it pertains to the fluid velocity, the foregoing boundary layer may be referred to more
specifically as the velocity boundary layer. It develops whenever there is fluid flow over a surface,
and it is of fundamental importance to problems involving convection transport.
The Thermal Boundary Layer

Just as a velocity boundary layer develops when there is fluid flow over a surface, a thermal
boundary layer must develop if the fluid free stream and surface temperatures differ.
Consider flow over an isothermal flat plate. At the leading edge the temperature profile is
uniform, with T(y)=T . However, fluid particles that come into contact with the plate achieve
thermal equilibrium at the plate s surface temperature.
In turn, these particles exchange energy with those in the adjoining fluid layer, and temperature
gradients develop in the fluid.
The region of the fluid in which these temperature gradients exist is the thermal boundary layer,
and its thickness t is typically defined as the value of y for which the ratio
[(Ts-T)/(Ts-T )]= 0.99
With increasing distance from the leading edge, the effects of heat transfer penetrate farther into
the free stream and the thermal boundary layer grows.
The Thermal Boundary Layer
The relation between conditions in this boundary layer and the convection heat transfer coefficient
may readily be demonstrated. At any distance x from the leading edge, the local surface heat flux
may be obtained by applying Fourier s law to the fluid at y=0. That is,
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Important dimensionless Groups

Nusselt number, Nu can be thought of as the ratio between the actual wall heat transfer and the
conductive heat transfer that would exist in a motionless fluid.
Reynolds number, Re which represents the ratio between the inertial and viscous forces within
the fluid.
Prandtl number, Pr represents the ratio between the fluid viscosity and thermal diffusivity and
it is a fluid property.
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Laminar and Turbulent boundary layer

Boundary layer development on a flat plate is illustrated earlier. In many cases, laminar and turbulent
flow conditions both occur. For either condition, the fluid motion is characterized by velocity
components in the x- and y-directions. Fluid motion away from the surface is necessitated by the
slowing of the fluid near the wall as the boundary layer grows in the x-direction.
In the laminar boundary layer, the fluid flow is highly ordered and it is possible to identify streamlines
along which fluid particles move.
The highly ordered behavior continues until a transition zone is reached, across which a conversion
from laminar to turbulent conditions occurs.
Flow in the fully turbulent boundary layer is, in general, highly irregular and is characterized by
random, three-dimensional motion of relatively large parcels of fluid.
For flat plate the transition from laminar to turbulent flow occurs when
Laminar Flow over an Isothermal Plate
The major convection parameters may be obtained by solving the appropriate form of the boundary
layer equations. Assuming steady, incompressible, laminar flow with constant fluid properties and
negligible viscous dissipation and recognizing that dp/dx=0, the boundary layer equations reduce to
IN
y
Laminar Flow over an Isothermal Plate

For a plate where heating starts at x=x0, it can be shown that the average heat transfer coefficient can
be expressed as
In this case, the total heat transfer for the plate would be
assuming the heated section is at the constant temperature Tw. For the plate heated over the entire
length
Properties must be evaluated at film temperature Tf = (T +Tw)/2 and Temperature must be in Kalvin
Example 1
Air at a pressure of 6 kN/m2 and a temperature of 300 oC flows with a velocity of 10 m/s over a flat
plate 0.5 m long. Estimate the cooling rate per unit width of the plate needed to maintain it at a
surface temperature of 27 oC. O
so's 41.1m It
Properties at film temperature

