Ice age (Pleistocene) 2 million BC – 12,000 BC

Post ice age (Holocene) 12,000 BC to present

Palaeolithic age 6 lakh BC – 10,000 BC
Early Palaeolithic age 6 lakh BC – 1.5 lakh BC
Middle Palaeolithic age 80,000 BC – 35,000 BC
Upper Palaeolithic age 35,000 BC – 10,000 BC
Mesolithic age 12,000 BC – 4000 BC
Neolithic age 10,000 BC – 1000 BC
Chalcolithic age 6000 BC – 700 BC
Kaytha chalcolithic culture 2000 BC – 1800 BC
Ahar chalcolithic culture 2100 BC – 1500 BC
Malwa culture 1700 BC – 1200 BC
Jorwe culture 1400 BC – 700 BC
Mature Harappan culture 2600 BC – 1900 BC
Post urban Harappan culture 1900 BC – 1200 BC
Early Vedic Age 1500 BC – 1000 BC
Rigveda compiled
Later Vedic Age 1000 BC – 500 BC
Early iron, Megalithic burial 1000 BC
Early historic 600 BCE – 400 CE
Mahajanapadas 600 BCE – 500 BCE
punch marked coins
Vardhamana Mahavira 599 BCE Kundagrama near Vaishali (capital of Videha)
His father, Siddhartha was chief of Jnatjriya clan
His mother Trishala was Lachchavi king Chetaka's sister
Digambara Major Sub-Sects
Monks of this sect believe in complete nudity. Male monks do not wear clothes while Mula Sangh
female monks wear unstitched plain white sarees. Bisapantha
Follow all five vows (Satya, Ahimsa, Asteya, Aparigraha, Brahmacharya). Terapantha
Believe women cannot achieve liberation. Taranpantha or Samaiyapantha
Bhadrabahu was an exponent of this sect Minor Sub-Sets
Gumanapantha
Totapantha
Svetambara Major Sub-Sects
Monks wear white clothes. Murtipujaka
Follow only 4 vows (except brahmacharya). Sthanakvasi
Believe women can achieve liberation. Terapanthi
Sthulabhadra was an exponent of this sect
Gautama Buddha (Sakyamuni, Tathagata) 563 BCE Born as Siddhartha at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu, Nepal) to Suddhodana (chief of
republican Sakya clan, who ruled from Kapilavastu in the Kosala Kingdom)
His mother was the princess of Kosala kingdom
Hinayana / Theravada Buddhism - Lesser Vehicle Sub sects
Theravada, meaning "Teaching of the Elders", most conservative and orthodox form Sarvastivada
of Buddhism. - One of the early Buddhist schools, it believed in the existence of all dharmas in
- It emphasises attaining liberation from suffering through individual effort and the past, present and future. It was influential in northwestern India and Central
meditation based on Buddha's earliest teachings in the Pali Canon. Asia.
- It believes in the historicity of a single Buddha, Gautama Shakyamuni. Vaibhasika
- Emperor Ashoka helped spread Theravada in India. - A later form of Sarvastivada, its main object is to expose Abhidhamma philosophy.
- Emerging from the Vibhajjavada school Key classical texts of this school are Abhidharma-kosa (Vasubandhu) and Milinda
Theravada focuses on panho (discussion between Nagasena and Meander I).
Monastic discipline, Four Noble Truths, Noble Eightfold Path, three marks of Sautrantika - follower of sutras
existence, karma, rebirth, practices like jhana and vipassana meditation. - An offshoot of the Sarvastivada and based on ‘Sukta pitaka’, it came up against
It does not accept later Mahayana sutras. the naive realism and pluralism of Vaibhasikas. Main teachers are Kumaralat
- Theravada is dominant in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, having spread there from (contemporary of Nagarjuna), Yasomitra, Harivarman.
India by the 3rd century BCE. Sthaviravada
- The monastic sangha and its strong connections with the laity are notable features - The original Theravada school from which the Pali Canon emerged. It emphasised
of Theravada Buddhist societies. the Four Noble Truths and liberation through arhatship. Dominant in south India and
- The school upholds Buddha's original doctrines and disciplines, idealising the arhat Sri Lanka.
who achieves nirvana through rigorous spiritual striving. Vibhajjavada
- An offshoot of the Sthaviravada school, it compiled the Pali Canon. Its teachings
form the basis of modern Theravada Buddhism.
Sammitiya
- An early school, it differentiated between the definitive and interpretative
teachings of the Buddha. It died out in medieval times.
- The Theravada school descends from the Vibhajjavada tradition

