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    Special Product and Factoring Final

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    Ren
    1. The document discusses various methods for factoring polynomials, including: factoring the difference of two squares, factoring the sum and difference of two cubes, factoring perfect square trinomials, factoring trinomials with distinct factors, and factoring by grouping terms. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate each factoring method, such as factoring x3 + 27 using the sum and difference of two cubes formula, and factoring 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 as a perfect square trinomial. 3. The "AC method" for factoring trinomials is described, which involves finding two numbers whose product is the constant term and whose sum is the coefficient of the middle

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    Special Product and Factoring Final

    Uploaded by

    Ren
    38 views16 pages
    1. The document discusses various methods for factoring polynomials, including: factoring the difference of two squares, factoring the sum and difference of two cubes, factoring perfect square trinomials, factoring trinomials with distinct factors, and factoring by grouping terms. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate each factoring method, such as factoring x3 + 27 using the sum and difference of two cubes formula, and factoring 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 as a perfect square trinomial. 3. The "AC method" for factoring trinomials is described, which involves finding two numbers whose product is the constant term and whose sum is the coefficient of the middle

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    1. The document discusses various methods for factoring polynomials, including: factoring the difference of two squares, factoring the sum and difference of two cubes, factoring perfect square trinomials, factoring trinomials with distinct factors, and factoring by grouping terms. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate each factoring method, such as factoring x3 + 27 using the sum and difference of two cubes formula, and factoring 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 as a perfect square trinomial. 3. The "AC method" for factoring trinomials is described, which involves finding two numbers whose product is the constant term and whose sum is the coefficient of the middle

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    38 views16 pages

    Special Product and Factoring Final

    Uploaded by

    Ren
    1. The document discusses various methods for factoring polynomials, including: factoring the difference of two squares, factoring the sum and difference of two cubes, factoring perfect square trinomials, factoring trinomials with distinct factors, and factoring by grouping terms. 2. Examples are provided to demonstrate each factoring method, such as factoring x3 + 27 using the sum and difference of two cubes formula, and factoring 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 as a perfect square trinomial. 3. The "AC method" for factoring trinomials is described, which involves finding two numbers whose product is the constant term and whose sum is the coefficient of the middle

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    SPECIAL PRODUCT AND

    FACTORING
    1. SPECIAL PRODUCT

    I. Product of the sum and difference of two numbers


    (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2
    II. The square of a binomial
    (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
    (a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
    III. The cube of a binomial
    (a + b)3 = a3+ 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
    (a - b)3 = a3 - 3a2b + 3ab2 - b3
    IV. The product of two binomials with like terms
    (ax + by) (cx +dy) = acx2 + (ad + bc)xy + bdy2
    FACTORING POLYNOMIALS

     To factor an algebraic expression is to find two or more expressions


    whose product is the original expression. The process involved is
    called factoring. A polynomial is said to be completely factored when
    none of its factors can be factored. Each factor is then expressible only
    as one times itself or minus one times its negative and is called prime
    factor. In general, if P(x) is any polynomial in x and if

     P(x) = P1(x) ٠ P2(x) ٠ P3(x). . . Pn(x)

    then P(x) is completely factored if each P1(x), P2(x), . . . Pn(x) is
    prime or irreducible. We call the product in the right member of the
    equation above, the prime factorization of P(x). For example

    1. (a + b + c)2 = [(a +b) + c ]2 = (a +b)2 + 2(a + b)c + c2
    = a2 + 2ab + b2 + 2ac + 2bc + c2
    = a2 + b2 + + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ac
    2. (a + b + c + d)2 = [(a +b) + (c + d)]2 = (a +b)2 + 2(a + b)(c + d) + (c+d)2
    = a2 + 2ab + b2 + 2ac + 2ad + 2bc + 2bd + c2
    + 2cd + d2

