Sheet - 01 - Thermodynamics-2

THERMODYNAMICS – 2 (Physical Chemistry)
EXERCISE-I
(JEE MAIN LEVEL)
DPP 1
Carnot cycle
Q.1 The efficiency of a reversible Carnot engine operating between 100 K and 25 K is :-
(A) 20.11% (B) 22.2% (C) 75% (D) 300 %
Q.2 A reversible Carnot cycle has an efficiency of 40%. Its low temperature reservoir is at 27 °C.
What is the temperature of source?
(A) 227 K (B) 45 K (C) 500 °C (D) 227 °C
Q.3 A reversible Carnot engine operating between 227 °C and 27 °C absorbs 2 kcal of heat from the
227 °C reservoir reversibly per cycle. The amount of work done in one cycle is :-
(A) 0.4 kcal (B) 0.8 kcal (C) 4 kcal (D) 8 kcal
Q.4 If heat absorbed by reversible Carnot engine in reversible cycle is 200 kJ and heat rejected is
150 kJ then calculate the temperature of source if sink is present at 75 K.
(A)100º C (B) 150º C (C) 50º C (D) 100 K
Q.5 A reversible Carnot heat engine is operating between 500K to 300K. If the engine absorbs 100 J
heat, then which of the following is impossible amount of heat rejected by the engine.
(A) 80 J (B) 75 J (C) 70 J (D) 20 J
Q.6 A reversible heat engine A (based on Carnot cycle) absorbs heat from a reservoir at 1000 K and
rejects heat to a reservoir at T2. A second reversible engine B absorbs, the same amount of heat
as rejected by the engine A, from the reservoir at T2 and rejects energy to a reservoir at 360K. If
the efficiencies of engines A and B are the same then the temperature T2 is :-
(A) 680 K (B) 640 K (C) 600 K (D) 800 K
Q.7 The efficiency of a reversible Carnot cycle is 1/6. On decreasing the temperature of the sink by
65 °C, the efficiency increases to 1/3. Calculate the temperature of source and sink.
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DPP 2
Entropy and spontaneity
Q.8 The criterion for the feasibility (spontaneity) of any process is :-
(A) Ssystem – Ssurroundings > 0 (B) Ssystem > 0 only
(C) Ssurroundings > 0 only (D) Ssystem + Ssurroundings > 0
Q.9 If a system goes from A to B reversibly and return from B to A and irreversibly.
Select the correct statement
(A) ΔSsys (A to B) = −ΔSsys (B to A)
(B) ΔS(A to B) must be zero.
(C) ΔS(B to A) must be greater than zero.
(D) Overall ΔSuniverse (A to B and B to A ) is zero.
Q.10 Clausius Inequality is
(A) q ≤ Tds (B) q ≤ SdT (C) q ≥ Tds (D) q ≥ SdT
Q.11 Select correct option using following graph
All are reversible path.

(A) q I = q II ≡ q III
(B) q I > q II > q III
qI qII qIII
(c) ∫ =∫ =∫
T T T
qI qII qIII
(D) ∫ >∫ >∫
T T T
Q.12 A process occurs spontaneously if

(A) ΔSsystem > 0
(B) ΔSSurrounding > 0
(C)ΔSuniverse > 0
(D) ΔSuniverse < 0
Q.13 Select the correct option
(A) Entropy can neither be created nor destroyed
(B) Entropy can be created and destroyed
(C) Entropy can be created but not be destroyed
(D) Total entropy and total energy of universe is constant
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Q.14 Select the correct option

(A) In a reversible process entropy of universe increases
(B) In an irreversible process entropy of system always increases
(C) A process occurs in finite time if entropy of universe increases.
(D) In a reversible process entropy of system always remain constant.
Q.15 A closed system undergoes, a process A → B, by two paths as shown below at a constant
temperature 'T' K. S1 and S2 are the entropy change of the system. Select the correct
statement
q2 q2
(A) S2 = (B) S2 > (C) S1 > S2 (D) q1 = q2
T T
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DPP 3
Calculation of change in Entropy
Q.16 Select the correct expression for the calculation of S for an ideal gas not undergoing any
chemical reaction and phase change in a closed system -
T2 P
(A) S = nCp ln + nR l n 2
T1 P1
T2 V
(B) S = nCV ln + nRT l n 2
T1 V1
T2 V
(C) S = nCV ln + nR l n 2
T1 V1
T2 P
(D) S = nCp ln + nRT l n 2
T1 P1
Q.17 2 mol of an ideal gas at 27 °C temperature is expanded reversibly from 2 lit. to 20 lit. Find
entropy change (R = 2 cal/mol/K) :-
(A) 92.1 (B) 0 (C) 4 (D) 9.2
Q.18 When one mole of an ideal gas is compressed to half to its initial volume & simultaneously
heated to twice its initial temperature. The change in entropy (S) of gas is :
(A) Cv ln2 (B) Cp ln2 (C) R ln2 (D) (Cv –R) ln2
Q.19 The change in entropy of 2 moles of an ideal gas upon isothermal expansion at 243.6 K from 20
litre until the pressure becomes 1 atm, is :-
(A) 1.385 cal/K (B) – 1.2 cal/K (C) 1.2 cal/K (D) 2.77 cal/K
Q.20 When two equal sized pieces of the same metal at different temperatures Th (hot piece) and Tc
(cold piece) are brought into thermal contact and isolated from its surrounding. The total
change in entropy of system is given by ?
Tc + Th
(C) C ln ( c h ) (D) C ln ( c h )
T2 T +T
2
T +T
2
(A) C ln (B)C ln
2Tc T1 2Th .Tc 4Th .Tc
Q.21 2 mol of an ideal monoatomic gas at 27º C undergoes adiabatic free expression until it volume
becomes 5 times of initial volume. The change in entropy of the gas is (ln 5 = 1.60 ; R = 8.3 J/K-
mole)
(A) Zero (B) 26.56 J/K (C) 7968 J/K (D) 39.84 J/K
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Q.22 Pressure of 10 moles of an ideal gas is changed from 2 atm to 1 atm against constant external
pressure without change in temperature. If surrounding temperature (300 K) and pressure
(1atm) always remains constant then calculate total entropy change (Ssystem + Ssurrounding) for
given process.
(A) 56 J/K (B) 14 J/K (C) 16 J/K (D) 20 J/K
Q.23 Oxygen is heated from 300 to 600 K at a constant pressure of 1 bar. What is the increases in
molar entropy ? (Given ln2 = 0.7)
The molar heat capacity in J/K/mol for the O2 (CP) = 10 + 10–2T
Q.24 Find (S)universe (in Joule/mole/K) for a change at 300 K.
given Hº300 K = 75 kJ/mol ;
Sº300 K = 300 J/K
Fill your answer as sum of digits (excluding decimal places) till you get the single digit answer.
Q.25 Consider two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas initially at 27°C and 1 atm pressure,
undergoing the following reversible cycle :
(a) Isothermal compression to 2 atm.
(b) Isobaric increase in temperature to 127 °C.
(c) Return to the initial stage by the different path.
(d) Overall change in entropy.
Calculate S for each step.
Q.26 2 moles of an ideal monoatomic gas undergo a reversible process for which P2V = constant. The
gas sample is made to expand from initial volume of 1L to final volume of 4L starting from
initial temperature of 300K. Find the value of Ssys for the above process. Report your answer
as 'X' where Ssys = XRln2.
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DPP 4
Physical significance of Entropy and
Third law of thermodynamics
Q.27 When two gases are mixed the entropy :–
(A) Remains constant (B) Decreases (C) Increases (D) Becomes zero
Q.28 Change in entropy is negative for :-
(A) Bromine ( ) ⎯→ Bromine (g)
(B) C(s) + H2O(g) ⎯→ CO(g) + H2(g)
(C) N2(g, 10 atm, 298 K) ⎯→ N2 (g, 1 atm, 298K)
(D) Fe(at 400 K) ⎯→ Fe(at 300 K)
Q.29 Order of increasing of entropy among given condition of substance is :
(I) 1 mole of H2O(l) at 298 K and 1 atm
(II) 1 mole of ice at 273 K and 1 atm
(III) 1 mole of H2(g) at 298 K and 1 atm
(IV) 1 mole of C2H6(g) at 298 K and 1 atm
(A) II < I < III <IV (B) I < II < III <IV (C) II < I < IV <III (D) IV< I < III <II
Q.30 For the process, CO2(s) ⎯→ CO2(g) :
(A) Both H and S are +ve (B) H is negative and S is +ve
(C) H is +ve and S is –ve (D) Both H and S are –ve
Q.31 S for the reaction ; MgCO3(s) ⎯→ MgO(s) + CO2(g) will be :
(A) 0 (B) –ve (C) +Ve (D) 
Q.32 For which reaction from the following, S will be maximum ?
(A) Ca(s) + ½O2(g) ⎯→ CaO(s) (B) CaCO3(s) ⎯→ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
(C) C(s) + O2(g) ⎯→ CO2 (g) (D) N2(g) + O2(g) ⎯→ 2NO(g)
Q.33 For conversion C(graphite) → C(Diamond), the S is :-
(A) Zero (B) Positive (C) Negative (D) Can not be predicted
Q.34 Super cooled rain water (–1°C) strikes the wind screen of a car and converts to ice in winter
season. With reference to second law of thermodynamics which statement is correct for above
process.
(A) Randomness of universe decreases as ice possess less disorder than liquid water.
(B) Randomness of surrounding decreases
(C) Increase in randomness of surrounding is equal to decrease in randomness of system.
(D) Increase in randomness of surroundings is greater than decrease in randomness of system.
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Q.35 Identify the correct statement regarding entropy.

(A) At zero Kelvin, the entropy of perfectly crystalline substance is positive..
(B) At absolute zero temperature entropy of perfectly crystalline substance is zero.
(C) At 0 °C the entropy of a perfectly crystalline substance is taken to be zero.
(D) At absolute zero temperature, the entropy of all crystalline substances is zero.
Q.36 For a perfectly crystalline solid Cp,m = aT3, where a is 0.42 × 10–3 J/K/mol , molar entropy at 10
K is
(A) 0.42 J/K-mol
(B) 0.14 J/K-mol
(C) 4.2 J/K-mol
(D) Zero
Q.37 Heat capacity of a solid A(s), given be aT3 in vicinity at absolute zero. Taking heat capacity to be
aT3 from 0 K to 10 K, b from 10 K to normal melting point 150 K and c from 150 K to 200 K, find
the absolute entropy of A(l) at 200 K.
Given; a = 0.6 × 10–3 J (K mole)
b = 15 J/(K mole)
c = 20 J/(K mole)
Hfusion = + 30 kJ/ mole
ln15 = 2.7 , ln(4/3) = 0.3
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DPP 5
Application of third law of thermodynamics
Q.38 For the liquid A whose normal boiling point is 300K, Suniv for the reaction at one atm and
300K is-
A(l) ⎯⎯⎯ → A(g) ;
1atm
300K
Hvaporisation = 60 kJ / mol at 1atm & 300 K

(A) zero
(B) –2 J/mol-K
(C) 200 J/mol-K
(D) –200 J/mol-K
Q.39 If Hvaporisation of substance X() (molar mass : 30 g/mol) is 300 J/g at its boiling point 300 K,
then molar entropy change for reversible condensation process is :-
(A) 30 J/mol.K (B) –300 J/mol.K (C) –30 J/mol.K (D) 300 J/mol.K
Q.40 One mole of NaCl(s) on melting absorbed 30 kJ of heat and its entropy is increased by 30 JK–1.
What is the melting point of sodium chloride ?
Q.41 For 1 mole substance variation of absolute entropy with temperature is given by following
graph. What is molar enthalpy of vapourisation (Hvap).
(A) 2 kJ (B) 5 kJ (C) 20 kJ (D) 10 kJ

Q.42 If S0 for H2, Cl2 and HCl are 0.13, 0.22 and 0.19 KJ K–1 mol–1 respectively. The total change in
standard entropy for the reaction, H2 + Cl2 ⎯→ 2HCl is :
(A) 30 JK–1 mol–1 (B) 40 JK–1 mol–1 (C) 60 JK–1 mol–1 (D) 20 JK–1 mol–1
Q.43 Given rSº = –266 and the listed [Sºm values].
Calculate Sº for Fe3O4(s) :
4Fe3O4 (s) [..............] + O2 (g) [205] ⎯⎯
→ 6Fe2O3 (s) [87]
(A) +111.1 (B) +122.4 (C) 145.75 (D) 248.25
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Q.44 Calculate Sr° at 298K of ;
(i) Na(s) + 1 Cl2(g) ⎯→ NaCl(s),

2
(ii) 1 N2(g) + 2H2(g) + 1 Cl2(g) ⎯→ NH4Cl(s)

2 2
(iii) C(graphite) ⎯→ C(diamond).

