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SQL Session 02 - Manual

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16 views

SQL Session 02 - Manual

Uploaded by

AB
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Session 2 – Manual

Data Manipulation
Welcome to the SQL Manual for Filtering, Sorting, and updating Data. In this session, we'll
delve deeper into the techniques used to manipulate data within SQL databases effectively.

Objective:
• Understand the WHERE Clause:

• Learn to filter rows based on specified conditions.


• Explore various condition types, including comparisons, logical operators, and pattern
matching.

• Master the ORDER BY Clause:

• Discover how to sort query results by specified columns in ascending or descending


order. Understand the syntax and key points for using multiple columns in sorting.
• Implement the ORDER BY clause with practical examples.

• Utilize the LIMIT Clause:

• Learn to restrict the number of rows returned by a query.


• Apply the LIMIT clause in queries to manage large datasets effectively.

• Modifying and Updating New Tables:

• Modify the structure of existing tables using the ALTER TABLE statement
• Update data within these tables using the UPDATE statement. This includes adding new
columns, changing data types, and updating existing records.

• Understand and Implement Primary Keys:

• Define and create primary keys to uniquely identify records in a table.


• Add and remove primary keys from existing tables.

• Utilize Auto-Increment Fields:

• Configure auto-increment fields to automatically generate unique identifiers for new


records.
• Reset auto-increment values as needed.
1. WHERE Clause:

The WHERE clause filters rows from a table based on a specified condition, allowing you to
retrieve only the data that meets certain criteria.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...


FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Example:

SELECT * FROM employees WHERE department = 'Sales';

Key Points:

• Conditions in the WHERE clause can include comparisons (=, !=, >, <, >=, <=), logical
operators (AND, OR, NOT), and pattern matching using LIKE.
• Use single quotes for string values and no quotes for numeric values in conditions.
2. ORDER BY Clause:

The ORDER BY clause sorts the result set of a query based on specified columns, either in
ascending or descending order.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1 [ASC|DESC], column2 [ASC|DESC], ...;

Example:

SELECT * FROM products ORDER BY price DESC;

Key Points:

• You can specify multiple columns for sorting, with the order of precedence determined
by the sequence of columns in the ORDER BY clause.
• Use ASC for ascending order (default) and DESC for descending order.
3. LIMIT Clause:

The LIMIT clause is used to restrict the number of rows returned by a query, which is
particularly useful when dealing with large datasets.

Syntax:

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
LIMIT number_of_rows;

Example:

SELECT * FROM customers LIMIT 10;

Key Points:

• The LIMIT clause is not supported by all SQL databases, so check the documentation of
your specific database management system (DBMS) for compatibility.
• LIMIT is often used in combination with ORDER BY to retrieve the top or bottom N
records based on a specified criterion.
4. Modifying and Updating New Tables
You can modify the structure of an existing table using the ALTER TABLE statement and update
the data using the UPDATE statement.

Altering Table Structure

Syntax

ALTER TABLE table_name


ADD column_name datatype;

Example

Add a new column record_date to the users table.

ALTER TABLE users


ADD record_date Date;

Updating Data

General Example of updating data in table.

Syntax

UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;
Example

Update the salary of the employee with employee_id 1.

UPDATE employees
SET salary = 80000.00
WHERE employee_id = 1;

5. Working with Primary Keys


Introduction

A primary key is a field in a table which uniquely identifies each row/record in that table.
Primary keys must contain unique values and cannot contain NULL values.

Creating a Primary Key

To create a primary key when creating a table, use the following syntax:

CREATE TABLE table_name (


column1 datatype PRIMARY KEY,
column2 datatype,
...
);

Example

CREATE TABLE Students (


StudentID int NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int
);

Adding a Primary Key to an Existing Table

If a table already exists and you want to add a primary key:

ALTER TABLE table_name


ADD PRIMARY KEY (column_name);

Example

ALTER TABLE Students


ADD PRIMARY KEY (StudentID);
Removing a Primary Key

To remove a primary key constraint:

ALTER TABLE table_name


DROP PRIMARY KEY;

Example

ALTER TABLE Students


DROP PRIMARY KEY;

6. Auto-Increments
Introduction

Auto-increment allows a unique number to be generated automatically when a new record is


inserted into a table.

General Example of auto increment.

Creating an Auto-Increment Field

To create an auto-increment field, you can use the AUTO_INCREMENT attribute in MySQL or the
SERIAL data type in PostgreSQL.

MySQL Example

CREATE TABLE Students (


StudentID int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
LastName varchar(255) NOT NULL,
FirstName varchar(255),
Age int,
PRIMARY KEY (StudentID)
);
Resetting Auto-Increment Value

To reset the auto-increment value in MySQL:

ALTER TABLE table_name AUTO_INCREMENT = value;

Example

ALTER TABLE Students AUTO_INCREMENT = 1000;

Best Practices

• Always use the WHERE clause to specify which records to update.


• Test your UPDATE statements with a SELECT query first.

Remember to always end your SQL statements with a semicolon (;) and to use appropriate
whitespace and indentation for readability. Utilize these techniques to efficiently filter, sort,
and update data in your SQL databases. Happy querying!

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