See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/307173091

Observações sobre ultrassonografia musculoesquelética

Article · November 2014

CITATIONS READS

0 601

1 author:

Roberto Mogami
Rio de Janeiro State University
64 PUBLICATIONS 429 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

DOENÇAS DO TÓRAX View project

Chikungunya View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Roberto Mogami on 29 August 2016.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

3BEJPMPHJB
F
%JBHOÓTUJDP
0CTFSWBÇÕFT
TPCSF
VMUSBTTPOPHSBGJB

QPS
*NBHFN NVTDVMPFTRVFMÉUJDB

5REHUWR0RJDPL²0pGLFRGRVHWRUGH8OWUDVVRQRJUDILDGR+RVSLWDO4XLQWD' 2USURIHVVRUDGMXQWRGH5DGLRORJLDGD8QLYHUVLGDGHGR
(VWDGRGR5LRGH-DQHLUR 8(5- HFKHIHGRVHUYLoRGH5DGLRORJLDGR+RVSLWDO8QLYHUVLWiULR3HGUR(UQHVWRGD8(5-PHVWUHHGRXWRUHP
5DGLRORJLDSHOD8QLYHUVLGDGH)HGHUDOGR5LRGH-DQHLUR 8)5-

$
RPHFHLDHVWXGDUXOWUDVVRQRJUDILD 86* PXVFXORHVTXHOpWLFD SOR $WHQRVVLQRYLWHpGLDJQRVWLFDGDTXDQGRKiHVSHVVDPHQWRRX
HPGXUDQWHRVHJXQGRDQRGHUHVLGrQFLDPpGLFDTXDQGR GLVWHQVmROtTXLGDGDEDLQKD
DV IRQWHV GH LQIRUPDomR HUDP HVFDVVDV H SUDWLFDPHQWH
LQH[LVWLDP SURILVVLRQDLV TXH UHDOL]DYDP HVVH WLSR GH H[DPH 2 $ FDUDFWHUL]DomR GD WHQGLQRSDWLD SDVVD SHOD LGHQWLILFDomR GH WUrV
DSUHQGL]DGRIRLQDSUiWLFDGRGLDDGLDHSULQFLSDOPHQWHQRHVWXGRGD WLSRV SULQFLSDLV GH DOWHUDo}HV DXPHQWR GH HVSHVVXUD HFRWH[WXUD
DQDWRPLD $R ORQJR GR WHPSR DFRPSDQKHL D SRSXODUL]DomR GHVVH KHWHURJrQHD H SUHVHQoD GH FDOFLILFDo}HV (VVD WUtDGH ² RX XP RX
SURFHGLPHQWRHRVXUJLPHQWRGHGLYHUVRVOLYURVDUWLJRVFLHQWtILFRVH RXWURFRPSRQHQWHGHIRUPDLVRODGD²HVWiIUHTXHQWHPHQWHSUHVHQWH
FXUVRV VREUH R WHPD $ HYROXomR GRV WUDQVGXWRUHV WDPEpP QHVVDV VLWXDo}HV 'H IRUPD DVVRFLDGD WDPEpP SRGHP VHU YLVWDV
SURSRUFLRQRX XP VDOWR GH TXDOLGDGH IRUPLGiYHO DR SHUPLWLU URWXUDVSDUFLDLVJHUDOPHQWHHPSURFHVVRVPDLVDYDQoDGRV
GLDJQyVWLFRV PDLV SUHFLVRV 1R HQWDQWR R TXH QmR PXGRX SDUD R