Tf = (T +Tw)/2 = (573+300)/2= 436.5 K
5.21 10-4 m2/s,
k= 0.0364 W/m K, Pr=0.687
Turbulent Flow over an Isothermal Plate
Taking the critical Reynolds number to be 5 x105, the length of the plate xcr over which the flow is
laminar can be determined from
Rest
if 3
0fits 0
The averaged friction coefficient and Nusselt number over the isothermal plate in turbulent region
are:
8 E
50000
Where 0.6 Pr 60
And 5 105 ReL 107
Example 2 131 a dimwit

isoth t
Air at 20 oC and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at 35 m/s. The plate is 75 cm long and is maintained
at 60 oC. Assuming unit depth in the z direction, calculate the heat transfer from the plate.
O f
9 f
gof I a131 Is b k
pwt
job a ta b g
i
=1.906 10-5 kg/m.sec, Pr=0.7, k=0.02723 W/moC, Cp=1.007 kJ/kgoC
q=107 0.75 (60-20)=3210 W/m

1.28 5 430 75
Rel s
l 906 155
251831.3084
0647
NGL 0.664 251836 0.71 3
1 a
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Boundary Layer Thickness
- The value of y at which the flow velocity reaches 0.99 times the free flow velocity i.e.
ux= 0.99 u
- Boundary layer thickness can be calculated from the following expertions
- For laminar flow
- For turbulent flow

Example 3
Air at 27 oC and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at a speed of 2 m/s. Calculate the boundary-layer
thickness at distances of 20 cm and 40 cm from the leading edge of the plate. The viscosity of air
at 27 oC is 1.85 10 5 kg/ . Assume unit depth in the z direction
Mixed Boundary Layer Conditions

For laminar flow over the entire plate, previous equation (slide#11) may be used to compute the
average coefficients. Moreover, if transition occurs toward the rear of the plate, for example, in the
range 0.95 (xcr/L) 1, that equation may be used to compute the average coefficients to a
reasonable approximation. However, when transition occurs sufficiently upstream of the trailing
edge, (xcr/L) 0.95, the surface average coefficients will be influenced by conditions in both the
laminar and turbulent boundary layers.
In the mixed boundary layer situation the average convection heat transfer coefficient for the entire
plate ca be obtained from
95 u Il 506.8
The constant Aowl
is if
can be calculated from
A typical value of A is 871

Notice that the above equation can be applied in the region where
0.6 Pr 60 and Recr ReL 108
Flat Plates with Constant Heat Flux Conditions

In many practical problems the surface heat flux is essentially constant, and the objective is to find
the distribution of the plate-surface temperature for given fluid-flow conditions. For the constant-
heat-flux case it can be shown that the average Nusselt number is given by
The average temperature difference along the plate, for the constant-heat-flux condition,
may be obtained by
Where qw denotes the heat flux in (W/m2)

Classwork
Engine oil at 60 C flows over a 5 m long flat plate whose temperature is 20 C with a velocity
of 2 m/s. Determine the the rate of heat transfer per unit width of the entire plate.
solution
A 1 kW heater is constructed of a glass plate with an electrically conducting film that produces a
constant heat flux. The plate is 60 cm by 60 cm and placed in an airstream at 27 oC, 1atm with a
velocity of u =5 m/s. Calculate the average temperature difference along the plate.
solution
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Homework
Oxygen at a pressure of 2 atm and 27 C blows across a 50-cm-square plate at a velocity of 30

m/s. The plate temperature is maintained constant at 127 C. Calculate the total heat lost by the
plate. [2250 W]
Air at 90 oC and 1 atm flows over a flat plate at a velocity of 30 m/s. How thick is the boundary
layer at a distance of 2.5 cm from the leading edge of the plate? [6.21 10-4 m].
A blackened plate is exposed to the sun so that a constant heat flux of 800 W/m2 is absorbed.
The back side of the plate is insulated so that all the energy absorbed is dissipated to an airstream
that blows across the plate at conditions of 25 oC, 1 atm, and 3 m/s. The plate is 25 cm square.
Estimate the average temperature of the plate.
Flow across Cylinders

Another common external flow involves fluid motion normal to the axis of a circular cylinder. As
shown in the figure, the free stream fluid is brought to rest at the forward stagnation point, with an
accompanying rise in pressure. From this point, the pressure decreases with increasing x, the
streamline coordinate, and the boundary layer develops under the influence of a favorable pressure
gradient (dp/dx<0). However, the pressure must eventually reach a minimum, and toward the rear
of the cylinder further boundary layer development occurs in the presence of an adverse pressure
gradient (dp/dx>0).

