Design of Portal Frame:

The portal frame designed below supports the single storied 8 m wide hall at
4m interval. The height of the portal frame is 4 m. The continuous slab is 125
mm thick. The live load on the roof is assumed to be 1.5 kN/m2. Bearing
capacity of a soil is 150kN/m2. The columns are connected with a plinth beam
and the base of the columns are assumed as fixed to footing. We adopt M-25
grade concrete and Fe-500 grade HYSD steel. The design steps are shown
below.

1. Data
Spacing of portal frames =4m
Span of portal frame =8m
Height of columns =4m
Live load on roof = 1.5 kN/m2
Materials: M-25 grade concrete and Fe-500 HYSD bars.
2. Characteristic strength
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and 𝑓𝑦 = 500 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
3. Design of slab
The slab design is done nominally so provide 125 mm slab with 10 mm bars
at 230 mm centres at supports and mid span sections. Distribution steel is 8
mm 𝜙 at 300 mm centres.
4. Design of portal frame
Effective span of beam = 8 m
If d = effective depth
Span l
= =12 ¿ 15 ¿ Heavy loading on beam
Effective depth d
 8000 8000
d= =666 mm ¿ =533 mm Adopt 𝑑 =
12 15
650 𝑚𝑚 and overall depth = 700 mm, Let width
of beam 𝑏 = 400 𝑚𝑚
Thus the section of beam selected as 400 mm by 700 mm.
Column section is assumed as 400 mm by 600 mm.

Fig.9.7:Portal frame
a) Load on frame
Self-weight of slab = (0.125 × 25) = 3.125 kN/m2
Roof finish = 0.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Ceiling finish = 0.25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2
Live load = 1.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Total load = (3.125 + 0.5 + 0.25 + 1.5) = 5.375 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
Load from slab = (5.375 × 4) = 21.5 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Self-weight of beam = [0.4 × (0.7 − 0.125)] × 25 = 5.75 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
Total load on beam = 𝑤 = 21.5 + 5.75 = 27.25 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚
The moments in the portal frame fixed at base and loaded as shown in
Fig.9.7 are analyzed by moment distribution.
 𝐴𝐵 = 4 𝑚
𝐵𝐶 = 8 𝑚
400 × 6003
𝐼𝐴𝐵 = ( )
12
400 × 7003
𝐼𝐵𝐶 = ( )
12
𝐼𝐴
𝐵 600 3
∴ = = 0.63
𝐼𝐵 700
𝐶

Thus if, 𝐼𝐴𝐵 = 𝐼, then 𝐼𝐵𝐶 = 1.59 𝐼

b) Relative stiffness
4𝐼
𝑘𝐵𝐴 = ( ) = 𝐼
4
4 × 1.59 𝐼
𝑘𝐵𝐶 = ( ) = 0.79 𝐼
8
c) Distribution factor
𝐼
𝑑𝐵𝐴 = ( ) = 0.56
+ 0.79 𝐼
0.79 𝐼
𝑑𝐵𝐶 = ( ) = 0.44
+ 0.79 𝐼
d) Fixed end moments
𝑤𝐿2
27.25 × 82
𝐹𝐵𝐶 = − ( )=−( ) = −145.33 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
12 12
𝑤𝐿2 27.25 × 82
) = +145.33 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝐹𝐶𝐵 = + ( )=+( 12
12
𝐹𝐵𝐴 = 𝐹𝐴𝐵 = 𝐹𝐶𝐷 = 𝐹𝐷𝐴 = 0
 e) Moment distribution
B C
A D
0.56 0.44 0.44 0.56
-145.33 +145.33
+81.38 +63.95 -63.95 -81.38
+40.69 -31.97 +31.97 -40.69
+17.90 +14.07 -14.07 -17.90
+8.95 -7.03 +7.03 -8.95
+3.94 +3.09 -3.09 -3.94
+1.97 -1.55 +1.55 -1.97
+0.87 +0.68 -0.68 -0.87
+0.43 -0.34 +0.34 -0.43
+0.19 +0.15 -0.15 -0.19
+0.10 -0.07 +0.07 -0.10
+0.04 +0.03 -0.03 -0.04
+52.14 +104.32 -104.32 +104.32 -104.32 -52.14 kNm