UDGLRORJLVWDIRLDQHFHVVLGDGHGHGRPLQDURFRQKHFLPHQWRDQDW{PLFR 2HPSUHJRFRUUHWRGDQ{PLQDDQDW{PLFDUHYHODR]HORGRUDGLRORJLVWD
SDUDDERDUHDOL]DomRGRH[DPH SHORUHVSHLWRjOLQJXDJHPTXHQyVPpGLFRVWHPRVHPFRPXPD
DQDWRPLD$OJXQVH[HPSORV
2HQIRTXHGHVWHDUWLJRVHUiSUiWLFRFRPDDSUHVHQWDomRGHFDVRV ƒVXSUDHVSLQKRVR[VXSUDHVSLQDO FRUUHWR
FRWLGLDQRV VXDV LQGLFDo}HV H R SDSHO GD 86* QD DYDOLDomR GDV ƒSHUQD[UHJLmRFUXUDO FRUUHWR
DUWLFXODo}HVGRVPHPEURVVXSHULRUHLQIHULRU ƒWXEHURVLGDGH[WXEpUFXOR FRUUHWR
ƒFDQDOGH*X\RQ[W~QHOXOQDU FRUUHWR
7(50,12/2*,$()250$'(62/,&,7$d®2'26(;$0(6
&RVWXPRGL]HUTXHDVLQIRUPDo}HV~WHLVGHXPODXGRUDGLROyJLFRVmR 20%52
SURSRUFLRQDLVjTXDQWLGDGHGHGDGRVUHOHYDQWHVIRUQHFLGDQRSHGLGR 2H[DPHGH86*GRRPEURHVWiSDUDRPpWRGRFRPRDUDGLRJUDILD
PpGLFR$OpPGDGHVFULomRGRVVLQDLVHVLQWRPDVPDLVLPSRUWDQWHV VLPSOHV GH WyUD[ HVWi SDUD D UDGLRORJLD FRQYHQFLRQDO p PXLWR
WDPEpP DMXGD EDVWDQWH TXDQGR R PpGLFR PHQFLRQD D VXVSHLWD VROLFLWDGRHWUD]PXLWDVLQIRUPDo}HV$SULQFLSDOLQGLFDomRGH86*GR
SULQFLSDOQDVROLFLWDomR RPEURpRHVWXGRGRPDQJXLWRURWDGRUTXDQGRRGRHQWHDSUHVHQWD
TXDGURV GH GRU H OLPLWDomR GH PRYLPHQWRV TXH PXLWDV YH]HV
'HPDQHLUDJHUDOpSRVVtYHOVLVWHPDWL]DURSHGLGRPpGLFRQRH[DPH HYROXHPVHPDFRPSDQKDPHQWRPpGLFRGXUDQWHPXLWRWHPSR2XWUDV
GDVDUWLFXODo}HV RPEURFRWRYHORTXDGULOWRUQR]HORHWF TXHHP YH]HVRSDFLHQWHVHDSUHVHQWDFRPGRUHVLQWHQVDVGHLQtFLRUHFHQWH²
JHUDO LQFOXL DV LQVHUo}HV WHQGtQHDV H HVWUXWXUDV PXVFXODUHV VXJHVWLYDVGHEXUVLWH²RXUHODWDKLVWyULDGHGRUDJXGDDSyVWUDXPD
DGMDFHQWHVDOpPGHEROVDVFDUWLODJHQVHRSUySULRHVSDoRDUWLFXODU TXHGDVIUHDGDVGH{QLEXV TXDQGRDVXVSHLWDGHURWXUDWHQGtQHD
$FKR GH SRXFD XWLOLGDGH VROLFLWDU H[DPH LVRODGR GDV UHJL}HV GHYHVHUGHVFDUWDGD ILJXUD 
DQWHEUDTXLDOHEUDTXLDOFUXUDOHGDFR[DSRUH[HPSOR6DOYRVHKRXYHU
UHODomRGLUHWDFRPWUDXPDQRORFDORXVXVSHLWDGHFRUSRHVWUDQKRR
DFRPHWLPHQWR LQIODPDWyULRGHJHQHUDWLYR DFRQWHFH QDV WUDQVLo}HV
PXVFXORWHQGtQHDV

