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Town Planning Systems in India

• Town Planning is a State function and is not included in the
concurrent list of the Central Government.

• Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (previously known as

MoUD), Government of India provides national level policy
guidelines and legislations for urban planning and development
in the country.

• The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs also provides

financial support to the state and local level agencies
nationwide through various urban development programmes
like AMRUT, HRIDAY, Smart city missions etc.

Town Planning Systems in India

q 1955 - Government of India formed Town Planning Organization
(TPO) to prepare the Master Plan for Delhi.

q 1957 - Central Urban and Regional Planning Organization (CRUPO)

was created.

q 1962 - The two organizations (TPO and CRUPO) were merged to form
Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO).

q TCPO - Town and Country Planning Organization (TCPO) is an apex

body in the field of urban and regional planning in India.

q 1970 - The Model Town Planning and Regional Development Law

was prepared by the TCPO. This law has formed the basis for several
state-level Town and Country Planning Acts in the country.

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Other Organizations

• Following Organizations play advisory role to the central

government ministries on specific issues related to urban and
regional planning in the country:

– Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO)

– Central Public Health Engineering and Environment

Organisation (CPHEEO).

State Town and Country Planning Organization

• Town planning at state level is looked after by State level

Town and Country Planning Organizations.

• The state level town planning agencies in India follow

different Acts, thus Town Planning guidelines across the
country may vary from state to state.

• In general, major function of the state level town planning

agencies is the preparation of Development Plans, Master
Plans, Regional Plans, Zonal Plans, Town Planning Schemes,
Sector Plans etc.

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M.P. Town and Country Planning

q Madhya Pradesh Nagar Tatha Gram Nivesh Adhiniyam, 1973
Ø This Adhiniyam is prepared by Central TCPO
Ø Applicable to whole state except – Cantonment Board, Central
group land (naval, military, air-force works lands)

This Adhiniyam (Act), enacted by State Government to:

i) make provision for Planning and development and use of land;
ii) make better provision for preparation of development plans and
zoning plans.

Madhya Pradesh Town and Country Planning, governed by the above

Adhiniyam

M.P. Town and Country Planning

q Functions:

Ø Preparation of Town Development Plan/Scheme,

Ø Review Evaluation and Modification of existing Development
Plan,
Ø Preparation of Regional Development Plan,
Ø Guiding implementing agencies and processing the same for
governments approval,
Ø Monitoring and Enforcement of various schemes
Ø Control on unauthorized development in towns

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Development Authorities
§ As cities grew in 1950s and 1960s, there was emergence of strong
public intervention and it considered as potentially fruitful in
planning and development of urban areas.

§ Development Authorities in India have played a very significant role

in carrying about planned and organized growth.

§ The basic premise of all the Development Authorities is the

realization of the fact that there is distinction between Growth and
Development and the latter has to be achieved through strategic use
of the available resources .

§ It concentrates on special functions like Housing, Planning, and

Restructuring and Urban Development.
§ It has been instrumental for providing shelter to those who cannot
afford rising cost in real estates 7

Development Authorities
Functions of Development Authority:
a) prepare for local planning area:
i. A perspective plan;
ii. A development plan;
iii. An annual plan; and
iv. plans for projects or schemes
b) Implement the provisions contained in the above plans
c) Promote, regulate and control the developmental activities
d) acquire, hold, manage and dispose of land
e) set-up special function agencies and guide, direct and
assist them

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Development Authorities
q Other Functions of Development Authorities
• to accelerate the process of overall growth through infrastructure
building, real estate development and providing multiple housing
solutions to each and every section of the community.
• to optimize the judicious and strategic use of the available
resources
• to design the master plan in such a way as to bring the benefit of
development to all categories of the people residing within its area
of control.
• to provide housing solutions to low and middle income group,
giving a progressive shape to the infrastructure development, and
ensuring easy availability of basic amenities to residents.

