Example 1: Classification of columns

All members in the following frame are rectangular and

constructed of the same strength concrete (E is the same
for both beams and columns). Considering bending in the
plane of the frame only, classify column EF as long or
short if the frame is braced. All girders are 300 x 600 mm.

1
Solution:
Moments of inertia:
300 ∗ 6003
𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠: 𝐼𝑔 = = 54 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4
12
300 ∗ 4003
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛: 𝐼𝐷𝐸 = = 16 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4
12
300 ∗ 3503
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛: 𝐼𝐸𝐹 = = 10.71875 ∗ 108 𝑚𝑚4
12
Stiffness Coefficients:
𝐸 54 ∗ 108 5𝐸
𝐸𝐼𝑔 𝐾𝐵𝐸 = 𝐾 𝐶𝐹 = = 6 ∗ 10
𝐺𝑖𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠: 𝐾𝑔 = 9000
𝐿𝑔 𝐸 54 ∗ 108
𝐾𝐸𝐻 = 𝐾𝐹𝐼 = = 7.2 ∗ 105 𝐸
7500
𝐸 16 ∗ 108 5𝐸
𝐸𝐼𝐶 𝐾 𝐷𝐸 = = 4.21 ∗ 10
𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛𝑠: 𝐾𝐶 = 3800
𝐿𝐶 𝐸 10.71875 ∗ 108
𝐾𝐸𝐹 = = 2.82 ∗ 1025 𝐸
3800
The column being considered is column EF.
Rotational stiffness's at joints E and F.
(𝐸𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑙 /𝐿) (𝐼𝐶𝑜𝑙 /𝐿)
𝛼= =
(𝛼𝑓 𝐸𝐼𝑔 /𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 ) (𝛼𝑓 𝐼𝑔 /𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓 )

4.21 ∗ 105 + 2.82 ∗ 105

𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐸: 𝛼𝐸 = 5 5
= 0.53
6 ∗ 10 + 7.2 ∗ 10
2.82 ∗ 105
𝐽𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐹: 𝛼𝐹 = 5 5
= 0.21
6 ∗ 10 + 7.2 ∗ 10
𝛼𝐸 + 𝛼𝐹 0.53 + 0.21
𝛼𝑚 = = = 0.37
2 2
3
For a braced column (Non sway structure) for design:
𝐿𝑒 𝛼𝑚 + 0.4 0.37 + 0.4
= = = 0.66 ≥ 0.7
𝐿 𝛼𝑚 + 0.8 0.37 + 0.8
𝐿𝑒 = 0.7 ∗ 3.8 = 2.66 𝑚 = 2660 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜:
𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 2660
𝜆= = = = 26.327
𝐼 𝐼/𝐴 10.7185 ∗ 108
300 ∗ 350
30
𝜆 ≤ 50 − 25 − = 66.66 … . 𝜆𝑐𝑎𝑙 = 26.327
45
≤ 𝜆𝑀𝑎𝑥 = 66.66 → 𝑂𝑘!
∴ 𝑇𝑕𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕.
4
Example 2: Axial Column
A column resting on an independent footing supports a
flat slab. The super imposed factored load transferred
from the slab is 1000 kN. Design the column assuming a
gross steel ratio of (a) 0.01 (b) 0.02. Use concrete C30,
steel S300 and class I works. Assume column height h =
4m.
Solution:
Step 1: Material Strength Properties:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶 − 30 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒:

30 𝑁 0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = 24 2
, 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 13.6 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑
1.25 𝑚𝑚 1.5 𝑚𝑚
2
0.21𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = 1.16485
1.5 𝑚𝑚2
5
For S-300 Rebar:
𝑁 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 300 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 260.87
𝑚𝑚2 1.15 𝑚𝑚2
Step 2: Determine cross sectional dimensions (b & h):
𝑃𝑑𝑢 = 𝐴𝑔 [𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 − 𝜌 + 𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑑 ]
𝑎 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜌 = 0.01 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑑 = 1000 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑑
𝐴𝑔 =
[𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 − 𝜌 + 𝜌𝑓𝑦𝑑 ]

1000 ∗ 103
𝑆2 = , 𝑆 = 249 𝑚𝑚
13.6 1 − 0.01 + 0.01 260.87
Use 250 mm X 250 mm Cross Section
6
 2
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴𝑔 = 0.01 ∗ 250 = 625 𝑚𝑚2
𝑈𝑠𝑒 4 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 16 𝑚𝑚 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠

∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 804 𝑚𝑚2 (𝐶𝑕𝑒𝑐𝑘 𝑉𝑆 𝑀𝑖𝑛/ 𝑀𝑎𝑥 Requirements.)