The occurrence of boundary layer transition, which depends on the Reynolds number, strongly
influences the position of the separation point. For the circular cylinder the characteristic length
is the diameter, and the Reynolds number is defined as
The average heat transfer coefficient for cross flow over a cylinder can be found from:
- where fluid properties are evaluated at the film temperature Tf = (Ts + T ) / 2

- C and m values for circular and non-circular pipes are listed in the following tables
C and m values for

circular pipes
C and m values for

non-circular pipes

The characteristic length for a circular tube or sphere is the external diameter, D, and the
Reynolds number is defined
The critical Re for the flow across spheres or tubes is 2x105. The approaching fluid to the
cylinder (a sphere) will branch out and encircle the body, forming a boundary layer.
At low Re (Re < 4) numbers the fluid completely wraps around the body. At higher Re numbers,
the fluid is too fast to remain attached to the surface as it approaches the top of the cylinder. Thus,
the boundary layer detaches from the surface, forming a wake behind the body. This point is
called the separation point.
Flow Across Banks of Tubes

Heat transfer to or from a bank (or bundle) of tubes in cross flow is relevant to numerous
industrial applications, such as steam generation in a boiler or air cooling in the coil of an air
conditioner. The geometric arrangement is shown schematically in the Figure. Typically, one
fluid moves over the tubes, while a second fluid at a different temperature passes through the
tubes. In this section we are specifically interested in the convection heat transfer associated
with cross flow over the tubes.
Flow Across Banks of Tubes
The tube rows of a bank can be either aligned or staggered in the direction of the fluid velocity V
The configuration is characterized by the tube diameter D and by the transverse pitch ST and
longitudinal pitch SL measured between tube centers.
The average heat transfer coefficient for the entire tube bank can be evaluated from Nu which can
be expressed from
If there are 20 or fewer rows of tubes, NL 20, the average heat transfer coefficient is typically
reduced, and a correction factor may be applied such that
C1, m and C2 are constant listed in following tables

The Reynolds number for the foregoing correlation is based on the maximum
fluid velocity occurring within the tube bank, . For the aligned arrangement, Vmax is evaluated from
On the other hand, for staggered arrangement Vmax is evaluated from
If
Else
Example 4
Pressurized water is often available at elevated temperatures

and may be used for space heating or industrial process
applications. In such cases it is customary to use a tube
bundle in which the water is passed through the tubes, while
air is passed in cross flow over the tubes. Consider a
staggered arrangement for which the tube outside diameter is
16.4 mm and the longitudinal and transverse pitches are SL
=34.3 mm and ST =31.3 mm. There are seven rows of tubes
in the airflow direction and eight tubes per row. Under typical
operating conditions the cylinder surface temperature is at 70
oC, while the air upstream temperature and velocity are 15 oC
and 6 m/s, respectively. Determine the air-side convection

coefficient? Assumptions: Steady-state, incompressible flow
conditions. Negligible radiation effects. Negligible effect of
change in air temperature across tube bank on air properties.
At T =15 oC, 14.82 10-6 m2/s, k=0.0253 W/mK, Pr=0.71, At Ts = 70 oC, Pr = 0.701
, m = 0.6 and C2 = 0.95.

