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org © 2021 IJCRT | Volume 9, Issue 2 February 2021 | ISSN: 2320-2882

A study of Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

toolpath and profile milling on CAM software
1
Zoya Rizvi, 2Adeel Khan, 3Parshva khatadia, 4Devang Jadhav, 5Daksh Bafna
1
Assistant Professor, 2Student, 3Student, 4Student, 5Student
1
Mechanical Department, Mechanical Department, 3Mechanical Department, 4Mechanical Department, 5Mechanical Department
2
1
NMIMS University, MPSTME, Mumbai, India

Abstract: CNC (Computer Numerical Control) is a machine controlled by a computer with command data code numbers, letters
and symbols, according to standard ISO. It aims to generate, parse, execute sequential actions that describes the behavior of the end
effector. CNC machine tools help in mass production in industries where it is required high level of complexity and can reduce
human intervention during machine operation. The main objective of this paper is to study generating a Computer numerical control
(CNC) milling machine processing codes to make the object. Manually the codes can be written for any object desired to be
machined and can be milled on a conventional NC machine. But to get desired finish a software generated code can be used for
high finished output. This paper also reports the steps involved in extracting these CNC codes on Fusion 360(Autodesk).

Index Terms - CNC Machine, milling, Fusion360 CAM, G-code and M-code
I. INTRODUCTION

CNC (Computerized Numerical Control) manufacturing technologies such as milling, turning and drilling are used to transform a
digital model into a machined component. A CNC machine tool created the component from a stock model, cutters, and NC
programs. Important business objectives are to produce components economically, accurately and on time. Today's design
components have increasing complexity and sophistication, and as such, manufacturing companies need a powerful CAM
(computer-aided manufacturing) system in order to be able to meet these requirements. By using CAM software, NC programmers
make a key contribution to return on investment for CAM software and the CNC machine tools companies invest in to meet their
objectives. [1]
Initially used by Douglas T. Ross, the term ‘computer-aided design’ was introduced in the early 1950s. Ross, a researcher at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), was working with military radar technology and computer display systems. Ross
worked on projects that pioneered early CAD technology – such as Automatically Programmed Tools (APT), which led to the creation
of AED (Automated Engineering Design). Ross would host conferences at MIT to discuss the expanding technologies with other
early practitioners in the industry. One of the first uses of what might be called CAD was deployed by Patrick Hanratty at the General
Motors Research Laboratories. Hanratty developed Design Automated by Computer (DAC), which is thought to be the first CAD
system that involved interactive graphics. This was the first commercial CAD/CAM software system, and involved a numerical
control programming tool named PRONTO, which he developed in 1957. As such, Hanratty is often referred to as ‘the father of
CAD/CAM.The first true CAD software was called Sketchpad, developed by Ivan Sutherland in the early 1960s as part of his PhD
thesis at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology). Sketchpad was especially innovative CAD software because the designer
interacted with the computer graphically by using a light pen to draw on the computer’s monitor. Computer-aided manufacturing was
also developed in the 1950s, when computers were used to create G-code which was in turn translated into punched cards that could
control machines. Punch tapes were produced through computer control, which could then increase the speed of both instruction
creation and manufacturing. The tools and machines directed by these codes vary, from plasma cutters to water jets. The earliest
commercial applications of CAM lie in the automotive and aerospace industries. CAD and CAM came together when CAM utilized
CAD drawings to create its instructions, or toolpaths, to control automated machine tools. These tools could subsequently create
physical items directly from design files. Pierre Bezier created the pioneering surface 3D CAD/CAM system, UNISURF, between
1966-1968, while working for the French car manufacturer, Renault. His invention was designed to aid the design and tooling of cars
by integrating drawing machines, computer control, interactive free-form curves, surface design and 3D milling for manufacturing
clay models and masters. [2]
Computer numerical control (CNC) and g-code has been integrated with Computer- Aided Design (CAD) and Computer Aided
Manufacturing (CAM) to achieve high dimensional accuracy and repeatability, coupled with high productivity in the production of
complicated parts in high volume manufacturing. CNC milling process [3]. The technology of CNC machining has been used
successfully in automated manufacturing that involve integration of computer-aided design (CAD), computer aided manufacturing
(CAM) and computer-aided engineering (CAE) to enhance accuracy and productivity [4].