1 C BCE Mahayana Buddhism - Greater Vehicle Sub-sеcts

Emеrgеd during Fourth Buddhist Council, еmphasizing thе concеpt of Bodhisattvas - Madhyamaka
enlightened beings who dеlay nirvana to hеlp othеrs. Comes from Buddha’s famous ‘middle position’ (madhyama pratipad).
- Gupta еmpеror Harshavardhana patronizеd Mahayana, еstablishing monastеriеs and Also known as Sunyavada, it was systematised by Nagarjuna. His famous work is
supporting the translation of tеxts into Sanskrit. MulaMadhyamikaKarika.
- From Kashmir, Mahayana sprеad to Cеntral Asia, China, Korеa, Japan and Viеtnam. Yogacara
- Mahayana is considered morе progressive than thе oldеr Theravada tradition. It is Also known as Vijnanavada, is the only idealistic school in Buddhism and Indian
inclusivе of lay followers unlikе Thеravada's monastic focus. philosophy in the strict sense.
It is not only idealism but also absolutism.
Kеy concеpts : It focuses on the workings of the mind and the nature of consciousness.
- Bodhisattva (onе who dеlays nirvana to hеlp othеrs) and Buddha-naturе (potential As a metaphysical system, it comes up against the extreme nihilism of Madhyamika.
for enlightenment in all beings).
- Scripturеs likе Lotus Sutra and Heart Sutra еmphasizе thе virtuеs of compassion Sub School of Mahayana sect
and wisdom Zen
- Mahayana's universal ideals appealed to the masses as it spread via Silk Route - Emphasises the practice of meditation to achieve enlightenment. It is also known as
trade networks to China and East Asia. Chan in China and Son in Korea.
- Sculptural Buddha images and Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara embodied Mahayana's - It is particularly associated with Japan, where it developed into several distinct
spiritual themes. sub-schools.

Vajrayana - Diamond Vehicle - It emphasises the use of rituals, mantras, and tantra to achieve enlightenment in a
single lifetime.
- Practised mainly in Tibet, Bhutan, and parts of Nepal and Mongolia.

late 20 C Navayana - It's a modern Buddhist movement that emerged in India

- It is a reformist movement that seeks to reinterpret Buddhism in the context of
the caste system in India, with a focus on social justice and equality.

Ashtadhyayi of Panini, a work on Sanskrit grammar 500 BCE

Early Buddhist texts including the Tripitaka (in Pali) 500 -100 BCE
Major Dharmasutras (in Sanskrit) 500 – 200 BCE
Magadha consolidated power 500 – 400 BCE
Ramayana and Mahabharata (in Sanskrit) 500 BCE – 400 CE
Invasion of Alexander of Macedon. 327 – 325 BCE
Mauryan Empire 321-185 BCE
Chandragupta Maurya 321 BCE Founder
Ashoka 272/268 – 231 BCE
200 – 100 BCE Indo Greek in north west
Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas in south
Satavahanas in the Deccan
200 BCE- 200 CE Compilation of Manusmriti
composition and compilation of Tamil Sangam literature
100 BCE – 200 CE Shakas in the north west
Roman trade
100 BCE - 200 CE Gold coinage
78 Accession of Kanishka
100 Charaka and Sushruta Samhitas, works on medicine (in Sanskrit)
200 Compilation of the Puranas (in Sanskrit)
300 Natyashastra of Bharata, a work on dramaturgy (in Sanskrit)
Gupta dynasty 320
Samudragupta 335-375
Chandragupta II 375-415
Vakatakas in Deccan 375-415
5 C Sanskrit plays including the works of Kalidasa
Works on astronomy and mathematics by Aryabhata and Varahamihira (in Sanskrit)
compilation of Jaina works (in Prakrit)
Chalukyas in Karnataka and Pallavas in Tamil Nadu. 6 C
6-8 Appar, Sambandar, Sundaramurti in Tamil Nadu
Harshavardhana king of Kanauj 606 - 647
606-647 Chinese pilgrim, Xuan Zang come in search of Buddhist text.
711 Arab general Muhammad Qasim conquer Sind
800 – 900 Nammalvar, Manikkavachakar, Andal, Tondaradippodi in Tamil Nadu
945 Chola ruler Parantaka I consecrated metal image of Appar, Sambandar, Sundarar in
Shiva temple
973 - 1048 Muhammad ibn Ahmad Abu Raihan Al baruni born in khwarizm (Uzbekistan) lifespan.
1000 - 1100 Al Hujwiri, Data Ganj Bakhsh in the Punjab
Ramanujacharya in Tamil Nadu
1017 Sultan Mahmud invaded Khwarizm
1106 - 1168 Basavanna led Virashaiva movement in Karnataka
1039 Abu’l Hasan al Hujwiri, wrote Kashf ul Mahjub in Persian
1112 Al-Ghazzali, mystic of Sunni Islam died
1191 Iranian sufi, Shihabuddin Suhrawardi died
1192 Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti, established Chishti order, came to India
13 CE Jnanadeva, Muktabai in Maharashtra
Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti in Rajasthan
Bahauddin Zakariyya and Fariduddin Ganj-i Shakar in Punjab
Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar Kaki in Delhi