The values of S° (JK–1 mol–1 ) of Na, Cl2, NaCl, NH4Cl, N2, H2 diamond & graphite are 51, 223, 72,
95, 192, 131, 2.43 & 5.69 JK–1 mol–1 respectively.
Q.45 Find (S)universe (in Joule/mole/K) for a chemical reaction at 300 K given Hº300 K = 75 kJ/mol ;
Sº300 K = 300 J/K
Q.46 A(g) → 2B(g) ; H = 10 kJ/ mole at 300 K
If CP, A = 20 J/K mol and CP,B = 20 J/K mol.
Which of the following statement is correct ?
(A) H will be increase on increasing temperature
(B) H will be decrease on increasing temperature
(C) H will be unaffected by temperature change.
(D) H will increase on decreasing temperature.
Q.47 Find Entropy change for H2O (l) → H2O (s) at 1 atm and – 10°C,
[Given : Hfusion (0ºC) = 6000 J/ mol,
 273 
Cp,m (H2O, s) = 36 J/K-mol, Cp,m (H2O, l) = 75 J/K-mol, ln   = 0.04
 263 
(A) –23.47 J/K-mol
(B) –20.41 J/K-mol
(C) 21 J/K-mol
(D) 20.47 J/K-mol
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DPP 6
Gibb’s Energy
Q.48 Identify the correct statement for change of Gibbs energy for a system (Gsystem) at constant
temperature and pressure and in the absence of non-PV work
(A) If Gsystem > 0, the process is spontaneous.
(B) If Gsystem = 0, the change is reversible.
(C) If Gsystem = 0, the change is non spontaneous.
(D) If Gsystem < 0, the process is not spontaneous.
Q.49 A process must be spontaneous (feasible) if
(A) Entropy of system increases
(B) Energy of system decreases
(C) Gibbs free energy decreases
(D) Entropy of universe increases
Q.50 The change in free energy accompanied by the isothermal reversible expansion of 1 mole of an
ideal gas when its volume is doubled, is G1. Change in Gibbs free energy is G2, if above change
is carried out irreversibly. Then ratio of G1 to G2 is.
(A) 1/2 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) –1/2
Q.51 Which of the following extensive variable will increase during isothermal compression of an
ideal gas-
(A) U (B) S (C) H (D) G
Q.52 Heat liberated for an ideal gas undergoing reversible isothermal process is 1200 cal at 300 K.
What will be Gibb’s free energy change for the process
(A) 1200 cal (B) –1200 cal (C) 400 cal (D) –400 cal
Q.53 At 500 K for an isobaric process,
kJ
Ssystem = – 10
mol K
kJ
and Ssurr = 12
mol K
Therefore, G for the entire process is-
(A) –500 kJ/mol (B) –1000 kJ/mol (C) –600 kJ/mol (D) –1100 kJ/mol
Q.54 Calculate G (in bar-L) when a definite mass of a monoatomic ideal gas at 1 bar & 27ºC is
expanded adiabatically against vacuum from 10 L to 20 L (ln2 = 0.7)
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DPP 7
G for chemical reaction
Q.55 Which of the following pairs of a chemical reaction is certain to result in a spontaneous
reaction.?
(A) endothermic and decreasing disorder (B) exothermic and increasing disorder
(C) endothermic and increasing disorder (D) exothermic and decreasing disorder
Q.56 For the reaction at 25°C, X2O4 (l) ⎯⎯
→ 2XO2 (g)
H = 2.1 Kcal and S = 20 cal K–1. The reaction would be
(A) spontaneous (B) non-spontaneous (C) at equilibrium (D) unpredictable
Q.57 For the reaction at 298 K, 2A + B ⎯⎯
→C
H = 100 kcal and S = 0.050 kcal K–1. If H and S are assumed to be constant over the
temperature, above what temperature will the reaction become spontaneous ?
(A) 1000 K (B) 1500 K (C) 2000 K (D) 2500 K
Q.58 For hypothetical reversible reaction, ½ A2(g) + 3/2 B2 (g) ⎯→ AB3(g) ; H = –20 kJ/mol. If
standard entropies of A2, B2 and AB3 are 60, 40 and 50 JK–1 mole–1 respectively. The above
reaction will be reversible at the temperature :-
(A) 400 K (B) 500 K (C) 250 K (D) 200 K
Q.59 For the reaction at 300 K
A(g) + B (g) ⎯→ C (g)
U = –3.0 kcal ; S = –10.0 cal/K
value of G is ?
(A) –600 cal (B) –6600 cal (C) –6000 cal (D) –6 cal
Q.60 What can be concluded about the values of H and S from this graph?
(A) H > 0, S > 0 (B) H > 0, S < 0 (C) H < 0, S > 0 (D) H < 0, S < 0
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Q.61 In the following table. Which one of the following options is incorrect?
(Assuming Hr and Sr are independent of temperature)
H S Nature of reaction
(A) (–) (+) Spontaneous at all temperatures
(B) (+) (+) Nonspontaneous regardless of temperature
(C) (+) (+) Spontaneous only at high temperature
(D) (–) (–) Spontaneous only at low temperatures
Q.62 Which of the following reactions is spontaneous only at relatively low temperature -
(A) NH4Br(s) + 188 kJ → NH3(g) + Br2(l)
(B) NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s) + 176kJ
(C) 2H2O2(l) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g) + 196 kJ
(D) Both (B) & (C)
Q.63 What is the free energy change (G) when 1.0 mole of water at 100 °C and 1 atm pressure is
converted into steam at 100°C and 1 atm pressure ?
(A) 80 cal (B) 540 cal (C) 620 cal (D) zero
Q.64 Vapour pressure of water is 0.01 atm at 27ºC. Calculate G for following change.
H2O (l, 0.01 atm, 27ºC) → H2O (g, 0.01atm, 27ºC)
(A) zero (B) 300 R ln (0.01) (C) 300 R (D) –300 R
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DPP 8
Effect of Temperature and Pressure on G
Q.65 5 mole H2O (l) at 373 K and 1 atm is converted into H2O (g) at 373 K and 5 atm. G for this
process is [Given : R = 2 Cal / K - mol]
(A) Zero
(B) 1865 ln5 cal
(C) 3730 ln5 cal
(D) –3730 ln5 cal
Q.66 G for the conversion of 2 mol of C6H6 (l) at 80 ºC and constant pressure 0.2 atm is
Given: normal boiling point of C6H6 (l) is 80 ºC
C6H6 (l, 0.2 atm, 80 ºC ) → C6H6 (g, 0.2 atm, 80 ºC)
(A) -9.44 Kcal/ mol (B) –2.27 Kcal/ mol
(C) – 1.135 Kcal/mol (D) Zero
Q.67 Combustion of sucrose is used by aerobic organisms for providing energy for the life sustaining
processes. If all the “capturing” of energy from the reaction is done through electrical process
(non– PV work) then calculate maximum available energy which can be captured by
combustion of 3.42 gm of sucrose.
Given : Hcombustion (sucrose) = – 6000 kJ mol–1
Scombustion = 180 J/mol/K & Body temperature is 300 K.
(A) 60 kJ (B) 59.46 kJ (C) 0.54 kJ (D) 60.54 kJ
Q.68 At 298 K, H°combustion (sucrose) = –5737 KJ/mol & G°combustion (sucrose) = –6333 KJ/mol.
Estimate additional non-PV work that is obtained by raising temperature to 310 K. Assume
rCP = 0 for this temperature change
(A) 0 (B) 2 kJ/mol (C) 24 kJ/mol (D) 23.07 kJ/mol
Q.69 For the hypothetical reaction, A2(g) + B2(g) ⎯→ 2AB(g)
rG and rS are 20 kJ/mole and –20 JK–1 mol–1 respectively at 200 K.
If rCp is 20 JK–1 mol–1 then rH at 400 K is :-
(A) 20 kJ/mole (B) 7.98 kJ/mole (C) 28 kJ/mole (D) None of these
Q.70 Animals operate under conditions of constant pressure and most of the processes that
maintain life are electrical (in a broad sense). How much energy is available for sustaining this
type of muscular and nervous activity from the combustion of 1 mol of glucose molecules
under standard conditions at 37°C (blood temperature) ? The entropy change is + 182.4 JK–1 for
the reaction as stated.
Hcombustion [glucose] = –2808 kJ
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DPP 9
Gº and equilibrium constant
Q.71 The correct relationship between free energy change in a reaction and the corresponding
equilibrium constant K is :-
(A) – G° = RT lnK (B) G = RT lnK (C) – G = RT lnK (D) G° = RT lnK
Q.72 Select the correct relationship for a reaction-
(A) G = Gº + RT lnKp
(B) Gº = RT lnKp
QP
(C) G = RT ln
KP
(D) G = T(S)uni.
Q.73 The value of G° for a reaction in aqueous phase having Kc= 1, would be:
(A) –RT (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) + RT
Q.74 An endothermic reaction represented by the graph:
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
1
Q.75 When a graph is plotted with log (Keq) v/s , then intercept on log (Keq) axis will be
T
Hº Hº Sº Sº
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2.303R 2.303RT R 2.303R
Q.76 For a reaction A(g) ⎯→ B(g) at equilibrium, the partial pressure of B is found to be one fourth
of the partial pressure of A. The value of G° of the reaction A(g) ⎯→ B(g) is
(A) RT n 4 (B) – RT n 4 (C) RT log 4 (D) – RT log 4
Q.77 For the reaction takes place at certain temperature NH4HS(s) ⎯→ NH3(g) + H2S(g), if
equilibrium pressure is X bar, then rG° would be :-
(A) – 2 RT ln X (B) – RT ln (X – ln2)
(C) – 2 RT (ln X–ln 2) (D) None of these
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Q.78 What is rG (kJ/mole) for synthesis of ammonia at 298 K at following sets of partial pressure :
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ⎯→ 2NH3(g) ; rG° = – 33 kJ/mole.
[Take R = 8.3 J/K mole, log 2 = 0.3 ; log 3 = 0.48]
Gas N2 H2 NH3
Pressure (atm) 1 3 0.02
(A) + 6.5 (B) – 6.5 (C) + 60.5 (D) – 60.5
Q.79 Calculate the magnitude of standard entropy change for reaction X ⎯→ Y if Hº = 25 kJ and
Keq is 10–7 at 300 K.
Q.80 Find G of the reaction in calorie at 300 K
A(g) ⎯→ 2B (g) ; K p = 10 at 300 K

0
when partial pressures of A(g) & B(g) are 100 kPa & 1000 kPa respectively
Given : ln 10 = 2.3 ; R = 2 cal/mol-K
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DPP 10
TS diagram
Q.81 What will be the % efficiency of the reversible cycle shown in figure.
(A) 33.33% (B) 56% (C) 66.6% (D) 16.7%

Q.82 From the given T-S diagram of a reversible Carnot engine, find
(i) work delivered by engine in one cycle

(ii) heat taken from the source in each cycle.
(iii) Ssink in each cycle.
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EXERCISE :II
Single Correct Question
1. What is the efficiency of a cycle consisting of two isochoric and two adiabatic lines, if the
volume of the ideal gas changes 10 times within the cycle? The working substance is nitrogen
[(10)0.4 = 2.5].
(A) 40% (B) 25% (C) 60% (D) 75%
2. Starting with same initial conditions, an ideal gas expands from volume V1 to volume V2 in
three different paths AB, AC & AD as shown. Compare the entropy change during these
expansions
(A) SAB > SAC > SAD (B) SAB > SAD > SAC
(C) SAC > SAD > SAB (D) SAD > SAC > SAB
3. If molar internal energy change for a gas in a closed rigid vessel given by
U = a + bT + cT2
find the entropy change in J/K at constant volume when 1 mol of gas are heated from 200 K to
400K. [Given : a = 20 J/mol; b = 10 J/K-mol; c = 2 × 10–2 J/K2-mol] (ln 2 = 0.7)
(A) 15 (B) 30
(C) 60 (D) None of these
4. Two moles of ideal monoatomic gas were taken through isochoric heating form heating from
400 K to 800 K. If the process is carried out irreversibly (one step) then Ssystem + Ssurrounding is
[Given : ln 2 = 0.7 and R = 2 cal /mol. K]
(A) 0 (B) 2.4 cal/K
(C) 1.2 cal/K (D) 4.8 cal/K
5. The value of G°f of gaseous mercury is 31 KJ/mole. At what total external pressure mercury
start 1boiling at 25°C. [R = 8.3 J/K mole]
(A) 10–5.44 (B) 10–12.5 (C) 10–6.52 (D) 10–3.12
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6. Statement-I : C will partially convert into D.