6 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, ∅𝑡 ≥ ∅𝑙 16
= = 4 𝑚𝑚
4 4
∴ ∅𝑡 = 6 𝑚𝑚

12 ∗ ∅𝑙 = 12 ∗ 16 = 192 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑠, 𝑆𝑡 ≤ 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 250 𝑚𝑚
300 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑆𝑡 = 192 𝑚𝑚

𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝟔 𝒎𝒎 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝟏𝟗𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟.

7
𝑏 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜌 = 0.02 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑑 = 1000 𝑘𝑁 →

1000 ∗ 10 3
𝑆2 = , 𝑆 = 232 𝑚𝑚
13.6 1 − 0.02 + 0.02 260.87
Use 240 mm × 240 mm cross section
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 𝜌𝐴𝑔 = 0.02 ∗ 240 2 = 1125 𝑚𝑚2
𝑈𝑠𝑒 4Ø20𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 1256 𝑚𝑚2
6 𝑚𝑚
∅𝑡 ≥ ∅𝑙 16 ∅𝑡 = 6 𝑚𝑚
= = 4 𝑚𝑚
4 4
12 ∗ ∅𝑙 = 12 ∗ 20 = 240 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑡 ≤ 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 240 𝑚𝑚
300 𝑚𝑚
For Ties, use 6 mm diameter bars (ties) at c/c 240 mm.
8
 Example 3: Uniaxial Bending
Design a slender braced (non-sway) column subjected to
uniaxial bending.
Given:
Factored load =1650KN
Factored 1st order equivalent constant moment = 130 kNm
Geometric length: L = 7m and le = 0.7L
Material data; C-30, S-460 class I work
Assume b =400mm, h = 400 mm Øl = 20mm , Øt = 10mm
Reqiured:
Quantity of reinforcement, AS:
9
Solution:
Step 1: Material Strength Properties:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶 − 30 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒:

30 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = 24 2
,
1.25 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 13.6 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑
1.5 𝑚𝑚
2
0.21 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = 1.16485
1.5 𝑚𝑚2
For S-460 Rebar:
𝑁 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 460 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 400
𝑚𝑚2 1.15 𝑚𝑚2
10
Step 2: Check for Second order effect (𝝀):

𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 0.7(7000)
𝜆= = = = = 42.4
𝑖 𝐼 𝑕2 4002
𝐴 12 12
In this non-sway frame, first order moment is constant
throughout the column.
𝑀1
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 50 − 25 = 50 − 25 1 = 25
𝑀2
As 𝜆 > 𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 , second order effect has to be considered.
[ 𝑒2 is different from zero]
11
Step 3: Determine ω using 𝝂𝒔𝒅 and 𝝁𝒔𝒅 :
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2
130 ∗ 106
𝑒𝑒 = 3 = 78.79 𝑚𝑚
1650 ∗ 10
𝐿𝑒 0.7 7000 4900
𝑒𝑎 = = = = 16.33 ≥ 20𝑚𝑚
300 300 300
∴ 𝑒𝑎 = 20 𝑚𝑚
1
𝐾1 𝐿2𝑒
𝑒2 = 𝑟
10
𝜆
𝐾1 = − 0.75 𝑓𝑜𝑟 15 ≤ 𝜆 ≤ 35
20
𝐾1 = 1.0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝜆 > 35
𝜆 = 42.4 > 35 ∴ 𝑲𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟎
12
1 5
= 𝐾2 10−3
𝑟 𝑑
𝑑′ 40
= = 0.1
𝑕 400
𝑑 = 𝑕 − 𝑑′ = 400 − 40 = 360mm
𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝜇𝑠𝑑
𝐾2 = =
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝜇𝑏𝑎𝑙
The value of K 2 may be found iteratively taking an
initial value corresponding to first order actions (By
initially considering the 1st order eccentricity, 𝒆𝒆
and accidental eccentricity, 𝒆𝒂 ). 13
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 1𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑎
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 130 + 1650 ∗ 0.02 = 163 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
𝜈𝑠𝑑 = = 2
= 0.76
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 400 ∗ 13.6
𝑀𝑠𝑑 163 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2
= 2
= 0.187
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 400 ∗ 13.6 ∗ 400

