NAME:- VRAJ S DESAI

STD:- 12 B
SUBJECT:- ENGLISH
TOPIC:- AI
ROLLNO:- 29
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S. No. Description Page No.

1
1. Introduction & Overview of Artificial Intelligence

2. What is Intelligence? 3

3. Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence 7

4. History of Artificial Intelligence 9

Application of Artificial Intelligence

5. 11

6. Advantages and Disadvantages 12

7. Current Scenario/position of Technology 17

8. Future aspects 19

9. Conclusion 20

10. Glossary 21

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 Artificial Intelligence (AI)
1. Introduction and Overview of Artificial Intelligence :

Since the invention of computers or machines, their capability to perform various

tasks went on growing exponentially. Humans have developed the power of
computer systems in terms of their drivers working domains, their increasing speed,
and reducing size with respect to time.
A branch of Computer Science named Artificial Intelligence pursues creating the
computers or machines as intelligent as human beings.
The research field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is concerned with making machines –
Particularly computers – do things that require intelligence when done by humans. In
the 60 years of its existence, it has celebrated dramatic successes and equally
dramatic failures. Today, AI has become an important and essential part of
technology and industry and provides solutions to some of the most complex
problems in computer science. Nevertheless, in terms of its original goal – to create
true human-level intelligence in machines – Strong AI has not succeeded yet and
perhaps never will. Today, AI researchers are able to create computers that can
perform jobs that are difficult for persons like logic, algebra problem solving, and
path planning, or playing chess.

1.1 What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

According to the father of Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy, AI is the

“The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs”.

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 Figure 1: Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence processes by

machines, especially computer systems. These processes include learning (the
acquisition of information and rules for using the information), reasoning (using rules
to reach approximate or definite conclusions) and self-correction. Particular
applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision.

Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or

a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think.

AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks, and how humans learn,
decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of
this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.

AI can be categorized as either weak or strong. Weak AI, also known as narrow AI,
is an AI system that is designed and trained for a particular task. Virtual personal
assistants, such as Apple's Siri, are a form of weak AI. Strong AI, also known as
artificial general intelligence, is an AI system with generalized human cognitive
abilities. When presented with an unfamiliar task, a strong AI system is able to find a
solution without human intervention. AI tools present a range of new functionality for
businesses; the use of artificial intelligence raises ethical questions. This is because
deep learning algorithms, which underpin many of the most advanced AI tools, are

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only as smart as the data they are given in training. Because a human selects what
data should be used for training an AI program, the potential for human bias is
inherent and must be monitored closely.

2. What is Intelligence?

What is “intelligence”? Can we emulate intelligent behavior in machines? How far

can we take it?
The ability of a system to calculate, reason, perceive relationships and analogies,
learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems,
comprehend complex ideas, use natural language fluently, classify, generalize, and
adapt new situations.

2.1 Types of Intelligence:

As described by Howard Gardner, an American developmental psychologist, the

Intelligence comes in multiple forms as described in Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Figure 2: Types of Intelligence

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Figure 3: Description of Intelligence with Examples

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2.2 Comparison of Human Brain Vs Computer :

We can easily understand and compare Human Brain with Computer with the help of
Figure 4.

Figure 4: Comparison of Human Brain Vs Computer

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2.3 Intelligent systems:

Three key steps of a knowledge-based agent (Craik, 1943):

1. The stimulus must be translated into an internal representation.
2. The representation is manipulated by cognitive processes to derive
new internal representations.
3. These in turn are translated into action.

Figure 5: Knowledge-based agent

2.3.1 Representation
All AI Problems require some form of representation:
 Chess board
 Maze
 Text
 Object
 Room
 Sound
 visual scene

A major part AI is representing the problem space so as to allow efficient search for
the best solution(s).Sometimes the representation is the output. E.g., discovering
“patterns”.