1D GHVFULomR GDV OHV}HV PXVFXORHVTXHOpWLFDV YLVWDV SHOD 86*

HYLWDPVHWHUPRVFRPRWHQGLQLWHRXWHQGLQRVHSRUVHUHPLPSUHFLVRV
RXUHSUHVHQWDUHPXPGLDJQyVWLFRGHSDWRORJLDePDLVFRUUHWRGR
SRQWRGHYLVWDGHVFULWLYRRWHUPRWHQGLQRSDWLDTXHUHSUHVHQWDHP
JHUDODVDOWHUDo}HVGHJHQHUDWLYDVHPFRQVHTXrQFLDGRXVRH[FHVVL
YRGDHVWUXWXUDHPTXHVWmR2WHUPRWHQRVVLQRYLWHPXLWDVYH]HVp
FRQIXQGLGRFRPRSUySULRFRQFHLWRGHWHQGLQRSDWLDRXHPSUHJDGRHP
VLWXDo}HVHPTXHQmRKiXPDHVWUXWXUDWHQGtQHDUHYHVWLGDSRUEDLQKD
VLQRYLDO7HQRVVLQRYLWHUHSUHVHQWDXPDOHVmRGDEDLQKDTXHUHYHVWHR
WHQGmR²HPJHUDOWHQG}HVORFDOL]DGRVHPSRQWRVGHDWULWR²PDVQHP )LJXUD5RWXUDFRPSOHWDGRVXSUDHVSLQDOQRWDUWHQGmRURWRGR
WRGRVRVWHQG}HVSRVVXHPEDLQKD RWHQGmRGRFDOFkQHRSRUH[HP ODGRGLUHLWR

0(''·25
5HYLVWD 
 0CTFSWBÇÕFT
TPCSF
VMUSBTTPOPHSBGJB

NVTDVMPFTRVFMÉUJDB

8PWLSRHVSHFtILFRGHWHQGLQRSDWLDFXMRVVLQWRPDVVmRLQWHUPLWHQWHV HQYROYLGRSRUHVVDEDLQKD²WDPEpPID]SDUWHGDURWLQDGRH[DPH
pGHQRPLQDGDWHQGLQRSDWLDFDOFiULD ILJXUD$H% 1HVVHWLSRGH YLVWR TXH DV OHV}HV GR PDQJXLWR URWDGRU IUHTXHQWHPHQWH VH
GRHQoD RFRUUH D IRUPDomR LGLRSiWLFD GH YROXPRVRV DJUHJDGRV DFRPSDQKDPGHWHQGLQRSDWLDVHRXURWXUDVQHVVHORFDO
FDOFLILFDGRV TXH VH LQVWDODP QR LQWHULRU GRV WHQG}HV $ HYROXomR
GHVVDWHQGLQRSDWLDSRGHGXUDUDQRVDRORQJRGRVTXDLVDFDOFLILFDomR
VH GHVLQWHJUD H RV IUDJPHQWRV VmR GUHQDGRV SDUD GHQWUR GD EROVD
VXEGHOWRLGHDRXGRSUySULR~PHUR(PJHUDORVPRPHQWRVGHPDLRU
LQF{PRGR SDUD R SDFLHQWH DFRQWHFHP QR LQtFLR GD IRUPDomR GD
FDOFLILFDomRHTXDQGRKiDGHVLQWHJUDomR$86*SHUPLWHLGHQWLILFDU
WDQWRDFDOFLILFDomRFRPRVHXJUDXGHLQWHJULGDGHHDH[LVWrQFLDRX
QmRGHGUHQDJHPSDUDEROVD~PHUR

