OPERATING SYSTEM(SYSTEM SOFTWARE):

----------------------------------
interface between user and hardware
there are two components:
------------------------
1.kernel-core of operating system(source giving to the hardware)
2.shell-interface
GUI-graphic user interface
CLI-command line interface
PS-power shell(used for developers)
=====================================================
DESKTOP OPERATING SYSTEMS:
----------------------------------------
windows desktop versions-
7,8,10,11
linux desktop versions-
fedora,ubuntu desktop...
=====================================================
SERVER OPERATING SYSTEMS:
--------------------------------------
windows server os-
2016,2019,2020,2022
linux server os-
redhat linux,ubuntu server,suse linux
=====================================================
SECURITY OPERATING SYSTEMS:
----------------------------------------
paroot linux,kali linux,sumuri linux
=====================================================
MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEMS:
--------------------------------------
linux-android
unix-apple iOS
=====================================================
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS:
-----------------------------------------
cisco IOS-internetworking os
=====================================================
IoT OS:
--------
debian linux
=====================================================
OPEN SOURCE:(source code can be modified)
---------------------
linux-open source distribution
devoloped by linus torvalds
150+versions are in linux
ubuntu
kali
suse
fedora
sumuri
parrot
android
=====================================================
CLOSED SOURCE:(can't be modified)
------------------------
windows,RHEL-9,3(redhat)
unix- HP UNIX,sun solaris,apple,
IOS/MACOS
=====================================================
COMMANDS:
------------------
CMD(command prompt)
devmgmt.msc-about device manager
ncpa.cpl-network connection settings
control-opens the control pannel/overall settings are managed
diskmgmt.msc-drive related statics
msinfo32-microsoft information
dxdiag-about graphic card information
=====================================================
vmware workstation
vm create:
-----------
file-new virtual -custom-next-i will install the os later-next-
linux-ubuntu 64bit(creates a enivronment)-next-name-location(browse-d drive create
a folder)-
next-next-memory(2048)-next-next-next-next-finish
os image:
----------
======================================================
in linux two GUI are there
1.gnome
2.kde
CLI
bourne shell
korne shell
z shell
bash(bourne again shell)
terminal-platform to execute
(fn+alt+f2)
enter a command:
gnome-terminal
$-standard user account
COMMANDS:
-----------------
sudo su(switch user)-to go into root account
#-root user account prompt
exit-back to user
/-entering into directory
in linux hireracy starts from /
in windows hireracy starts from drive
whoami-it shows the user name
clear-to clear the screen(ctrl+l)
ls-to find number of files ,folders,directory
ls -l-tells which are(-= files),(d=directory)
pwd-print woring directory(it shows where exactly we are)
cd ..-comes to home directory(gets one step back)
cd user name(thub,bhavana)-enters into directory
cat > anyname
enter content
enter-ctrl+z(closes the file)
cat anyname-shows the content in the file
cat >> anyname -to add the content
enter -ctrl+z
rm anyname-(remove the file)
cat filename-shows the content present in the file
cp filename filename-copies file
mv filename filename-moves the file
mkdir-to create directory
cd/home/username/directory name-to go in to the directory
cat /home/username/directory/file-shows the content
rmdir remove empty directory
history-commands used
history | more-shows page wise used commads
la -a=read hidden files
ls -R directoryname=shows root structure of the directory
ls -R/=reads the content in the / directory
ll =hidden files
passwd=creating password
cd=change directory
cd ~=directly to the home directory
su username=user change
mkdir directoryname-{start..end}=creates each directory till start to end
rm -r filename*=removes the files started by the filename
======================================================
CLOUD COMPUTING:
-----------------------------
CLOUD DEPLOYMENT MODELS:
public cloud
private cloud
hybrid cloud
colabrative cloud
CLOUD DEPLOYMENT SERVICES:
IAAS----Infrastructure as a service(physical infrastructure through internet)
PAAS----platform as a service
SAAS----software as a service
======================================================
BASICS IN CLOUD COMPUTING:
------------------------------------------
1.operational experience
2.security---IAM
3.realiability
4.performance efficiency
5.cost optimization
======================================================
AWS(cloud responsibility):
-------------------------------
software:
compute,storage,database(structural(SQL),non structural(gaming,MP3),networking
hardware:
regions,availability zones,edge locations
======================================================
STEP FOR CREATING A MACHINE:
---------------------------------------------
STEP 1:choose an amazon machina image(AMI)
STEP 2:choose instance type
STEP 3:configure instance
STEP 4:add storage
STEP 5:add tags
STEP 6:configure security group
STEP 7:review
======================================================
layered structure
--------------------
1. kernel-----------------------------code
2. memory management------------ram,rom,hardisk
3.input/output----------------------sending(ram) and collecting the information
4.file management system----------handling the files
5.user interface----------------------work area/shell
======================================================
FILE PERMISSIONS:
-------------------------
read=r
write=w
execute=x
3 sets of permissions
1.user--u
2.group--g----creted by users
3.others--o----other than users
======================================================
whenever there is a chance of forgetting password-----poweroff