Development Authorities
q Development Authorities in India

§ 1957 – setting up of Delhi Development Authority (DDA) by

Central Govt.
§ 1970 – Calcutta Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA
now KMDA)
§ 1972 – Madras Metropolitan Development Authority (MMDA
now CMDA)
§ 1975 – Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority
(BMRDA now MMRDA) and Hyderabad Urban Development
Authority (HUDA now HMRDA)

There were about 250 different types of Development Authorities

in India (till 2003)

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Development Authorities
q Types of Development Authorities

Ø Urban Development Authority; (DDA, Indore Dev. Authority,

Bhopal Development Authority)
Ø Area Development Authority; (Greater Mohali Area
Development Authority)
Ø Special Area Development Authority; (Special area
development authority (SADA), Gwalior)
Ø Industrial Development Authority; (Maharashtra Industrial
Development Corporation)
Ø Metropolitan Development Authority; (Kolkata Metropolitan
Development Authority, Hyderabad Metropolitan Development
Authority, MMRDA,KMDA)
Ø Regional Development Authority; (NCRPB)
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The broad responsibilities of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region

Development Authority includes:
• Preparation of Regional Development Plans
• Providing financial assistance for significant regional projects
• Providing help to local authorities and their infrastructure projects
• Coordinating execution of projects and/or schemes in MMR
• Restricting any activity that could adversely affect appropriate
development of MMR, etc.

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Metropolitan Planning Committee

243ZE. Committee for Metropolitan planning.-(I)
There shall be
constituted in every Metropolitan area a Metropolitan
Planning Committee to prepare a draft development plan
for the Metropolitan area as a whole.
(2) The Legislature of a State may, by
law, make provision with respect to-
(a)the composition of the Metropolitan Planning Committees;

Metropolitan Planning Committee

(b) the manner in which the seats in such Committees shall be filled:
Provided that not less than two-thirds of the members of such
Committee shall be elected by, and from amongst, the
elected members of the Municipalities and Chairpersons of
the Panchayats in the Metropolitan area in proportion to the ratio
between the population of the Municipalities and of the Panchayats
in that area;
(c) the representation in such Committees of the Government
of India and the Government of the State
and of such organisations and institutions as may be deemed
necessary for carrying out the functions assigned to such
Committees;
(d) the functions relating to planning and coordination for the
Metropolitan area which may be assigned to such Committees;
(e) the manner in which the Chairpersons of such Committees
shall be chosen.

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Metropolitan Planning Committee

(3) Every Metropolitan Planning Committee shall, in preparing the
draft development plan,-
(a) have regard to-
(i) the plans prepared by the Municipalities and the Panchayats in the
Metropolitan area;
(ii) matters of common interest between the Municipalities and the
Panchayats, including co-ordinated spatial planning of the area,
sharing of water and other physical and natural resources, the
integrated development of infrastructure and environmental
conservation;
(iii) the overall objectives and priorities set by the Government of
India and the Government of the State;

Metropolitan Planning Committee

(iv) the extent and nature of investments likely to be made in the
Metropolitan area by agencies of the Government of India and
of the
Government of the State and other available resources whet
her
financial or otherwise;
(b) consult such institutions and organisations as the
Governor may,
by order, specify.
(4) The Chairperson of every Metropolitan
Planning Committee shall
forward the development plan, as recommended by such
Committee, to the Government of the State.

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A Framework for Urban Governance

The entire Metropolitan Region as the footprint of governance

METROPOLITAN PLANNING COMMITTEE

REGIONAL METROPOLITAN
SPATIAL TRANSPORT
DATA AUTHORITY
CENTRE CONCERNED PARA-STATALS,
CONCERNED LOCAL
SPECIAL-PURPOSE VEHICLES,
GOVERNMENTS
STATE GOVT DEPARTMENTS

LAW & ORDER EDUCATION ALL PUBLIC

RURAL URBAN TRANSPORT AGENCIES
(BUS/RAIL/AIR/TAXI/
PWR REVENUE AUTO/RTO etc.)
DISTRIBN.
TALUK /ZILLA URBAN LOCAL PUBLIC HLTH INDTL.
PANCHAYATS GOVERNMENTS DEVMT.
PLANNING & WOMEN &
GRAMA WARD ZONING CHILD
PANCHAYATS COMMITTEES W’FARE
ECONOMICS & WATER &
STATISTICS SANITATION
GRAM/WARD AREA SABHAS
SABHAS ENVIRONMEN URBAN POOR
T& SERVICES
FORESTRY

Concepts of garden cities, new towns

and satellite towns
The concepts of garden cities, new towns and satellite towns are almost
hundred-year-old concept.

The terms ‘Garden City’, ‘New Town’ and ‘Satellite Town’ are often used
interchangeably.