)LJXUD%XUVLWHVHSWDGD

'LIHUHQWHPHQWHGHRXWURVPpWRGRVD86*SHUPLWHRH[DPHGLQkPLFR
GRRPEUR0XLWDVYH]HVpSRVVtYHOYLVXDOL]DUDEROVDGLVWHQGLGDTXH
QmRFRQVHJXHWUDQVSRURHVSDoRDEDL[RGRDFU{PLRRTXHFDUDFWHUL]D
D VtQGURPH GR LPSDFWR (P RXWUDV RFDVL}HV SRGHVH LQIHULU GH
PDQHLUDLQGLUHWDDLQVWDELOLGDGHGDDUWLFXODomRDFURPLRFODYLFXODUSHOD
LQFRQJUXrQFLD GDV H[WUHPLGDGHV DUWLFXODUHV TXH VH PDQLIHVWD
GXUDQWHRGHVORFDPHQWRPHGLDOGRPHPEURVXSHULRU
$
&2729(/2
$ SULQFLSDO LQGLFDomR SDUD HVVH WLSR GH H[DPH p D VXVSHLWD GH
HSLFRQGLOLWH2WHQGmRFRPXPGRVH[WHQVRUHVLQVHUHVHQRHSLF{QGLOR
ODWHUDO H R GRV IOH[RUHV QR HSLF{QGLOR PHGLDO $ WHQGLQRSDWLD GRV
H[WHQVRUHV FRWRYHORGRWHQLVWD pDPDLVFRPXPHIUHTXHQWHPHQWH
HVWiDVVRFLDGDDSHTXHQDVURWXUDVSDUFLDLV ILJXUD 

%
)LJXUD$7HQGLQRSDWLDFDOFiULDQDUDGLRJUDILDVLPSOHV%7HQGLQRSDWLD
VXSUDHVSLQDOQD86* VHWDV 
)LJXUD7HQGLQRSDWLDGRWHQGmRFRPXPH[WHQVRUHURWXUDDVVRFLDGD
$OpPGRHVWXGRGRVWHQG}HVGRPDQJXLWRURWDGRUWDPEpPpSRVVtYHO VHWD 
LGHQWLILFDUFROHo}HVQRLQWHULRUGHEROVDV ILJXUD FDYLGDGHDUWLFXODU
HEDLQKDSHULELFLSLWDO2HVWXGRGDFDEHoDORQJDGREtFHSV²TXHHVWi 8PTXDGURDWtSLFRHTXHpEDVWDQWHVXJHULGRSHORH[DPHGDUHJLmR

 0(''·25
5HYLVWD
 0CTFSWBÇÕFT
TPCSF
VMUSBTTPOPHSBGJB

NVTDVMPFTRVFMÉUJDB

SRVWHULRUGRFRWRYHORTXDQGRVHHQFRQWUDXPDXPHQWRGHYROXPH 9DULDo}HVDQDW{PLFDVLPSRUWDQWHVTXHVmRUHODWDGDVQRVODXGRV
DGMDFHQWHjSURMHomRGRROpFUDQRpDGLVWHQVmRGDEROVDGRROpFUDQR ƒ1HUYRPHGLDQREtILGRHSHUVLVWrQFLDGDDUWpULDPHGLDQDQRW~QHOGR
SRU EXUVLWH ILJXUD   6HMD SRU WUDXPD RX HP UD]mR GH RFRUUrQFLD FDUSR ,QIRUPDomR UHOHYDQWH VH Ki LQWHQomR GH PDQLSXODU
LGLRSiWLFDQRWDVHXPDFROHomRVXSHUILFLDOjLQVHUomRGRWHQGmRGR FLUXUJLFDPHQWHRUHWLQiFXOR
WUtFHSV ƒ 0~VFXOR DFHVVyULR DEGXWRU GR GHGR PtQLPR 2 YHQWUH GHVVH
P~VFXOR SRGH RFXSDU R LQWHULRU GR W~QHO XOQDU H RFDVLRQDU
VtQGURPHVFRPSUHVVLYDV
ƒ,QVHUomRDFHVVyULDHSUHVHQoDGHVHSWRVHQWUHRVWHQG}HVDEGXWRU
ORQJRH[WHQVRU FXUWR GR SROHJDU 2 XVR GH PHGLFDomR DQWL
LQIODPDWyULD QR LQWHULRU GR HVSDoR VLQRYLDO SXQomR  SRGH VHU
LQHILFD]SRUTXHRVVHSWRVLPSHGHPDGLIXVmRGRPHGLFDPHQWR

