STUDY CENTRE

CHAPTER - 02
POLYNOMIALS

Algebraical Expression
An algebraical expression is a combination of variables and constants connected with usual algebraical
operations.
eg :
1) 3x3 – 4x2 + 5

2) 3x 3/2  5 x  6xy
Coefficient, variable and power :
In the term axn, a is the coefficient of xn, x is a variable and power of x is n.
In the term 3xy2, coefficient of x is 3y2, power of x is 1 and power of y is 2, x and y are variables.
Polynomial :
An algebraical expression is said to be a polynomial, if its coefficients are real numbers and power
of variables are non negative integers.
eg:
1) 3x3 - 4x + 1 is a polynomial

2 5
2) 3x  x is a polynomial
3

3
3)  4 is not a polynomial, since power first term is – 1
x

1
4) 2x 2  3 x is not a polynomial, since power of second term is .
2
An algebraical expression in the form anxn + an - 1xn - 1 + ..........+ a1x + a0 is known as a polynomial in
one variable, where a0, a1, a2, .........., an are real numbers. n is non negative integer.
Types of polynomials according to the number of terms
1) Monomial : Polynomial having only one term
eg :
1) p (x) = 3x4
2) q(x) = 5
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2) Binomial : Polynomial having two terms

eg : p(x) = 3 + 4x
3) Trinomial : Polynomial having three terms

eg : p(x) = 2 + 4x2 + 3 x4
Types of polynomials according to the degree
1) Constant polynomial : Polynomial having degree zero
eg : p(x) = 5
2) Linear polynomial : Polynomial having degree one
eg : p(x) = 3x
3) Quadratic polynomial : Polynomial having degree 2
eg : p(x) = 2 – 4x + 3x2
4) Cubic polynomial : Polynomial having degree three
eg : p(x) = 8x3 - 2x2 + 5x + 1
5) Biquadratic Polynomial : Polynomial having degree four
eg : p(x) = 2x + 3x3 + x4
Value and zero of a polynomial
Consider a polynomial p(x). Substitute x = a in the polynomial, then we get the value of the polynomial
as p(a).
eg : p(x) = 3x3 - x + 1, find p(2) and p(– 1)
p(2) = 3 × 8 - 2 + 1 = 23
p(–1) = 3 ×(-1) – (-1)+1 = – 1
If p(a) = 0, we can say ‘a’ is a zero of the polynomial.
eg :
1) p(x) = x2 - 4
p(2) = 0
 2 is a zero of the polynomial
2) p(x) = x2 - 5x + 6
p(1) = 1 - 5 + 6 = 2  0
 1 is not a zero of the polynomial
p(2) = 4 - 10 + 6 = 0
 2 is a zero of the polynomial
p(3) = 9 - 15 + 6 = 0
 3 is a zero of the polynomial.
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Problems
1. Find the zero’s of the following polynomials
(i) 3x + 4 (ii) x2 - 3
(i) 3x + 4 = 0
 3x = – 4

 x = 4 3

 Zero of the polynomial is 4 3

(ii) x2 - 3 = 0
 x2 = 3

 x 3

 Zero of the polynomial are 3 and  3

2. If x = 2 is a zero of ax2 - 3x + 1, find the value of a.
p(x) = ax2 - 3x + 1
p(2) = 0  4a - 6 + 1 = 0
 4a = 5

5
 a=
4
3. If x = 1 and x = – 2 are the zeroe’s of p(x) = ax2 + bx + 5. Find the values of a and b.
p(1) = 0
 a+b+5=0 ....(1)
p(–2) = 0
 4a - 2b + 5 = 0 ....(2)
(1) × 2  2a + 2b + 10 = 0 ....(3)
(2) + (3)  6a + 15 = 0

5
 a=
2

5
(1)  +b+5=0
2

5
 b= 5
2

5
=
2

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Factor theorem
If p(x) is a polynomial of degrees greater than or equal to one, ‘a’ is a real number and p(a) = 0, then
x - a is a factor of p(x)
eg :
1) p(x) = x3 - 5x2 + 6x, check whether x + 1, x - 2, x - 3 are factor of p(x).
p(-1) = -1 - 5 - 6 = -12  0
 x + 1 is not a factor of p(x)
p(2) = 8 - 20 + 12 = 0
 x - 2 is a factor of p(x)
p(3) = 27 - 45 + 18 = 0
 x - 3 is a factor of p(x)
2) p(x) = ax3 + bx + 5, x + 1 and x - 2 are factors of p(x), find the values of a and b
p(-1) = 0  - a - b + 5 = 0 ....(1)
p(2) = 0  8a + 2b + 5 = 0 .....(2)
(1) × 2  -2a - 2b + 10 = 0 .....(3)
(2) + (3)  6a + 15 = 0