DELHI SULTANATE 1206-1526

Slave dynasty (Mamluk dynasty) 1206-1290
Qutbi dynasty 1206 -1211
Qutbuddin Aibak
Aram Baksh
First Ilbary Dynasty 1211-1266
Iltutmish 1211 Real Founder
1218 Khwarizmi empire destroyed by Mongols
 1221 Mongol threat to India
Jalaluddin (khwarizmi prince) fled to India to took asylum
1226-27 Iwaz (sultan Ghiyasuddin) defeated and killed by Iltutmish’s son near lakhnauti
1229 Iltutmish received letter of recognition from Abbasid Caliph.
1235 Shaikh Muinuddin Sijzi died in Ajmer
Khwaja Qutbuddin Bakhtiyar kaki died in Delhi
Razia 1236-39
1241 Tair Bahadur, commander of Mongol force in Herat, Ghur, Ghazni, Turkhistan,
appeared at Lahore
Nasiruddin Mahmud 1246
1253-1325 Amir Khusrau, notable Persian writer
1254 - 1323 Marco polo from Italy lifespan
1262-1289 Rudramadevi was the female ruler of Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal
Epithet - raya-gaja-kesari (lion to the elephant like enemy kings)
Second Ilbari Dynasty 1265-1290
Balban 1265-86
x - 1265 Shaikh Fariduddin Ganj I Shakar
1279 Tughril Khan, governor of Bengal, revolted against Balban.
Khalji Dynasty 1290
Jalaluddin Khalji 1290 Founder
overthrew the incompetent successors of Balban
1292 Abdullah, grandson of Haluka advanced on Delhi, defeated by Jalaluddin Khalji
Malik Chajju, Governor of Kara, replaced by Alauddin Khalji.
Alauddin Khalji 1296-1316 Alauddin Khalji murdered his father-in-law, Jalaluddin Khalji
1299 Mongol force under Qutlugh Khwaja (prince of Trans Oxiana) arrived to conquer Delhi
An army under Nusrat Khan and Ulugh Khan, Alauddin Khalji’s generals, captured
Gujarat and Jaisalmer
14 C Lal Ded in Kashmir
Lal Shahbaz Qalandar in Sind
Nizamuddin Auliya in Delhi
Ramananda in Uttar Pradesh
Chokhamela in Maharashtra
Sharafuddin Yahya Maneri in Bihar
Sultanates in Jaunpur, Kashmir and Madura
1301 Alauddin Khalji defeated Hamirdeva, ruler of Ranthambhor
1303 Alauddin Khalji captured Chittor and imprisoned Ratan Singh
1306 - 1307 Alauddin campaign against Rai Karan holding Baglana and against Rai Ramachandra, the
ruler of Deogir
1309 - 1311 Malik Kafur campaign against Warangal in Telengana and against Dwar Samudra,
Mabar, Madurai
Tughlaq Dynasty 1320
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq 1320 Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq killed khusrau
Mongol leader, Dalucha attack Kashmir.
Muhammad bin Tughlaq 1324
1325 Shaikh Nizamuddin Auliya, famous sufi Saint, died in Delhi.
1327 Muhammad bin Tughlaq shifted the capital from Delhi to Devagiri.
1328 last Hindu principality, Kampili in South Karnataka annexed
1329 - 30 Introduced token currency
1333-54 Moroccan traveller, Ibn Battuta came to Delhi
1350 Zia Nakhshabi, first to translate Sanskrit stories into Persian (Tuti Nama, Kok
Shashtra), died
Firuz Shah Tughlaq 1351-88
1356 Shaikh Nasiruddin Chirag i Delhi died in Delhi
1360 Firuz Tughlaq raided Orissa and desecrated the Jagannatha temple of Puri
Nasiruddin Mahmud 1394-1412 Son of sultan Muhammad succeeded
1395 Shah Hamadan mosque in Srinagar built
1398 Timur invasion in Delhi
1400s Travelogue of Abdur Razzaq
15 C Kabir, Raidas, Surdas in Uttar Pradesh
Baba Guru Nanak in the Punjab
Vallabhacharya in Gujarat
Abdullah Shattari in Gwalior
Muhammad Shah Alam in Gujarat
Mir Sayyid Muhammad Gesu Daraz in Gulbarga
Shankaradeva in Assam
Tukaram in Maharashtra
1404 Mausoleum of Timur at Samarqand
Sayyid dynasty 1414-1451
Khizr Khan 1414 Founder
1418 Portuguese ruler Dom Henrique (Henry the navigator) started a search for a sea route
to India
Mubarak Shah 1421
Muhammad Shah
1440 Saint Kabir - Nirguna bhakti, follower of Ramananda
Alam Shah 1445
Lodi Dynasty 1451
Bahlul Lodi 1451 Founder
1484 Bahlul Lodi, ruler of Delhi occupied Jaunpur and annexed Sharqi Kingdom
Sikandar Lodi 1489
1506 Sikandar Lodi selected the site for the city of Agra.
Ibrahim Lodi 1517
BENGAL SULTANATE / ILYAS SHAH DYNASTY
Ilyas Khan 1342 Ilyas Khan captured Lakhnauti and Sonargaon, ascended the throne under the title
Sultan Shamsuddin Ilyas Khan
Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah 1389-1409
1409 Chinese emperor send envoy to Azam Shah and requested Buddhist monks to be sent
to China
Alauddin Hussain 1493-1519
VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE 1336-1672
Harihara 1336 Founder
Bukka 1356 Founder
Harihara II 1377
Dev Raya I 1404-22
1419 Dev Raya I defeated Firuz Shah Bahmani
1420 Italian traveller Nicolo Conti visited Vijayanagara
Dev Raya II 1425-46
Saluva dynasty
Saluva Narsimha 1486-1503 Founder
Tuluva Dynasty
Krishna Dev Raya 1509-1530
Sadashiva Raya 1543-67
1565 Defeat of Vijayanagar under Rama Raja in Battle of Bannihatti (Battle of Talikota,
Battle of Rakshasa Tangadi) by the combined forces of Ahmadnagar, Bidar, Bijapur
and Golconda.
BAHMANI KINGDOM 1347
Firuz Shah Bahmani 1397
Ahmed Shah I 1422-1443
1482 Mahmud Gawan executed
1490 Emergence of the Sultanates of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur and Berar
1518 Collapse of the Bahmani kingdom
Emergence of the Sultanate of Golconda
KASHMIR
Sikandar Shah 1389-1413
Zainul Abidin 1420-70
GAJAPATI RULER OF ORISSA 1435
GUJARAT AND MALWA SULTANATE
Zafar Khan 1407 Proclaimed himself ruler of Gujarat and Malwa with the title Muzaffar Shah
Ahmad Shah I, grandson of Muzaffar Shah 1411 Real Founder of Kingdom of Gujarat
1413 Ahmad Shah I laid foundation of Ahmedabad
1413 - 82 Abd al Razzaq Kamal al din ibn Ishaq al Samarqandi from Samarqand lifespan.
Mahmud Khalji 1436-1469 Ruler of Malwa
Mahmud Begarha 1459-1511 Sultan of Gujarat
Bahadur Shah 1526 Sultan of Gujarat
MEWAR
Rana Kumbha 1433-1468
1453 Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople
Pope issued Bull granting to Portugal whatever land discovered beyond Cape Nor up to
India
1465 Jodhpur founded
1466 - 72 Afanasii Nikitich Nikitan from Russia stay in India
1469-1538 Guru Nanak was born in a Khatri family in Talwandi on the bank of river Ravi
1488 Bartholomew Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope, laid the basis of direct trade link
b/w Europe and India
1498 Vasco da Gama landed in Calicut
16 CE Sri Chaitanya in Bengal
Mirabai in Rajasthan
Shaikh Abdul Quddus Gangohi, Malik Muhammad Jaisi, Tulsidas in Uttar Pradesh
Rana Sanga, grandson of Kumbha 1508
Rana Udai Singh
Rana Pratap 1572-97
MARWAR
Maldeo 1532-62
Chandrasen 1562
Jaswant Singh 1626-78
Ajit Singh 1698
NIZAM SHAHI DYNASTY
ADIL SHAHI DYNASTY / BIJAPUR SULTANATE 1490
Ibrahim Adil Shah 1535
Ali Adil Shah 1570 Ali Adil Shah, Sultan of Ahmadnagar and Zamorin of Calicut attacked Portuguese
positions in their dominions.
Ibrahim Adil Shah II 1580
Muhammad Adil Shah d. 1656
NIZAM SHAHI DYNASTY OF AHMADNAGAR 1490-1633
MUGHAL EMPIRE
Babur
1504 Babur conquered Kabul
1510 Albuquerque, Governor of Portuguese captured Goa from Bijapur
1518-1521 Duarte Barbosa from Portugal visited India
1520 - 21 Babur once again captured Bhira and Sailkot, the twin gateways to Hindustan.
1525 Babur faced the army of Daulat Khan Lodi
Became master of Punjab.
26 April 1526 Battle of Panipat - Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi
Mughal dynasty established
1527 BATTLE OF KHANWA, Rajput confederacy led by Rana Sanga defeated by Babur.
1529 Babur, near Banaras, face the combined force of Afghans and the Nusrat Shah of
Bengal
Humayun (first phase) 1530-1540
1531 Portuguese attacked Daman and Diu but repulsed by Rumi Khan, Ottoman Commander
1538 Turkish fleet commanded by Sulaiman Pasha, Governor of Cairo besieged Diu
March, 1539 BATTLE OF CHAUSA, Humayun defeated by Sher Shah Suri
May 1540 BATTLE AT KANAUJ, Humayun again defeated by Sher Khan
Sur Empire 1540
Sher Shah 1540 Founder
1544 Rajput (Maldeo & some Rajput sardars) and Afghan forces under Sher Shah clashed
at Samel.
Islam Shah 1545 Humayun recaptured Qandhar and Kabul from Kamran
1551 Peri Rais assisted by Zamorin of Calicut attacked Portuguese forts at Muscat and
Ormuz.
1554 Final Ottoman expedition sent under Ali Rais against Portuguese
Humayun 1555 Humayun defeated the Afghans, recover Delhi and Agra.
Akbar 1556 Akbar crowned at Kalanaur
5 Nov 1556 SECOND BATTLE OF PANIPAT b/w Mughals, under Bairam Khan and Afghan forces
led by Hemu
1562 Bhara Mal, ruler of Amber, married his younger daughter, Harkha Bai, to Akbar
1563 Akbar abolished pilgrimage tax.
1564 Akbar abolished jizyah.
1564-1624 Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi - Naqshbandi Silsilah
1566 Portuguese and Ottomans agreed to share spice and Indian trade and not to clash in
Arab seas.
1572 Akbar commenced a palace cum fort complex at Fatehpur Sikri
1575 Akbar built Ibadat Khana at his new capital, Fatehpur Sikri.
Muhammad Husayn of Kashmir, calligrapher at Akbar Court
1576 BATTLE IN BIHAR, Akbar defeated Daud Khan, an Afghan and the ruler of Bengal
and Bihar.
BATTLE OF HALDIGHATI, Mughal army led by Raja Man Singh defeated Maharana
Pratap of Mewar
1578 Antonio Monserrate from Spain came to Akbar’s court
1580 Akbar divided the empire into 18 subas.
First Jesuit mission reached the Mughal court at Fatehpur Sikri
1582 Akbar discontinued the debates in Ibadat Khana.
1585 Akbar transferred the capital from Fatehpur Sikri to Lahore
Marriage of daughter of Mota Raja Udai Singh with Jahangir (mother of Shah Jahan)
1587 Gulbadan Begum wrote Humayun Nama
1589 Babur’s memoirs translated into Persian as Babur Nama
1589-1602 Abu’l Fazl worked on Akbar Nama
1591-92 Char Minar completed.
1597 Mughal defeated combined force of Bijapur, Golconda, Ahmadnagar
1598 Akbar issued a farman for the construction of church in Khambat
Ain I Akbari of Abu’l fazal Allami completed
17 C Shaikh Ahmad Sirhindi in Haryana
Miyan Mir in Punjab
1601 Abdur Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, Mughal commander in Deccan, defeated Malik Ambar in
Telengana at Nander.
Buland darwaza at Fatehpur Sikri to commemorate his victory over Gujarat
Largest gateway in the world
Jahangir 1605-1627
1622 Jahangir completed his memoirs, Jahangir Nama
1630-68 Jean Baptiste Tavernier, french gem merchant
Discovered 116 carat Tavernier blue diamond
1606 Dutch established at Masulipatam, obtaining a farming from ruler of Golconda.
1609 Atiya mosque built in Mymensingh district, Bangladesh
1612 First English factory at Surat
1616 Khan-i-khanan along with Maratha sardars defeated the combined forces of
Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda.
1622 English with the help of Persian forces captured Ormuz, the Portuguese base.
1626 - 31 Mahmud wali Balkhi from Balkh stay in India
1626 Jean de Thevenot came to India
wrote Remonstrantie. Geographical extent of indigo cultivation
Shah Jahan 1628-58
1636 Shah Jahan treaties with Bijapur and Golconda
1639-47 Lahori composes the first two daftars of Badshah Nama
1642 Abdul Haqq Muhaddis Dehlavi, wrote Akhbar ul Akhyar died.
1647 Mughal army under Aurangzeb routed the Uzbeks led by Abdul Aziz outside the gated
of Balkh.
Dadaji Kondadeo, guardian of Shivaji died
1648 Shah Jahan shifted capital from Agra to Shahjahanabad.
1650 Muhammad Waris begins to chronicle the third decade of Shah Jahan’s reign
1656 - 1658 François Bernier, French, wrote Travels in Mogul Empire
1658 February, Mughal troops led by Sulaiman Shikoh defeated Shuja near Banaras
15 April 1658 Victory of Aurangzeb at Dharmat
29 May 1658 Battle of Samugarh b/w Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb
1 December 1658 Aurangzeb defeated Shuja at Khajwah near Allahabad.
March, 1659 Battle of Deorai near Ajmer, b/w Dara and Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb 1658-1707
1660 Gol Gumbaz built
1663 Treaty b/w Mir Jumla, governor of Bengal and the Ahoms
1664 Har kishan succeeded by Guru Tegh Bahadur
1667 Bhagu, leader of Yusufazai tribe, proclaimed Muhammad Shah as king
1668 Shah Abbas II threatened invasion.
Alamgir Nama, a history of the first ten years of Aurangzeb’s reign compiled by
Muhammmad Kazim
1669 Jats of Mathura broke into rebellion under Gokla, local zamindar.
1671 Iftehar Khan succeeded Saif Khan as the governor of Kashmir.
1672-74 Abbe Barthelemy Caree visited Mughal court
wrote Travels of Abbe Carre about port towns and french EIC
1675 24 November, Guru Tegh Bahadur was beheaded
1679 Aurangzeb re-imposed jizyah
1686 Qutb Shah murdered Madanna and Akhanna.
1690 Italian traveller Giovanni Careri passed through India
1699 Guru Govind Singh founded the khalsa.
18 C Bara Imambara and Rumi Darwaza by Asaf ud Dhaula, nawad of Awadh
no wood work in entire structure
Called Turkish gateway
1705 Aurangzeb suspend jizyah.
1712 Jizyah formally abolished by Aurangzeb successors.
Muhammad Shah 1719-1748
1739 Nadir Shah imprisoned Mughal emperor and looted Delhi.
1765 The diwani of Bengal transferred to the East India Company
1784 Founding of Asiatic society of Bengal by Sir William Jones
1799 Nawab of awadh gifted the illustrated Badshah nama to King George III
1800 Hampi ruins discovered by colonel Colin MacKenzie.
1814 Founding of the Indian Museum, Calcutta
1815 First Surveyor general of India, Colin MacKenzie
1818 Sanchi discovered.
1838 James Prinsep deciphered Brahmi script.
1851 Establishment of the Government Museum, Madras
Bahadur Shah II 1857 Last Mughal Ruler
Deposed by British and exiled to Rangoon (present day Yangon, Myanmar)
1868 SHAHJEHAN BEGUM, NAWAB OF BHOPAL
1888 Passing of the Treasure Trove Act, giving the government the right to acquire all
objects of archaeological interest
1901 Sultan jehan begin succeeded shahjehan begum
1944 R.E.M. Wheeler became the director General of ASI.
1955 Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru lays the foundation stone of the National Museum,
New Delhi
1986 Hampi declared a World Heritage site by UNESCO
1989 Sanchi declared a World Heritage Site
MARATHAS
Shivaji 1656-80 Conquered Javli from Maratha chief, Chandra Rao More
1670 Sacked Surat the second time.
1674 Crowned himself formally at Raigarh.
1676 Shivaji with the aid of Madanna and Akhanna at Hyderabad, undertook expedition into
Bijapuri Karnataka.
Sambhaji 1689 Sambhaji captured by Mughal force at Sangameshwar and executed.
 1761 Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated Marathas in THIRD BATTLE OF PANIPAT
1772 Mahadji Sindhia, Maratha general occupied Delhi.
Bhakti & Sufi Saints
Annamayya or Annamacharya 1408-1503 Sankirtans in praise of Lord Venkateshwar
Tyagaraja 1767-1847 Lord Rama
Composed Panch Ratna kritis in Telugu
Governor General
Warren Hastings 1773-85 First governor general of Bengal
Introduced Izaredari system 1773
Abolished the system of Dastak or free passes Regulated internal trade
Abolished dual system
Calcutta Madrasa by Warren Hastings 1781
Lord Cornwallis 1786-93 Father of civil services in India
Created post of district judge
Sanskrit College by Jonathan Duncan 1791
Cornwallis code - First person to codify laws 1793
Introduced Permanent Settlement in Bengal
Lord Wellesley 1798-1805
subsidiary alliance
Fort William College by Richard Wellesley 1800
Warren Hasting 1813-23
Charter Act of 1813 1813
Ryotwari Settlement introduced by Thomas Munro in 1820
Madras Presidency
Based on the system administered by Alexander
Reed
General Committee of Public Instruction 1823
Lord William Bentinck 1828-35
Lord Macaulay's Minute 1835
March, Bentinck got the resolution passed
Lord Dalhousie 1847-56
British Indian Association founded in Calcutta 1851 Radhakanta Deb - Ist President
Debendranath Tagore - Secretary
Madras Native Association founded by Gazulu 1852 First Indian Political Association in Madras Presidency
Lakshminarasu Chetty
Charter Act of 1853 1853 - Company was to continue possession of territories unless the Parliament provided Earlier exclusion of Indians from High Posts:
otherwise. Indians barred from high posts from the outset.
- Strength of the Court of Directors was reduced to 18. Cornwallis believed "Every native of Hindustan is corrupt."
- Company’s patronage over the services ended, recruitment through competitive Charter Act of 1793 reserved posts worth £500 per annum for Company's covenanted
examination. servants, excluding Indians.
- Law member became full member of governor-general’s executive council.
- Separation of executive and legislative functions progressed with addition of six Reasons for Exclusion:
members for legislative purposes. - English believed only they could establish administrative services serving British
- Local representation introduced in Indian legislature known as Indian Legislative interests.
Council - Indians seen as incapable, untrustworthy, insensitive to British interests.
- Law required assent of governor-general - High Competition among Europeans for lucrative posts
- Governor general could veto any Bill of legislative council.
Failure of Previous Attempts:
- Charter Act of 1833: Although theoretically opened services to Indians, provisions
not effectively implemented.
- After 1857 Rebellion: Indians demanded share in higher services.
- Proclamation of 1858: British declared intention of including Indians freely and
impartially in civil service posts.