8PD VLWXDomR HP TXH D 86* SRGH VHU EDVWDQWH HOXFLGDWLYD p QD
SHVTXLVD GH FRUSRV HVWUDQKRV (P DOJXPDV VLWXDo}HV R FRUSR
HVWUDQKRSRGHVHUUDGLRWUDQVSDUHQWHPDVPHVPRDVVLPGHWHFWiYHO
SHOD86* ILJXUD 

)LJXUD%XUVLWHGRROpFUDQRQRWDUFROHomRVHSWDGDHFRPSDUHGH
HVSHVVDGD

381+20®2
$V WHQGLQRSDWLDVWHQRVVLQRYLWHV H R HVWXGR GR QHUYR PHGLDQR
FRQVWLWXHPVHDVLQGLFDo}HVPDLVFRPXQVGH86*GRSXQKR$OJXQV
DFKDGRVVmRFDUDFWHUtVWLFRVFRPRRFRPSURPHWLPHQWRGRVWHQG}HV
DEGXWRU ORQJR  H[WHQVRU FXUWR GR SROHJDU QD WHQGLQRSDWLD 
WHQRVVLQRYLWHGH'H4XHUYDLQ ILJXUD HDWHQRVVLQRYLWHGRH[WHQVRU
XOQDUGRFDUSRQDDUWULWHUHXPDWRLGH $5 2XWURVVLPRHQFRQWURGH
WHQRVVLQRYLWHV GLIXVDV DVVRFLDGDV D VLQRYLWHV PHWD
FDUSRIDOkQJLFDVLQWHUIDOkQJLFDVSUR[LPDLVHPPXOKHUHVDSDUWLUGRV
DQRVGHYHVHPSUHOHYDUjVXVSHLWDGHDUWULWHUHXPDWRLGH

)LJXUD7HQRVVLQRYLWHGH'H4XHUYDLQGLVWHQVmRGDEDLQKDGRVWHQG}HV
DEGXWRUORQJRHH[WHQVRUFXUWRGRSROHJDU1RWDUPDLVGHGRLVWHQG}HVQR
LQWHULRUGDEDLQKD LQVHUo}HVDFHVVyULDV 

1RVTXDGURVFRPSDWtYHLVFRPVtQGURPHGRW~QHOGRFDUSRDPHGLomR
GDiUHDGRQHUYRPHGLDQRRFRUUHQDUHJLmRSUR[LPDOGRW~QHOHRYDORU $
OLPLWHQRUPDOpGHPP

0(''·25
5HYLVWD 
 0CTFSWBÇÕFT
TPCSF
VMUSBTTPOPHSBGJB

NVTDVMPFTRVFMÉUJDB

2V HVWLUDPHQWRV GH P~VFXORV DGXWRUHV VmR FRPSOLFDo}HV

WUDXPiWLFDVFRPXQVSULQFLSDOPHQWHHPHVSRUWHVFRPRRIXWHERO
TXH FRPELQDP R HVWUHVVH GD FRUULGD FRP R FRQWDWR ItVLFR GLUHWR
(VVDV OHV}HV SRGHP VH FDUDFWHUL]DU SRU HGHPD LVRODGR GDV ILEUDV
PXVFXODUHVQRVFDVRVOHYHVRXVROXo}HVGHFRQWLQXLGDGHH[WHQVDV
DVVRFLDGDVDKHPDWRPDVSHULOHVLRQDLV ILJXUD$H% 

&
)LJXUD  $ 7UDXPD SHUIXUDQWH SRU HVSLQKR GH FDFWXV TXH HUD
UDGLRWUDQVSDUHQWHQDUDGLRJUDILDVLPSOHV%&RUWHWUDQVYHUVDOGRGRUVRGD
PmR HYLGHQFLD R FRUSR HVWUDQKR & 1R FRUWH ORQJLWXGLQDO GR PHVPR
VHJPHQWRREVHUYDPVHGRLVIUDJPHQWRV