esc
rd.break console=tty1
mount-o remount /sys
mount-o remount ru /sysroot/
touch / .autorelabel
exit
exit
======================================================
OCTAL MODE PEMISSIONS:
------------------------------------
touch filename
ls -l filename
chmod u=rwx filename
ls -l filename
chmod g+w filename
ls -l filename
chmod u-r filename
ls -l filename
chmod o-r filename
ls -l filename
chown filename
chgrp
======================================================
NUMERICAL MODE PERMISSIONS:
---------------------------------------------
r=4
w=2
x=1
rrr=444
rw rx r
6 5 4
rw r -
6 4 0
rwx rwx rwx
7 7 7
chmod 444 filename
ls -l filename
======================================================
USER MANAGMENT:
--------------------------
cat /etc/passwd
more /etc/passwd
head /etc/passwd-----first 10 lines will appear
head -n1 /etc/passwd-----first line will appear
tail -n1 /etc/passwd------last line will appear
useradd name--------adds username in the last line
useradd -u
useradd -g
useradd -c
useradd -d /mnt/name
useradd -s /bin/csh name
userdel -r filename----->ls /home
cat /etc/shadow
groupadd filename
gpasswd grpname
cat /etc/gshadow
cat /etc/group
gpasswd -a username groupname
gpasswd -M " "
gpasswd -A " "
gpasswd -d " "
groupdel grpname
gpasswd -r grpname
gpasswd --help
======================================================
LVM=logical voice managment
step 1=creating partitions
step 2=formating(ext2,ext3,ext4,xfs)
step 3=mounting (temporary,permanent)
======================================================
TYPES OF DISKS:
IDE-------Integreated Device Electronic
SATA----Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
SCSI-----Small Computer System Interface
SSD---Solid State Drive
======================================================
NAME CONVENTION:
IDE =hda(hda1,hda2,hda3,...)
hdb(hdb1,hdb2,hdb3,....)
SATA/SCSI=sda(sda1,sda2,sda3,....)
sdb(sdb1,sdb2,sdb3,.....)
SSD=NVMe(NVM0e1,NVM0e2,....)
======================================================
lsblk------diskmangment
partprobe------partition updation
fdisk /dev/sda
m--help
n--partition type
p--primary
e--extended
w--changes will be saved
mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sda1
blkid---block id
=======================================================
LVM=by using this we can increase the storage
logical volumes
volume group
physical volumes
storage devices
--------------------
lv1 lv2 lv3
volume group
 pv pv pv
sda1 sdb1 sdc1
=======================================================
lsblk
vm---three partitions---10gb
partprobe
lsblk
fdisk /dev/sda
n
p
+2g
t
8e
w
lsblk
pvcreate /dev/sdb1
pvcreate /dev/sdc1
pvcreate /dev/sdd1
lsblk
pvdisplay
vgcreate aditya
vgcreate aditya /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdc1 /dev/sdd1
vgdisplay
lvcreate -n thub -l +2g aditya
lvdisplay 1le=2gb
mkdir thublv
pwd
mkfs -t ext4 /dev/aditya/thub----------formating
mkdir aws
mount /dev/aditya/thub /pwd
vim /etc/fstab
insert /dev/aditya/thub /root/thublv ext4 defaults 0 0
:wq
mount -a
umount----------for unmounting
lvextend -l +1g /dev/aditya/awsclass aditya
lvreduce -L 1g /dev/aditya/awsclass
y
======================================================
SSH port number=22
DNS port number=53
HTTPS port number=443
HTTP port number=80

COMMANDS:
----------------
sudo su
df -h=shows how much space in the machine
lsblk
mkfs -t ext4 /dev/xvdf
mkdir bhavana
mount /dev/xvdf bhavana
lsblk
yum install httpd
y
systemctl start httpd
vi /var/www/html/index.html
add some content
wq!
systemctl restart http
======================================================
NETWORKING:
-------------------
---Private IP address of a system is the IP address that is used to
communicate within the same network. Using private IP data
or information can be sent or received within the same network.
---Public IP address of a system is the IP address that is used to
communicate outside the network. A public IP address is basically
assigned by the ISP (Internet Service Provider).