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II. LITERARTURE REVIEW
PRINCIPLE OF CNC MACHINE
Basic Principles of CNC Milling Machine or machine tool CNC machine tools is that the operation is the process of work-
piece by chisels assisted with computer numerical control, or CNC (Computer Numerical Control). To move the chisel on CNC
machine tools agreed upon using the coordinate system. Coordinate system on a CNC milling machine is a coordinate system with
three axes / axis is the X-, Y- and Z-axis X-axis is defined as moving horizontal axis, Y-axis is defined as an axis which moves
transversely, and the Z-axis is defined as the axis moves vertically, Milling is a machining process where the cutting tool or cutting
tool rotates
on its spindle and work-piece move toward lengthwise and crosswise cuts as far as desired.

Fig.1.Process CNC Milling

CAM PROFILE MILLING TOOLPATHS

CNC milling toolpaths are typically categorized 2D, 3D, 4-axis, and 5-axis. However, the term 2D is a bit misleading since
this toolpath uses the Z-axis to position a tool for depth. For example, in the image below we have a prismatic part whose features
all reside at various heights on the XY plane. We can quickly position our tool to depth on the Z axis, and then machine a feature
by moving in X and Y.

Fig.2. Positioning toolpath

Many new CNC machinists struggle to plan out their toolpaths, especially as features get more complex. Sometimes this problem
solving process is clear. Pockets use a 2D Pocket operation, chamfers use Chamfer Milling, and so on. But then you get to the
difficult questions that don’t have such black and white answers. How are you going to machine the hole in the center of the part
above? You could use a drill, contour, or circular pocket toolpath. And which of these features needs to be machined from the top
versus the bottom? The answer to these questions requires some fundamental toolpath knowledge.

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Toolpath Types and Terminology
Every toolpath has a unique behavior and use case. Familiarize yourself with the toolpaths below, which you’ll encounter in Fusion
360 and other CAM solutions.

Table 1 Toolpath styles

Toolpath Uses

Face Finishing the face of a part.

Machining loops, open pockets, stick fonts, dovetails, keysets,

Contour
or saw cuts.
Deburring and creating chamfers using either a tapered mill or
Chamfer
center drill.

Fillet Creating fillets using a Corner Rounding Tool.

Pocket Roughing or finishing pockets of various shapes and sizes.

Slot Mill Machining straight slots or arc slots.

Drill Creating spot drill, tapped, bore, or reamed holes.

Bore Making holes, typically greater than .75in diameter.

Thread Machining ID threads over .75in diameter, milled OD threads

Mill of any size, or custom threads.
There is also some toolpath lingo that you will want to get acquainted with. You will find the terms below referenced in nearly
every CAM software package.

Fig.3. Stock removal

 X, Y, and Z Allowance is the amount of material remaining on either the finished wall (XY) or floor (Z) of
a part that needs to be removed in future operations. Sometimes also called “Stock to Leave.”
 Stepover determines how much material is removed radially, or left and right, by a tool each time it passes
in the XY direction.
 Stepdown is the amount of material that gets removed axially, or vertically, with each pass of your cutting
tool. Multiple passes may be needed to get to a final depth.
 Top of Stock designates the top face of the stock being used to make the part, which can be used as a
reference point for machining processes.
 Feed Height is the height a tool will position itself to before starting to feed at the cut feedrate before it
enters the material, usually set to some safe distance above the top of stock.
 Retract Height is the height a tool will retract to between moves within the same operation, usually set
some safe distance above the feed height.
 Clearance Height is the height a tool moves at between individual operations, usually set to 1.000in above
the top of a stock.
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 Tool path Centreline is the path the tool will take as it moves along a toolpath. The diameter of the tool
needs to be taken into consideration to make sure that the tool cuts at the desired

All of these terms and toolpath types come together in the planning of a 2D machining process.