48$'5,/
2 GLDJQyVWLFR GH GHUUDPHV QD DUWLFXODomR GR TXDGULO p IiFLO H
FDUDFWHUL]DGR SHOR FRPSOH[R GD FiSVXODOLJDPHQWR LOLRIHPRUDO (P
FULDQoDVVmRIUHTXHQWHVRVSHGLGRVGHDYDOLDomRGHVVDVFROHo}HV
DUWLFXODUHV HP YLUWXGH GH VXVSHLWDV GH VLQRYLWHV LQIHFFLRVDV RX
DTXHODVDVVpSWLFDVGHQRPLQDGDVWUDQVLWyULDV ILJXUD 
%

)LJXUD$H%(VWLUDPHQWRGRVDGXWRUHVFXUWRHPDJQRYLVWRVSHOD86* $ H
50 % HPMRJDGRUGHIXWHERO

-2(/+2
(P SDFLHQWHV LQWHUQDGRV VLWXDomR FRPXP QR GLD D GLD GH PLQKD
DWXDomRQR+RVSLWDO4XLQWD' 2UVmRIUHTXHQWHVDVVROLFLWDo}HVGH
H[DPHSDUDSHVTXLVDGHGHUUDPHDUWLFXODUFDXVDGRSRUFRPSOLFDo}HV
SyVRSHUDWyULDV RX FRPR IRFR LQIHFFLRVR GH XP SURFHVVR
VHSWLFrPLFR2GHUUDPHpIDFLOPHQWHLGHQWLILFDGRSHODGLVWHQVmRGH
GRLV UHFHVVRV VXSUDSDWHODU H SDUDSDWHODU H[WHUQR $OpP GR
GLDJQyVWLFRGDFROHomRDUWLFXODUpLPSRUWDQWHTXHVHFDUDFWHUL]HR
WLSR GH OtTXLGR TXH H[LVWH VHSWRV JUXPRV  H D SUHVHQoD GH
)LJXUD'HUUDPHQRUHFHVVRSDUDSDWHODUH[WHUQR HVSHVVDPHQWRGDVLQyYLD

 0(''·25
5HYLVWD
 0CTFSWBÇÕFT
TPCSF
VMUSBTTPOPHSBGJB

NVTDVMPFTRVFMÉUJDB

3DFLHQWHVFRPGRUSHUVLVWHQWHGHUUDPHDUWLFXODUHDXVrQFLDGHRXWURV QDIDVHDJXGDGLVWLQJXLUHQWUHRWHQGmRHRSUySULRKHPDWRPD ILJXUD

DFKDGRV XOWUDVVRQRJUiILFRV VmR FDQGLGDWRV D XP H[DPH GH   &ROHo}HV QD EROVD UHWURFDOFkQHD WDPEpP VmR FRPXQV HP
UHVVRQkQFLD PDJQpWLFD D ILP GH H[FOXLU D KLSyWHVH GH OHV}HV GH DVVRFLDomRDURWXUDVRXWHQGLQRSDWLDVGRWHQGmRGRFDOFkQHR
PHQLVFRRXOLJDPHQWRVFUX]DGRV(VVDVHVWUXWXUDVVmRGLItFHLVGHVHU
DYDOLDGDVDGHTXDGDPHQWHSHOD86*

$OpPGDVWHQGLQRSDWLDVSDWHODUHVHTXDGULFLSLWDLVPDLVFRPXQVHP
HVSRUWLVWDVHSDFLHQWHVLGRVRVROLJDPHQWRFRODWHUDOWLELDOWDPEpPp
VtWLRLPSRUWDQWHGHOHV}HVSULQFLSDOPHQWHDUHJLmRSUR[LPDO ILJXUD
 