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2.3.2 Output
The output action also can be complex
 Next move
 Text
 Label
 Actuator
 Movement
From a simple chess move to a motor sequence to grasp an object.

3. Philosophy of Artificial Intelligence :

While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead
him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”
Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar
intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans.

3.1 Types of Artificial Intelligence

Arend Hintze, an assistant professor of integrative biology and computer science and
engineering at Michigan State University, categorizes AI into four types, from the
kind of AI systems that exist today to sentient systems, which do not yet exist. His
categories are as follows:

 Type 1: Reactive machines: An example is Deep Blue, the IBM chess program
that beat Garry Kasparov in the 1990s. Deep Blue can identify pieces on the chess
board and make predictions, but it has no memory and cannot use past experiences
to inform future ones. It analyzes possible moves -- its own and its opponent -- and
chooses the most strategic move. Deep Blue and Google's Alpha GO were designed
for narrow purposes and cannot easily be applied to another situation.
 Type 2: Limited memory: These AI systems can use past experiences to inform
future decisions. Some of the decision-making functions in self-driving cars are
designed this way. Observations inform actions happening in the not-so-distant
future, such as a car changing lanes. These observations are not stored
permanently.

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 Type 3: Theory of mind: This psychology term refers to the understanding that
others have their own beliefs, desires and intentions that impact the decisions they
make. This kind of AI does not yet exist.
 Type 4: Self-awareness: In this category, AI systems have a sense of self, have
consciousness. Machines with self-awareness understand their current state and
can use the information to infer what others are feeling. This type of AI does not yet
exist.

3.2 Examples of AI technology:

AI is incorporated into a variety of different types of technology. Here are seven

examples.
 Automation: What makes a system or process function automatically? For
example, robotic process automation (RPA) can be programmed to perform high-
volume, repeatable tasks that human normally performed. RPA is different from IT
automation in that it can adapt to changing circumstances.
 Machine learning: The science of getting a computer to act without
programming. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that, in very simple
terms, can be thought of as the automation of predictive analytics. There are three
types of machine learning algorithms:
o Supervised learning: Data sets are labeled so that patterns can be detected and
used to label new data sets.
o Unsupervised learning: Data sets aren't labeled and are sorted according to
similarities or differences.
o Reinforcement learning: Data sets aren't labeled but, after performing an action
or several actions, the AI system is given feedback
 Machine vision: The science of allowing computers to see. This technology
captures and analyzes visual information using a camera, analog-to-digital
conversion and digital signal processing. It is often compared to human eyesight, but
machine vision isn't bound by biology and can be programmed to see through walls,
for example. It is used in a range of applications from signature identification to
medical image analysis. Computer vision, which is focused on machine-based image
processing, is often conflated with machine vision.
 Natural language processing (NLP): The processing of human -- and
not computer -- language by a computer program. One of the older and best

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known examples of NLP is spam detection, which looks at the subject line and the
text of an email and decides if it's junk. Current approaches to NLP are based on
machine learning. NLP tasks include text translation, sentiment analysis and speech
recognition.
 Robotics: A field of engineering focused on the design and manufacturing of
robots. Robots are often used to perform tasks that are difficult for humans to
perform or perform consistently. They are used in assembly lines for car production
or by NASA to move large objects in space. Researchers are also using machine
learning to build robots that can interact in social settings.
 Self-driving Cars: These use a combination of computer vision, image
recognition and deep learning to build automated skill at piloting a vehicle while
staying in a given lane and avoiding unexpected obstructions, such as pedestrians.