f) Design moments and shear forces

Service load moments: 𝑀𝐵 = 104.32 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑀𝐴 = 52.14 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Design ultimate moments are computed as:
𝑀𝑢𝐵 = (1.5 × 104.32) = 156.48 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑀𝑢𝐴 = (1.5 × 52.14) = 78.21 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Maximum positive service load moment at centre of span BC is:
= [0.125 𝑤𝐿2 − 104.32]
= [(0.125 × 27.25 × 82) − 104.32]
= 113.68 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Ultimate moment at centre of span BC

= 𝑀𝑢 = (1.5 × 113.68) = 170.52 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

The service load bending moment diagram for the portal frame is shown in
Fig.9.8.

Maximum working shear force at B = (0.5 × 27.25 × 8) = 109 𝑘𝑁

Maximum ultimate shear force at B = 𝑉𝑢 = (1.5 × 109) = 163.5 𝑘𝑁

𝑀𝐴+𝑀
Working load shear force at A = ( )
4

52.14 + 104.32
=( ) = 39.12 𝑘𝑁
4

Ultimate shear force at A = (1.5 × 39.12) = 58.68 𝑘𝑁

Fig. 9.8: Bending moment diagram

g) Design of beam section
Mid span section:
Mid span section is designed as a Tee section.
Factored design moment = 𝑀𝑢 = 170.52 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Effective width of flange (𝑏𝑓) is given by the relation:
𝑏𝑓 = [(𝐿𝑜⁄6) + 𝑏𝑤 + 6 𝐷𝑓]
= [(8⁄6) + 0.4 + (6 × 0.125)]
= 2.48 𝑚 < 4 m
Hence, 𝑏𝑓 = 2480 𝑚𝑚 and effective depth = 𝑑 = 650 𝑚𝑚
Limiting neutral axis depth for 𝑓𝑦 = 500 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 is computed as:
𝑥𝑢,𝑖𝑚 = 0.46 𝑑 = (0.46 × 650) = 299 𝑚𝑚
Refering to codal provision
𝐷𝑓
( 125
𝑑)=( ) = 0.19 < 0.2
𝐷𝑓 650
125
( )=( ) = 0.42 < 0.43
𝑥𝑢 299
Since the moment value is small, determine the value of neutral axis depth,
𝑥𝑢 falling within the flange using the equation:
𝑀𝑢 = 0.36 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑥𝑢 𝑏𝑓 (𝑑 − 0.42𝑥𝑢)
(170.52 × 106) = (0.36 × 25 × 𝑥𝑢 × 2480)(650 − 0.42 × 𝑥𝑢)

Solving, we have 𝑥𝑢 = 11.84 𝑚𝑚 < 𝐷𝑓 = 125 𝑚𝑚

Hence considering the section as rectangular, the area of reinforcement

required is computed by the reaction:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ⋅ 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡𝑑 [1 − ]
𝑏 𝑑 𝑐𝑘
 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 500
170.52 × 10 = (0.87 × 500 ×Ast × 650) [1 −
6 ]
2480 × 650 × 25

Solving, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 607.66 𝑚𝑚2

Provide 4 bars of 20 mm diameter, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 1256 𝑚𝑚2

Support section:

Factored design moment = 𝑀𝑢 = 156.48 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Since it is negative moment, slab is in tension.

Hence it is designed as a rectangular section.

𝑀𝑢,𝑖𝑚 = 0.133 𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏 𝑑2

= 0.133 × 25 × 400 × 6502
= 562 × 106𝑁. 𝑚𝑚 > 𝑀𝑢

The support section is designed as rectangular section and the reinforcement area is
computed using the equation:
500 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡
(156.48 × 10 ) = (0.87 × 500 × 𝐴𝑠𝑡 × 650) [1 −
6 ]
400 × 650 × 25

Solving, 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 579.23 𝑚𝑚2

Since the section has to resist shear force also, provide 4 bars of 20 mm diameter
providing an area of 1256 mm2.