Classwork
A preheater involves the use of condensing steam at 100 oC on the inside of a bank of tubes to
heat air that enters at 1 atm and 25 oC. The air moves at 5 m/s in cross flow over the tubes. Each
tube is 1 m long and has an outside diameter of 10 mm. The bank consists of 196 tubes in a
square, aligned array for which ST = SL = 15 mm. What is the total rate of heat transfer to the air
assuming that T= 47.5 oC
Homework
A tube bank uses an aligned arrangement of 10-mmdiameter tubes with ST = SL = 20 mm. There
are 10 rows of tubes with 50 tubes in each row. Consider an application for which cold water
flows through the tubes, maintaining the outer surface temperature at 27 oC, while flue gases at
427 oC and a velocity of 5 m/s are in cross flow over the tubes. The properties of the flue gas may
be approximated as those of atmospheric air at 427 oC. What is the total rate of heat transfer per
unit length of the tubes in the bank
Air at 3.5 MPa and 38 C flows across a tube bank consisting of 400 tubes of 1.25-cm OD
arranged in a staggered manner 20 rows high; ST =3.75 cm and SL =2.5 cm. The incoming-flow
velocity is 9 m/s, and the tube-wall temperatures are maintained constant at 20 C by a condensing
vapor on the inside of the tubes. The length of the tubes is 1.5 m. Calculate the total heat transfer
per unit length for the tube bank assuming that T= 20 oC
Internal Flow
Having acquired the means to compute convection transfer rates for external flow, we now consider
the convection transfer problem for internal flow.
Recall that an external flow is one for which boundary layer development on a surface is allowed to
continue without external constraints, as for the flat plate. In contrast, an internal flow, such as flow in
a pipe, is one for which the fluid is confined by a surface. Hence the boundary layer is unable to
develop without eventually being constrained. The internal flow configuration represents a convenient
geometry for heating and cooling fluids used in chemical processing, environmental control, and
energy conversion technologies.
Our objectives are to develop an appreciation for the physical phenomena associated with internal
flow and to obtain convection coefficients for flow conditions of practical importance.
we will restrict attention to problems of low-speed, forced convection with no phase change occurring
in the fluid.
Flow Conditions
Consider laminar flow in a circular tube of radius ro, where fluid enters the tube with a uniform
velocity. We know that when the fluid makes contact with the surface, viscous effects become
important, and a boundary layer develops with increasing x. This development occurs at the expense
of a shrinking inviscid flow region and concludes with boundary layer merger at the centerline.
Following this merger, viscous effects extend over the entire cross section and the velocity profile no
longer changes with increasing x. The flow is then said to be fully developed, and the distance from
the entrance at which this condition is achieved is termed the hydrodynamic entry length, xfd,h. As
shown the Figure, the fully developed velocity profile is parabolic for laminar flow in a circular tube.
For turbulent flow, the profile is flatter due to turbulent mixing in the radial direction.
Flow Conditions
When dealing with internal flows, it is important to be cognizant of the extent of the entry region,
which depends on whether the flow is laminar or turbulent. The Reynolds number for flow in a
circular tube is defined as
where um is the mean fluid velocity over the tube cross section and D is the tube diameter.
Where Ac denotes the cross-sectional area
In a fully developed flow, the critical Reynolds number corresponding to the onset of turbulence is
Thermal Considerations
If fluid enters the tube of at a uniform temperature T(r,0) that is less than the surface temperature,
convection heat transfer occurs and a thermal boundary layer begins to develop. Moreover, if the tube
surface condition is fixed by imposing either a uniform temperature (Ts is constant) or a uniform heat
flux ( is constant), a thermally fully developed condition is eventually reached. The shape of the
fully developed temperature profile T(r,x) differs according to whether a uniform surface temperature
or heat flux is maintained.
heat trabsfer by By
Heat Transfer eng.
Eng.abdulraof habibullah
Abduraof Habibullah 38
Fully Developed Flow
Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube

The local Nusselt number is a constant throughout the fully developed region, but its value depends
on the surface thermal condition.
Uniform Surface Heat Flux :
Uniform Surface Temperature :