Cutter Diameter Compensation (CDC)

CDC adjusts a toolpath to account for tool wear that can cause inaccuracies in a part. This will basically align your tool either
slightly to the left or right of the originally programmed toolpath. You can find your compensation value by subtracting actual
dimensions from desired dimensions of a part feature.

Fig. 4. Cutter diameter compensation

CNC program structure

There are four basic terms used in CNC programming. These are a follows:
Character -> Word -> Block -> Program

• Character is the smallest unit of CNC program. It can have Digit / Letter /Symbol.

• Word is a combination of alpha-numerical characters. This creates a single instruction to the CNC machine. Each word begins
with a capital letter, followed by a numeral. These are used to represent axes positions, federate, speed, preparatory commands, and
miscellaneous functions.

• A program block may contain multiple words, sequenced in a logical order of processing.

• The program comprises of multiple lines of instructions, ‘blocks’ which will be executed by the machine control unit (MCU).

Figure 5. shows a sample CNC program. It has basically three sections viz. initial commands section; main section and end
commands section. In the initial commands section, the program number, its ID, initial safety preparatory codes such as ‘cancel all
the activated cycles by previous program’ are to be specified. In the main section, commands/instructions related the machine tool
axes movements, tool change etc. are to be mentioned. At the end, the commands instructing cancellation of cycles, homing the
tool and program end are to be provided.

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Fig. 5. CNC Program Sample

The address G identifies a preparatory command, often called G-code. This is used to preset or to prepare the control system to a
certain desired condition or to a certain mode or a state of operation. For example G01 presets linear interpolation at given feed but
doesnot move any axis. The address M in a CNC program specifies miscellaneous function. It is also called as machine function.
These functions instruct the machine tool for various operations such as: spindle rotation, gear range change, automatic tool change,
coolant operation, etc.

The G and M codes are controller manufacturers’ specific. In this course, we will be following the G and M codes used for FANUC,
Japan controller. Other controllers such as SINUMERIC, MITSUBHISHI etc. are also being used in CNC technology.

Equations

Since we are using coated carbide tool

We can find RPM for face milling tool

320 𝑉
RPM =
𝐷

320 ∗ 55
=
50

= 995 RPM

Profile milling equation

Based on recent trend studies we can say tool has a velocity V of 155 mm/min.

I. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

The methodology section outline the plan and method that how the study is conducted. This includes Universe of the study, sample
of the study, Data and Sources of Data, study’s variables and analytical framework. The details are as follows;

3.1 3D Model Sample

This model is developed using Solidworks software based on pre-decided parameters. The various views on a 2D standard
format was extracted for reading purpose. 4 pockets are to be milled using pocket milling machining centre. The thickness of slab
is 15 mm and the slot of pocket is 10 mm deep.

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Fig. No. Standard 2D Views

3.3 Theoretical framework

Program development for CNC includes firstly 3D model development in any 3D software like Solidworks, Catia etc. This
model is inserted into CAM software for extracting G and M codes. The program file can be directly on any modern CNC machine
to develop the block by using Milling/pocket milling processes. The variable involved are direct type and independent. The study
involved pre –specified method for the selection of variables.

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The below codes are extracted from Fusion 360 CAM. Autodesk® Fusion 360™ is the only tool that connects entire
product development process into a single CAD / CAM / CAE cloud-based platform.
%
O01001
(Using high feed G1 F5000. instead of G0.)
(T1 D=50. CR=0. - ZMIN=-1. - face mill)
(T2 D=8. CR=0. - ZMIN=-11. - flat end mill)
(T3 D=8. CR=0. - ZMIN=-17. - flat end mill)
N10 G90 G94 G17
N15 G21
N20 G53 G0 Z0.

(Face1)
N25 T1 M6
N30 S955 M3
N35 G54
N40 M11
N45 G0 A0.
N50 M10
N55 M8
N60 G0 X111. Y-24.375
N65 G43 Z15. H1
N70 T3
N75 G0 Z5.
N80 G1 Z4. F460.
N85 G18 G3 X106. Z-1. I-5. K0.
N90 G1 X83.5
N95 X-83.5
N100 G17 G2 Y11.775 I0. J18.075
N105 G1 X83.5
N110 G18 G2 X88.5 Z4. I0. K5.
N115 G0 Z15.
N120 M9
N125 M5
N130 G53 G0 Z0.