    3. x + y = (x + y)( x -x+ 2ab


    n =an2 +b2 + c2 +n-1
    d + + 2acn-2 + n-1
    + y 2ad) , +n 2bc
    is odd+ 2bd + 2cd
    2 n-2
    y + ...-xy
    Example
    a. x3 + y3 = (x + y)( x2 -xy + y2)
    b. x5 + y5 = (x + y)( x4 - x3y + x2y2 - xy3 + y4)
    c. x3 - y3 = (x - y)( x2 + xy + y2)
    d. x5 - y5 = (x - y)( x4 + x3y + x2y2 + xy3 + y4)
    x3 – x = x(x2 – 1)

    is not completely factored since x2 – 1 is still factorable over
    the rational numbers. Since x2 – 1 = (x + 1)(x – 1), then the
    factorization of x3 – x is complete if we write

     x3 – x = x(x + 1)(x – 1)

    and we call x(x + 1)(x – 1) the prime factorization of x3 – x.
    SIMPLE TYPES OF FACTORING

    Common Factors. If each term of a polynomial has a common factor, the


    distributive law enables us to express the polynomial as the product of two
    factors, one of which is the common factor.

    Ex. 1 Factor 4x3y2 + 2x2y3 – 6x2y2

    Solution: Each term has 2x2y2 as its GCF. Hence

    4x3y2 + 2x2y3 – 6x2y2 = 2x2y2(2x)+ 2x2y2 (y) – 2x2y2(3) = 2x2y2(2x + y – 3)


    Ex. 2 Factor x(a + b) + y(a + b)

    Solution: Each term has a + b as its GCF. Hence

    x(a + b) + y(a + b) = (a +b)( x + y)


    The Difference of Two Squares

     a2 – b2 = (a + b)(a – b)

    Ex. 3. Factor 36x2 – 25y2

    Solution:

     36x2 – 25y2 = (6x)2 – (5y)2 = (6x + 5y)(6x – 5y)

    Ex. 4. Factor (m +n)2 - (p + q)2

    Solution:

    (m +n)2 - (p + q)2 = [(m + n) + (p + q)] [(m + n) - (p + q)]

     = (m + n + p + q)(m + n - p - q)
    The Sum and Difference of Two Cubes.
     By multiplying, we may verify the formula

     a3 + b3 = (a + b)( a2 - ab + b2 )

     a3 - b3 = (a - b)( a2 + ab + b2 )

    Ex.5 Factor x3 + 27

    Solution:

     x3 + 27 = (x)3 + (3)3 = (x +3)(x2 – 3x + 9)


    Ex.6. Factor m 3 n3 – p 6

    Solution:

     m3 n3 – p6 = (mn)3 – (p2)3 = (mn – p2)(m2n2 + mnp2 + p4)

    Perfect Square Trinomial. From the formulas for the square of a
    binomial, we have the factoring formulas

     a2 + 2ab + b2 = (a + b)2
     a2 - 2ab + b2 = (a - b)2

    Ex. 7. Factor 4x2 + 12xy + 9y2

     Solution:

     4x2 + 12xy + 9y2 = (2x)2 + 2(2x)(3x) + (3y)2 = (2x + 3y)2

    Ex. 8 Factor (x + y)2 – 8(x + y) + 16

     Solution:

     (x + y)2 – 8(x + y) + 16 = [(x + y) – 4]2 = (x + y – 4)2
    TRINOMIAL WITH DISTINCT FACTORS

    If a trinomial ax2 + bx + c is not a perfect-square trinomial a = 1, its
    factorization pattern will be

     x2 + bx + c = (x + m)(x + n)

    where m + n = b and mn = c. If c > 0, then both m and n are both positive or
    both negative. If c< 0, then either m >0 and n < 0, that is, m and n have opposite
    signs.

