Applied Mathematics Arexcin Ray C.

Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Algebra

Concept Formula Notes

a0 = 1
a1 = a
a × an = am+n
m

am
= am−n
Laws of an The exponent of a number says how
1 many times to use the number in a
Exponent a−m = m multiplication
a
(am )n = amn
(ab)m = am bm
a m am
( ) = m
b b
1
n
a n = √a
m m n
n
an = ( √a) = √am
n n n
Laws of Radicals ( √a) = √an = a
n n n
√a × √b = √ab
n
√a n a
n = √
√b b
log a MN = log a M + log a N
M
log a = log a M − log a N
N
log a M N = Nlog a M
log a a = 1
Laws of
log a 1 = 0
Logarithm
log a M = N is equivalent to aN = M
log e M = ln M
log10 M = log M
log x M
log N M = , x can be any base
log x N
Imaginary i = √−1 i2 = −1
Number i3 = −i i4 = 1
Expanding
(a + b + c)(d + e) = ad + ae + bd + be + cd + ce
Brackets
ac + ac + bc + bd = (a + b)(c + d)
A factor when substituted as x to the
Factorization x 2 + 3x − 10 = (x − 2)(x + 5) original function returns f(x) = 0
factors: x = 2, x = −5

Long Division

Can only be used when the divisor is

Synthetic linear. Another way to get the
Division remainder is substituting the synthetic
divisor as x to the numerator.

Binomial (a + b)n Total number of terms is n+1

Expansion nth term = [nCr]br an−r r = nth term − 1

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Applied Mathematics Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Complex Numbers

Concept Formula Notes

Complex number is a number
combining real and imaginary parts: a
Complex
a + bi number in the form a + bi, where a and
Numbers b are real numbers and i = √−1, so that
bi is imaginary unless b = 0.
Where:
Rectangular a = real part
a + bi b = imaginary part
Form
i = √−1
Where:
Polar
r∠θ r = absolute value or modulus
Form θ = argument or amplitude (degrees)
Where:
r = absolute value or modulus
Exponential
reiθ e = Euler ′ s number
Form i = √−1
θ = argument or amplitude

Relationship From the diagram:

Between r = √a2 + b 2
Rectangular and b
θ = tan−1 ( )
a
Polar Form a = rcosθ
(Argand Diagram b = rsinθ
– Complex Plane)

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Dynamics Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Kinematics

Concept Formula Notes

The branch of mechanics that relates to geometry
of motion. This term is used to define the motion
Kinematics
of a particle or body without consideration of the
forces causing the motion.
Constant Velocity:
Also called uniform motion
s = vt
Variable Acceleration:
dv ds
a= v= vdv = ads
Rectilinear dt dt
Translation Constant Acceleration:
v = vo + at
1
s = vo t + at 2
2
v 2 = vo2 + 2as
Horizontal Component:
Note that there is no acceleration in
vx = vox the horizontal direction
x = vox t
Curvilinear Vertical Component:
Motion vy = voy − gt General Formula:
1 gx 2
y = voy t − gt 2 y = xtan θ − 2
2vo cos 2 θ
2
vy2 = voy
2
− 2gy

Motion curves are plot of distance s,

velocity v, and acceleration a versus
time. The relationships between these
curves are:
ds
v=
dt
which means that the velocity is the
slope of the s-t diagram, and,
dv
Motion Curves a=
dt
which means that the acceleration is
the slope of the v-t diagram.

Using a-t diagram:

Δv = Area
v = vo + ∑ Area

s = vo t + ∑ Area × t centroid

Constant Velocity:
θ = ωt s
θ=
r
Variable Acceleration: v
dω dθ ω=
α= ω= ωdω = adθ r
dt dt a
Rotation α=
Constant Acceleration: r
ω = ωo + αt 1 rev = 2π rad
1 π
θ = ωo t + αt 2 1 rpm =
30
rad/s
2
ω2 = ω2o + 2αθ
Dynamics Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Kinetics

Concept Formula Notes

The branch of mechanics that relates the forces
Kinetics
acting on the body to its mass and acceleration.

First Law of Motion: A body remains at rest, or in motion at

a constant speed in a straight line,
v=0 except to that extent as it is acted upon
v=v by a force.

The net force on a body is equal to the

body's acceleration multiplied by its
Newton’s Second Law of Motion:
mass or, equivalently, the rate at which
Laws of Motions Fnet = ma the body's momentum changes with
time.