(2D Contour2)
N135 M1
N140 T3 M6
N145 S3000 M3
N150 G54
N155 M11
N160 G0 A0.

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N165 M10
N170 M8
N175 G17
N180 G0 X61.545 Y-41.4
N185 G43 Z15. H3
N190 T2
N195 G0 Z5.
N200 G1 Z1. F400.
N205 Z-16.2
N210 G19 G3 Y-40.6 Z-17. J0.8 K0.
N215 G1 Y-39.8
N220 G17 G3 X60.745 Y-39. I-0.8 J0.
N225 G1 X-62.5 F800.
N230 G2 X-81.5 Y-20. I0. J19.
N235 G1 Y20.
N240 G2 X-62.5 Y39. I19. J0.
N245 G1 X62.5
N250 G2 X81.5 Y20. I0. J-19.
N255 G1 Y-20.
N260 G2 X62.5 Y-39. I-19. J0.
N265 G1 X60.745
N270 G3 X59.945 Y-39.8 I0. J-0.8
N275 G1 Y-40.6
N280 G19 G2 Y-41.4 Z-16.2 J0. K0.8
N285 G0 Z15.
N290 M9
N295 M5
N300 G53 G0 Z0.

(2D Pocket2 )
N305 M1
N310 T2 M6
N315 S5000 M3
N320 G54
N325 M11
N330 G0 A0.
N335 M10
N340 M8
N345 G17
N350 G0 X45.705 Y-13.515
N355 G43 Z15. H2
N360 T1
N365 G0 Z5.
N370 G1 Z3.3 F500.
N375 G18 G3 X44.933 Z2.5 I-0.8 K0.
N380 G1 X31.503 Z2.031
N385 Y-21. Z1.77
N390 X58.5 Z0.827
N395 Y-13.515 Z0.565
N400 X31.503 Z-0.377
N405 Y-21. Z-0.639
N410 X58.5 Z-1.581
N415 Y-13.515 Z-1.843
N420 X53.998 Z-2.
N425 X31.503 F1000.
N430 Y-21.
N435 X58.5
N440 Y-13.515
N445 X53.998
N450 X31.503 Z-2.786 F500.
N455 Y-21. Z-3.047
N460 X58.5 Z-3.99
N465 Y-20.704 Z-4.
N470 Y-13.515 F1000.
N475 X31.503
N480 Y-21.
N485 X58.5
N490 Y-20.704
N495 Y-13.515 Z-4.251 F500.
N500 X31.503 Z-5.194
N505 Y-21. Z-5.455
N510 X47.105 Z-6.
N515 X58.5 F1000.
N520 Y-13.515
N525 X31.503
N530 Y-21.
N535 X47.105
N540 X58.5 Z-6.398 F500.
N545 Y-13.515 Z-6.659
N550 X31.503 Z-7.602
N555 Y-21. Z-7.863
N560 X35.414 Z-8.
N565 X47.105 F1000.
N570 X58.5
N575 Y-13.515
N580 X31.503
N585 Y-21.
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N590 X35.414
N595 X58.5 Z-8.806 F500.
N600 Y-13.515 Z-9.068
N605 X31.798 Z-10.
N610 X31.503 F1000.
N615 Y-21.
N620 X58.5
N625 Y-13.515
N630 X31.798
N635 X31.503 Z-10.01 F500.
N640 Y-21. Z-10.272
N645 X46.632 Z-10.8
N650 X58.5 F1000.
N655 Y-13.515
N660 X31.798
N665 X31.503
N670 Y-21.
N675 X46.632
N680 X52.359 Z-11. F500.
N685 X58.5 F1000.
N690 Y-13.515
N695 X31.503
N700 Y-21.
N705 X46.632
N710 X52.359
N715 X52.441 Y-20.996 Z-10.987
N720 X52.523 Y-20.983 Z-10.974
N725 X52.602 Y-20.962 Z-10.961
N730 X52.706 Y-20.921 Z-10.904
N735 X52.803 Y-20.866 Z-10.847
N740 X52.873 Y-20.813 Z-10.759
N745 X52.938 Y-20.752 Z-10.67