Statement-II : R will not convert into P.
Statement-III : R will be completely converted into P.
Statement-I : C will be completely converted in D.
With the help given curves select the correct order of initials T (true) of F (False) for above
statements.
(A) TFTF (B) TFFF (C) FFTF (D) TTTF
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Multiple Correct Question

7. Which of the following statements is correct:
(A) Reversible adiabatic process is iso-entropic process
(B) Ssystem for irreversible adiabatic compression is greater than zero
(C) Ssystem for adiabatic free expansion in zero
(D) Ssurrounding for irreversible isothermal compression is greater than zero
8. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct :

(A) The entropy of isolated system with P–V work only is always maximized at equilibrium
(B) It is possible for the entropy of close system to decrease substantially in an irreversible process.
(C) Entropy can be created but not destroyed.
(D) Ssystem is always zero for reversible process in an isolated system
9. Which of the following statement (s) is/are false :

(A) When (Gsystem) T,P < 0; the reaction must be exothermic
(B) When (Gsystem) T,P < 0; then (Suniv) must be greater than zero
(C) Gsystem is always zero for a reversible process in a closed system
(D) G° for an ideal gas is a function of temperature and pressure
10. Select the correct statement for a change other than chemical and phase change.
(A) H = U +  (PV) can be used for both ideal & real gas
(B) dG = VdP – SdT is applicable for a change carried out reversibly or irreversibly for both ideal and real gas
T2
(C) S = nCp ln can be used in isobaric process for both ideal and real gas
T1
T2 P
(D) S = nCpln + nR ln 1 is applicable for both reversible and irreversible process for both ideal & real gas
T1 P2
11. In isothermal ideal gas compression :

(A) w is + ve (B) H is zero (C) Sgas is + ve (D) G is + ve
12. Select the correct statement(s) -

(A) Hvap at equilibrium pressure & temperature is zero
(B) Gvap at equilibrium pressure & temperature is zero
(C) (Ssys)vap at equilibrium pressure & temperature is zero
(D) (Suniv)vap at equilibrium pressure & temperature is zero
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13. 1 moles of an ideal gas, [ = 1.5] are taken through a series of processes.
Information-I: The temperature at state ‘A’ is 300 K.

Information-II: The reversible isothermal expansion from B to C double the volume
Information-III: The entropy change of the system form C to D is 4 ln16 cal/K.
Select the correct option (s) using above information.
(A) The entropy change of the system from D to A is – 3 R ln 8
(B) The temperature at point D is 2400 K
(C) The work done from A to B is –600 Cal.
(D) The work done from B to C is – 300 ln 2 Cal.
14. The normal boiling point of a liquid ‘A’ is 350K. Hvap at normal boiling point is 35kJ/mole. Pick
out the correct statement(s). (Assume Hvap to be independent of pressure).
(A) Svaporisation > 100 J / K / mole at 350 K and 0.5 atm
(B) Gvaporisation < 0 at 350 K and 0.5 atm
(C) Svaporisation < 100 J / K / mole at 350 K and 2 atm
(D) Gvaporisation > 0 at 350 K and 2 atm
15. From the following phase diagram of sulphur, select the correct statements(s)
(A) At 1 atm and 25ºC GS(rh) > GS(monoclinic) [G : Gibb's function]

(B) At 103 atm and 154 ºC GS(rh) = GS(monoclinic) = GS(liq.)
(C) At 1 atm and 114 ºC GS(rh) > GS(liq.)
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(D) Melting point of monoclinic 'S' increases on increasing pressure

16. Which of the following represents the Carnot cycle-
T T
(A) (B)
S S
P P
(C) (D)
S T
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Paragraph based question

Paragraph for Question 17 to 19
The Second Law of Thermodynamics is a fundamental law of science. In this problem we

consider the thermodynamics of an ideal gas, phase transition and chemical equilibrium.
3.00 mol of CO2 gas expands isothermally (in thermal contact with the surroundings;
temperature = 15.0∘ C ) against a fixed external pressure of 1.00 bar. The initial and final
volumes of the gas are 10.0 L and 30.0 L, respectively.
17. Choose the correct option for change in the entropy of the system (ΔSsys ) and of the
surroundings (ΔSsur ) :
(A) ΔSsys > 0 & ΔSsur = 0
(B) ΔSsys < 0 & ΔSsur > 0
(C) ΔSsys > 0 & ΔSsur < 0
(D) ΔSsys = 0 & ΔSsur = 0
18. Calculate ΔSsys , in (J/K) assuming CO2 to be an ideal gas. (take ln 3 = 1.1, R = 8.3 J/K mole)
(A) 9.13
(B) 27.4 J/K
(C) −27.4 J/K
(D) -9.13
19. Calculate the change in entropy (in J/K ) of the universe :

(A) −20.5 J/K
(B) 16.07 J/K
(C) 34.3 J/K
(D) 20.5 J/K
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Paragraph for Q.20 & Q.21

One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is processed in process ABCD then answer the following
question (Given : R = 2 cal./mol-K)
20. Entropy change for gas in process BC
3
(A) 3ln   cal./K
2
3 3
(B) ln   cal./K
2 2
3
(C) 4ln   cal./K
2
5 3
(D) ln   cal./K
2 2
21. Heat change in complete process ABCD ?

(A) 200 cal
(B) 50 cal
(C) 1200 cal
(D) 100 cal
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Paragraph for Q.22 to Q.23

For a reversible reaction, according to Van't Hoff relation, Gibb's free energy changes as
G = Gº + RT ln Q, where 'Q' is the reaction quotient.
The above equation can also be written as.
G = G0 + 2.3 RT log10 Q.
At equilibrium
G = 0, Thus G0 = –2.3 RT log K
For a particular reaction, the following graph is given (T = absolute temperature)
 J 
Based on the above information answer the following questions R = 8 
 mol − K 
22. Hº for the above reaction is -

(A) 6.133 J
(B) 6.133 kJ
(C) 61.33 J
(D) 61.33 kJ
23. At which temperature among the following the reaction will be spontaneous -
(A) 900 K
(B) 1000 K
(C) 1200 K
(D) 950 K
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Paragraph for Q.24 to Q.25

Thermodynamics stability is often used in chemical reactions to predict extent of reactions or
to predict the preferred product in some reaction. Thermodynamically a more stable substance
will be the one which has lower Gibb’s free energy. In various cases it might be decided on the
basis of enthalpy, however that may not always be true. The thermodynamic data therefore can
be used for predicting stability among isotopes & to decide the possible transformation. Based
on this information & the data given below, answer the questions that follow.
Data:  Hf of Sn(white) = 0  Hf of Sn(gray) = –2.1 kJ/mole
Sº of Sn(white) = 52 J/K-mole Sº of Sn(gray) = 44 J/K-mole

All above data at 300 K.
Density of Sn(w) = 7.36 g/ml
Density of Sn(g) = 5.769 gm/ml
One such transformation is ‘tin pest’ an allotropic transformation of the element white tin to
gray results in brittleness of tin objects at low temperatures.
24. Which of the following graph is correct for the allotropic transition Sn(white) → Sn(gray) at 1 bar &
300 K.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
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25. Choose correct option -

(A) both forms exist at all temperature
(B) There will be a contraction in volume as temperature is reduced.
(C) At 200 K, only gray tin exists.
(D) At 300 K, only white tin exists.
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Match the column

26. List-I List -II
(Process) (Ssystem)
T2 nH vap
(P) n moles of ideal gas undergo adiabatic reversible (1) n Cp, m ln +
T1 T2
expansion from temperature T1 to T2 and volume
V1 to V2
T2 P 
(Q) n moles of ideal gas undergoing reversible (2) n Cp, m ln + nR n  1   0
T1  P2 
expansion from temperature T1 to T2 and volume
V1 to V2
T2 nH vap nH fusion
(R) n moles of ice at 0ºC (T1) changes to water (3) n Cp, m ln + +
T1 T2 T1
vapours at 100ºC (T2)
(S) 'n' moles of liquid benzene at 25ºC (T1) changes (4) 0
to benzene vapours at 78ºC (T2)
[where boiling point of benzene = 78ºC]
Code :
P Q R S
(A) 3 2 1 4
(B) 1 2 4 3
(C) 2 1 3 4
(D) 4 2 3 1
27. Match the column :
Column I Column II
(A) Isothermal reversible expansion of an ideal gas (P) Ssys = 0
(B) Vapourisation of a liquid at its boiling point at 1 atm (Q) U = 0
(C) Adiabatic reversible compression involving an ideal gas (R) G = 0
(D) Combustion of CH4 is sealed rigid adiabatic container (S) w = 0
(T) q = 0
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28. Column I Column II

(A) 2HCl(g) → H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) (P) H = + Ve ; S = + ve
(B) 2O3(g) → 3O2(g) (Q) H = – Ve ; S = + ve
(C) MGCO3 (s) → MGO(S) + CO2(g) (R) H = – Ve ; S = –ve
(D) 2NO2(g) → N2O4 (g) (S) H = + Ve ; S  0
29. Match Column-I (graph) with the physical quantity in Column-II (area shown in the graph
represents the magnitude of).
Column-I Column-II
S S = f (T)
(A) (P) q
T
T1 T2
T T = f (S)
(B) (Q) w
S
S1 S2
P P = f (V)
(C) (R) (G)T
V
V1 V2
V
V = f (P)
(D) (S) (G) P
P
P1 P2
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Assertion – Reason
The following questions consist of two statements. Mark the answer as follows.
(a) If both statements are CORRECT, and Statement-II is the CORRECT explanation of statement-I
(b) If both statement are CORRECT, and Statement-II is NOT are CORRECT explanation of Statement-I
(c) If Statement-I is CORRECT, but Statement-II is INCORRECT.
(d) If Statement-I is INCORRECT, but Statement-II is CORRECT.
30. Statement- I : When process H2O (s) ⟶H2O (l), reaches equilibrium in a closed system at
constant temperature and pressure, Gibb's function of H2O (s) & H2O (l) become same.
Statement - II : For reversible phase change at constant temperature & pressure, change in
Gibb's energy will be zero.
31. Statement- I: A reaction which is spontaneous and accompanied by decreases in randomness of

system must be exothermic.
Statement - II: All exothermic reactions are accompanied by decrease of randomness.
32. Statement-I: For an irreversible cyclic process in a closed system, Ssurr = 0.