Wood's Dispatch 1854 Considered the "Magna Carta of English Education in India". Developments
Advocated government responsibility for mass education. Universities established in Calcutta, Bombay, Madras in 1857.
Established a hierarchical system: vernacular primary schools, Anglo-Vernacular High Education departments set up in all provinces.
Schools, affiliated colleges at district level, universities in Bombay, Calcutta, Madras. Bethune School in Calcutta founded by J.E.D. Bethune (1849), president of council of
Recommended English for higher education and vernaculars for primary education. education
Emphasized female and vocational education, as well as teacher training. Girls' schools brought under government grants-in-aid and inspection.
Insisted on secular education in government institutions. Establishment of Agriculture Institute at Pusa (Bihar) and Engineering Institute at
Encouraged private enterprise through grants-in-aid Roorkee.

Santhal Uprising 1855-56 Two brothers - Sidhu, Kanhu

Declared area btw Bagalpur and Rajmahal autonomous
Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neeldarpan 1858
Satyendranath Tagore - Ist Indian to clear ICS 1863
exam
Swami Dayanand established Arya Samaj 1875
Indian Association founded by Surendra Nath 1876
Banerjee & Anand Mohan Bose
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandmath 1882
Lord Ripon 1880-84
First Indian Factory Act 1881 Aimed at addressing child labor issues (age 7 to 12).
Prohibited employment of children under 7.
Restricted working hours for children to 9 hours/day.
Mandated four holidays per month for children.
Required proper fencing of hazardous machinery.