The modern new town movement was originated in England in 1898 with
the publication of the famous book ‘Garden Cities of Tomorrow’ by
E.Howard. Letchworth garden city (established in 1903) and Welwyn
garden city are examples of cities built in the east of England following
Howard’s principles of low density and low-rise housing design, attractive
landscaping of main roads, boulevards and residential streets, and the
principle of land use zoning. Separating residential areas from other
major categories of contrasting land uses i.e. industrial and large-scale
commercial activities was planned.

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Concepts of garden cities, new towns

and satellite towns
The term ‘New Town’ has been used to describe a town or urban
settlement that is typically newly built on a greenfield site project.

In Post-World War-II period there was an acute housing shortage in UK.

To overcome housing shortage and to follow a reformed system of
legislative development of plan making ‘The New Town Act, 1946’ was
formulated and later ‘New Town Development Corporation’ was
established for large-scale construction and rebuilding of post-war New
Towns.

Ebenezer Howard (1946) is known for his concept of ‘garden city’, an

organic self-contained new city surrounded by the agricultural green belt
to contain the spillover from an already overcrowded metropolis. This
garden city was later replaced by the term ‘new town’ (Osborn and
Whittick, 1969).

Concepts of garden cities, new towns

and satellite towns
Satellite town is an independent, self-sufficient and sustainable city and is
characterised by a combination of residential and employment mix
(Kshirsagar, 2007; Short et al, 2007).
Some scholars identified certain elements of satellite towns as follows:
• The distance between satellite town and metropolis varies depending
upon availability of developable land, availability of water,
transportation network etc. The physical identity of satellite town
should be maintained and green belt or open spaces needed to
segregate satellite town with the metropolitan city (Golany, 1976).
• Economic dependency with the neighboring urban center for
employment opportunities (Fisher-Cassie, 1943).
• Presence of an independent local government to govern satellite
towns (Golany, 1976). For example, in 1971, City and Industrial
Development Corporation (CIDCO) was established for planning and
development of New Bombay (also known as Navi Mumbai), a satellite
town of Greater Mumbai.

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Concepts of garden cities, new towns

and satellite towns

Each of the 32 New Towns has separate Local Authority to govern and
manage the New Towns. Local Authorities has prepared local area plan
for better environment, economy and housing demand.

In China, satellite towns were developed in Beijing, Guangzhou, Nanjing,

Shanghai and other large urban centres and accordingly national
development shifted its focus from big cities to satellite towns (Fung,
1981)

In the post Second World War period many satellite towns were
developed around the Tokyo Metropolitan Region (TMR). Tsukuba, Tama,
Kohoku, Chiba etc. were built during that era.

Concepts of garden cities, new towns

and satellite towns
The earliest new towns of Fatehpur Sikri and Jaipur were located close to
the capital city. During Britishers rule a number of railway new towns like
Itarsi, Kharagpur, Asansol, Manmad ware planned in different parts of the
country. Also in post-independent India, many refugee new towns like
Faridabad near Delhi, Asokenagar in West Bengal etc. were developed
as part of government policy to tackle huge influx of refugee population
(Sivaramakrishnan, 1977).

The functional bases of new towns are not static. Many refugee
settlements or towns later converted into industrial new towns.

New towns can vary depending upon population class sizes. Bokaro,
Chandigarh, Rourkela, between the years 1961-1971 emerged as class I
town.

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Concepts of garden cities, new towns

and satellite towns
An attempt has been made to develop satellite towns around all large
metropolitan cities but only a few like Ghaziabad and Faridabad
Ballabgarh near Delhi, residential township of Bidhannagar (Saltlake) in
Kolkata and industrial Satellite of Ramchandrapuram Patancheruva in the
case of Hyderabad has been successful (Date, 1994; Pratap Rao, 1990).

The first Master Plan of Delhi (MPD-1962) envisaged a compact growth

of Delhi with independent six ring towns to cater urban load,
strengthening economic base and locating government offices in these
ring towns.

Concepts of garden cities, new

towns and satellite towns
Shaw (1995) however mentioned three set of factors behind the success
of Satellite cities:
• Satellite towns located close to the big cities are more successful.
These satellite towns provide feasible alternative solutions to the
problems faced by big cities.
• For each satellite towns, economic base need to be strengthened. It
can be agro-based or industry based or services oriented or a
combination of a mix of activities.
• Central and State Government support in policy formulation and
implementation is another crucial factor for the success of satellite
towns.

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