Using chart No- 2; for 𝜈𝑠𝑑 = 0.76 and 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.187; ω = 0.32
and 𝜇𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.25
𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝜇𝑠𝑑 0.187
𝐾2 = = = = 0.75
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝜇𝑏𝑎𝑙 0.25

14
1 5 −3
5
= 𝐾2 10 = 0.75 10−3 = 10.42 ∗ 10−6
𝑟 𝑑 360

1
𝐾1 𝐿2𝑒
𝑒2 = 𝑟
10

1 49002 10.42 ∗ 10−6

𝑒2 = = 25.02 𝑚𝑚
10
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 78.79 + 20 + 25.02 = 123.81 𝑚𝑚

15
Iteration 2:

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑃 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1650 123.81 10−3 = 204.3 kNm

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103
𝜈𝑠𝑑 = = 2
= 0.76
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 400 ∗ 13.6
𝑀𝑠𝑑 204.3 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2
= 2
= 0.23
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 400 ∗ 13.6 ∗ 400
Similarly, Using Uniaxial chart No- 2 again ; for 𝜈𝑠𝑑 = 0.76
and 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.23; ω = 0.45 and 𝜇𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.3
𝑀𝑠𝑑 𝜇𝑠𝑑 0.23
𝐾2 = = = = 0.77
𝑀𝑏𝑎𝑙 𝜇𝑏𝑎𝑙 0.3
16
1 5 −3
5
= 𝐾2 10 = 0.77 10−3 = 10.69 ∗ 10−6
𝑟 𝑑 360

1
𝐾1 𝐿2𝑒
𝑒2 = 𝑟
10

1 49002 10.69 ∗ 10−6

𝑒2 = = 25.67 𝑚𝑚
10
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 + 𝑒2

𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 78.79 + 20 + 25.67 = 124.46 𝑚𝑚

Continue iteration until you get constant ω.

17
Iteration 3:

𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑃 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1650 124.46 10−3 = 205.3 kNm

𝑁𝑠𝑑 1650 ∗ 103

𝜈𝑠𝑑 = = 2
= 0.76
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 400 ∗ 13.6
𝑀𝑠𝑑 205.3 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2
= 2
= 0.236
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 400 ∗ 13.6 ∗ 400

Using Uniaxial chart No- 2 again ; for 𝜈𝑠𝑑 = 0.76 and

𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.236; ω = 0.45 and 𝜇𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.3
∴ 𝑰𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒂𝒏 𝒃𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒐𝒑𝒑𝒆𝒅.

18
Step 4: Design Reinforcements (As & St):
Main Bars:
𝜔𝐴𝐶 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.45 ∗ 4002 ∗ 13.6
𝐴𝑠 = = = 2448 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 400

Use 8Ø20mm bars.

Compare As, Provided with minimum and maximum code
requirements:
0.008𝐴𝐶 ≤ 𝐴𝑆 ≤ 0.08𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.008 4002 = 1280 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 4002 = 12800 𝑚𝑚2
8𝜋 202
𝐴𝑆,𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑 = = 2512𝑚𝑚2 … … … . 𝑂𝑘!
4
19
Lateral ties:
6 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, ∅𝑡 ≥ ∅𝑙 20
= = 5 𝑚𝑚
4 4
∴ ∅𝑡 = 6 𝑚𝑚 ≤ ∅𝑡,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 10 𝑚𝑚 𝑶𝒌!