Madras Mahajana Sabha was founded by Gazulu 1884

Lakshminarasu Chetty, M Veeraraghavachariar, S
Ramaswami Mudaliar, P. Anandacharlu
Second Indian Factory Act 1891 Raised minimum age for child labor to 9 and maximum to 14.
Reduced maximum working hours for children to 7/day.
Limited women's working hours to 11/day with 1.5 hr break.
Men's working hours were unregulated
provided weekly holiday for all workers.

Exclusions for British-Owned Plantations:

Tea and coffee plantations exempted from labor laws.
Laborers on these plantations were often exploited and treated like slaves.
Laws made it difficult for laborers to refuse work or breach contracts.
Breach of contract was a criminal offense, allowing planters to have defaulting
laborers arrested.

Swadeshi Movement proclaimed 7 Aug 1905

Servants of Indian Society founded by Gopal 1905
Krishna Gokhale in Pune, Maharashtra
National Council Of Education founded in Bengal 1906
under Swadeshi industrialization movement
Hindu Mahasabha formed 1915
1921, renamed Akhil Bharat Hind Mahasabha
Justice Party (South India Liberal Federation) 1916
founded by Dr. C Natesa Mudaliar in Victoria
Memorial Hall in Madras Presidency
War Conference 1917
Champaran Satyagraha 1917
Montague Report 1918
Rowlatt Act 1919 - Passed in March 1919 as an extension of the Defence of India Regulations Act First Mass Strike
1915. Officially termed the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act - Gandhi, who had cooperated with British war effort, termed Rowlatt Act the "Black
- Based on recommendations of the Rowlatt Commission headed by Sir Sydney Rowlatt Act".
to investigate 'seditious conspiracy' in India. - Gandhi called for mass protest at all India level, organizing Satyagraha Sabha with
support from younger members of Home Rule Leagues and Pan Islamists.
Key Features:
- Allowed trial of political activists without juries or imprisonment without trial. Forms of Protest:
- Permitted arrest without warrant on suspicion of 'treason'. - Nationwide hartal (strike) accompanied by fasting and prayer.
- Suspects could be tried in secrecy without legal help. - Civil disobedience against specific laws.
- Special cell of three high court judges to try suspects, with no court of appeal - Courting arrest and imprisonment.
above them.
- Panel could accept evidence not admissible under Indian Evidences Act. Impact
- Habeas corpus, basis of civil liberty, sought to be suspended. - Masses found direction to "act" instead of verbalizing grievances.
- Peasants, artisans, and urban poor played increasingly important role.
Purpose: - National movement orientation permanently shifted towards masses
- Intended to replace repressive provisions of wartime Defence of India Act (1915)
with permanent law. Launch of Satyagraha:
- Re-imposed wartime restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly. - Scheduled for April 6, 1919, but preceded by large-scale violent anti-British
- Strict control over press; government empowered to handle perceived terrorism or demonstrations in Calcutta, Bombay, Delhi, Ahmedabad, etc.
revolutionary tactics. - Situation escalated in Punjab due to wartime repression, forcible recruitments, and
disease ravages, necessitating military intervention.
Impact: - April 1919 witnessed biggest and most violent anti-British upsurge since 1857.
- Elected Indian members of Imperial Legislative Council, Madan Mohan Malaviya, - Lieutenant Governor of Punjab, Sir Michael O’Dwyer, reportedly deployed aircraft
Mazhar Ul haq, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, resigned in protest. strafing against protestors.

Jallianwala Massacre 1919

Government of India Act of 1919 based on 1919 British government aimed for gradual introduction of responsible government in India Central Government Key Provisions:
Montagu-Chelmsford Reform within the British Empire. Still Without Responsible Government - Limited Franchise: Direct election introduced with restricted franchise
Provincial Government Executive: based on property, tax, or education qualifications.
Introduction of Dyarchy for executive at provincial level - Governor-General as chief executive authority.
- Communal Representation with separate electorates for Sikhs, Christians,
Executive: - Two lists for administration: central and provincial.
Anglo-Indians, Muslims.
- Rule of two: executive councillors and popular ministers. - Viceroy's executive council with three Indian members.
- Governor as executive head. - Governor-General retained control over reserved subjects in provinces. - Provincial legislature consisted of only one house, the legislative council.
- Subjects divided into 'reserved' and 'transferred' - Governor-General could restore cuts in grants, certify bills rejected by central - Separation of Provincial & Central Budgets: provincial legislatures
- Reserved: law and order, finance, land revenue, irrigation etc. to be administered legislature, issue ordinances. authorized to make their budgets.
by governor through his executive council Legislature: - High Commissioner for India: Appointed to oversee Indian trade in Europe;
- Transferred: education, health, local govt, industry, agriculture, excise, etc by - Introduction of bicameral arrangement with majority elected members some functions transferred from Secretary of State
ministers nominated from elected members of Legislative Council - Central Legislative Assembly (lower house) with 145 members (41 nominated, 104
- Ministers responsible to legislature; could be removed via no-confidence motion. elected). Criticism and Limitations:
- Executive councillors not responsible to legislature. - Council of State (upper house) with 60 members (26 nominated, 34 elected).
- Indian leaders gained administrative experience but demand for responsible
- Governor could take over administration in case of failure of constitutional - Council of State had 5-year tenure and only male members
government unfulfilled.
machinery - Central Legislative Assembly had 3-year tenure.
- Secretary of state and governor-general could interfere in reserved subjects but - Legislators could ask questions, pass adjournment motions, and vote on part of the - Unitary and Centralized Structure: dyarchy in provinces failed.
interference in transferred subjects is restricted budget, but 75% of budget not votable. - Limited Powers of Central Legislature: Despite representation and power to
Legislature: - Some Indians included in important committees, including finance. vote supplies, central legislature had no power to replace government and
- Provincial legislative councils expanded; 70% elected members. Changes in Home Government: limited legislative and financial control.
- Consolidation of communal and class electorates. Secretary of State for India to be paid from British exchequer - Governor-General had overriding powers: vetoing bills, reserving bills for
- Women granted right to vote. British monarch's pleasure, securing enactment of essential laws.
- Legislative councils could initiate legislation; governor's assent required. - Indian legislature under Act of 1919 considered non-sovereign and
- Governor could veto bills and issue ordinances.
powerless before executive.
- Legislative councils could reject budget, but governor could restore if necessary.
- Legislators enjoyed freedom of speech.