Vu 2
Nominal shear stress =τ υ= =163.5 ×103 × 400 ×650=0.63 N /mm
bd

100 𝐴𝑠𝑡 100 × 1256

𝑝𝑡 = ( )=( ) = 0.48
𝑏𝑑 400 × 650

Refer to codal provision:

 𝑟𝑐 = 0.48 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2 < 𝑟𝑣

Hence shear reinforcements are required.

Balance shear force = 𝑉𝑢𝑠 = [163.5 − (0.48 × 400 × 650)10−3] = 38.7 𝑘𝑁

Using 8 mm diameter two-legged stirrups, spacing is given by the relation:

0.87 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑 0.87 × 500 × 2 × 50.26 × 650

𝑠𝑣 = [ ]=[ ] = 734 𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑠
38.7 × 103
Adopt 300 mm spacing near the supports, gradually increasing to 400 mm towards the
centre of span.

h) Design of column section

Section at top (B)

Moment M = 104.32 kN.m

Thrust P = 109 kN
Using load factor of 1.5
𝑀𝑢 = 104.32 × 1.5 = 156.48 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
𝑃𝑢 = 109 × 1.5 = 163.5 𝑘𝑁
Column section is of size 400 × 600 mm
∴ 𝑏 = 400 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 550𝑚𝑚
𝐷 = 600 𝑚𝑚
𝑑′ = 50 𝑚𝑚
'
d
=0.1
D
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 25 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
 𝑀𝑢 156.48 × 106
( )=( ) = 0.043
𝑓𝑐 ⋅ 𝑏 ⋅ 𝐷 2
25 × 400 × 6002
𝑘

𝑃
𝑢 )= 163.5 × 103 ) = 0.027
( (
𝑓𝑐𝑘 ⋅ 𝑏 ⋅ 𝐷 25 × 400 × 600
Using interaction curves of SP-16, referring to chart No. 36 we get:
𝑝
( ) = 0.02
𝑓𝑐
𝑘

∴ 𝑝 = (25 × 0.02) = 0.5

0.5 × 400 ×
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 600 = 1200 𝑚𝑚2
= (𝑝 . 𝑏 . 𝐷)⁄100 =
100
0.8×400×600
But minimum area of steel = ( ) = 1920𝑚𝑚2
100

Provide 4 bars of 20 mm 𝜙 on each face (𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 2512 𝑚𝑚2 ) and

8 mm 𝜙 ties at 300 mm centres throughout the column.

Same reinforcements are provided at the base section of the column.

i) Design of foundations
Working axial load on column = 109 𝑘𝑁
Self-weight of column = (0.4× 0.6× 4× 25) = 24 kN

∴ Total load from column = (109 + 24) = 133 𝑘𝑁

Self-weight of foundation @ 10% = 13 kN

Total working load = 𝑃 = 146 𝑘𝑁
Factored axial load = 𝑃𝑢 = (1.5 × 146) = 219 𝑘𝑁
Working moment about base 𝑀 = 52.14 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

∴ Eccentricity = 𝑒 = [ / 𝑃 ] = 52.14 × 106 /(146 × 103)=357 mm

 To avoid tension in the foundations:
Breadth = 𝑏 = 6𝑒 = (6 × 357) = 2142 𝑚𝑚
Provide a foundation area of 1 m by 2.2 m
2×133
Maximum Intensity of pressure = 𝑝 = [ ]
1×2.2

= 121 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 < 150 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2

(safe)
121 ×1.4 2
Pressure at face of column, 𝑝′ = [ ] = 77 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
2.2

Fig. 9.9: Details of R.C. footing for column

Hence total soil pressure Force on the cantilever portion is given as:
121 +77
𝑃=[ ] × 0.8 = 79.2 𝑘𝑁, acting at 0.4 m from column edge
2