12 ∗ ∅𝑙 = 12 ∗ 20 = 240 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑆𝑡 ≤ 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝐿𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 400 𝑚𝑚
300 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑆𝑡 = 240 𝑚𝑚

𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒎 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 @ C/C 𝟐𝟒𝟎𝒎𝒎

20
 Example 4: Uniaxial Bending
A 7.5m long uniaxial column is to be constructed from a
materials C-30, S-400 class I works. If the diagram for 1st
order end moment and axial force are as shown,
determine the area of reinforcement assuming non-sway
frame system.(use b/h =300/400 and Le=0.75L).
Assume d’ = 40mm
& Use Uniaxial Chart
No 2

∅𝑙 = 22𝑚𝑚 &
∅𝑡 = 6𝑚𝑚

21
Solution:
Step 1: Material Strength Properties:
For C-30 Concrete:

30 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = 24 2
,
1.25 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 13.6 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑
1.5 𝑚𝑚
2
0.21 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = 1.16485
1.5 𝑚𝑚2
For S-400 Rebar:
𝑁 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 400 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 347.83
𝑚𝑚2 1.15 𝑚𝑚2
22
Step 2: Check for Second order Effect (𝝀 ):

𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 𝐿𝑒 0.75(7500)
𝜆= = = = = 48.7
𝑖 𝐼 𝑕2 4002
𝐴 12 12
In this non-sway frame, the first order moments are
𝑀2 = 155 𝑘𝑁𝑚 (Which is always positive and greater in
magnitude) and 𝑀1 = −82𝑘𝑁𝑚 .
𝑀1 82
𝜆𝑚𝑎𝑥 ≤ 50 − 25 = 50 − 25 − = 63.2
𝑀2 155
As 𝝀 < 𝝀𝒎𝒂𝒙 , Neglect second order effect (𝑒2 = 0).

23
Step 3: Determine ω using 𝝂𝒔𝒅 and 𝝁𝒔𝒅 :
0.6𝑒02 + 0.4𝑒01
𝒆𝒆 ≥
0.4𝑒02
155
𝑒02 = ∗ 103 = 121.1𝑚𝑚
1280
82
𝑒01 = − ∗ 103 = −64.1𝑚𝑚
1280
0.6 121.1 + 0.4 −64.1 = 47.02𝑚𝑚
𝒆𝒆 ≥
0.4 121.1 = 48.44𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝒆𝒆 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟒𝟒𝒎𝒎
𝐿𝑒 0.75 7500
𝑒𝑎 ≥ 300 = 300
= 18.75𝑚𝑚 ∴ 𝒆𝒂 = 𝟐𝟎𝒎𝒎
20𝑚𝑚
24
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒𝑒 + 𝑒𝑎 , No second order effect (e2 = 0)
However, for different eccentricities at the ends of the
column, the critical end sections shall be checked for
first-order moment, 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒02 + 𝑒𝑎 .
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑒02 + 𝑒𝑎 = 121.1 + 20 = 141.1𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 𝑃 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 1280 141.1 10−3 = 180.61 kNm
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1280 ∗ 103
𝜈𝑠𝑑 = = = 0.78
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 300 ∗ 400 ∗ 13.6
𝑀𝑠𝑑 180.61 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 2
= 2
= 0.28
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 300 ∗ 400 ∗ 13.6
Using Uni axial chart No- 2 ; for 𝜈𝑠𝑑 = 0.78 and 𝜇𝑠𝑑 = 0.28;
ω = 0.6 and 𝜇𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.36
25
Step 4: Design Reinforcements (As & St):
Main Bars:
𝜔𝐴𝐶 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.6 ∗ 300 ∗ 400 ∗ 13.6
𝐴𝑠 = = = 2815.2 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 347.83

Use 8Ø22mm bars.

Compare As, Provided with minimum and maximum code
requirements:
0.008𝐴𝐶 ≤ 𝐴𝑆 ≤ 0.08𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.008 300 ∗ 400 = 960 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 300 ∗ 400 = 9600 𝑚𝑚2
8𝜋 222
𝑨𝑺,𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = = 3041.1 𝑚𝑚2 … … … . 𝑶𝒌
4
26
Lateral ties:
6 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, ∅𝑡 ≥ ∅𝑙 22
= = 5.5 𝑚𝑚
4 4
∴ ∅𝑡 = 6 𝑚𝑚 ≤ ∅𝑡,𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 6 𝑚𝑚 𝑶𝒌!