Statement-II: Entropy is a state function.
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Numerical
33. A heat engine absorbs 760 kJ heat from a source at 380K. It rejects (i) 650 kJ, (ii) 560 kJ, (iii)
504 kJ of heat to sink at 280K. State which of these represent a reversible, an irreversible and
an impossible cycle.
34. A reversible cyclic process involves 6 steps. In step-1, 3 system absorb 500 J, 800 J of heat from
a heat reservoir at temperature 250 K & 200 K respectively. Step 2, 4, 6, are adiabatic such that
the temperature of one reservoir changes to that of next. Total work done by the system in
whole cycle is 700 J. Find the temperature during step 5 if it exchanges heat from a reservoir at
temperature T5.
35. 5 moles of an ideal gas are expended isothermally from 10 bar to 2 bar at 27°C against a
constant external pressure of 2 bar. Calculate Ssys, Ssurr and Suniv.
36. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas (initial temperature = 127°C) is expended adiabatically from
20 bar to 1 bar against a constant external pressure of 1 bar. Calculate Ssys, Ssurr and Suniv.
37. Container A containing one mole of He is connected with Container B containing 2 moles of Ne at
the same temperature and pressure. Calculate Smixing. [Given: R = 2 Cal K–1 ; ln3 = 1 ; ln2 = 0.70]
[Report your answer by multiplying it with 100]
38. A JEE Advanced Aspirants (whose name is ‘D’) joined AKK sir test series. In a test paper he was
asked to calculate Ssys for a process as described below.
"A diathermic container (containing an ideal gas) fitted with a piston at equilibrium (without
any stopper) & has initial volume 600 litre. Now the external pressure in suddenly reduced to 1
bar and allowed the piston to move upward isothermally. In this process system absorbs 600 kJ
heat."
He calculated Ssys = 200 J/K but was awarded zero marks. To identify his mistake be contacted
his friend who was studying from AKK sir and explained his problem. When AKK sir’s student
q
asked him how he calculated Ssys, student ‘D’ said "Simple! by . If you are the AKK Sir’s
T
student, then help the student ‘D’ in getting correct answer (in J/K) and fill the same in OMR
sheet. [ln 11 = 2.4]
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39. The enthalpy of vaporization of liquid A at 42º C is 32 kJ/mole. If the normal boiling point of
liquid is 47º C, using the given data, find Svaporiasation at 42ºC (in J/K mole)
CP [A(l)] = 62 J/K mole
CP [A(g)] = 30 J/K mole
A(l) → A(g)
 315   −5 
Take ln  = 
 320   320 
40. Calculate the equilibrium pressure (in Pascal) for the conversion of graphite to diamond at 25°C. The
densities of graphite and diamond may be taken to be 2.20 and 3.40 g/cc respectively independent of
pressure.
Given : G° (C (graphite) → C(diamond) = 2900 J/mol.
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EXERCISE (JEE-MAIN)
1. For independent process at 300 K. [JEE Main, 2023]
Process H/kJ mol–1 S/JK-1
A -25 80
B -22 40
C 25 -50
D 22 20
The number of non-spontaneous process from the following is _______.
2. Consider the following reaction approaching equilibrium at 27°C and 1 atm pressure
[JEE Main, 2023]
K f =103
A+B C+D
K r =102
The standard Gibb"s energy change (ΔΓ 𝐺 ∘ ) at 27∘ C is (-) kJmol−1

(Nearest integer).
(Given : R = 8.3JK −1 mol−1 and ln 10 = 2.3 )
3. Which of the following relations are correct? [JEE Main, 2023]

(a) U = q + pV (b) G = H – TS
q rev
(c) S = (d) H = U – nRT
T
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below :
(A) c and d only (B) b and c only (C) a and b only (D) b and d only
4. The standard entropy change for the reaction 4Fe(s) + 3O2 ( g) → 2Fe2 O3 ( s) is −550JK −1
at 298 K. [JEE Main, 2022]
[Given : The standard enthalpy change for the reaction is −165 kJ mol−1. The temperature in K
at which the reaction attains equilibrium is. (Nearest Integer)
5. Given below are two statements: One is labelled as [JEE Main, 2022]
Assertion 𝐀 and the other is labelled as Reason 𝐑
Assertion A : The reduction of a metal oxide is easier if the metal formed is in liquid state than
solid state.
Reason R : The value of ΔGΘ becomes more on negative side as entropy is higher in liquid state
than solid state.
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In the light of the above statements. Choose the most appropriate answer from the options
given below
(A) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A
(B) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(C) A is correct but R is not correct
(D) A is not correct but R is correct
6. Which of the following relation is not correct? [JEE Main, 2022]
(A) H = U – PV (B) U = q + W
(C) Ssys + Ssurr  0 (D) G = H – TS
7. For combustion of one mole of magnesium in an open container at 300 K and 1 bar pressure,
CHΘ = –601.70 kJ mol–1, the magnitude of change in internal energy for the reaction is _____ kJ.
(Nearest integer) [JEE Main, 2022]
(Given : R = 8.3 J K–1 mol–1)
8. For the reaction 2NO2 ( g) ⇌ N2 O4 ( g), when ΔS = −176.0JK −1 and ΔH = −57.8 kJ mol−1, the
magnitude of ΔG at 298 K for the reaction is kJmol−1. (Nearest integer) [JEE Main, 2021]
9. For a chemical reaction A + B ⇌ C + D(Δr H ⊖ = 80 kJ mol−1 ) the entropy change Δr S ⊖
depends on the temperature T (in K) as Δr S ⊖ = 2T(J K −1 mol−1 )
Minimum temperature at which it will become spontaneous is K. [JEE Main, 2021]
10. For water vap H = 41 kJ mol–1 at 373 K and 1 bar pressure. Assuming that water vapour is an
ideal gas that occupies a much larger volume than liquid water, the internal energy change
during evaporation of water is_____kJ mol–1 S[Use : R = 8.3 J mol–1 K–1] [JEE Main, 2021]
11. Select the correct option :
(A) Entropy is function of temperature and also entropy change is function of temperature.
(B) Entropy is a function of temperature & entropy change is not a function of temperature.
(C) Entropy is not a function of temperature & entropy change is a function of temperature.
(D) Both entropy & entropy change are not a function of temperature. [Jee Main, 2020]
12. For a dimerization reaction, [Jee Main, 2020]
2 A( g) → A2 ( g)
at 298 K, ΔU ∘ = −20kJmol−1 , ΔS ∘ = −30
JK −1 mol−1, then the ΔG∘ will be J.
13. For the reaction; A(l) → 2B(g) U = 2.1 kcal, S = 20 cal K–1 at 300 K.
Hence G in kcal is___________: [Jee Main, 2020]
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14. For one mole of an ideal gas, which of these statements must be true? [Jee Main, 2020]
(a) U and H each depends only on temperature
(b) Compressibility factor z is not equal to 1
(c) CP, m – CV, m = R
(d) dU = CVdT for any process
(A) (a) and (c) (B) (b), (c) and (d)
(C) (a), (c) and (d) (D) (c) and (d)
15. A process will be spontaneous at all temperatures if: [JEE Main, 2019]
(A) H < 0 and S > 0 (B) H > 0 and S < 0
(C) H > 0 and S > 0 (D) H < 0 and S < 0
16. Enthalpy of sublimation of iodine is 24 cal g–1 at 200ºC. If specific heat of I2(s) and I2(vap) are
0.055 and 0.031 cal g–1 K–1 respectively, then enthalpy of sublimation of iodine at 250ºC in cal
g–1 is: [JEE Main, 2019]
(A) 2.85 (B) 22.8 (C) 11.4 (D) 5.7
17. The INCORRECT match in the following is: [JEE Main, 2019]
(A) G0 > 0, K < 1 (B) G0  0, K < 1
(C) G0 < 0, K > 1 (D) G0 = 0, K = 1
18. The entropy change associated with the conversion of 1 kg of ice at 273 K to water vapours at
383 K is : (Specific heat of water liquid and water vapour are 4.2 kJ K–1kg–1 and 2.0 kJ K–1kg–1;
heat of liquid fusion and vapourisation of water are 334 kJ kg–1 and 2491 kJ kg–1; respectively).
(log 273 = 2.436, log 373 = 2.572, log 383 = 2.583) [JEE Main, 2019]
(A) 7.90 kJ kg–1 K–1 (B) 8.49 kJ kg–1 K–1
(C) 9.26 kJ kg–1 K–1 (D) 2.64 kJ kg–1 K–1
19. A process has H = 200 Jmol–1 and S = 40 JK–1mol–1. Out of the values given below, choose
the minimum temperature above which the process will be spontaneous:
[JEE Main, 2019]
(A) 12K (B) 20K (C) 4K (D) 5K
20. The process with negative entropy change is: [JEE Main, 2019]
(A) Dissolution of iodine in water
(B) Synthesis of ammonia from N2 and H2
(C) Sublimation of dry ice
(D) Dissolution of CaSO4(s) to CaO(s) and SO3(g)
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21. Two blocks of the same metal having same mass and at temperature T1 and T2, respectively, are
brought in contact with each other and allowed to attain thermal equilibrium at constant
pressure. The change in entropy, S, for this process is : [JEE Main, 2019]
 1

 (T + T ) 2
  (T + T )2 
(A) 2Cp In 1 2
(B) Cp In  1 2 
 T1T2   4T1T2 
 
T +T  T + T 
(C) 2Cp in  1 2  (D) 2Cp In  1 2 
 4T1T2   2T1T2 
22. For the chemical reaction X Y , the standard reaction Gibbs energy depends on
temperature T (in K) as : rG° (in kJ mol–1) = 120 – 3 T

8
The major component of the reaction mixture at T is : [JEE Main, 2019]
(A) Y if T = 280 K (B) X if T = 315 K (C) Y if T = 300 K (D) X if T = 350 K
23. The reaction, MgO(s) + C(s) → Mg(S) + CO(g), for which
rH° = + 491.1 kJ mol–1 and rSº = 198.0 JK–1 mol–1, is not feasible at 298 K. Temperature above
which reaction will be feasible is :- [JEE Main, 2019]
(A) 2040.5 K (B) 1890.0 K (C) 2480.3 K (D) 2380.5 K
24. For the equilibrium, 2H2O H3O+ + OH–, the value of Gº at 298 K is approximately :
[JEE Main, 2019]

(A) –80 kJ mol–1 (B) –100 kJ mol–1 (C) 80 kJ mol–1 (D) 100 kJ mol–1
25. The standard reaction Gibbs energy for a chemical reaction at an absolute temperature T is
given by rGº = A – Bt [JEE Main, 2019]
Where A and B are non-zero constants. Which of the following is TRUE about this reaction ?
(A) Exothermic if B < 0 (B) Endothermic if A > 0
(C) Exothermic if A > 0 and B < 0 (D) Endothermic if A < 0 and B > 0
26. Which of the following lines correctly show the temperature dependence of equilibrium
constant, K, for an exothermic reaction ? [JEE Main, 2018]
(A) A and D (B) A and B (C) B and C (D) C and D

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27. The following reaction is performed at 298 K. [JEE Main, 2015]

2NO(g) + O2(g 2NO2(g)
The standard free energy of formation of NO(g) is 86.6 kJ/mol at 298 K. What is the standard
free energy of formation of NO2 (g) at 298 K? (K P = 1.6 × 1012)
ln (1.6 1012 )
(A) 86600 + R(298) ln(1.6×1012) (B) 86600 −
R(298)
(C) 0.5[2×86,600 – R(298) ln (1.6×1012)] (D) R(298)ln (1.6×1012) – 86600
28. The molar heat capacity (Cp) of CD2O is 10 cals at 1000 K. The change in entropy associated
with cooling of 32 g of CD2O vapour from 1000 K to 100 K at constant pressure will be
(D = deuterium, at. mass = 2u) [JEE Main, 2014]
(A)– 23.03 cal deg–1 (B) 2.303 cal deg–1 (C) 23.03 cal deg–1 (D) – 2.303 cal deg–1
29. The entropy (Sº) of the following substances are : [JEE Main, 2014]
CH4 (g) 186.2 J K–1 mol–1
O2 (g) 205.0 J K–1 mol–1
CO2 (g) 213.6 J K–1 mol–1
H2O (l) 69.9 J K–1 mol–1
The entropy change (Sº) for the reaction
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O () is:-
(A)–312.5 JK–1 mol–1 (B) – 37.6 JK–1 mol–1
(C) – 108.1 JK–1 mol–1 (D) – 242.8 JK–1 mol–1
30. The incorrect expression among the following is :- [JEE Main, 2012]
(A) K = e–G°/RT
G system
(B) = –T
Stotal
Vf
(C) In isothermal process, Wreversible = – nRT ln
Vi
G system
(D) lnK =
Stotal
31. The entropy change involved in the isothermal reversible expansion of 2 moles of an ideal gas
from a volume of 10 dm3 to a volume of 100 dm3 at 27°C is :- [JEE Main, 2011]
(A) 32.3 J mol–1 K–1 (B) 42.3 J mol–1 K–1 (C) 38.3 J mol–1 K–1 (D) 35.8 J mol–1 K–1
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32. For a particular reversible reaction at temperature T, H and S were found to be both +ve. If Te
is the temperature at equilibrium, then reaction would be spontaneous when:–[JEE Main, 2010]
(A) T = Te (B) Te > T (C) T > Te (D) Te is 5 times T
33. In conversion of lime-stone to lime, CaCO3(s) ⎯→ CaO(s) + CO2(g)
The values of H° and S° are +179.1 kJ mol–1 and 160.2 J/K respectively at 298 K and 1 bar.
Assuming that H° and S° do not change with temperature, temperature above which
conversion of limestone to lime will be spontaneous is :– [JEE Main, 2007]
(A) 1008 K (B) 1200 K (C) 845 K (D) 1118 K
34. Identify the correct statement regarding a sponateous process :– [JEE Main, 2007]
(A) For a spontaneous process in an isolated system, the change in entropy is positive
(B) Endothermic processes are never spontaneous
(C) Exothermic processes are always spontaneous
(D) Lowering of energy in the reaction process is the only criterion for spontaneity
35. In a irreversible process taking place at constant T and P and in which only pressure-volume
work is being done the change in Gibbs free energy (dG) and change in entropy (dS) satisfy the
criteria:- [JEE Main, 2003]
(A) (dS)V, E = 0, (dG)T, P = 0 (B) (dS)V, E = 0, (dG)T, P > 0
(C) (dS)V, E < 0, (dG)T, P < 0 (D) (dS)V, E > 0, (dG)T, P < 0
36. The correct relationship between free energy change in a reaction and the corresponding
equilibrium constant KC is :- [JEE Main, 2003]
(A) G° = RT lnKC (B) –G° = RT lnKC
(C) G = RT lnKC (D) –G = RT lnKC
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EXERCISE # (JEE-ADVANCED)
1. In a one-litre flask, 6 moles of A undergoes the reaction A(g) ⇌ P(g). The progress of product
formation at two temperatures (in Kelvin), T1 and T2 , is shown in the figure:
If T1 = 2 T2 and (ΔG2Θ − ΔG1Θ ) = RT2 ln x, then the value of x is
[ΔG1Θ and ΔG2Θ are standard Gibb's free energy change for the reaction at temperatures T1 and
T2 , respectively.] [JEE ADV. 2023]
“PARAGRAPH I” (Q.2 to 3)
The entropy versus temperature plot for phases α and β at 1 bar pressure is given. ST and S0
are entropies of the phases at temperatures T and 0 K, respectively.
The transition temperature for α to β phase change is 600 K and Cp,β − Cp,α = 1 J mol−1 K −1 .
Assume (Cp,β − Cp,α ) is independent of temperature in the range of 200 to 700 K. Cp,α and Cp,β
are heat capacities of α and β phases, respectively. [JEE ADV. 2023]
2. The value of entropy change, Sβ − Sα (in Jmol−1 K −1 ), at 300 K is [JEE ADV. 2023]
[Use: ln 2 = 0.69 Given: Sβ − Sα = 0 at 0 K]
3. The value of enthalpy change, Hβ − Hα (in Jmol−1 ), at 300 K is [JEE ADV. 2023]
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4. One mole of an ideal gas at 900 K, undergoes two reversible processes, I followed by II, as
v3
shown below. If the work done by the gas in the two processes are the same, the value of In v2
is ______ . [JEE Adv. 2022]
(U: internal energy, S: entropy, p: pressure, V: volume, R: gas constant)