4. Applications of Artificial Intelligent :

Artificial intelligence has made its way into a number of areas. Here are six
examples.
 AI in healthcare. The biggest bets are on improving patient outcomes and
reducing costs. Companies are applying machine learning to make better and faster
diagnoses than humans. One of the best known healthcare technologies is IBM
Watson. It understands natural language and is capable of responding to questions
asked of it. The system mines patient data and other available data sources to form
a hypothesis, which it then presents with a confidence scoring schema. Other AI
applications include chatbots, a computer program used online to answer questions
and assist customers, to help schedule follow-up appointments or aid patients
through the billing process, and virtual health assistants that provide basic medical
feedback.
 AI in business. Robotic process automation is being applied to highly repetitive
tasks normally performed by humans. Machine learning algorithms are being
integrated into analytics and CRM platforms to uncover information on how to better
serve customers. Chatbots have been incorporated into websites to provide
immediate service to customers. Automation of job positions has also become a
talking point among academics and IT analysts.
 AI in education. AI can automate grading, giving educators more time. AI can
assess students and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace. AI

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tutors can provide additional support to students, ensuring they stay on track. AI
could change where and how students learn, perhaps even replacing some
teachers.
 AI in finance. AI in personal finance applications, such as Mint or Turbo Tax, is
disrupting financial institutions. Applications such as these collect personal data and
provide financial advice. Other programs, such as IBM Watson, have been applied to
the process of buying a home. Today, software performs much of the trading on
Wall Street.
 AI in law. The discovery process, sifting through of documents, in law is often
overwhelming for humans. Automating this process is a more efficient use of time.
Start-ups are also building question-and-answer computer assistants that can sift
programmed-to-answer questions by examining the taxonomy and ontology
associated with a database.
 AI in manufacturing. This is an area that has been at the forefront of
incorporating robots into the workflow. Industrial robots used to perform single tasks
and were separated from human workers, but as the technology advanced that
changed.

5. Advantages & Disadvantages of AI :

Advantages & disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence are described as follows:

5.1 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial intelligence is complex in nature. It uses a very complicated mixture of

computer science, mathematics and other complex sciences. Complex programming

helps these machines replicate the cognitive abilities of human beings.

5.1.1 Error Reduction:

Artificial intelligence helps us in reducing the error and the chance of reaching

accuracy with a greater degree of precision. It is applied in various studies such

as exploration of space. Intelligent robots are fed with information and are sent to

explore space. Since they are machines with metal bodies, they are more resistant

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and have a greater ability to endure the space and hostile atmosphere. They are

created and acclimatized in such a way that they cannot be modified or get

disfigured or breakdown in a hostile environment.

5.1.2 Difficult Exploration:

Artificial intelligence and the science of robotics can be put to use in mining and

other fuel exploration processes. Not only that, these complex machines can be

used for exploring the ocean floor and hence overcome the human limitations. Due

to the programming of the robots, they can perform more laborious and hard work

with greater responsibility. Moreover, they do not wear out easily.

5.2 Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence:

The disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence are the following:

5.2.1 High Cost:

Creation of artificial intelligence requires huge costs as they are very complex

machines. Their repair and maintenance require huge costs. They have software

programs which need frequent up gradation to cater to the needs of the changing

environment and the need for the machines to be smarter by the day. In the case of

severe breakdowns, the procedure to recover lost codes and reinstating the system

might require huge time and cost.

5.2.2 No Replicating Humans:

Intelligence is believed to be a gift of nature. An ethical argument continues, whether

human intelligence is to be replicated or not. Machines do not have any emotions

and moral values. They perform what is programmed and cannot make the judgment

of right or wrong. Even cannot take decisions if they encounter a situation unfamiliar

to them. They either perform incorrectly or breakdown in such situations.

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6. Current Scenario/Position of Technology in IA:
AI is not the new technology it is very broad concept and comprises a set of powerful
technologies that are emerging under it like deep learning, Reinforcement Learning
and Facial Recognition and many more. AI is trending these days and yes it is the
future.
AI is helping us in every aspects from surgeries to criminal tracking from
autonomous driving to space exploration like you name it and every industry is
planning and implementing it, I don't think it is a threat if we can control it, but as a
fact everything comes with its advantages and disadvantages recently most talked AI
example was Sophia, a new AI humanoid robot created by David Hanson of Hanson

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Robotics has been granted the citizenship in Saudi Arabia. Sophia defies
conventional thinking of what a robot should look like. Designed to look like Audrey
Hepburn, Sophia embodies Hepburn's classic beauty. Sophia is Hanson Robotics'
latest and most advanced robot. She has also become a media darling, having given
numerous interviews to multiple media outlets, sang in a concert, and even graced
the cover of one of the top fashion magazines.