12 ∗ ∅𝑙 = 12 ∗ 22 = 264 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑆𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 = 300 𝑚𝑚
300 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑆𝑡 = 260 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝟔 𝒎𝒎 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑠 @ C/C 𝟐𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎

27
Example 5: Biaxial Bending
Design a column to sustain a factored design axial load
of 900KN and biaxial moments of 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = 270𝑘𝑁𝑚 and
𝑀𝑑𝑦 = 180𝑘𝑁𝑚 including all other effects. Use C-30,
S-300 class I works.
Assume: 𝑃𝑑 = 900 𝑘𝑁
𝑏 = 400 and 𝑕 = 600
𝑏 ′ 𝑕′
= = 0.1
𝑏 𝑕
𝑁𝑠𝑑 = 900 𝑘𝑁
Ø𝑙 = 30𝑚𝑚
28
Solution:
Step 1: Material Strength Properties:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶 − 30 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒:

30 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = 24 2
,
1.25 𝑚𝑚
0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = 13.6 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑
1.5 𝑚𝑚
2
0.21 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = 1.16485
1.5 𝑚𝑚2
For S-300 Rebar:
𝑁 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 300 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 260.87
𝑚𝑚2 1.15 𝑚𝑚2
29
Step 2: Determine ω using 𝝂𝒔𝒅 and 𝝁𝒔𝒅 :
𝑀𝑕 = 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = 270 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑏 = 𝑀𝑑𝑦 = 180 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 900 ∗ 103
𝜈= = = 0.28 (0.2 < 𝜈 < 0.4)
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 13.6 ∗ 400 ∗ 600
𝑀𝑏 180 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑏 = 2
= 2
= 0.14
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏 𝑕 13.6 ∗ 400 ∗ 600
𝑀𝑕 270 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑕 = 2
= 2
= 0.14
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 13.6 ∗ 400 ∗ 600
Using Bi axial chart No - 9 ;
For 𝜈 = 0.2, 𝜇𝑏 = 0.14 and 𝜇𝑕 = 0.14; ω = 0.4
For 𝜈 = 0.4, 𝜇𝑏 = 0.14 and 𝜇𝑕 = 0.14; ω = 0.4
By interpolation for For 𝜈 = 0.28, ω = 0.4 30
Step 3: Design Reinforcements (As & St):
Main Bars:
𝜔𝐴𝐶 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.4 ∗ 400 ∗ 600 ∗ 13.6
𝐴𝑠 = = = 5004.8 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
Use 8Ø30mm bars.
Compare As, Provided with minimum and maximum code
requirements:
0.008𝐴𝐶 ≤ 𝐴𝑆 ≤ 0.08𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.008 400 ∗ 600 = 1920 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 400 ∗ 600 = 19200 𝑚𝑚2
8𝜋 302
𝑨𝑺,𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = = 5655 𝑚𝑚2 … … … . 𝑶𝒌
4
31
Lateral ties:
6 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, ∅𝑡 ≥ ∅𝑙 30
= = 7.5 𝑚𝑚
4 4
∴ ∅𝑡 = 8 𝑚𝑚

12 ∗ ∅𝑙 = 12 ∗ 30 = 360 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑆𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 = 400 𝑚𝑚
300 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑆𝑡 = 300 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝟖 𝒎𝒎 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 @ C/C 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎

32
Example 6: Biaxial Bending
A 450mm x 450mm RC square column is subjected to an
axial force of 𝑃𝑑 = 1000 𝑘𝑁 and biaxial moments of
Mx=98kNm and My=87kNm (1st order constant
moments). Design the column using either biaxial chart
No 1 or No 2. Assume e2 = 0.1ee (in both direction) and
eax= eay=20mm.
𝑃𝑑 = 1000 𝑘𝑁
Use C-25 & S-300 class I works.