(Given: molar heat capacity at constant volume, C of the gas is 5/2R )
5. An ideal gas undergoes a reversible isothermal expansion from the state I to state II followed by
a reversible adiabatic expansion from state II to state III. The correct plot(s) representing the
changes from the state I to state III is(are) (p: pressure, V: volume, T: temperature, H: enthalpy,
S: entropy) [JEE Adv. 2021]
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
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Question stem for Question Nos. 6 and 7
pz 104
For the reaction X(s)  Y(s) + Z(g), the plot of ln  versus is given below (in solid line),
p T
where pz is the pressure (in bar) of the gas Z at temperature T and P = 1 bar. [JEE Adv. 2021]
d(ln K) H  pz
(Given, =− , where the equilibrium constant, K =  and the gas constant, R =
1 R p
d 
T
8.314 J K–1 mol–1)
6. The value of standard enthalpy, H  (in kJ mol–1) for the reaction is_____ .
7. The value of S (in J K–1 mol–1) for the given reaction, at 1000 K is_________ .
8. For a reaction, A P, the plots of [A] and [P] with time at temperatures T1 and T2 are given
below. [JEE ADV. 2018]
If T2 > T1, the correct statement(s) is (are)

(Assume H and S are independent of temperature and ratio of lnK at T1 to lnK at T2 is
T2
greater than. Here H, S, G and K are enthalpy, entropy, Gibbs energy and equilibrium
T1
constant, respectively.)
(A) H  0, S  0 (B) G  0, H  0

(C) G  0, S  0 (D) G  0, S  0
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9. The surface of copper gets tarnished by the formation of copper oxide. N2 gas was passed to
prevent the oxide formation during heating of copper at 1250 K. However, the N2 gas contains 1
mole % of water vapour as impurity. The water vapour oxidises copper as per the reaction
given below: [JEE ADV. 2018]
2Cu(s) + H2O(g) ⎯→ Cu2O(s) + H2(g)
p H2 is the minimum partial pressure of H2 (in bar) needed to prevent the oxidation at 1250 K.
The value of ln p H 2 is ____.
(Given: total pressure = 1 bar, R (universal gas constant) = 8 J K–1 mol–1, ln(10) = 2.3. Cu(s)
and Cu2O(s) are mutually immiscible.
At 1250 K: 2Cu(s) + 1 O2(g) ⎯→ Cu2O(s); G = –78,000 J mol–1

2
H2(g) + 1 O2(g) ⎯→ H2O(g); G = –1,78,000 J mol–1; G is the Gibbs energy)

2
10. The standard state Gibbs fee energies of formation of C(graphite) and C(diamond) at T = 298 are
ƒGº [C(graphite)] = 0 kJ mol–1
ƒGº [C(diamond)] = 2.9 kJ mol–1.
The standard state means that the pressure should be 1 bar, and substance should be pure at a
given temperature. The conversion of graphic [C(graphite)] to diamond [C(diamond)] reduces
its volume by 2 ×10–6 m3 mol–1. If C(graphic) is converted to C(diamond) isothermally at
T = 298 K , the pressure at which C(graphite) is in equilibrium with C(diamond), is
[Useful information : 1J = 1 kg m2 s–2 ; 1 Pa = 1 kg m–1 s–2 ; 1 bar = 105 Pa] [JEE ADV. 2017]
(A) 29001 bar (B) 58001 bar
(C) 14501 bar (D) 1450 bar
11. For a reaction taking place in a container in equilibrium with its surroundings, the effect of
temperature on its equilibrium constant K in terms of change in entropy is described by
[JEE ADV. 2017]
(A) with increase in temperature, the value of K for exothermic reaction decreases because the
favourable change in entropy of the surroundings decreases
(B) With increases in temperature, the value of K for endothermic reaction increases because
the entropy change of the system is negative
(C) With increase in temperature, the value of K for endothermic reaction increases because
unfavourable change in entropy of the surrounding decreases
(D) With increase in temperature, the value of K for exothermic reaction decreases because the
entropy change of the system is positive
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Paragraph-(Q.12-13)
Thermal decomposition of gaseous X2 to gaseous X at 298 K takes place according to the
following equation: [JEE ADV. 2016]
X2(g) ⇌ 2X (g)
The standard reaction Gibbs energy, G°, of this reaction is positive. At the start of the reaction,
there is one mole of X2 and no X. As the reaction proceeds the number of moles of X formed is
given by . Thus, equilibrium is the number of moles of X formed at equilibrium. The reaction is
carried out at a constant total pressure of 2 bar. Consider the gases to behave ideally.
(Given: R = 0.083 L bar K–1 mol–1)
12. The equilibrium constant Kp for this reaction at 298 K, in terms of equilibrium, is
8equilibrium
2
8equilibrium
2
4equilibrium
2
4equilibrium
2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 − equilibrium 4 − equilibrium
2
2 − equilibrium 4 − equilibrium
2
13. The INCORRECT statement among the following, for this reaction, is
(A) Decrease in the total pressure will result in formation of more moles of gaseous X
(B) At the start of the reaction, dissociation of gaseous X2 takes place spontaneoulsy
(C) equilibrium = 0.7
(D) Kc < 1
14. One mole of an ideal gas at 300 K in thermal contact with surroundings expands isothermally
from 1.0 L to 2.0 L against a constant pressure of 3.0 atm. In this process, the change in entropy
of surroundings (Ssurr) in J K–1 is [JEE ADV. 2016]
(1 L atm = 101.3 J)
(A) 5.763 (B) 1.013 (C) –1.013 (D) –5.763
15. Match the thermodynamic processes given under Column I with the expressions given under
Column II. [JEE ADV. 2015]
Column I Column II
(A) Freezing of water at 273 K and 1 atm (P) q=0
(B) Expansion of 1 mol of an ideal gas into a (Q) w=0
vacuum under isolated conditions
(C) Mixing of equal volumes of two ideal gases at (R) Ssys < 0
constant temperature and pressure in an
isolated container
(D) Reversible heating of H2(g) at 1 atm from (S) U = 0
300 K to 600 K, followed by reversible cooling
to 300 K at 1 atm (T) G = 0
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16. For the process, H2O(l) ⎯→ H2O(g)
at T = 100 C and 1 atmosphere pressure, the correct choice is: [JEE ADV. 2014]
(A) Ssystem > 0 and Ssurroundings > 0
(B) Ssystem > 0 and Ssurroundings < 0
(C) Ssystem < 0 and Ssurroundings > 0
(D) Ssystem < 0 and Ssurroundings < 0
17. For an ideal gas, consider only P-V work in going from an initial state X to the final state Z. The final
state Z can be reached by either of the two paths shown in the figure. Which of the following
choice(s) is (are) correct ? [Take S as change in entropy and w as work done] [JEE ADV. 2012]
P(atmosphere)
X Y
Z
V(L)
(A) Sx→z = Sx→y + Sy→z
(B) Wx→z = Wx→y + Wy→z
(C) Wx→y→z = Wx→y
(D) Sx→y→z = Sx→y
18. Match the transformations in Column-I with appropriate option in Column-II [JEE ADV. 2011]
Column-I Column-II
(A) CO2(s) → CO2(g) (P) phase transition
(B) CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) (Q) allotropic change
(C) 2H• → H2(g) (R) H is positive
(D) P(white, solid) → P(red,solid) (S) S is positive
(T) S is negative
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19. Statement-1 : For every chemical reaction at equilibrium, standard Gibbs energy of reaction is
zero.
Statement-2 : At constant temperature and pressure, chemical reactions are spontaneous in the
direction of decreasing Gibbs energy. [JEE ADV. 2008]
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for
statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
20. Statement-1 : There is a natural asymmetry between converting work to heat and converting
heat to work. [JEE ADV. 2008]
Statement-2 : No process is possible in which the sole result is the absorption of heat from a
reservoir and its complete conversion into work.
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-
1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true and statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for
statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
21. For the process H2O (l) (1 bar, 373 K) ⎯→ H2O(g) (1 bar, 373 K), the correct set of
thermodynamic parameters is :- [JEE ADV. 2007]
(A) G = 0, S = + ve (B) G = 0, S = – ve
(C) G = + ve, S = 0 (D) G = – ve, S = +ve
22. A process A ⎯→ B is difficult to occur directly instead it takes place in three successive steps.
C D
A B S (A ⎯→ C) = 50 e.u.
S (C ⎯→ D) = 30 e.u.
S (B ⎯→ D) = 20 e.u.
Where e.u. is entropy unit.
Then the entropy change for the process S (A ⎯→ B) is :- [JEE ADV. 2006]
(A) + 100 e.u. (B) – 60 e.u. (C) – 100 e.u. (D) + 60 e.u.
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23. The enthalpy of vapourization of a liquid is 30 kJ mol–1 and entropy of vapourization is 75 J

