Module-2 Fill Area Primitives, 2D Geometric Transformations and 2D Viewing

Module-2
Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric

Transformations and 2D viewing
06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 1

(Line Walking
approach)
(When deciding if scan-line is

inside the polygon)

Area Filling (Scan line Approach)
• For each scan line (increasing y order)

(1) Find intersections (the extrema of spans)
(2) Sort intersections (increasing x order)
(3) Fill in between pair of intersections

Data Structure

void boundaryFill (int x, int y, int fillColor, int borderColor)
{
int interiorColor;
/* Set current color to fillColor, then perform the following operations. */
getPixel (x, y, interiorColor);
if ((interiorColor != borderColor) && (interiorColor != fillColor))
{
setPixel (x, y); // Set color of pixel to fillColor.
boundaryFill (x + 1, y , fillColor, borderColor);
boundaryFill (x - 1, y , fillColor, borderColor);
boundaryFill (x , y + 1, fillColor, borderColor);
boundaryFill (x , y - 1, fillColor, borderColor)
} }
void floodFill (int x, int y, int fillColor, int interiorColor)
{
int color;
/* Set current color to fillColor, then perform the following operations. */
getPixel (x, y, color);
if (color = interiorColor)
{
setPixel (x, y); // Set color of pixel to fillColor.
floodFill (x + 1, y, fillColor, interiorColor);
floodFill (x - 1, y, fillColor, interiorColor);
floodFill (x, y + 1, fillColor, interiorColor);
floodFill (x, y - 1, fillColor, interiorColor)
} }

8

AF'
AB
FE'
CD
AB
CB
ED

2D Transformations
“Transformations are the operations applied to

geometrical description of an object to change its
position, orientation, or size are called geometric
transformations”.

Why Transformations ?
“Transformations are needed to manipulate

the initially created object and to display the
modified object without having to redraw it.”

• Translation
• Rotation

• Scaling
• Uniform Scaling
• Un-uniform Scaling

• Reflection
• Shear

Translation
• A translation moves all points
in an object along the same
straight-line path to new
positions.
• The path is represented by a P'(8,6)
vector, called the translation or
shift vector.
• We can write the components: ty=4
p'x = px + tx
p'y = py + ty P(2, 2) tx = 6
• or in matrix form:
P' = P + T
x' x tx
y' = y + ty

Rotation
• A rotation repositions
all points in an object
along a circular path in P
the plane centered at
the pivot point. 
• First, we’ll assume the P

pivot is at the origin.

Rotation
• Review Trigonometry
=> cos  = x/r , sin = y/r
• x = r. cos , y = r.sin 
P’(x’, y’)
=> cos (+ ) = x’/r


• x’ = r. cos (+ )
r
• x’ = r.coscos -r.sinsin y’ P(x,y)
• x’ = x.cos  – y.sin 
 r y

=>sin (+ ) = y’/r x’ x
y’ = r. sin (+ )
• y’ = r.cossin + r.sincos Identity of Trigonometry
• y’ = x.sin  + y.cos 

Rotation
• We can write the components:
p'x = px cos  – py sin 
p'y = px sin  + py cos 
P’(x’, y’)
• or in matrix form:
P' = R • P
•  can be clockwise (-ve) or 
counterclockwise (+ve as our
example). y’
P(x,y)
• Rotation matrix
 r
cos  sin  y
R  
 sin cos  x
x’

Scaling
• Scaling changes the size of
an object and involves two
scale factors, Sx and Sy for
P’
the x- and y- coordinates
respectively.
• Scales are about the origin.
• We can write the
components:
P
p'x = sx • px
p'y = sy • py
or in matrix form:
P' = S • P
Scale matrix as:
sx 0
S
0 s y 

Scaling
• If the scale factors are in between

0 and 1:----
•  the points will be moved closer
to the origin P(2, 5)
•  the object will be smaller.
P’
• Example :
• P(2, 5), Sx = 0.5, Sy = 0.5

•
Scaling
If the scale factors are in between
0 and 1  the points will be
P’
moved closer to the origin  the
object will be smaller.
• Example :
• P(2, 5), Sx = 0.5, Sy = 0.5
P(2, 5)
• If the scale factors are larger than

1  the points will be moved P’
away from the origin  the

object will be larger.
• Example :
• P(2, 5), Sx = 2, Sy = 2

Scaling
P’
• If the scale factors are the same,

Sx = Sy  uniform scaling
• Only change in size (as previous
example)
• If Sx  Sy  differential scaling. P(1, 2)
• Change in size and shape
• Example : square  rectangle
• P(1, 3), Sx = 2, Sy = 5

General pivot point rotation
• Translate the object so that pivot-position is moved to the
coordinate origin
• Rotate the object about the coordinate origin
• Translate the object so that the pivot point is returned to its
original position
(xr,yr)
(b) (c) (d)