Working bending moment at edge of column

= (79.2 × 0.4) = 31.68 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

 Factored design moment 𝑀𝑢 = (1.5 × 31.68) = 47.52 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
Effective depth required for footing slab is computed as:

d=
√ Mu
0.133 f ck b
=
√ 47.52 ×106
0.133 × 25× 1000
=119.5 mm

Depth required to resist shear force is greater than that obtained from
moment considerations. Hence adopt overall depth of 300 mm
Effective depth = d = 250 mm
Area of reinforcements is obtained by computing the parameter:
6
Mu 47.52 ×10
2
= =0.76
bd 1000 × 250
Refer to codal proportion,
100 𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑝𝑡 = ( ) = 0.181
𝑏𝑑
0.181 × 1000 × 250
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡 = ( )
100
= 452 𝑚𝑚2 > 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑖𝑛 (= 300 𝑚𝑚2)
Provide 12 mm diameter bars at 150 mm centres both ways
(𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 754 𝑚𝑚2).
Check for shear:
Shear force acting at a distance of 250 mm from the face of the column is
given by:
121+91
Working shear force = 𝑉 = ( ) × (0.8 − 0.25) = 58.3 𝑘𝑁
2

Ultimate shear force = 𝑉𝑢 = (1.5 × 58.3) = 87.45 𝑘𝑁

𝑉 87.45 × 103
𝑟𝑣 = ( ) = ( ) = 0.35 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2
𝑢
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 250
 100
𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) = ( 100 × 754 ) = 0.30
(
𝑏𝑑 1000 × 250
The design shear strength of concrete 𝑟𝑐 as:
𝑟𝑐 = 0.386 𝑁⁄𝑚𝑚2
Since 𝑟𝑐 > 𝑟𝑣, the footing slab safely resist the shear stresses.
The details of the reinforcements in the portal frame for design example
9.4. are shown in Fig.9.10.

Fig. 9.10: Reinforcement details in portal frame

Item Description CESMM4 REF Quantity Unit Rate Amount

Concreting of footing, column, beam

and slab with reinforced concrete

RCC Footing

Reinforcement and concrete quantity

and placing

A 12 mm HYSD primary reinforcement, 14

nos 2.2 m long G524.1 27.321 kg 0.6 16.393

B 12 mm HYSD primary reinforcement, 6

nos 1 m long G524.2 5.322 kg 0.6 3.1932

C M25 concrete of minimum aggregate

size 20 mm F222.1 0.66 m3 80 52.8

D Placing of Concrete F722.1 0.66 m3 5 3.3

Carried to Collection 75.686

Column

Formwork, reinforcement and concrete

quantity and placement
 A Formwork for column G182.1 9.4 2 7 65.8
m

B 8-20 mm HYSD primary reinforcement for

one column G526.1 138.034 kg 0.59 81.854

C 8mm ties @300 mm c-c G522.1 16.77 kg 0.6 10.062

D M25 concrete of minimum aggregate

size 20 mm F222.2 1.128 m3 80 90.24

E Placing of Concrete F753.1 1.128 m3 5 5.64

Carried to Collection 253.6

Item Description CESMM4 REF Quantity Unit Rate Amount

Beam

Formwork, reinforcement and concrete

quantity and placement

A Formwork for beam G181.1 10.54 2 7 73.78

m

B 6-20 mm HYSD longitudinal

reinforcement G526.2 125.774 kg 0.6 75.464

C 8mm ties @300 mm c-c G522.2 21.307 kg 0.6 12.784

D M25 concrete of minimum aggregate

size 20 mm F222.3 1.904 m3 80 152.32
 E Placing of Concrete F764.1 1.904 m3 5 9.52

Carried to Collection 323.87

Item Description Quantity Unit Rate Amount

Collections

Total cost calculation for each portal frame

Footing 2 nos 75.7 151.37

Column 2 nos 254 507.19

Beam 1 nos 324 323.87

Carried to Bill summary 982.43