mol–1 K–1. The boiling point of the liquid at 1 atm is :- [JEE ADV. 2004]
(A) 250 K (B) 400 K (C) 450 K (D) 600 K
24. When 1-pentyne (A) is treated with 4N alcoholic KOH at 175°C, it is converted slowly into an
equilibrium mixture of 1.3% 1-pentyne (A), 95.2% 2-pentyne(B) & 3.5% of 1, 2-pentadiene (C).
The equilibrium was maintained at 175°C. Calculate G° for the following equilibria.
B⇌A G10 = ? [JEE ADV. 2001]
B⇌C G02 = ?
From the calculated value of G1° & G2° indicate the order of stability of A, B & C. Write a
reasonable reaction mechanism sharing all intermediate leading to A, B & C.
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ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE-I
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (C)
7. (117 °C, 52 °C) 8. (D) 9. (A) 10. (A) 11. (C)
12. (C) 13. (C) 14. (C) 15. (B) 16. (C) 17. (D)
18. (D) 19. (D) 20. (D) 21. (B) 22. (C) 23. (10 J/K)
24. (50) 25. ((a) –11.52 J/K, (b) 11.96 J/K, (c) – 0.44 J/K, (d) 0)
26. (7) 27. (C) 28. (D) 29. (A) 30. (A) 31. (C)
32. (B) 33. (C) 34. (D) 35. (B) 36. (B) 37. (246.7)
38. (A) 39. (C) 40. (1000K) 41. (C) 42. (A) 43. (C)
44. ((i) –90.5 (ii) –374.5 (iii) –3.26) 45. (50) 46. (A) 47. (B)
48. (B) 49. (D) 50. (C) 51. (D) 52. (A) 53. (B) 54. (7)
55. (B) 56. (A) 57. (C) 58. (B) 59. (A) 60. (A) 61. (B)
62. (B) 63. (D) 64. (A) 65. (C) 66. (B) 67. (D) 68. (C)
69. (A) 70. (2864.5 KJ) 71. (A) 72. (C) 73. (C) 74. (A)
75. (D) 76. (A) 77. (C) 78. (D) 79. (– 51 J/K) 80. (1380)
81. (A) 82. (100 J/K)
EXERCISE-II
1. (C) 2. (A) 3. (A) 4. (C) 5. (A)
6. (B)
7. (ABD) 8. (ABCD) 9. (ACD) 10. (ABC) 11. (ABD)
12. (BD) 13. (ABCD) 14. (ABCD) 15. (BD) 16. (ACD)
17. (C) 18. (B) 19. (D) 20. (A) 21. (D)
22. (D) 23. (C) 24. (C) 25. (A)
Match the column
26. (D)
27. A → Q; B → R; C → P,T; D → Q,S,T
28. A → S; B → Q; C → P; D→R
29. A → S; B → P; C → Q; D→R
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Assertion Reason
30. (A) 31. (C) 32. (D)
Numerical
33. (i) irreversible, (ii) reversible, (iii) impossible
34. 100
35. Ssys =  J/K, Ssurr = –33.256 J/K and Suniv = 33.66 J/K
36. Ssys =  J/K, Ssurr = 0 and Suniv = 15.63 J/K
37. 320
38. 5280
39. 100
40. P2 = 1.50 10 9 Pa
EXERCISE # (JEE-MAIN)
1. (2) 2. (6) 3. (B) 4. 300 5. A 6. A
7. (600) 8. (5) 9. (200) 10. (38 kJ/mol) 11. (A)
12. (-13537.57) 13. (2.70 Kcal/mol) 14. (C) 15. (A) 16. (B)
17. (B) 18. (C) 19. (D) 20. (B) 21. (B) 22. (B) 23. (C)
24. (C) 25. (C) 26. (B) 27. (C) 28. (A) 29. (D) 30. (D)
31. (C) 32. (C) 33. (D) 34. (A) 35. (D) 36. (B)
EXERCISE (JEE-ADVANCED)
1. (8) 2. (0.31) 3. (300)
4. (10) 5. (A,B,D) 6. (166.28) 7. (141.34)
8. (A,C) 9. (14.6) 10. (C) 11. (A,C)
12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (C)
15. (((A)→R,T (B)→P,Q,S (C)→P,Q,S (D)→P,Q,S,T))
16. (B) 17. (AC) 18. ((A)→P,R,S ; (B)→R,S ; (C)→T ; (D)→P,Q,T)
19. (D) 20. (A) 21. (A) 22. (D) 23. (B)
24. (15991 K,mol–1, 12304 J mol–1; B > C > A)
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SOLUTION
EXERCISE-I
DPP 1
Carnot cycle
T2
1.  = 1– = 1 – 298
T1 373
T2
2.  = 1–
T1
= 1 – 300/ T2 = 0.4
T1 = 500 K or 227 °C
T2 |W|
3.  = 1– =1–
T1 q
1 – 300 = | W |
500 2
|W| = 0.8 kcal
T1 q1 T1 q1
5. 1– > 1–  <
T2 q2 T2 q 2
T1 300
 q1 > × q2 = × 100 = 60
T2 500
 q1 > 60
6. For heat engine A:
1000 − T2
A =
1000
T2 − 360
B =
T2
Since A = B
360
1– T2 = 1 –
1000 T2
T2 = 360 1000 = 600K
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7. Let source temperature is T1 & sink temperature is T2

T2 1
 =1– =
T1 6
T2 5
 =
T1 6
On decreasing sink temperature by 65 °C
 T − 65  1
=1–  2 =
 T1  3
T2 65 1
1– + =
T1 T1 3
 T1 = 65 × 6 = 390 K or 117 °C
T2 = 5 × 390 = 325 K or 52 °C
6
DPP 2
Entropy and spontaneity
15. According to Clausius inequality
q irr
S >
T
DPP 3
Calculation of change in Entropy
V2
17. S = nR ln for isothermal process
V1
18. Initialstate ⎯⎯
→ Finalstate
(P,V,T) V 
 ,2T 
2 
T   V2 
S = nCv ln  2  + nR ln  
1  V1 
19. Initial pressure (P) = nRT = 2  0.0821 243.6 = = 2atm

V 20
Final pressure (P) = 1 atm
P  2
S = nR ln  1  = 2 × 2 × ln  
 P2  1
= 2.77 Cal/K
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20. Final temperature of both blocks = Th + Tc

2
 S = SI + SII
 T + Tc   Th + Tc 
= C ln  h  + ln  
 2Th   2Tc 
2
= C ln  Th + Tc 
 2Th Tc 
V2
21. S = nR ln
V1
= 2 × 8.3 × ln 5 = 26.56 J/K
22. Initialstate ⎯⎯⎯⎯

isothermal
expansion
→ Finalstate
2atm 1atm
 nRT nRT 
Heat transfer (q) = – w = + Pext  – 
 P2 P1 
10  0.821 300 10  0.821 300 

=1 – 
 1 2
P  2
Ssys = nR ln  1  = 10 × 8.3 × ln  
 P2  1
= 57.33 J/K
–q sys
Ssurr. = = –5  0.821 300 100
T 300
= – 41.05 J/K
Ssys + Ssurr.= 16 J/K
23. S = q
T
nCp dT
=  T
(for isobaric process)
1 (10 + 10 −2 T) dt
600
= 
300
T
= 10 K/J
24. (S)uni = (S)sys + (S)surr.

75 1000
= 300 – = 50 J/mole-K
300
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25.
P 
S(a) = nR ln  1 
 P2 
1
= 2 × R × ln   = –11.52 J/K
2
T 
S(b) = nCp ln  2 
 T1 
 400 
= 2 × 5 R ln   = 11.96 J/K
2  300 
S(c) = –[S(a) + S(b)]
= –0.44 J/K
26. For polytrophic

P2V = C
1
or PV = C2
polytropic index = 1
2
1
−1
 V 2
T=C
V1−0.5  = V2−0.5 
1–0.5 × 300 = 4–0.5 × T2
T2 = 600 K
T   V2 
 Ssys = n Cv ln  2  + nR ln  
 T1   V1 
 600  4
= 2 × 3 × R ln   + 2 × R × ln  
2  300  1
= 7R ln2
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DPP 4
Physical significance of Entropy and
Third law of thermodynamics
27. Due to mixing of gases randomness increases

30. H + positive and S + positive
31. S + positive
36. a = 0.42 × 10–3
10 Cp, m 10 2
Sm = 0 T
=  at dT
0
a 0.42
= [103 − 0] =
3 3
= 0.14 J/ K/mol
37. ST – S0 K
C(s).dT H fusion
10K 150K 200
C(s).dT C(l ).dT
= 
0K
T
+ 
10K
T
+
TM
+
150
T
b.dT H fusion
10K 150 200
aT 3 .dt C.dt
ST = 
0K
T
+
10
T
+
TM
+
150
T
4
ST = 0.6/3 + 15 × ln (15)+200+20 ln
3
ST = 0.2 + 40.5 + 200 + 6
ST = 246.7 J / (mole. K)
DPP 5
Application of third law of thermodynamics
38. Phase transition is a constant pressure and constant temperature reversible process i.e,
reversible isobaric & isothermal process
39. S = H = –300  30 = –30J / K– mole

T 300
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40. For melting at melting point
S = H
T
30 103
T= = 1000 K
30
H vap.
41. Svap. =
Tb
H vap.
200 =
100
Hvap. = 200 × 100 J = 20 kJ
42. Sreaction = Sproduct – Sreactant

= (2 × 0.19) – (0.13 + 0.22)
= 0.03 kJ/K–mole
43. Sreaction = Sproduct – Sreactant
44. Sr = S product −  SReactant
 223 
(i) Sr = 72 – 5 +
 2 
= –90.5 J/K - mole
 SN SCl 
(ii) Sr = SNH4Cl –  2 + 2  SH2 + 2 
 2 2 
= –374.5 J/K - mole

(iii) Sr = Sdiamond – Sgraphite
= –3.26 J/K – mole
45. Ssys = 300
−qsys −75 1000
Ssurr = = = −250
T 300
ST = 300 – 250
= 50 J/K
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46. rCP = + 20 J/ K mole

H2 = H1 + rCP T
( H)
= rCP = + ive
dT
47. S = 75 ln (273/263) + 36 ln (263/273) – 6000/273
= –20.41 J/K-mol
DPP 6
Gibb’s Energy
53. – T . Stotal = G
or –500 x (–10 + 12) = G
G = –1000
54. For isothermal process :

V 
G = nRT ln  1 
 V2 
V   10 
= P1V1 ln  1  =1 × 10 × ln   = 7 bar.lit
 V2   20 
DPP 7
G for chemical reaction
55. H < 0 & S >0
56. G = H – TS
= 2.1 – 298  20
1000
= –3.86 kcal
 reaction is spontaneous
57. For spontaneous process

G = H – TS < 0
T > H
S
58. T = H
S
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59. H = U + ng RT
= –3 × 1000 + (–1) × 2 × 300
= –3600 Cal.
G = H – TS
= –3600 – 300 × (–10)
= –600 Cal.
60. G = H – TS
63. G = 0
DPP 8
Effect of Temperature and Pressure on G
65.
5
G1 = G3 = 5 × 2 × 373 ln
1
= 3730 ln 5 Ans.
66. C6 H6(l ) ⎯⎯
(a)
→ C6 H6(g) ⎯⎯
(a)
→ C6 H6(g)
1atm 1atm 0.2atm
80 C 80 C 80 C
G(a) = 0
P 
G(b) = nRT ln  2 
 P1 
 0.2 
= 2 × 2 × (273 + 80) ln  
 1 
= –2270 cal
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67. Maximum non– PV work = |GR|

 G = H – TS
 G = – 6000 – 300 180 (for mole)

100
 G = – 6054 kJ
 |G| for 0.01 moles of sucrose
 60.54 kJ ; option (D)
68. G298K = H298K – 298 × S298K
G298K = –5737 + 6333 kJ/K–mole

298
= 2kJ/K–mole
G310K = H310K – 310 × S310K
G310K = –5737 – 310 × 2
= –6357 kJ
Addition non-PV work = |G310K – G298K|
= 24 kJ
69. G200K = H200K – 200 × S200K
20 = H – 200  (–20)
1000
H = 16 kJ
H400K = H200K +(Cp) [400–200]
= 16 + 20  200
1000
= 20kJ/mole
70. – Wnon–PV = G = H – TS
= –2808 – 310 182.4

1000
– Wnon–PV = –2864.5 kJ
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DPP 9
Gº and equilibrium constant
PB 1
76. K= =
PA 4
G° = –RT ln K
1
= –RT ln  
4
= RT ln (4)
77. Kp = –pNH3  pH2S
2
 X  X   X 
=  ·  =  
 2  2   2 
G° = –RT ln Kp
2
PNH
78. G = G0 + RT ln 3
PN2  PH3 2
( 0.02 )
G = – 33000 + 8.314 × 2.303 log = – 60.5 kJ/ mole
1 33
79. G° = –RT ln K = H° – TS°

–8.314 × 300 × ln (10–7) = 25 × 1000 – 300 S
 S = –51 kJ/K
80. 2 × 3 ln (10 10 / 1)

10
600 ln 10
= 600 × 2.3
= 1380 cal
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DPP 10
TS diagram
V2
82. (i) WAB = –nRT ln
V1
S = q ues = – WAB
T T
 – WAB = TS = 600 × 100

– WBC = – nCV (T1 – T2)
– WCD = TS = 300 × (–100)
– WDA = –nCV (T2 – T1)
Net work delivered during one cycle
= – WAB – WBC – WCD – WDA
= 300 × 100 = 30 kJ
Note: Net work done = area of the rectangle
(ii) Wnet =  and  = 600 − 300 = 1

T 600 2
 q = heat taken from the source
= − Wnet = 30kJ = +60kJ

1/ 2 1/ 2
(iii) Ssink = − q sink

T
also (qsource + qsink) = 30 qsource = 60

 qsink = –30 kJ
 Ssink = − q sink = −(30000 J) = 100 J/K

T 100
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EXERCISE-II
1.
P
T2
2 T3
1
T1 3
4 T4
V
T2  V1 −1 = T3  V2 −1
 −1
and T1  V1 = T4  V2 −1
T2 T3 T − T T − T4
 =  2 1= 3
T1 T4 T1 T4
q rej n  CV,m (T3 − T4 ) T4

 = 1− = 1− = 1−
q abs n  CV,m (T2 − T1 ) T1
−1
V 
= 1−  1 
 V2 
7
−1
 1 5
= 1 −   = −0.6
 10 
(b + 2 CT) dT
3. dS =
T
S = b ln 2 + 2C (T)
= 10 × 0.7 + 4 × 10–2 × 200  15 Ans.
T 
4. Ssystem = nCv,m ln  2 
 T1 
Ssystem = 2 x 3/2 x R ln 2 = 4.2 cal /K
Ssurrounding = – (2 x 3/2 x R 400)/ 800
= – cal/K
Ssystem + Ssurrounding = 1.2 cal/ K
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5. Hg(l) ⎯→ g(g)
Kp = V.P.Hg(g)
G° = –RT ln Kp
31 × 1000 = –8.3 × 298 × ln Kp
311000
ln Kp = –
8.1 298
311000
log Kp = – = –5.44
8.1 298  2.303
Kp = 10–5.44 = V.P.
For boiling ! V.P. = External pressure = 10–5.44 bar.