IP address are 2 types:

IPV4-32-bit ip address
IPV6-128-bit ip address
1.class a=0-127(heavy organisation)
0-00000000=0
0-11111111=255-128=127
2.class b=128-191(moderated advocate)
10-000000=128
10-111111=255-64=191
3.class c=192-223(routers)
110-00000=128+64=192
110-11111=255-32=223
4.class d=224-239(multicast(setup box),govt)
1110-0000=128+64+32=224
1110-1111=255-16=239
5.class e=240-247(broadcast ip)RND
1111-0000=128+64+32+16=240
1111-1111=255
"IF ANY IP ADDRESS ENDS 0 THEN IT IS NETWORKING ADDRESS"
"IF ANY IP ADDRESS ENDS 255 THEN IT IS BROADCASTING ADDRESS"
class less inter domain routing(CIDR)
255.255.255.00000000/24=255
255.255.255.10000000/25=255-128=127
255.255.255.11000000/26=255-128-64=63
255.255.255.11100000/27=255-128-64-32=31
255.255.255.11110000/28=255-128-64-32-16=15
255.255.255.11111000/29=255-128-64-32-16-8=7
255.255.255.11111100/30=255-128-64-32-16-8-4=3
========================================================
VPC (virtual private cloud) :-
vpc
--------------------------------
yours vpc
-----------
create vpc
vpc settings
vpc only
name-thub-vpc
ipv4
20.0.0.0/16
create vpc
---------
subnets
---------
create subnet
thub-vpc
subnet name-thub-sub-1
zone 1a
20.0.1.0/24
create subnet
create subnet
thub-vpc
subnet name-thub-sub-2
zone 1b
20.0.2.0/24
create subnet
create subnet
thub-vpc
subnet name-thub-sub-3
zone 1c
20.0.3.0/24
create subnet
-------------------
internet gateway
-------------------
name-thub-igw
create ig
attach to vpc
thub-vpc
------------
route table
-------------
thub-rt
thub-vpc
attach
-----------------------------------------------------------------
select thub-rt
routes---edit routes---add route---0.0.0.0/0----attach to thub-igw----save changes
subnet assoications-------select thub-sub-1-----save
yours vpc----select thub-vpc-----go to action and edit DNS hostnames(53)----
enables---save
subnets--- select thub-sub-1---actions---edit subnet setting-----enable auto-assign
public IPv4 address---save
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------
go to service ec2 ----launch instances----select----select instances type---
-network---select vpc(thub-vpc)----subnet---select thub-sub-1
add storage---add tags---thub-sub-1-----security grp(type)---all traffic---review
and launch
instances---select thub-sub-1----connect----connect
launch instances----select----select instances type----network--
-select vpc(thub-vpc)----subnet---select thub-sub-2
add storage---add tags---thub-sub-2-----security grp(type)---all traffic---review
and launch
instances---select thub-sub-2----connect----connect(disable)s
=================================================================================
go to vpc----select vpcs----actions---delete internet gateway
VPC PEERING:-
-----------------
three types:
1.one vpc to another vpc(same region)
2.both in one class but different region
3.two differentt networks(accounts)
-------------------------------------------------------
create peering connections
name----select vpc(default)----my account----this region(US-east-a)----
vpc(accepter)---create
select peering connection----actions--accept request--goes to active-----
go to routh tables---select vijay rt---routes---edit route----0.0.0.0/0---add
route---172.31.0.0/16----peering connections----save changes
go to routh tables---select default---routes---edit route----0.0.0.0/0---add
route---11.0.0.0/16----peering connections----save changes
==================================================================================
STORAGE:
------------
go to services----select storage----s3(basic level storage,simple storage service)
Two storages:
----------------
1.standard
---frequently accessed data
---infrequently accessed data
---compressed data(archeive data)
---intelligence tiering data
2.object oriented storage
BUCKET CREATION:
-------------------------
it creates globally because the availability zones=>3

s3---create bucket--name(unique)-----nearest region(mumbai)----add tag----

encryption(for safety)--
KMS(for encryption)--create bucket
select bucket---upload(here files and folders should upload separetly)-----upload
for opening a uploaded file--select on file--open---add some information--save
again upload that file
properties--to check entire properties---ARL(AMAZON RESOURCES )-----
bucket versioning
-------------------means to retrive the information which uploaded earlier i.e.,
when the information in
one particular file and we add some more information with same to retrive its it
is used

edit versoining---edit--enable--save--
CREATING LIFE CYCLE:we have to know storAGE cls
---------------------------
storage cls 7types
1.frequently--standard IA--40
advantage---if any one zone is fail we can retrive the data from remaininig and we
can modify that zone and
we can add
2.one zone IA---(infrequently accessed data)
3.archive--
glacier instant retrival---it requries to collect data
glacier flexible retrival---it requries to collect data min 5min to max 24hrs
glacier deep archive----late process--180
4.intelligent --80 days