All India Home Rule League renamed Swarajya 1920

Sabha
Khilafat and Non-cooperation movement 1920-22
Chauri Chaura incident 1922
Congress Khilafat Swaraj Party formed in Gaya 1923 Enter legislative councils
session Motilal Nehru - Secretary
C R Das - President
Formed in Gaya session 1924
Self Respect Movement 1925
Lord Irwin 1926-31
Butler Committee 1927 Established to examine the relationship between princely states and government
Recommendations
Paramountcy must remain supreme and adapt to changing circumstances and state
development.
Princely states should not be transferred to an Indian Government responsible to an
Indian legislature without their consent.
Result: "Paramountcy" remained undefined.

Simon commission arrived in Bombay Feb 1928

Nehru committee report 1928
Jinnah’s 14 points 1929
Lahore session - Purna Swaraj 1929
Civil disobedience movement 12 March - 6 April 1930
Gandhi Irwin Pact March 1931
2nd RTC held in London Sep-Dec 1931
Congress declared illegal Jan 1932
Communal award 1932
Poona Pact 1932
Congress Socialist Party 1934 Strive for
- power to the toiling masses
- nationalisation of key industries
- abolition of feudalism and landlocism without compensation
- distribution of land
- Cooperative and connective farming
- Asked people not to pay taxes
- Never talked about dictatorship of proletariat
- Never advocated for separate electorate for minority or opressed classes
First all India conference- 7 May 1934, Patna under Presidentship of Acharya
Narendra Dev
Founder : Jaiprakash Narayan, Achyut Patwardhan, Yusuf Mehrally, Ashok Mehta,
Acharya Narendra Dev
Jawaharlal Nehru was a socialist but did not join CSP
28 March 1948, Nasik session - dissociated from Congress
September 1952 CSP merged with Kisan Majdoor Praja party to form Praja socialist
party

The government of India act 1935 Provisional autonomy

Lucknow Session 1936 All India Kishan Sabha formed by Sahajanand Saraswati
18 months rule of Congress begins 1937
World War II begins 1939-45
Congress ministries resign 1939
August offer 1940 Linlithgow proposed to seek India’s cooperation in the World war
Individual Satyagraha 1941
Cripps mission 1942
Quit India movement / August Kranti August 1942
Gandhi’s 21 days fast 1943
C R Formula 1944
Wavell Plan and Shimla Conference 1945
INA Trails 1945
Royal Indian Navy Ratings Mutiny 1946
Cabinet mission plan 1946
Formation of Interim government 1946
Formation of the constituent assembly 1946 Members - K C Neogi (Chairman of Ist Finance Commission of India)
Atlee’s announcement 1947
Mountbatten Plan 1947
Indian Independence Act, 1947 1947
Hind Mazdoor Sabha 1948 In west bengal
Founders - Basowan Singh (Sinha), G G Mehta, Maniben Kara, T S Ramanujan, V S
Mathur, Shibnath Banerjee, R A Khedgikar
Ashok Mehta - General Secretary
R S Ruikar - President
Absorbed Royist Indian Federation of Labour & Hind Mazdoor Panchayat

1952 Puran Chand Joshi from CPI demanded statehood to Uttarakhand

Personalities
Sakharam Ganesh Deuskar Wrote Desher Katha, describe the British exploitation in India.
Influenced by writings of Dadabhai Naoroji & R C Dutt
Government banned the book in 1910
Introduced Shivaji festival in Bengal
Earliest modern political use of the word "Swaraj" in his pamphlet on Shivaji (1902)
Dadabhai Naoroji Grand old man of India
Put forward the theory of economic drain in "Poverty and Unbritish rule in India"
Romesh Chandra Dutt Retired ICS officer
Published "The Economic history of India" at the beginning of 20 C
Examined in minute detail the entire economic record of Colonial rule since 1757
G V Joshi Economic critic of colonization in India
G Subramaniya Iyer
G K Gokhale
Prithwis Chandra Ray