Fully Developed Flow
Laminar Flow in a Non-circular Tube

Although we have thus far restricted our consideration to internal flows of circular cross section,
any engineering applications involve convection transport in noncircular tubes.
At least to a first approximation, however, many of the circular tube results may be applied by using
an effective diameter as the characteristic length. It is termed the hydraulic diameter and is defined as
where Ac and P are the flow cross-sectional area and the wetted perimeter, respectively. It is this
diameter that should be used in calculating parameters such as ReD and NuD.
For laminar flow, the use of circular tube correlations is less accurate, particularly with cross sections
characterized by sharp corners. For such cases the Nusselt number corresponding to fully developed
conditions may be obtained from the following table, which is based on solutions of the differential
momentum and energy equations for flow through the different duct cross sections.
Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube:

For a smooth surface and fully turbulent conditions ReD > 10,000 , the Dittus Boelter equation
may be used as a first approximation:
Where
Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube

For turbulent flow, which still occurs if ReD >2300, it is reasonable to use the above correlations
for Pr 0.7. However, in a noncircular tube the convection coefficients vary around the periphery,
approaching zero in the corners.
Example 5
Engine oil at a rate of 0.02 kg/s flows through a 3 mm dimeter tube 30 m long. The oil has an inlet temperature
of 57 oC, while the tube wall temperature is maintained at 100 oC by steam condensing on its outer surface.
Estimate the average heat transfer coefficient for the internal flow of the oil.
Determine the outlet temperature of the oil.
Solution
At Tf = 350 K, 3.56 10-2 N.s/m2, k = 138 10-3 W/m.K, Cp= 2.118 kJ/kg.K, =853.9 kg/m3
Classwork
Engine oil is heated by flowing through a circular tube of diameter 50 mm and length 25 m
and whose surface is maintained at 150 oC. If the flow rate and inlet temperature of the oil
are 0.5 kg/s and 20 oC, calculate the total heat transfer rate q for the tube, and the outlet
temperature Tm,o?
Classwork Solution
Back to classwork
Classwork Solution
Back to classwork
Solution
At 200 kPa, Tf =350
Pr=0.733
3
@200 kPa=2* @100 kPa = 2.2 kg/m
=2.335 10-7 N.sec/m2
k= 0.0296 W/mK
q=90 0.52 (127-27)=2250 W

Classwork
Homework Q1
Homework Q2

Convection 24

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heat trabsfer by eng.

Convection boundary layer

The constant of proportionality is called the dynamic viscosity

Velocity boundary layer

Velocity boundary layer

The Thermal Boundary Layer

The Thermal Boundary Layer

Important dimensionless Groups

Laminar and Turbulent boundary layer

Laminar Flow over an Isothermal Plate

Laminar Flow over an Isothermal Plate

Properties at film temperature

Turbulent Flow over an Isothermal Plate

Example 2 131 a dimwit

q=107 0.75 (60-20)=3210 W/m

Boundary Layer Thickness

- For turbulent flow

Mixed Boundary Layer Conditions

A typical value of A is 871

Flat Plates with Constant Heat Flux Conditions

Where qw denotes the heat flux in (W/m2)

Oxygen at a pressure of 2 atm and 27 C blows across a 50-cm-square plate at a velocity of 30

Flow across Cylinders

Flow across Cylinders

- where fluid properties are evaluated at the film temperature Tf = (Ts + T ) / 2

C and m values for

C and m values for

Flow across Cylinders

Flow Across Banks of Tubes

Flow Across Banks of Tubes

C1, m and C2 are constant listed in following tables

On the other hand, for staggered arrangement Vmax is evaluated from

Pressurized water is often available at elevated temperatures

and 6 m/s, respectively. Determine the air-side convection

, m = 0.6 and C2 = 0.95.

Where Ac denotes the cross-sectional area

Fully Developed Flow

Laminar Flow in a Circular Tube

Uniform Surface Temperature :

Fully Developed Flow

Laminar Flow in a Non-circular Tube

Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube:

Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube

q=90 0.52 (127-27)=2250 W

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