If two bodies exert forces on each

Third Law of Motion:
other, these forces have the same
Action = Reaction magnitude but opposite directions.

The force F plus the negative of the

mass m times acceleration a of the body
is equal to zero: F − ma = 0. In other
D’Alembert’s Reverse Effective Force: words, the body is in equilibrium under
Principle REF = ma the action of the real force F and the
fictitious force −ma. The fictitious force
is also called an inertial force and a
reversed effective force.
W v2 an = normal acceleration
Centrifugal Force
CF = Man = v2
(RNEF) g r an = = rω2
r

a
tan θ =
g
Conical
Pendulum h
Time for one revolution, t = 2π√
g

v2
tan(θ + ϕS ) =
gR
Banking of
Curves For unbanked curves, θ = 0
For ideal angle of banking, ϕs = 0

Momentum: Momentum is the product of the mass

p = mv and velocity of an object.

Impulse: Impulse is the change in momentum of

J = Δp = FΔt an object.
Key Concepts
in Kinetics Kinetic energy is a fundamental
Energy:
concept in physics that quantifies the
1
KE = mv 2 work performed by an object due to its
2 motion.

Work is the energy transferred to or

Work:
from an object via the application of
W = Fs force along a displacement.
Dynamics Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024
When two objects collide, the total
Law of momentum of the two objects before
Conservation of m1 v1 + m2 v2 = m1 u1 + m2 u2 the collision is equal to the total
Momentum momentum of the two objects after the
collision.
Ratio of the relative velocities of
vseparation u2 − u1 colliding bodies after impact to their
Coefficient of
e= = relative velocities before impact.
Restitution vapproach v1 − v2
e = 0 → perfectly inelastic collision
e = 1 → perfectly elastic collision
Impulse- Impulse-Momentum Theorem states
Momentum m1 v1 + ∑ Ft = m2 v2 that the impulse applied to an object is
Theorem equal to the change in its momentum.

Work- Work-Energy Theorem states that the

1 1 change in kinetic energy of an object is
Energy m1 v1 2 + ∑ Fs = m2 v2 2 equal to the total work done on that
2 2
Theorem object.
Integral Calculus Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Integral Calculus

Concept Formula Notes

b
Fundamental The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
∫ f(x)dx = F(b) − F(a)
states that the derivative operation and
Theorem of a
the integration operation are inverse
dF
Calculus = f(x) processes.
dx

Length of a Curve dy 2 From:

L = √1 + ( ) dx L = x2 + y2
dx
Using Vertical Strip:
x2 From:
A = ∫ (yU − yD )dx A = hb
Area Bounded by x1
Curves Using Horizontal Strip:
y2 From:
A = ∫ (xR − xL )dy A = bh
y1
Using Vertical Strip:
x2
∫x1 (yU − yD )xdx From:
x̅ =
A ΣAn xn
x̅ =
x2 y +y A
∫x (yU − yD ) ( U 2 D ) dx
Centroid of an y̅ = 1

Area Bounded by A
Using Horizontal Strip:
Curves y2
∫y1 (xR − xL )ydy From:
y̅ = ΣAnyn
A y̅ =
y2 xR − xL A
(x − x )
L (
∫y1 R 2 ) dy
x̅ =
A
Using Vertical Strip:
x2 From:
Iy = ∫ (yU − yD )x 2 dx Iy = ΣAn dn 2
x1
x2 (y bh3
Moment of U − yD )3 Ix =
3
Ix = ∫ dx
Inertia of an Area x1 3
Bounded by Using Horizontal Strip:
Curves y2
From:
Ix = ∫ (xR − xL )y 2 dy Ix = ΣAndn 2
y1
y2 (x hb3
R − x L )3 Iy =
3
Iy = ∫ dy
y1 3
From:
Using Vertical Strip: V = A × 2πr
x2
Volume of Vx=a = 2π ∫ (yU − yL )|x − a|dx A = BH = dx(yU − yL )
Revolution of an x1
r = |x − a|
Area Bounded by From:
Curves About a Using Horizontal Strip V = A × 2πr
y2
Vertical Axis-a xR + xL
Vy=b = 2π ∫ (xR − xL ) | − a| dy A = BH = (xR − x L )dy
y1 2 xR + xL
r=| − a|
2