N750 X52.976 Y-20.71 Z-10.559
N755 X53.01 Y-20.665 Z-10.447
N760 X53.032 Y-20.632 Z-10.2
N765 G0 Z15.
N770 G1 X53.385 Y21. F5000.
N775 G0 Z5.
N780 G1 Z3.3 F500.
N785 G3 X52.613 Z2.5 I-0.8 K0.
N790 G1 X31.56 Z1.765
N795 Y13.506 Z1.503
N800 X58.5 Z0.562
N805 Y21. Z0.301
N810 X31.56 Z-0.64
N815 Y13.506 Z-0.902
N820 X58.5 Z-1.843
N825 Y18.013 Z-2.
N830 Y21. F1000.
N835 X31.56
N840 Y13.506
N845 X58.5
N850 Y18.013
N855 Y21. Z-2.104 F500.
N860 X31.56 Z-3.045
N865 Y13.506 Z-3.307
N870 X51.411 Z-4.
N875 X58.5 F1000.
N880 Y18.013
N885 Y21.
N890 X31.56
N895 Y13.506
N900 X51.411
N905 X58.5 Z-4.248 F500.
N910 Y21. Z-4.509
N915 X31.56 Z-5.45
N920 Y13.506 Z-5.712
N925 X39.815 Z-6.
N930 X51.411 F1000.
N935 X58.5
N940 Y21.
N945 X31.56
N950 Y13.506
N955 X39.815
N960 X58.5 Z-6.653 F500.
N965 Y21. Z-6.914
N970 X31.56 Z-7.855
N975 Y16.847 Z-8.
N980 Y13.506 F1000.
N985 X58.5
N990 Y21.
N995 X31.56
N1000 Y16.847
N1005 Y13.506 Z-8.117 F500.
N1010 X58.5 Z-9.057
N1015 Y21. Z-9.319
N1020 X39.003 Z-10.
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N1025 X31.56 F1000.
N1030 Y16.847
N1035 Y13.506
N1040 X58.5
N1045 Y21.
N1050 X39.003
N1055 X31.56 Z-10.26 F500.
N1060 Y13.506 Z-10.522
N1065 X39.531 Z-10.8
N1070 X58.5 F1000.
N1075 Y21.
N1080 X39.003
N1085 X31.56
N1090 Y13.506
N1095 X39.531
N1100 X45.259 Z-11. F500.
N1105 X58.5 F1000.
N1110 Y21.
N1115 X31.56
N1120 Y13.506
N1125 X39.531
N1130 X45.259
N1135 X45.341 Y13.51 Z-10.987
N1140 X45.422 Y13.523 Z-10.974
N1145 X45.502 Y13.544 Z-10.961
N1150 X45.605 Y13.585 Z-10.904
N1155 X45.702 Y13.64 Z-10.847
N1160 X45.773 Y13.693 Z-10.759
N1165 X45.837 Y13.754 Z-10.67
N1170 X45.875 Y13.796 Z-10.559
N1175 X45.91 Y13.841 Z-10.447
N1180 X45.932 Y13.874 Z-10.2
N1185 G0 Z15.
N1190 G1 X-51.267 Y-15.568 F5000.
N1195 G0 Z5.
N1200 G1 Z3.3 F500.
N1205 X-51.283 Y-15.535 Z3.058
N1210 X-51.332 Y-15.437 Z2.838
N1215 X-51.414 Y-15.289 Z2.662
N1220 X-51.527 Y-15.106 Z2.546
N1225 X-51.666 Y-14.909 Z2.5
N1230 G17 G3 X-51.478 Y-15.182 Z1.678 I-3.034 J-2.288
N1235 X-51.315 Y-15.471 Z0.856 I-3.222 J-2.015
N1240 X-51.177 Y-15.772 Z0.033 I-3.385 J-1.726
N1245 X-51.066 Y-16.085 Z-0.789 I-3.523 J-1.425
N1250 X-50.983 Y-16.406 Z-1.611 I-3.634 J-1.112
N1255 X-58.5 Y-17.197 Z-2. I-3.717 J-0.792
N1260 G1 Y-21. F1000.
N1265 X-31.457
N1270 Y-13.394
N1275 X-58.5
N1280 Y-17.197
