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CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I
TEXTBOOK IN GEOGRAPHY FOR CLASS IX
2024-25
0968 – CONTEMPORARY INDIA-I
ISBN 81-7450-520-2
Textbook in Geography for Class IX
NCERT Campus
Revised Edition Sri Aurobindo Marg
October 2022 Kartika 1944 New Delhi 110 016 Phone : 011-26562708
CWC Complex
Maligaon
Guwahati 781 021 Phone : 0361-2674869
2024-25
FOREWORD
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of the National Monitoring Committee, appointed by the Department
of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource
Development under the Chairpersonship of Professor Mrinal Miri and
Professor G.P. Deshpande, for their valuable time and contribution. As an
organisation committed to systemic reform and continuous improvement in
the quality of its products, NCERT welcomes comments and suggestions which
will enable us to undertake further revision and refinement.
Director
New Delhi National Council of Educational
20 December 2005 Research and Training
2024-25
RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOKS
• Overlapping with similar content included in other subject areas in the same
class
• Similar content included in the lower or higher class in the same subject
• Difficulty level
• Content, which is easily accessible to students without much interventions
from teachers and can be learned by children through self-learning or peer-
learning
• Content, which is irrelevant in the present context
This present edition, is a reformatted version after carrying out the changes given
above.
2024-25
2024-25
TEXTBOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE
CHIEF ADVISOR
M. H. Qureshi, Professor, CSRD, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi
MEMBERS
K. Jaya, PGT, Convent of Jesus and Mary, Bangla Sahib Road, New Delhi
Punam Behari, Reader, Miranda House, Chhatra Marg, University of Delhi, Delhi
Saroj Sharma, TGT (Retd.), Mother’s International School, Sri Aurobindo Marg,
New Delhi
Sudeshna Bhattacharya, Reader, Miranda House, Chhatra Marg, University
of Delhi, Delhi
MEMBER-COORDINATOR
Tannu Malik, Lecturer, DESSH, NCERT, New Delhi
2024-25
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following are applicable to all the maps of India used in this book
© Government of India, Copyright 2006
1. The responsibility for the correctness of internal details rests with the publisher.
2. The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from
the appropriate base line.
3. The administrative headquarters of Chandigarh, Haryana and Punjab are at Chandigarh.
4. The interstate boundaries amongst Arunachal Pradesh, Assam and Meghalaya shown on this map are
as interpreted from the ‘North-Eastern Areas (Reorganisation) Act,1971,’ but have yet to be verified.
5. The external boundaries and coastlines of India agree with the Record/Master Copy certified by
Survey of India.
6. The state boundaries between Uttaranchal and Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh
and Madhya Pradesh have not been verified by the Governments concerned.
7. The spellings of names in this map have been taken from various sources.
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C ONTENTS
FOREWORD iii
RATIONALISATION OF CONTENT IN THE TEXTBOOKS v
C HAPTER 1
India – Size and Location 1
CHAPTER 2
Physical Features of India 7
CHAPTER 3
Drainage 17
CHAPTER 4
Climate 26
CHAPTER 5
Natural Vegetation and Wildlife 39
C HAPTER 6
Population 48
G LOSSARY 55
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CONSTITUTION OF INDIA
Part III (Articles 12 – 35)
(Subject to certain conditions, some exceptions
and reasonable restrictions)
guarantees these
Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality
• before law and equal protection of laws;
• irrespective of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth;
• of opportunity in public employment;
• by abolition of untouchability and titles.
Right to Freedom
• of expression, assembly, association, movement, residence and profession;
• of certain protections in respect of conviction for offences;
• of protection of life and personal liberty;
• of free and compulsory education for children between the age of six and fourteen years;
• of protection against arrest and detention in certain cases.
Right against Exploitation
• for prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour;
• for prohibition of employment of children in hazardous jobs.
Right to Freedom of Religion
• freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion;
• freedom to manage religious affairs;
• freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion;
• freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in educational
institutions wholly maintained by the State.
Cultural and Educational Rights
• for protection of interests of minorities to conserve their language, script and culture;
• for minorities to establish and administer educational institutions of their choice.
Right to Constitutional Remedies
• by issuance of directions or orders or writs by the Supreme Court and High
Courts for enforcement of these Fundamental Rights.
2024-25