(a)
Translation of Rotation was Translation of the
Original object so that the
Position of object so that about origin
pivot point pivot point is
Object and returned to position
pivot point (xr,yr) is at
(xr,yr)
origin

General fixed point scaling
• Translate object so that the fixed point coincides with the
coordinate origin
• Scale the object with respect to the coordinate origin
• Use the inverse translation of step 1 to return the object to its
original position
(xf,yf)
(a) (b)
Translation of (c) (d)
Original
Position of object so that scaling was Translation of the
Object and fixed point about origin object so that the
Fixed point (xf,yf)is at Fixed point is
origin returned to position
(xf,yf)

1. Translate a triangle with vertices at original coordinates
(10,20), (10,10), (20,10) by tx=5, ty=10.
2. Scale a triangle with respect to the origin, with vertices at
original coordinates (10,20), (10,10), (20,10) by sx=2, sy=1.5,
3. Rotate a triangle about the origin with vertices at original
coordinates (10,20), (10,10), (20,10) by 30 degrees.
4. Rotate a triangle with vertices (10,20), (10,10), (20,10) about
the origin by 45 degrees and then translate it by tx=5, ty=10

COMPOSITE TRANSFORMATIONS
If we want to apply a series of transformations
T1, T2, T3 to a set of points, We can do it in two ways:
1) * We can calculate p'=T1*p, p''= T2*p', p'''=T3*p''
2) * Calculate T= T1*T2*T3, then p'''= T*p.
Method 2, saves large number of additions and

multiplications (computational time) – needs approximately 1/3 of as
many operations.
Therefore, we concatenate or compose the matrices
into one final transformation matrix, and then apply that to the
points.

Composite Transformations
(A) Translations
If two successive translation vectors (tx1,ty1) and (tx2,ty2) are applied to
a coordinate position P, the final transformed location P’ is calculated
as: -
P’=T(tx2,ty2) . {T(tx1,ty1) .P}
={T(tx2,ty2) . T(tx1,ty1)} .P
Where P and P’ are represented as homogeneous-coordinate column
vectors. We can verify this result by calculating the matrix product for
the two associative groupings. Also, the composite transformation
matrix for this sequence of transformations is: -
1 0 tx2 1 0 tx1 1 0 tx1+tx2
0 1 ty2 . 0 1 ty1 = 0 1 ty1+ty2
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
Or, T(tx2,ty2) . T(tx1,ty1) = T(tx1+tx2, ty1+ty2)

Which demonstrate that two successive translations are additive.

(B) Rotations
Two successive rotations applied to point P produce the transformed
position: -
P’= R(Ө2) . {R(Ө1 ) . P}
= {R(Ө2) . R(Ө1)} . P
By multiplication the two rotation matrices, we can verify that two
successive rotations are additive:
R(Ө2) . R(Ө1) = R (Ө1+ Ө2)
So that the final rotated coordinates can be calculated with the
composite rotation matrix as: -
P’ = R(Ө1+ Ө2) . P

(C) Scaling
Concatenating transformation matrices for two successive scaling
operations produces the following composite scaling matrix: -
Sx2 0 0 Sx1 0 0 Sx1 . Sx2 0 0

0 Sy2 0 . 0 Sy1 0
= 0 Sy1 .Sy2 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
Or, S(Sx2, Sy2 ) . S(Sx1, Sy1) = S (Sx1 . Sx2, Sy1 .Sy2 )
The resulting matrix in this case indicates that successive scaling

operations are multiplicative.

Rotation about an arbitrary point P in space
As we mentioned before, rotations are
applied about the origin. So to rotate about
any arbitrary point P in space, translate so that
P coincides with the origin, then rotate, then
translate back. Steps are:
• Translate by (-Px, -Py)
• Rotate
• Translate by (Px, Py)
06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER 36

GRAPHICS)
Rotation about an arbitrary
point P in space
P1 
House at P1 Rotation by 
P1
Translation Translatio
of P1 to Origin n back to
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ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER 37
GRAPHICS)
Rotation about an arbitrary point P in space
T = T3(Px, Py) * T2() * T1(-Px, -Py)

GRAPHICS)
Scaling about an arbitrary point in Space
Again,
• * Translate P to the origin
• * Scale
• * Translate P back
•T = T1(Px, Py)* T2(Sx, Sy)*T3(-Px, -Py)
Sx 0 (Px*(1-Sx))
T=
0 Sy (Py*(1-Sy))
0 0 1

GRAPHICS)
Other transformations
• Reflection is a transformation that produces a mirror image of
an object. It is obtained by rotating the object by 180 deg about
the reflection axis
1 Original position Reflection about the line y=0, the

X- axis , is accomplished with the
transformation matrix
1 0 0
2 3
0 -1 0
2’ 3’
0 0 1
1’
Reflected position