5
 a=
2
(1)  b = 5 - a

5
= 5
2

15

2
3) Factorize the polynomial
p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20
The factor of 20 are
1,  2,  4,  5,  20
Now,
p(1) = 1 + 13 + 32 + 20  0
p(-1) = -1 + 13 - 32 + 20 = 0
 x + 1 is a factor
p(-2) = -8 + 52 - 64 + 20 = 0
 x + 2 is a factor
p(2) = 8 + 52 + 64 + 20  0

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Now, (x + 1) (x + 2) = x2 + 3x + 2
Divide p(x) with x2 + 3x + 2

x + 10
3 2
x2 + 3x + 2 x + 13x + 32x + 20
x3 + 3x2 + 2x

10x2 + 30x + 20
10x2 + 30x + 20
0 0 0

The quotient is x + 10

 x3 + 13x2 + 32x + 20 = (x +1) (x + 2) (x + 10)

4) Factorize : 2x2 + 3x - 2

ac  4 
  (a,c)  (4, 1)
a  c  3

2x2 + 3x - 2 = 2x2 + 4x - x - 2
= 2x(x + 2) - (x + 2)
= (x + 2) (2x - 1)
Algebraical Identities
1) (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
2) (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
3) a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 - 2ab
4) (a + b)2 = (a - b)2 + 4ab
5) (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
6) (a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3
7) a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 - 3ab (a + b)
= (a + b) (a2 - ab + b2)
8) a3 - b3 = (a - b)3 + 3ab (a - b)
= (a - b) (a2 + ab + b2)
9) (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2 bc + 2ac
10) a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)

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Problems

1) If x2 + y2 + z2 = 21, x + y + z = 1 and xyz = 8, find (1 - x) (1 - y) (1 - z)

(1-x) (1-y) (1-z) = (1 - y - x + xy) (1 - z)

= 1-z + xy - xyz - x + xz - y + yz

= 1- (x + y + z) + xy + xz + yz - xyz .....(1)

(x + y + z)2 = x2 + y2 + z2 + 2(xy + yz + nz)

 1= 21 + 2(xy + yz + xz)

xy + yz + xz = - 10

(1)  (1-x) (1-y) (1-z) = 1 - 1 + (-10) - 8 = - 18

2) Find the values of

x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz
if x = 288, y = 432, z = 280
xy  yz  xz  x 2  y 2  z 2

x 3  y 3  z 3  3xyz


 x  y  z  x 2  y2  z2  xy  yz  xz 
xy  yz  xz  x 2  y 2  z2 
 x 2  y 2  z2  xy  xz  yz
= - (x + y + z)

= – 1000

3) Evaluate

0.32  0.32  0.32  0.68  0.68  0.68

0.32  0.32  0.32  0.68  0.68  0.68

Choose 0.32 = a, 0.68 = b

a3  b3
Then LHS =
a2  ab  b2

 a  b   a2  ab  b2 

a2  ab  b2

=a+b

= 0.32 + 0.68

=1

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1 1
4) If a   3 find a3  3
a a