7. Free expansion is also called isothermal adiabatic expansion.
8. Entropy of isolated system is maximized at equilibrium.
9. (C) G° depends only on temperature.
13. SCD = 4 ln 16
TD
= nCv ln
TC
TD p'
= 16 =
TC P/2
P' = 8P
1−
T P  
For AB B =  A 
TA  PB 
TB 1
= (8)–1/3 =
300 2
TB = 150
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35 1000
14. (Svaporisation)1 atm, 350 K = = 100 J/K/mol
350
1
(A) (Svaporisation)0.5 atm = (Svaporisation)1 atm + 1 × R ln
0.5
(Svaporisation)0.5 atm > 100
1
(C) (Svaporisation)2 atm = (Svaporisation)1 atm + 1 × R ln
2
(Svaporisation)2 atm < 100
(D) (Gvaporisation)0.5 atm = H – TS

Sº
22. 3= , Sº = 3 × 2.3 × 8 = 55.2
2.3  R
Hº
0=3– ×9
2.3  R 104
H0 = 61.33 kJ
H 0 60.33 100
23. T= = = 1111.05 K
S0 55.2
Sol. (24 to 25)

Sn(white) ⎯⎯→ Sn(gray)
Hº = –2.1– 0 = –2.1 kJ
Sº = 44 – 52 = –8J / K
8  300
Gº = –2.1 +
1000
= –2.1 + 2.4 = 0.3 kJ
 Sn(gray) is thermodynamically less stable.
 G of Sn(white) will be less.
Also on decreasing temperature. Sn(white) converts to Sn(gray) which makes it more brittle and
expansion will be observed.
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Match the column

29. dG = V  dP − S  dT
 (dG)T = V  dPand(dG)P = −S  dT
Assertion Reason
32. Ssys = 0 but Suniv = + ve
Numerical
T2 q
33. rev. = 1 – = 1+ 2
T1 q1
q2
rev. = 1 +
q1
irr < rev.

34. Let heat involved in step 5 is Q5
Qtotal = – Wtotal
500 + 800 + Q5 = 700
Q5 = – 600 J
Since S total = 0
500 800 600
+ − =0
200 200 T5
2 + 4 – 6 = 0.
T5 = 100 K
 P1 
35. Ssys. = nR ln   (for isothermal process)
 P2 
 10 
= 5 × R ln  
 2
= 5 × 8.314 × ln 5 = 66.92 J/K
For irreversible isothermal process
Qsys = –W = + Pext [V2 – V1]
 5  R  300 5  R  300 
= 2 − 
 2 10
= 1200 R = 1200 × 8.314 J
q sys 1200  8.314
 Ssurr. = − =− = –33.256 J/K
T 300
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 ST = Ssys + Ssurr. = 33.66 J/K

36. For adiabatic irr. process
U = wirr. & q = 0
 nRT nRT 
nCv (T2 – T1) = –Pext  2
− 1

 2
P P1 
3 1 R  T2 1 R  400 
1× R [T2 – 400] = – 1  − 
2  2 20
3
T2 – 600 = –T2 + 20
2
5
T2 = 620
2
T2 = 248K
 T2   P1 
Ssys = nCp ln   + nR ln  
 T1   P2 
5  248   20 
=1× × R × ln   + 1 × R × ln  
2  400   1 
= 15.63 J/K
Ssurr. = 0
ST = 15.63 J/K
600 1000
38. Ssys(wrong) = 2000 =
T
T = 300 K
2 = – W = + part (V2 – V1)
600 × 1000 = + 1
(V2 – 600) × 100
V2 = 6600 l
P2 V2 1 6600
nR = = 100J
T 300
V2
(S) Sys (correct) = nR ln
V1
6600
= 2200 ln
600
= 2200 × 2.4
= 5280 J
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H =32kJ/mole
39. A(l) (42°C) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → A(g) (42°C)

(l) (47°C) ⎯→ A(g) (47°C)
H320 = H315 + rCP.(T2 – T1)

H315 + rCp .5
S320 =
320
 320 
S320 – S315 = rCP ln  
 315 
 320 
S315 = S320 – rCP ln  
 315 
H 315 rCP .5  315 
= + + rCP .ln  
320 320  320 
H 315  5 5 
= + +rCP .  − 
320  320 320 
32000
= = 100 J/K mole
320
40. G2 − G1 = V[P2 − P1 ]
1 1 
V = 12   −  10−6 m 3mol−1
 3.4 2.2 
14.4
V = − 10 −6  −1.925  10 −6 m 3mol −1
3.4  2.2
5
Let P2 is equilibrium pressure; G 2 = 0; P2 = 1bar = 10 Pa
0 − G1 = −1.925 10 −6 [P2 − 1]
2900 = 1925 10 −6 [P2 − P1 ]

2900
P2 = + P1
1.925  10 −6
 1506.5  10 6 + 10 5
P2 = 1.50 10 9 Pa
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EXERCISE (JEE-MAIN)
1. G = H – TS
A: G (J mol–1) = –25 × 103 – 80 × 300 : –ve
B: G (J mol–1) = –22 × 103 – 40 × 300 : –ve
C: G (J mol–1) = –25 × 103 – 300 × 50 : +ve
D: G (J mol–1) = –22 × 103 – 20 × 300 : +ve
2. G 0 = −RT ln K eq
Kf
and K eq =
Kb
103
K eq = = 10
102
G = −RT ln10
 – (8.3×300×2.3)= –5.7 kJ mole–1

 6 kJ mole–1 (nearest integer)
Ans. = 6
3. Only (B) and (C) are correct.
(B) G = H – TS
At constant T
G = H – TS
(A) First law is given by
U = Q + W
If we apply constant P and reversible work.
U = Q – PV
(C) By definition of entropy change
dq rev
dS =
T
At constant T
q rev
S =
T
(D) H = U + PV
For ideal gas
H = U + nRT
At constant T
H = U + nRTs
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4. ΔG = ΔH − TΔS = 0 at equilibrium
⇒ −165 × 103 − T × (−505) = 0
⇒ T = 300 K
The answer is 300
5. ΔG = ΔH – TΔS
∵ Entropy of liquid is more than solid
∴ on melting the entropy increases and ΔG becomes more negative and hence it becomes
easier to reduce metal
1
7. Mg(s) + O2(g) → MgO(s)
2
H = U + ngRT
1
– 601.70 × 103 = U – × 8.3 × 300
2
– 601.70kJ = U + 1.245kJ
U = – 600.455kJ
Ans. 600
8. ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
298(−176)
ΔG = 57.8 − 1000
ΔG = −5.352 kJ/mole
∣ Nearest integer value ∣= 5
9. ΔG∘ = ΔH ∘ − TΔS ∘
To make the process spontaneous
ΔG∘ < 0
ΔH ∘ − TΔS ∘ < 0
ΔH∘
T > ΔS∘
80000
T> 2T
2
2T > 80000
T 2 > 40000
T > 200
The minimum temperature to make it spontaneous is 200 K

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10. Given equation is
kJ
H2O( ) → H2O(g); H = 41
mol
 Formation the relation : H = U + ngRT
kJ 8.3
 41 = U + (1)   373  U = 41 – 3.0959 = 38 kJ/mol
mol 1000
dq
ΔS =∫ T
11. (A) T ncdT
ST = ∫0 T
12. 2 A( g) → A2 ( g)
ΔU ∘ = −20 kJ/mol and ΔS ∘ = −30 J/Kmol
ΔH ∘ = ΔU ∘ + Δng RT
= −20000 − 1 × 8.314 × 298
= −22477.57
ΔG∘ = ΔH ∘ − TΔS ∘
= −22477.57 + 298 × 30
= −13537.57
13. A(t) ⟶ 2 B( g)
ΔU = 2.1Kcal, ΔS = 20calKK −1 at 300 K
ΔH = ΔU + Δng RT
ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
ΔG = ΔU + Δng RT − TΔS
2×2×300 300×20
= 2.1 + −
1000 1000
(R = 2calK −1 mol−1 )
= 2.1 + 1.2 − 6 = −2.70Kcal/mol
14. For ideal Gas

U = f(T), H = f(T)
Z=1
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Cp − CV = R
dU = CV dT
15. For the process to be spontaneous
G = H –TS < O
16. I2(s) ⎯→ I2(g) : H200°C = 24 Cal/grm.
H250°C = H200°C + (Cp)rxn [T2–T1]
17. G° = –RT nk
19. T = H = 200 = 5K
S 40
22. G° = 120 – 3 T = RT nk

8
G° = O = 120 3 T Then K = 1

8
 T = 320 K
If T > 320 K then K > 1 So y>x
If T < 320 K then K < 1 So X < y.
23. T = H = 491.11000 = 2480.3K

S 198
24. G° = –RT nkw
–8.314  258  n 10 –14

=
1000
26. G° = –RT nk = H° – TS°
S H  1 
nk = –  
R R T
 H 
Slop =  – 
 R 
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27. G°rxn = –RT n kp = 2  G0fNO – 2G0fNO

2
1
G 0f NO =  2  86600 – Rx298 n(1.6 1012 ) 
2
2
 T2   1000 
28. S = ncp n   = 1 × 10 × n   = 10 × 2.303 × 1 = 23.03 Cal/K
 T1   100 
29. Srxn =  SProduct –  SReactant
V2
31. S = nR n
V1
33. T = H 
S
EXERCISE # (JEE-ADVANCED)
1. A(g) ⇌ P(g)
Initially 6 0
At equilibrium 6–a a
at T1 a=4 at T2 a=2
4 2 1
∴ (K eq ) = 2 = 2 ∴ (K eq ) = 4 = 2
1 2
ΔG1⊖ = −RT1 ln (K eq )
1
ΔG1⊖ = −2RT2 ln (K eq ) [Given: T1 = 2 T2 ]

1
ΔG2⊖ = −RT2 ln (K eq )
2
2
(K eq1 )
∴ ΔG2⊖ − ΔG1⊖ = RT2 ln
( K eq2 )
22
= RT2 ln 1 = RT2 ln 8
2
∴ ΔG ⊖ = RTln x has x = 8
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600 1×(Cp,β −Cp,α )dT