Reflection through an arbitrary line
Steps:
• Translate line to the origin
• Rotation about the origin
• Reflection matrix
• Reverse the rotation
• Translate line back
TGenRfl  R Trfl R T 1
r
Tr T
GRAPHICS)
Commutivity of Transformations
If we scale, then translate to the origin, and then
translate back, is that equivalent to translate to origin,
scale, translate back?
When is the order of matrix multiplication
unimportant?
When does T1 * T2 = T2 * T1?
Cases where T1 * T2 = T2 * T1:
T1 T2
translation translation
scale scale
rotation rotation
scale(uniform) rotation
GRAPHICS)
Order:
R-G-B
Scale, translate Translate, scale
Rotate, differential Differential scale,

scale rotate
GRAPHICS)
Reflection
Original position Reflected position

2 2’ Reflection about the line x=0, the
Y- axis , is accomplished with the
1 1’
transformation matrix
3 3’
-1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

Reflection
Reflection of an object relative to an axis perpendicular
to the xy plane and passing through the coordinate origin
Y-axis
-1 0 0
Reflected position 0 -1 0
3’
0 0 1
2’
1’ The above reflection matrix is
Origin X-axis the rotation matrix with
1 O (0,0) angle=180 degree.
2 This can be generalized to any
reflection point in the xy plane.
3 This reflection is the same as a
180 degree rotation in the xy
Original position plane using the reflection point
as the pivot point.

Reflection of an object w.r.t the straight
line y=x
0 1 0
Y-axis
Original position 1 0 0
3
0 0 1
2 1
1’
3’
Reflected position
2’
Origin O X-axis
(0,0)

Reflection of an object w.r.t the straight
Y-axis
line y=-x
0 -1 0
-1 0 0
0 0 1
X-axis
Origin 2
O (0,0) 3
Original position
1
1’
2’ Line Y = - X
3’
Reflected position

Reflection of an arbitrary axis y=mx+b
Original position
3
2 1

Original position Translation so that it passes through origin
3 Rotate so that it coincides with x-
Original position axis and reflect also about x-axis
3
2 1
2 1
Original position
2 3
1
Rotate back Translate back 1’
Original position
Original position 3 Reflected position
3
2’ 3’
2
2 1 1
1’ Reflected position
1’
3’ 3’
2’ Reflected position
2’

Shear Transformations
• Shear is a transformation that distorts the shape of an object such

that the transformed shape appears as if the object were composed
of internal layers that had been caused to slide over each other
• Two common shearing transformations are those that shift
coordinate x values and those that shift y values

Shears
Original Data y Shear x Shear
1 0 0 1 shx 0
shy 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1

An X- direction Shear
For example, Shx=2
(2,1) (3,1)
(0,1) (1,1)
(0,0) (1,0) (0,0) (1,0)

An Y- direction Shear
For example, Shy=2
Y Y (1,3)
(1,2)
(0,1) (1,1) (0,1)
(1,0) X (0,0) X
(0,0)

END OF MODULE 2

GRAPHICS)

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Module-2

Fill area Primitives, 2D Geometric

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 1

(When deciding if scan-line is

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 3

• For each scan line (increasing y order)

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 5

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 6

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 11

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 13

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 15

“Transformations are the operations applied to

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 16

“Transformations are needed to manipulate

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 17

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 18

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 19

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 20

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 21

• First, we’ll assume the P

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 22

=> cos (+ ) = x’/r

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• If the scale factors are in between

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 26

• If the scale factors are larger than

away from the origin  the

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 27

• If the scale factors are the same,

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(b) (c) (d)

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06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 30

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 31

1) * We can calculate p'=T1*p, p''= T2*p', p'''=T3*p''

2) * Calculate T= T1*T2*T3, then p'''= T*p.

Method 2, saves large number of additions and

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 32

0 1 ty2 . 0 1 ty1 = 0 1 ty1+ty2

Or, T(tx2,ty2) . T(tx1,ty1) = T(tx1+tx2, ty1+ty2)

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 33

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Sx2 0 0 Sx1 0 0 Sx1 . Sx2 0 0

Or, S(Sx2, Sy2 ) . S(Sx1, Sy1) = S (Sx1 . Sx2, Sy1 .Sy2 )

The resulting matrix in this case indicates that successive scaling

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 35

• Translate by (-Px, -Py)

• Translate by (Px, Py)

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER 36

T = T3(Px, Py) * T2() * T1(-Px, -Py)

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER 38

•T = T1(Px, Py)* T2(Sx, Sy)*T3(-Px, -Py)

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER 39

1 Original position Reflection about the line y=0, the

06/25/2022 ELAIYARAJA P(COMPUTER GRAPHICS) 40

• Rotation about the origin

• Reverse the rotation

1) * We can calculate p'=T1p, p''= T2p', p'''=T3*p''

2) * Calculate T= T1T2T3, then p'''= T*p.