2
 1 2 1
a  a   9 a  2  2  9
  a

1
 a2   11
a2

1  1 1 1
a3  3
  a    a2  a   2 
a  a  a a 

= 3 (11 + 1)
= 36
5) Evaluate (0.98)3 using identify

 0.98   1  0.02
3 3

 1  3  0.02  3   0.02    0.02 

2 3

= 1 - 0.06 + 0.0012 - 0.000008

= 0.941192

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QUESTIONS

1. If a + b = 3 and ab = 2, then a3 - b3 is

A) 6 B) 7 C) 8 D) 0

2. If one of the zeroes of the polynomial (p - 1)x2 + px + 1 is – 3, the value of p is

4 2 1 1
A) B) C)  D)
3 3 3 3

3. If one of the zeroes of the polynomial x2 + ax - 4 is 1. then the other zero is

A) 2 B) – 3 C) – 4 D) 1

4. Which of the following is binomial and quadratic ?

A) 3x2 + 1 + 4x B) 4x3 + 2x C) 4x2 + 5 D) 6x2

5. The remainder, when the polynomial x3 - 4x2 + 6x + k is divided by x - 2 is 2, then the value of k is

A) 1 B) – 1 C) 3 D) – 2

6. If 3 is a zero of the polynomial 2x3 - x2 - 13x - 6, then the other two zeroes are

1 1 1 1
A) – 2, B) 2, - C) - 2, - D) 2,
2 2 2 2

7. If the polynomial x4 - 2x3 - 8x2 + kx - 5 is exactly divisible by x + 3, the value of k is

50 50 58 58
A)  B) C) D) 
3 3 3 3

8. If 2 is a zero of both the polynomials 3x2 + px - 14 = 0 and 2x3 + qx2 + x - 2, the value of p - 2q is

A) – 1 B) 5 C) 9 D) – 9

9. If x + y + z = 9 and xy + xz + yz = 26, find x3 + y3 + z3 - 3xyz

A) 27 B) 20 C) 25 D) 15

10. If a + b = 4 and ab = 3, a3 - b3 is

A) 25 B) 26 C) 27 D) 30

11. If x2 - 4 is a factor of 2x3 + ax2 + bx + 12, then the value of a + b is

A) 5 B) 11

C) – 11 D) – 5

12. The remainder when x6 + 3x2 + 10 is divided by x3 + 1 is

A) x2 - 11 B) 3x2 + 11 C) x3 - 1 D) 1- x3

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a b
13. If   1, then a3 - b3 is
b a

1
A) 1 B) – 1 C) D) 0
2

14. Which of the following is not a polynomial

2 3 1 2 5 3 3
A) x  2x  1 B) x  0.6x  5 C) 3x3  1 D) x  5x  1
3 2 x 2

15. Simplified form of (2a - 3b) (2a + 3b) (4a2 + 9b2) is

A) 9a4 - 81b4 B) 16a4 - 81b4 C) 9a4 + 81b4 D) 16a4 + 81b4

1 1
16. x2  2
 18, then x 3  3 is
x x

A) 76 B) 80 C) 81 D) 86
17. Evaluate 763 - 423 - 343
A) 325584 B) 338554 C) 325684 D) 328654

2863  7143
18. The value of is
2862  286  714  714 2

A) 1000 B) 1286 C) 1500 D) 1834

19. x - 2 is a factor of 3x2 + ax + b and when ax3 + 4 is divided by x - 2, the remainder is 12, then the value
of a - b is
A) 10 B) 12 C) 13 D) 15
20. The area of a reactangle is 6x2 + x - 1, length is 2x + 1, then its breadth is
A) 2x + 3 B) 3x + 1 C) 3x - 1 D) 3x + 2
21. If x2 - 4x + 3 is a factor of ax3 + bx2 + 2x - 1, then 9(a - b) is
A) 10 B) 11 C) 12 D) 13
22. If –1 and 2 are zeroes and ax + b is a factor of 2x3 - 3x2 - 3x + 2, then (a,b) is
A) (2, –1) B) (– 2, 1) C) (1, 2) D) (– 1, – 2)
23. One of the factors of 8x3 - 27y3 is
A) 2x + 3y B) 4x2 + 6xy + 9y2 C) 4x2 - 6xy + 9y2 D) 3x + 2y
24. a4 + b4 is same as
A) (a + b)4 - 2a2b2 B) [(a + b)2 - 2ab]2 - 2a2b2
C) (a + b)4 - 4a2b2 D) [(a + b)2 + 2ab]2 - 2a2b2]

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25. The false statement is

B)  3x 
2/3
A) 3x 2  1 is a polynomial  1 is not a polynomial

C) 4x + 1 is binomial D) 5 is not a polynomial

26. Which of the following is not a factor of x4 - 9

A) x  3 B) x  3 C) x2 -3 D) x - 3

1
27. The remainder when x3 + x2 + x + 1 is divided with x 
2

3 1 5 3
A) B) C) D)
8 2 8 8

28. Which of the following is a factor of p(x) = x3 - 23x2 + 142x - 120

A) x - 2 B) x + 2 C) x - 1 D) x + 1

29. One of the factor of 9a2 + 16 b2 +25 c2 + 24ab + 40bc + 30 ac is

A) a + b + c B) 3a + 4b + 5c C) 3a - 4b - 5c D) 3a + 4b - 5c

30. One of the factors of 8x3 + 27y3 + 36x2y + 54xy2 is

A) 2x - 3y B) 4x2 + 9y2 C) (2x + 3y)2 D) 4x2 - 9y2

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