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    Week4 Sol

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    Week4 Sol

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    13 views2 pages

    Week4 Sol

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    antoniomartinscoreia

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    Prof.

    David Hilditch
    André Cordeiro (TA) Relatividade
    Christoph Gärtlein (TA) Week 4 — Solutions 2023/2024

    Solution 2: Relativistic Doppler Effect


    a) When drawing the space-time diagram, keep in mind that the world lines of light-rays
    should have inclinations of ±45◦ , and the world lines of objects travelling slower should
    have smaller inclinations with respect to the time axis. An example is drawn in Figure 1.

    Figure 1: Space-time diagram depicting an emission and reception of a light pulse. This is
    drawn in reference frame S, such that the space-time axes of C are in black and those of C ′
    in blue. Light rays are in red.

    b) Remember the Lorentz transformation from S to S ′ ,


    (
    ct′ = γ (ct − βx)
    . (1)
    x′ = γ (−βct + x)

    The moving clock C ′ receives the signal at the event (ct′2 , x′2 = 0) as measured in its own
    reference frame. Plugging this into the Lorentz transformation
    ct′ = γ (1 − β 2 ) ct = ct2

    2 2
    γ (2)
    βct = x
    2 2

    Next, since the signal travels at c between the events (ct1 , 0) and (ct2 , x2 ) as measured in
    the frame of C,
    c(t2 − t1 ) = x2 ⇐⇒ ct2 (1 − β) = ct1 . (3)

    1
    Prof. David Hilditch
    André Cordeiro (TA) Relatividade
    Christoph Gärtlein (TA) Week 4 — Solutions 2023/2024

    Putting these results together we obtain the desired result,


    s
    1+β
    t′2 = t1 . (4)
    1−β

    c) In order to understand what the previous result tells us about the frequency shift of light
    waves, consider that two successive peaks of the wave are emitted by C with a delay
    corresponding to the period of the wave, T . Then, the delay between these events as
    observed by C ′ is T ′ , such that
    s
    1+β
    T′ = T , (5)
    1−β
    which corresponds to the period of the light wave as observed in S ′ . Since the frequency
    of a wave is the inverse of its period,
    s
    1−β
    f′ = f . (6)
    1+β

    Solution 6: Muons in the atmosphere


    a) For a velocity of v = 0.9999 c and a lifetime of ∆t = τ = 2 × 10−6 s, we have for the naive
    result,
    ∆x = v · ∆t = 0.9999 × 299 792 458 m/s × 2 × 10−6 s ≈ 0.6 km < 20 km , (7)
    which corresponds to the length traversed by the muons as measured in their own frame.
    b) Performing this analysis correctly requires comparing the length traversed by the muons
    with the height of the atmosphere in the same frame. In the muon frame, the atmosphere
    is length contracted such that its height becomes
    hAtmosphere 20 km
    hAtmosphere, Muon = = ≈ 0.28 km < 0.6 km , (8)
    γ 70.71
    and so the muons are able to traverse the atmosphere.
    Performing the analysis in the frame of a ground observer, the muon decay time is dilated,
    such that
    ∆tObserver = γ · τ = 70.71 × 2 × 10−6 s ≈ 1.41 × 10−4 s . (9)

    In this time, the muons can traverse a distance


    ∆xObserver = v · ∆tObserver = 0.9999 × 299 792 458 m/s × 1.41 × 10−4 s (10)
    ≈ 42 km > 20 km , (11)
    which is enough to cover the atmosphere.

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