lifecycle name-----apply----standard IA---current version

CREATING ACCESS POINT:only to give acces to particular member
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
IAM:IDENTITY AND ACCESS MANAGEMENT
-----------------------------------------------------
four streams
user-----individual user
,groups---how to create grp and to add permissions
,policies-----which services assigned to user--amazon,customised
,roles
user creation:
-------------
users---add useers----username(gayathri)---console access----custom password----
permissions----3 permissions----attach existing policy--create policy----2types--
(json)--java script object notation
choose service---(ec2)----actions(all)----resources
how to create group:
attach permissions police:
s3-----
EFS:(Manage File Storage)
------------------------------
1 create 3 Linux VMs with web servers
2 EFS 3 Types
1: Network Load balncer
2: Application LoadBalancer
3: Gateway Load Balncer
3 Choodw target type
Ex: Instances
4 Click on Create Target Group.

5 Go to Loadbalencer
6 click on load balncer and select create load balncer and select requierd efs type
ex: network load balncer.
7 give the name for load balncer
8 select vps and sunets also and select your targer group.
9 and create load bakancer
IMAGE TEMPLATE
----------------------
create a instance in ec2
connect----sudo su
yum install httpd
y
sudo vi /var/www/html/index.html
master system----:wq!
sudo systemctl start httpd
select machine---actions---image templates---select---create image---name(new-
ami)---create
images---amis---auto scaling----launch configuration-----create launch
configuration----my-lc----new-ami----
choose instance type(t2.micro)----rules---all trafic---key pair----create
AUTO SCALING
-------------------
step 1---create auto scaling---name(my-as)---template(my-lc)---next
step 2--choose instance launch (vpc)
step 3---configure advanced options----health checks---30---none---next
step 4----configure group size and scaling policies--grp size(3,3,3)--none---next
step 5---add notifications---next
step 6---add tags---next
step 7---review---create auto scaling
select one instance(auto scaling)--connect---systemctl start httpd----past public
id in new tab---displays(master system)
terminate one in
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
DATABASE:(collection of data)
--------------
relational----sql(structured querry language)combination of rows and colums---used
in the service of RDS
non-relational----no sql non sturctural--used in the service of dynamoDB,mongoDB
TCP MY SQL port number--3306
create database
------------------
create database----standard create-----engine options(my sql---open source
database)---version(mysql 8.0.28)
templates(free tier)----settings----database-1----admin----password should
assign---confirm password--instances classes---
burstable classes(include t classes)---db.t3.micro----storage--min 200---enable--
max1000---
connectivity---new vpc security group name-vpc security grp---choose new---name----
database---create database.

ec2 instance---launch--name---key pair---select existing security grp ---database

name---launch instance---view all
security----click on link---inbound rules---edit--add rules---all traffic----
anywhereipv4---save----connect---connect
commands---sudo su---yum install mysql----y
go to database---database-1----connectivity&security---active---end point(copy
link)
my sql -h paste the link -u admin -P 3306 -p
enter password:...................
SQL [(none)]>show database;
SQL [(none)]>create ttt;
create database
names
ctrl+c
show databases;
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------
DYNAMO DB:
---------------
DynamoDB is a fully managed, key-value, and document database that
delivers single-digit-millisecond performance at any scale.

create table
table name(th-1)
partition key---student info---string
default setings
create table
click on table---indexes----create index----partition key(th-2)---string---create
index
go to actions----create items---value(20a91a04e1)---create----another item with
name---create item
add new attributes(number)--value(th-1)--mobile number---number---actions----
download results to csv
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------
LIGHTSAIL:
--------------
create instances
instance image---windows/linux---linux
blueprint---apps+os/os only----apps+os----wordpress
choose your instance plan
price per month
3.5
create instance
connect to a machine
connect
ls
cat bitnami_application_password
copy the password
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------
ELASTIC BEANSTALK:
------------------------
we can manage web application without any instances.
Amazon Elastic Beanstalk is an easy-to-use service for deploying and
scaling web applications and services developed with Java, .NET, PHP,
Node.js, Python, Ruby, Go, and Docker on familiar servers such as Apache, Nginx,
Passenger, and IIS.

create application---name(new-app)-----platform(Tomcat)----platform branch----

platform version
---sample application---configure more options---custom configuration----
software(entire monitoring)
instances(t2.micro)---capacity---load balancer----rolling updates----security---
monitoring---
-notifications----network--database---tags---create applications
health check ok
click on url---congratulations

JRE---java runtime environment

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