)LJXUD5RWXUDSDUFLDOGRWHQGmRGRFDOFkQHR

2XWUDFRQGLomRTXHGHPDQGDDYDOLDomRIUHTXHQWHSHOD86*pDIDVFLWH
SODQWDU2DFKDGRPDLVFRPXPpGHHVSHVVDPHQWRGDLQVHUomRGD
EDQGDPHGLDOGDDSRQHXURVHSODQWDU$OLWHUDWXUDHVWDEHOHFHFRPR
YDORUQRUPDODWpPPGHHVSHVVXUDPDVHVVHSDUkPHWURGHYHWHU
LPSRUWkQFLD SDUFLDO SULQFLSDOPHQWH TXDQGR D PHQVXUDomR REWpP
YDORUHVOLPtWURIHV(PJHUDORTXHVHPHGHpRFRPSOH[RGDLQVHUomR
)LJXUD5RWXUDSDUFLDOGDUHJLmRSUR[LPDOGROLJDPHQWRFRODWHUDOWLELDO GDDSRQHXURVHHGRWHQGmRIOH[RUFXUWRGRVGHGRVTXHVHORFDOL]D
DSyVWUDXPDHPHVTXLDGRUD DEDL[R GD DSRQHXURVH $OpP GR HVSHVVDPHQWR RXWURV VLQDLV
SUHVHQWHV VmR R HGHPD GD WHOD VXEFXWkQHD FDOFkQHD FROHo}HV
72512=(/23e SHULDSRQHXUyWLFDVHURWXUDVGDSUySULDDSRQHXURVH ILJXUD 
/HV}HVOLJDPHQWDUHVVmREDVWDQWHFRPXQVQHVVDUHJLmRPRUPHQWH
DTXHODVTXHRFRUUHPQROLJDPHQWRWDORILEXODUDQWHULRU$VVLPFRPR
DFRQWHFHHPRXWURVORFDLVRHVWLUDPHQWRGHVVDHVWUXWXUDQDIDVH
DJXGD SRGH VH DSUHVHQWDU FRP HVSHVVDPHQWRV VROXo}HV GH
FRQWLQXLGDGHHFROHo}HVSHULOLJDPHQWDUHV1RVFDVRVFU{QLFRVFRPR
VHTXHODGDVOHV}HVWUDXPiWLFDVHVVHOLJDPHQWRSRGHVHDSUHVHQWDU
HVSHVVDGRKHWHURJrQHRHLQGHILQLGR

$VWHQGLQRSDWLDVHURWXUDVGRWHQGmRGRFDOFkQHRVmRFRPXQVHP
DWOHWDV GH FRUULGD 1D IDVH LQLFLDO R H[DPH GHWHFWD iUHDV IRFDLV
KLSRHFRLFDVTXHSURJULGHPSDUDRDFRPHWLPHQWRGHUHJL}HVPDLV
H[WHQVDVGRWHQGmRRTXHRFDVLRQDHVSHVVDPHQWRGLIXVRDVVRFLDGR
'XUDQWHHVVHSHUtRGRGHSURJUHVVmRVmRFRPXQVDVURWXUDVSDUFLDLV
SULQFLSDOPHQWHQRWHUoRLQIHULRU4XDQGRRFRUUHPURWXUDVFRPSOHWDV
GR WHQGmR DV H[WUHPLGDGHV URWDV VH UHWUDHP FROHo}HV H[WHQVDV
SUHHQFKHPRHVSDoRHQWUHDVH[WUHPLGDGHVHPXLWDVYH]HVpGLItFLO )LJXUD5RWXUDGDDSRQHXURVHSODQWDUHPFRUUHGRU

5()(5È1&,$6

6HUQLN5HQDWR$&HUUL*LRYDQQL*XLGR8OWUDVVRQRJUDILDGR6LVWHPD0XVFXORHVTXHOHWLFR&RUUHODomRFRP5HVVRQkQFLD0DJQpWLFDHG5LRGH
-DQHLUR(GLWRUD5HYLQWHU
%LDQFKL6HWDO8OWUDVRXQGRIWKH0XVFXORVNHOHWDO6\VWHPHG1HZ<RUN6SULQJHU

0(''·25
5HYLVWD 

View publication stats