    Ex. 9 Factor x2 + 5x + 6

     Solution: Since b = 5 and c = 6. we have to look for two numbers m and n
    such that m + n = 5 and mn = 6. Also since 6 is positive, then m and n are both
    positive. The combination m = 3 and n = 2
    (not necessarily in that order) satisfies the above condition. Hence
     x2 + 5x + 6 = ( x + 3)(x + 2)
    If a ≠ 1 in ax2 + bx + c, its factorization will be

     ax2 + bx + c = mnx2 + (mq + np)x + pq

    The result shows that a = mn, b = mq + np and c pq. Hence
    m and n are factors of a while p and q are factors of c. If we
    write the factors m and n of a and the factors of p and q of c
    in column as shown below and then multiply as indicated by
    the arrows, we note that the expression mq + np is the
    indicated sum of the cross products mq and np
     a c
    m p = np

                       
    n q = mq
    ----------
    mq + np = b
    Ex. 10 Factor 2x2 + 11x + 12

    Solution: We have a = 2, b = 11 and c = 12. The pairs of factors of
    (m,n) are (1,2). (2,1), and (-2,-1). Similarly the pairs of factors of
    12 are (1,12) (12,1) (3,4) (4,3) (2,6) (6,2),(-1,-12), (-12,-1) (-3,-4) (-
    4,-3), (-2,-6), and (-6,-2).We immediately discard the negative
    factors. Note that if we take (m,n) = (2,1) and (p,q) = (3,4), we see
    that
     mq + np = 2•4 + 1•3 = 8 + 3 = 11

    a c
    2 3 = 3

    1 4 = 8
    -------
    11 = b
    Factoring Trinomials Using the “AC” Method
    The “AC” Method (Factoring Trinomials)
    The “AC” method or factoring by grouping is a technique used to factor
    trinomials. A
    trinomial is a mathematical expression that consists of three terms (ax² + bx
    + c).

    Example of “AC” method:


    abc
    1. 6x² + 7x + 2
    2. a(c) = 6 b = 2 First, find the product of a and c.
    6(2) =12 b = 7

    3. 12 = 12(1) 12 + 1 ≠ 7 A. List all the products that equal


    12 = 6(2)= 6 + 2 ≠ 7 (a · c).
    12 = 4(3)= 4 + 3 = 7 B. Check to see if numbers listed
    equal b, when added.
    6x² + 3x + 4x + 2 Rewrite trinomial with new numbers
    taking the middle term’s place. 7x
    is now 3x + 4x.
    5. (6x² + 3x) + (4x+2) Isolate similar terms and factor out
    3x(2x + 1) + 2(2x + 1) the greatest common factor (GCF).

    6. (3x + 2)(2x+1) Factor out 2x + 1 and rewrite.


    Factor 2x2 + 11x + 12
    Solution:
    a=2 b= 11 c = 12
    AC = 2(12) = 24
    Factors of 24 whose is 11 = 8 and 3

    2x2 + 11x + 12 = 2x2 + 8x + 3x + 12


    by factoring,
    2x2 + 8x + 3x + 12 = 2x(x + 4) + 3( x + 4)
    and (x +4)(2x +3) = 2x2 + 11x + 12
    FACTORING BY GROUPING

    Sometimes a polynomial whose terms contain no common factor can be separated
    into groups of terms which have a common factor. And some polynomials not in the
    form of the difference of two squares may be so expressed by a proper grouping of
    terms.

    Ex. 11 Factor 3x + 3y + ax + ay = (3x + 3y) + (ax + ay)
     = 3(x + y) + a(x + y)
     = (x + y) (3 + a)

    Ex 12. Factor x4 – 13x2 + 4

    Solution: The given trinomial would be a perfect square trinomial if the middle term
    were –4x2. We obtain the perfect square by adding 9x 2. If we add 9x2, we must subtract
    9x2. Thus we have

     x4 – 13x2 + 4 = (x4 – 4x2 + 4) - 9x2
     = (x2 – 2)2 – (3x)2 difference of two squares (a2 -b2)=(a +b)(a-b)
     = (x2 – 2 + 3x) (x2 – 2 - 3x)

    = (x2 + 3x– 2 ) (x2 - 3x– 2 )

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