2. ΔS600 − ΔS300 = ∫300 T
T2
= 1 × 1 × (ln )
T1
1 − ΔS300 = 1 × 1 × ln 2
ΔS300 = 1 − 0.69
ΔS300 = 0.31 J mol−1 K −1
3. ΔH600 − ΔH300 = 1 × (Cp,β − Cp,α )(600 − 300)
Now, at transition temperature,
ΔH600 = TΔS600
= 600 × (6 − 5)
= 600 J mol−1
600 − ΔH300 = 1 × 1 × 300
ΔH300 = 600 − 300
= 300 J mol−1
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4. Process I is adiabatic reversible
Process II is a reversible isothermal process
Process I – (Adiabatic Reversible)
∆U / R = 450 – 2250
∆U = -1800 R
WI = ∆U = -1800 R
Process II – (Reversible Isothermal Process)
Calculation of T2 i.e. final temperature after the reversible adiabatic process
–1800 R = nCv(T2 – T1)
–1800 R = 1 × 5/2 R(T2 – 900)
T2 = 180 K
WII = –nRT2 In = WI
–1 × R × 180 ln v3 / v2 = -1800R
ln v3 / v2 = 10
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5. I → II → reversible isothermal expansion,
T → constant, ΔV → +ve, ΔS → +ve ΔH = 0
II → III → Reversible adiabatic expansion
Q = 0, ΔV → +ve, ΔS = 0
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6. X( s) ⇌ Y(s) + Z( g)
p
Given K = pθz
ΔS ∘ ΔH ∘
ln K = −
R RT
pz ΔS∘ ΔH∘
ln = −
pθ R RT
pz ΔS∘ ΔH∘ 104

ln = − 104×𝑅 ×
pθ R 𝑇
−ΔH∘
From the graph, we have = −2 × 104
R
ΔH ∘ = 2 × 104 × 8.314 J
ΔH ∘ = 166.28 kJ mol−1
7. –RT ln K = ΔGº = ΔHº – TΔSº
ΔS∘ ΔH∘
ln K = −
R RT
ΔSº / R = 17
ΔSº = 17R = 141.338 J K-1
8.  With increase in temperature yield of reaction decreases

 H < O
From the graph, we can say that at equilibrium [P] > [A]
 K1 > 1 and  K2 > 1
G° = –RT ln K < O
n K1 T
 > 2
n K2 T1
T1 n K1 > T2 n K2
On multiplying R in both side
RT1 nK1 > RT2 n K2
–RT2 n K2 > –RT1 n K1
Go2  G1o
H° – T2S° > H° – T1 S°
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 S°(T1 – T2) > O

 S° < O
9. 2Cu(s) + 1 O2(g) ⎯→ Cu2O(s) ; G = –78,000 J mol–1

2
H2O(g) ⎯→ H2(g) + 1 O2(g) ; G = 1,78,000 J mol–1

2
For the reaction
2Cu(s) + H2O(g) —→ Cu2O(s) + H2(g)
G° = –78000 + 178000
= 105 J/mole
 G° = RT n Kp = 105
–105
n Kp = = –10
8 1250
 For above reaction
pH2 p H2
Kp = = = 100 p H 2
p H2O 1
1
100
 n Kp = n 100 p H 2 = –10
n p H 2 = –10 –2 × 2.3
n p H 2 = –14.6
10. Given :
Eab = Eaf + 2RT
Af = 4 Ab
k f A f e – Eaf /RT
 K= =
k b A b e – Eab /RT
(E af – E ab )
= 4e–
RT
K = 4e+2
 G° = –RT n K
= – RT n(4e+2)
= –2500 [n 4 + 2]
= –2500 [2 × 0.7 + 2]
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= 2500 × 3.4 J/mole

= 8500 J/mole
11. ∆Gºr = ∆Gºf (diamond) − ∆Gºf (Graphite) = 2.9 −0
∆Gº2 =2.9 KJ/mol

C(graphite, 1 bar, 298k) → C(diamond, 1 bar, 298k)
Vgr (1 − P) = ↑ ∆G1 ↓ ∆G3 = Vdi (P − 1)
ΔGr =0
C(graphite, P, 298k) → C(diamond, P bar, 298)
ΔG1 + ΔG2 + ΔG3 = 0
−Vgr (P − 1) + 2900J + Vdi (P − 1) = 0
(di − Vgr )(P − 1) = −2900
(−2 × 10−6 )(P − 1) = −2900
29
(P − 1) =
2
= 14.5
P − 1 = 14500
P = 14501
12. With the help of Van’t Hoff equation
K T2 ΔH 1 1
ln = [ − ]
K T1 R T1 T2
we can conclude that
for endothermic reaction (ΔH > 0 )
As T increases ⇒ K eq , also increases
for exothermic reaction (ΔH < 0)

As T increases ⇒ K eq decreases
for endothermic reaction
ΔH = q sys > 0. and q surr < 0
Therefore ΔSsys > 0 and ΔSsurr. < 0
Assuming ΔH is independent of Temperature

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q surr
ΔSsurr =
T
As temperature increases magnitude of ∆Ssurr decreases.
Unfavourable ∆Ssurr decreases
for exothermic reaction
ΔH = q sys < 0 and q surr < 0
Therefore ΔSsys < 0 and ΔSsurr > 0

Assuming ΔH is independent of Temperature
q surr
ΔSsurr =
T
As temperature increases magnitude of ∆Ssurr decreases.
Favourable ∆Ssurr decreases
13. x2 (g) → 2 × (g)
At equilibrium 1 − β⁄2 β
(β)2 2 2β2 8β2

K p = 1−β/2 × 1+β/2 = 1−β2/4 = 4−β2
Ans. (B)
14. (A) True
As per Le-chatelier principle, decrease in pressure favours the direction which produces more
moles of gases
(B) True
dG
At the start <0
dn
(C) False
If β = 0.7
8β2 8×0.49
Then 4−β2 = 4−0.49 = 1.11
Whereas it is given than ∆Go is positive
So, K p should be less than 1.
(D) True ∆Go > O therefore K op < 1
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Kp
So, K c = RT < 1
15. Process is isothermal irreversible
Qsys = −w = −3 (2 − 1) = −3 atm. lit
Qsurr = −Qsys = 3 atm. lit
3atm.lit 3×101.3J
∆Ssurr = =
300 30
= 1.013 J⁄K
Ans. (B)
16. Option (A) : Freezing of water at 273 K and 1 atm
H2 O(ℓ) → H2 O(S)
⇒ In freezing heat is liberated. Q < 0

⇒ liquid H2 O is more dense than ice. W > 0
⇒ If anything solidify ΔSsys < 0
⇒ In phase change (liquid-solid) potential energy decrease
∆KE = 0 ∆U < 0
⇒ phase change carried out at melting point are reversible. ∆G = 0
Ans. (RT)
Option (B) : Expansion of 1 mol of an ideal gas into a vacuum under isolated conditions
⇒ Pext = 0; w = 0
⇒ isolated condition; Q = 0
⇒ from 1st law; ∆U = 0
⇒ for ideal gas; ∆T = 0
T V
⇒ ∆Ssys = ηCv ℓn T2 + ηRℓn V2
1 1
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V
= 0 + nRℓn V2
1
Since V2 > V1 ∆Ssys > 0
P
⇒ (∆G)T = ηRTℓn P2
1
Since P2 < P1 (∆G) < 0
Ans. (PQS)
Option (C) : Mixing of equal volumes of two ideal gases at
constant temperature and pressure in an isolated container

There is no interaction with surroundings.
Q = 0, W = 0, ∆Ssurr = 0, ΔU = 0
on mixing randomness of system of increases ΔSsys > 0
(ΔG)TP = −T(ΔSuniv ) < 0
Ans. (PQS)
Option (D) : Reversible heating of H2(g) at 1 atm from
300 K to 600 K, followed by reversible cooling to 300 K at 1 atm

same path is followed heating & Cooling
So, QTotal = 0
WTotal = 0
∆UTotal = 0
∆GTotal = 0
∆Ssys = 0, ∆SSurr = 0
Ans. (PQST)
17. As liquid vapourises, disorder increases, ∆Ssys > 0
since process in endothermic Qsurr < 0
Qsurr
∆Ssurr = <0
T
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18. Option (A): true

Entropy is a state function
Option (B): false
Area under the curve is different
Option (C): True
Wy−z = 0
Option (D): False
19. Option (A): CO2 (S) → CO2 (g)
⇒ Change in state is also called phase change
⇒ It is endothermic
⇒ disorder increases as solid is converted into gas
Ans. (PRS)
Option (B): CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g)

⇒ It is a chemical reaction
⇒ All decomposition reaction is endothermic
⇒ ∆ng > 0 ∆Ssys > 0
Ans. (RS)
Option (C): 2H → H2
⇒ It is a chemical reaction
⇒ It is exothermic due to formation of bond.
⇒ ∆ng > 0 ∆Ssys > 0
Ans. (T)
Option (D): P(white, solid) → P(red,solid)

Allotropes: elements having different bonding.
⇒ Allotropic change is also called phase change
⇒ Red phosphorus has less energy than white.
Ans. (PQT)
20. Statement-1: False
For a chemical reaction at equilibrium
∆Gr = 0
Statement-2: true
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For Spontaneous reaction

(dGr )T,P < 0
21. Statement-1: True
Yes there is natural a symmetry i.e. heat cannot be completely converted into work but work
can be completely converted into heat in a cyclic process
Statement-2: True
22. Melting and boiling carried out at melting point and boiling point are reversible in nature
∆Gr = 0
For liquid to gas ∆Ssys > 0
23.  SA→B = SA→C + SC→D + SD→B

= 50 + 30 + (–20)
= 60
𝛥𝐻 30×1000
24. Boiling Point = 𝛥𝑆 = = 400 𝐾
75
25. For isomers % by mass = % by moles
Moles of A at equilibrium = 1.3
Moles of B at equilibrium = 95.2
Moles of C at equilibrium = 3.5
[A] 1.3
B ⇌ A K1 = [B] = 95.2
∆G1 = −RT ℓnK1
1.3
= −8.314 × 448 × ℓn = 15991
95.2
[C] 3.5
B ⇌ C K 2 = [B] = 95.2
∆G2 = −RT ℓnK 2
3.5
= −8.314 × 448 × ℓn 95.2 = 12304
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Sheet - 01 - Thermodynamics-2

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THERMODYNAMICS – 2 (Physical Chemistry)

All are reversible path.

Q.12 A process occurs spontaneously if

Q.14 Select the correct option

Q.35 Identify the correct statement regarding entropy.

Hvaporisation = 60 kJ / mol at 1atm & 300 K

(A) 2 kJ (B) 5 kJ (C) 20 kJ (D) 10 kJ

Q.44 Calculate Sr° at 298K of ;

(i) Na(s) + 1 Cl2(g) ⎯→ NaCl(s),

(ii) 1 N2(g) + 2H2(g) + 1 Cl2(g) ⎯→ NH4Cl(s)

(iii) C(graphite) ⎯→ C(diamond).

A(g) ⎯→ 2B (g) ; K p = 10 at 300 K

(A) 33.33% (B) 56% (C) 66.6% (D) 16.7%

(i) work delivered by engine in one cycle

6. Statement-I : C will partially convert into D.

(A) TFTF (B) TFFF (C) FFTF (D) TTTF

Multiple Correct Question

8. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct :

9. Which of the following statement (s) is/are false :

11. In isothermal ideal gas compression :

12. Select the correct statement(s) -

Information-I: The temperature at state ‘A’ is 300 K.

(A) At 1 atm and 25ºC GS(rh) > GS(monoclinic) [G : Gibb's function]

(D) Melting point of monoclinic 'S' increases on increasing pressure

Paragraph based question

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is a fundamental law of science. In this problem we

19. Calculate the change in entropy (in J/K ) of the universe :

Paragraph for Q.20 & Q.21

20. Entropy change for gas in process BC

21. Heat change in complete process ABCD ?

Paragraph for Q.22 to Q.23

22. Hº for the above reaction is -

Paragraph for Q.24 to Q.25

Sº of Sn(white) = 52 J/K-mole Sº of Sn(gray) = 44 J/K-mole

25. Choose correct option -

Match the column

27. Match the column :

(A) Isothermal reversible expansion of an ideal gas (P) Ssys = 0

(B) Vapourisation of a liquid at its boiling point at 1 atm (Q) U = 0

(C) Adiabatic reversible compression involving an ideal gas (R) G = 0

(D) Combustion of CH4 is sealed rigid adiabatic container (S) w = 0

28. Column I Column II

(C) (R) (G)T

(D) (S) (G) P

31. Statement- I: A reaction which is spontaneous and accompanied by decreases in randomness of

32. Statement-I: For an irreversible cyclic process in a closed system, Ssurr = 0.

The standard Gibb"s energy change (ΔΓ 𝐺 ∘ ) at 27∘ C is (-) kJmol−1

3. Which of the following relations are correct? [JEE Main, 2023]

temperature T (in K) as : rG° (in kJ mol–1) = 120 – 3 T

[JEE Main, 2019]

(A) A and D (B) A and B (C) B and C (D) C and D

27. The following reaction is performed at 298 K. [JEE Main, 2015]

is ______ . [JEE Adv. 2022]

(U: internal energy, S: entropy, p: pressure, V: volume, R: gas constant)

Question stem for Question Nos. 6 and 7

below. [JEE ADV. 2018]

If T2 > T1, the correct statement(s) is (are)

(A) H  0, S  0 (B) G  0, H  0

The value of ln p H 2 is ____.