Page 1 of 2
Integral Calculus Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024
From:
Using Vertical Strip: V = A × 2πr
x2
Volume of yU + yL
Vy=b = 2π ∫ (yU − yL ) | − b| dx A = BH = dx(yU − yL )
Revolution of an x1 2 yU + yL
r=| − b|
Area Bounded by 2
From:
Curves About a Using Horizontal Strip: V = A × 2πr
Horizontal Axis-b y2
Vy=b = 2π ∫ (xR − xL )|y − b|dy A = BH = (xR − x L )dy
y1
r = |y − b|
From:
Surface Area
SA = L × 2πr
Revolution of an x2
dy 2

Area Bounded by SAx = 2π ∫ √1 + ( ) |x − a|dx

dx dy 2
Curves About a x1 L = √1 + ( ) dx
dx
Vertical Axis-a r = |x − a|

Page 2 of 2
Probability and Statistics Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Basic Probability

Concept Formula Notes

Basic Permutation:
Use permutation if order is
n!
nPr = important
(n − r)!
Identical Permutation:
Permutation
n!
P=
q! r! …
Cyclical Permutation:
P = (n − 1)!
Basic Combination:
Use combination if order is not
nPr n!
nCr = = important
Combination r! (n − r)! r!
Multiple Combination:
C = 2n − 1
The total number of ways something
Total Number of can occur is the product of the number
W = W1 × W2 of ways of event 1 and event 2 can
Ways
occur.
h h h = no. of favorable outcomes
Single Event p= =
h+f n f = no. of unfavorable outcomes
Probability f f n = total number of outcomes
q= = p+f=1
h+f n
Dependent and Independent Events:
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
Mutually Exclusive Events: Events that cannot occur
Multiple Events simultaneously
P = P1 + P2 + ⋯
Probability
Conditional Event:
Event on which event B has already
P(A ∩ B)
P(A|B) = occurred for event A to occur
P(B)
Additive Rule P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) − P(A ∩ B)
The probability that an event can occur
Repeated Trials P = (nCr)pr qn−r exactly r times in n trials where p is the
probability of success and q for failure.
The probability that the event can
happen at least once in n trials where Q
Once Condition P= 1−Q is the probability that the event will
totally fail.
If a probability experiment has n
possible outcomes in its first stage
given by E1 , E2 , … , En , and if F1 is an
Pr (E1 ) ∙ Pr (F1 |E1 ) event in the second stage, then the
Pr(E1 |F1 ) =
Pr(E1 ) ∙ Pr(F1 |E1 ) + Pr(E2 ) ∙ Pr(F1 |E2 ) + ⋯ probability that event E1 occurs in the
first stage, given that F1 has occurred in
Baye’s Formula
the second stage, is given by Baye’s
Formula.
Product of branch probabilities
on path leading to F1 through E1
Pr(E1 |F1 ) = Baye’s Formula Tree
Sum of all branch
products on paths leading to F1

Page 1 of 2
Probability and Statistics Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Probability Distributions

Concept Formula Notes

P(n,r) = (nCr)pr qn−r

The probability that an event can occur

Binomial Mean:
exactly r times in n trials where p is the
Distribution μ = np probability of success and q for failure.

Standard Deviation:
σ = √npq

e−λ λx
P(x) =
x!
e = euler′s constant
λ = the mean number of success
Poisson’s Mean:
that occur in a specified region
Distribution μ=λ x = the actual number of success
that occur in a specified region
Standard Deviation:
σ=λ

Probability Density Function:

P(x) = e−λx λ
λ = rate parameter
Mean: e = euler′s constant
Exponential
1
Distribution μ= P(≤ x) = 1 − e−λx
λ
Standard Deviation: P(≥ x) = e−λx
1
σ=
λ

Probability Density Function:

1 (x−μ)2
P(x) = e 2σ2
√2σ2 π

Using Canon F-789SGA:

Normal
Distribution

Page 2 of 2
Solid Geometry Arexcin Ray C. Timbal
Review Notes CELE April 2024

Platonic Solids

Name f e v m Surface Area Volume

√2
Tetrahedron 4 6 4 3 a2 √3 a3
12
Hexahedron 6 12 8 3 6a2 a3

√2
Octahedron 8 12 6 4 2a2 √3 4a3
12
Dodecahedron 12 30 20 3 20.646a2 7.663a3

Icosahedron 20 30 12 5 5a2 √3 2.182a3

where
f = number of faces of the polyhedron
e = number of edges of the polyhedron
v = number of vertices of the polyhedron
m = number of polygons meeting at a vertex
n = number of vertices of each polygon

Key Relationships
e2 = nf
vm = nf
e+2=f+v
V
r=3
As

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