N1285 Y-21. Z-2.133 F500.
N1290 X-31.457 Z-3.077
N1295 Y-13.394 Z-3.343
N1300 X-50.278 Z-4.
N1305 X-58.5 F1000.
N1310 Y-17.197
N1315 Y-21.
N1320 X-31.457
N1325 Y-13.394
N1330 X-50.278
N1335 X-58.5 Z-4.287 F500.
N1340 Y-21. Z-4.553
N1345 X-31.457 Z-5.497
N1350 Y-13.394 Z-5.763
N1355 X-38.254 Z-6.
N1360 X-50.278 F1000.
N1365 X-58.5
N1370 Y-21.
N1375 X-31.457
N1380 Y-13.394
N1385 X-38.254
N1390 X-58.5 Z-6.707 F500.
N1395 Y-21. Z-6.973
N1400 X-31.457 Z-7.917
N1405 Y-18.622 Z-8.
N1410 Y-13.394 F1000.
N1415 X-58.5
N1420 Y-21.
N1425 X-31.457
N1430 Y-18.622
N1435 Y-13.394 Z-8.183 F500.
N1440 X-58.5 Z-9.127
N1445 Y-21. Z-9.393
N1450 X-41.104 Z-10.
N1455 X-31.457 F1000.
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N1460 Y-13.394
N1465 X-58.5
N1470 Y-21.
N1475 X-41.104
N1480 X-31.457 Z-10.337 F500.
N1485 Y-13.394 Z-10.602
N1490 X-37.114 Z-10.8
N1495 X-58.5 F1000.
N1500 Y-21.
N1505 X-41.104
N1510 X-31.457
N1515 Y-13.394
N1520 X-37.114
N1525 X-42.841 Z-11. F500.
N1530 X-58.5 F1000.
N1535 Y-21.
N1540 X-31.457
N1545 Y-13.394
N1550 X-42.841
N1555 X-42.924 Y-13.399 Z-10.987
N1560 X-43.005 Y-13.411 Z-10.974
N1565 X-43.085 Y-13.432 Z-10.961
N1570 X-43.188 Y-13.474 Z-10.904
N1575 X-43.285 Y-13.529 Z-10.847
N1580 X-43.356 Y-13.582 Z-10.759
N1585 X-43.42 Y-13.642 Z-10.67
N1590 X-43.458 Y-13.685 Z-10.559
N1595 X-43.493 Y-13.73 Z-10.447
N1600 X-43.515 Y-13.762 Z-10.2
N1605 G0 Z5.
N1610 G1 X-32.34 Y21. F5000.
N1615 Z3.3 F500.
N1620 G18 G3 X-33.113 Z2.5 I-0.8 K0.
N1625 G1 X-58.699 Z1.607
N1630 Y14.985 Z1.396
N1635 X-31.544 Z0.448
N1640 Y21. Z0.238
N1645 X-58.699 Z-0.71
N1650 Y14.985 Z-0.92
N1655 X-31.544 Z-1.868
N1660 Y18.753 Z-2.
N1665 Y21. F1000.
N1670 X-58.699
N1675 Y14.985
N1680 X-31.544
N1685 Y18.753
N1690 Y21. Z-2.078 F500.
N1695 X-58.699 Z-3.027
N1700 Y14.985 Z-3.237
N1705 X-36.843 Z-4.
N1710 X-31.544 F1000.
N1715 Y18.753
N1720 Y21.
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Acknowledgment
We thank Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering Mechanical department for providing us the
momentum to shape this Paper and Even Team Members Prof Zoya Rizvi and students Adeel Khan, Daksh Bafna, Devang Jadhav,
Parshva Khatadia for Supporting and Completing the Paper in Best Way Possible.
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