AI is able to answer more and more simple problems (face recognition, object
recognition) and do so at a scale and cost that is very compelling. AI has beaten a
top Go player, so it's clear that within a "narrow" domain it has begun to be able to
do impressive things. The robot that won at Go could not operate a robot and get to
or from a physical location where a physical Go game is being played, could not
operate a robot to move Go pieces, could not teach a human Go, it cannot do
anything but play Go. Presently there is a great advancement in autonomous
vehicles or the self-driving cars.

In current picture there is a great demand of jobs and skills which the AI technology
comprises like Machine Learning, Deep Learning, NLP, Speech Recognition and
many more as described in Figure 6 Chart of Job Listing Vs year.

Figure 6 : Chart of Job listing Vs Year

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Within narrow domains AI is becoming very powerful and useful. Humans regularly
operate across "broad" domains a bad human Go player could still get to a game,
move pieces, teach someone new to the game, get home while stopping at a store to
buy stuff to make a sandwich and make a sandwich when they got home there is no
AI that can do any two parts of that. For repetitive tasks in a narrow domain, AI
works great for anything else it doesn't work.
Hence, in recent years, it isn't that AI has reached greater and greater heights it's
that the threshold of what is hyperbolically referred to AI has been set lower and
lower. Eventually a programmable microwave oven will qualify as "Artificial
Intelligence."
Companies like Google, Microsoft, Baidu and many more have start creating
products which are based on Artificial Intelligence. That time is not far when we all
will experience the influence of artificial intelligence in our daily lives. Exponentially
artificial intelligence was started with the movie "HER". It draws a deep impact over
the viewers. Following are top AI technologies that are currently ruling the industry
like Natural Language Processing (NLP), Robotics Process Automation (RPA),
Neural Networks, Biometrics, Machine Learning (ML) and Internet of Things (IoT).

7. Future Aspects & Outlook of AI :

The Artificial Intelligence technology seems optimistic and it is expected to create
some dramatic changes in future. AI is transforming almost every industry. According
to 2016 Gartner Research shows that by 2020, at least 30% of the companies
globally will use AI in at least one fragment of their sales process.

All aforementioned technologies are not even close to being obsolete and each of
them is pioneering AI's progress. Artificial Intelligence isn't new, but its advances are
moving at an exponential and unprecedented pace. Bigger breakthroughs are just
around the corner. Back in 1951, the First AI-based program was written and 65
years later, in 2016, the Tech industry achieved a landmark event with Alpha Go's
victory in defeating world champion Lee Sedol by deep reinforcement learning in the
complex Chinese board game of Go. We've come a long way, but something tells

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me we still have a long way to go. Thus, the impact of AI is going to be profound in
coming years.

8. Conclusion :
Artificial intelligence advancements are occurring at an unprecedented rate. That
being said, we can expect that the trends from the past decade will continue
swinging upward in the coming year. A few things to keep our eyes on in 2019
include. The ability of computers (AI) is growing at a faster pace as compared to the
past decade. All things these also in mind; these are no second thought about the
rise & evolvement it has provided towards the technological advancement.

Hence Artificial intelligence is essential to survive in the current scenario of the cut
throat competition and future aspect.

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9. Glossary :
1. A.I. - Artificial Intelligence
2. N.L.P. - Natural Language Processing
3. R.P.A. - Robotics Process Automation
4. M.L. - Machine Learning
5. IoT - Internet of Things
6. N.E.I.L. - Never Ending Image Learner

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