𝑏 ′ 𝑕′
= = 0.1
𝑏 𝑕

Ø𝑙 = 24𝑚𝑚
33
Solution:
Step 1: Material Strength Properties:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝐶 − 25 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒:

25 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑘 = = 20 2
,
1.25 𝑚𝑚

0.85𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.85 20 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑑 = = = 11.33 2
𝑎𝑛𝑑
1.5 1.5 𝑚𝑚
2 2
0.21 𝑓𝑐𝑘 3 0.21 20 3 𝑁
𝑓𝑐𝑡𝑑 = = = 1.03
1.5 1.5 𝑚𝑚2
For S-300 Rebar:
𝑁 𝑓𝑦𝑘 𝑁
𝑓𝑦𝑘 = 300 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑦𝑑 = = 260.87
𝑚𝑚2 1.15 𝑚𝑚2
34
Step 2: Determine ω using 𝝂𝒔𝒅 and 𝝁𝒔𝒅 :
The eccentricity due to 2nd order effect is given (No need
to check for 2nd order effect in both directions).
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒2𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 0.1𝑒𝑒𝑥
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒𝑎𝑦 + 𝑒2𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒𝑎𝑦 + 0.1𝑒𝑒𝑦
The 1st order eccentricity (ee ) in both directions will be:
Mdx 98 ∗ 106
eex = = 3
= 98 mm
P 1000 ∗ 10
Md𝑦 87 ∗ 106
ee𝑦 = = 3
= 87 mm
P 1000 ∗ 10
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 𝑒𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑎𝑥 + 0.1𝑒𝑒𝑥 = 1.1𝑒𝑒𝑥 + 𝑒𝑎𝑥 = 1.1 98 + 20
𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕,𝒙 = 𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟖 𝒎𝒎
𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒𝑎𝑦 + 0.1𝑒𝑒𝑦 = 1.1𝑒𝑒𝑦 + 𝑒𝑎𝑦 = 1.1 87 + 20
𝒆𝒕𝒐𝒕,𝒚 = 𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟕 𝒎𝒎 35
𝑀𝑑𝑥 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑥 = 1000 127.8 ∗ 10−3 = 127.8 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑀𝑑𝑦 = 𝑃 ∗ 𝑒𝑡𝑜𝑡,𝑦 = 1000 115.7 ∗ 10−3 = 115.7 𝑘𝑁𝑚
𝑁𝑠𝑑 1000 ∗ 103
𝜈= = = 0.44 (0.4 < 𝜈 < 0.6)
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 11.33 ∗ 450 ∗ 450
𝑀𝑏 115.7 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑏 = 2
= 2
= 0.11
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏 𝑕 11.33 ∗ 450 ∗ 450
𝑀𝑕 127.8 ∗ 106
𝜇𝑕 = 2
= 2
= 0.12
𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑏𝑕 11.33 ∗ 450 ∗ 450
Using Bi axial chart No - 2 ;
For 𝜈 = 0.4, 𝜇𝑏 = 0.11 and 𝜇𝑕 = 0.12; ω = 0.2
For 𝜈 = 0.6, 𝜇𝑏 = 0.11 and 𝜇𝑕 = 0.12; ω = 0.22
By interpolation for For 𝜈 = 0.44, ω = 0.204
36
Step 3: Design Reinforcements (As & St):
Main Bars:
𝜔𝐴𝐶 𝑓𝑐𝑑 0.204 ∗ 450 ∗ 450 ∗ 11.33
𝐴𝑠 = = = 1794.2 𝑚𝑚2
𝑓𝑦𝑑 260.87
Use 4Ø24mm bars.
Compare As, Provided with minimum and maximum code
requirements:
0.008𝐴𝐶 ≤ 𝐴𝑆 ≤ 0.08𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.008 450 ∗ 450 = 1620 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑆,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.08 450 ∗ 450 = 16200 𝑚𝑚2
4𝜋 242
𝑨𝑺,𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 = = 1809.6 𝑚𝑚2 … … … . 𝑶𝒌
4
37
Lateral ties:
6 𝑚𝑚
𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, ∅𝑡 ≥ ∅𝑙 24
= = 6 𝑚𝑚
4 4
∴ ∅𝑡 = 6 𝑚𝑚

12 ∗ ∅𝑙 = 12 ∗ 24 = 288 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑆𝑡 ≤ 𝑏 = 450 𝑚𝑚
300 𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑆𝑡 = 280 𝑚𝑚
𝑇𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝟔 𝒎𝒎 𝑑𝑖𝑎 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 @ C/C 𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝒎𝒎

38